A sperm–oocyte protein partnership required for egg activation in Caenorhabditis elegans

ABSTRACT Fertilization triggers the completion of female meiosis and launches the oocyte-to-embryo transition. C. elegans spe-11 is one of the few known paternal-effect embryonic lethal genes. We report that the sperm protein, SPE-11, forms a complex with an oocyte protein, OOPS-1 (Oocyte Partner of SPE-11), and that the protein complex is required for the completion of meiosis, the block to polyspermy, and eggshell formation. Consistent with the molecular interaction of their encoded proteins, oops-1 and spe-11 exhibit identical null phenotypes, displaying defects in meiotic progression and cytokinesis. We show that the complex binds F-actin in the absence of other proteins and inhibits the nucleation of actin filaments in vitro. Thus, the OOPS-1–SPE-11 complex may function to promote F-actin-mediated meiotic cytokinesis. Both OOPS-1 and SPE-11 are intrinsically disordered proteins that are highly phosphorylated. Biochemical and genetic experiments define interactions with the protein phosphatase 1 homologs GSP-3/4, which appear to promote OOPS-1–SPE-11 function. Genetic results support a model in which the OOPS-1–SPE-11 complex interacts with the cortical EGG complex to promote meiotic cytokinesis and to activate synthesis of the eggshell. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.