Comparative study of the usage of Nonviolence Communication (NVC) and Restructured Cognitive Distortion (RCD) Education program for understanding and dealing with problem-solving, Emotional Intelligence, and Resilience

Comparative study of the usage of Nonviolence Communication (NVC) and Restructured Cognitive Distortion (RCD) Education program for understanding and dealing with problem-solving, Emotional Intelligence, and Resilience | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparative study of the usage of Nonviolence Communication (NVC) and Restructured Cognitive Distortion (RCD) Education program for understanding and dealing with problem-solving, Emotional Intelligence, and Resilience Noora Rahmani, Ezgi Ulu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6750283/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Psychology → Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction: The research investigated the impact of two interventions (Nonviolent Communication (NVC) and Restructured Cognitive Distortion (RCD) on the level of problem solving, emotional intelligence, and resilience regarding the potential of adolescents to sustainable psychological education for well-being, mental health, and adaptive behaviour over time. Methodology: A pre-test and post-test experimental design was applied, and 48 Iranian adolescents (ages 13 to 16) were randomly assigned into three groups: one experimental (NVC), one experimental (RCD), and a control group. Educational sessions were structured to improve participants’ cognitive and emotional regulation skills. Results: The NVC group had significant gains in problem-solving confidence, personal control, and general problem-solving ability, as measured by the Problem-Solving Inventory(p≤0.01). Moreover, the NVC group showed a considerable rise in emotional intelligence, whereas the RCD and control groups had no significant changes. Notable improvements in resilience to stress (especially perceived competence and positive adaptation to change) were seen in the NVC group; for all outcome measures, the RCD group showed slight, non-significant improvements. Conclusion: These findings underscore the potential of communication-based and psychological approaches to enhancing adolescent development. NVC, in particular, seems to be more effective than RCD in advancing key psychosocial competencies. From the psychology of sustainability perspective, supporting youth capacity-building (emotional intelligence, resilience, problem-solving) promotes not only the personal development of responsible individuals, but also socially and emotionally sustainable communities. These findings highlight the need to incorporate psychological education within global awareness initiatives for sustainable development. Nonviolence communication Cognitive Distortion Emotional intelligence Resilience Problem-solving Education Adolescent Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Psychology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 19 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 18 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 15 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 05 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 05 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Jul, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 30 Jul, 2025 Editor invited by journal 13 Jun, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 03 Jun, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 02 Jun, 2025 First submitted to journal 02 Jun, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6750283","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":494768926,"identity":"05b8df98-8f4c-4e1c-8bf3-43ab7fd0c603","order_by":0,"name":"Noora Rahmani","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDADAxCRUAHhSJCg5QxciwGRWhjbiNBizt587MMPhnvy5mKHnz14OO+OnMEB5oO3eRj+5OPSYtlzLHlmD0Ox4c7ZaeYGidueGRscYEu25mEwsGzA5Z4bOcYMPAwJjBtuJ5hJJG47nLjhAI+ZNFALTpeBtDD+YUiw33A7/ZtE4pzD9RsO8H8jqIUZaEvihts5QFsaDicYHOBhw6/lzLFkZhmDhGSgljKJhGOHDWceZjO2nGNgjFvL8ebDjG8qEmyBDtsm+aPmsDzf8eaHN95UyBGIGBRpZgyRUTAKRsEoGAWkAgCwUFHtON4P1gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Near East University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Noora","middleName":"","lastName":"Rahmani","suffix":""},{"id":494768927,"identity":"5568b10a-6fe4-4a3c-8739-712a819ca2c9","order_by":1,"name":"Ezgi Ulu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Near East University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ezgi","middleName":"","lastName":"Ulu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-26 11:23:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6750283/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6750283/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03644-6","type":"published","date":"2025-12-24T15:57:27+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":99172259,"identity":"7724ee3f-e774-4ba9-bc64-ca2c1305969d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 16:06:28","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":544304,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"NooraRahmaniEzgiUluManuscriptFinal.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6750283/v1_covered_11179938-2968-42bc-8c72-6e349b8d010b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Comparative study of the usage of Nonviolence Communication (NVC) and Restructured Cognitive Distortion (RCD) Education program for understanding and dealing with problem-solving, Emotional Intelligence, and Resilience","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Nonviolence communication, Cognitive Distortion, Emotional intelligence, Resilience, Problem-solving, Education, Adolescent","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6750283/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6750283/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntroduction:\u003c/strong\u003e The research investigated the impact of two interventions (Nonviolent Communication (NVC) and Restructured Cognitive Distortion (RCD) on the level of problem solving, emotional intelligence, and resilience regarding the potential of adolescents to sustainable psychological education for well-being, mental health, and adaptive behaviour over time.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethodology:\u003c/strong\u003e A pre-test and post-test experimental design was applied, and 48 Iranian adolescents (ages 13 to 16) were randomly assigned into three groups: one experimental (NVC), one experimental (RCD), and a control group. Educational sessions were structured to improve participants’ cognitive and emotional regulation skills.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003eThe NVC group had significant gains in problem-solving confidence, personal control, and general problem-solving ability, as measured by the Problem-Solving Inventory(p≤0.01). Moreover, the NVC group showed a considerable rise in emotional intelligence, whereas the RCD and control groups had no significant changes. Notable improvements in resilience to stress (especially perceived competence and positive adaptation to change) were seen in the NVC group; for all outcome measures, the RCD group showed slight, non-significant improvements.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e These findings underscore the potential of communication-based and psychological approaches to enhancing adolescent development. 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These findings highlight the need to incorporate psychological education within global awareness initiatives for sustainable development.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparative study of the usage of Nonviolence Communication (NVC) and Restructured Cognitive Distortion (RCD) Education program for understanding and dealing with problem-solving, Emotional Intelligence, and Resilience","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-04 11:11:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6750283/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-08-19T07:29:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-18T09:30:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-15T08:38:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-05T17:27:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-05T09:33:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"333062136716111971457027308321944982960","date":"2025-08-02T20:13:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"17986540103254895276802051152035753988","date":"2025-08-02T10:30:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"157665604407001443822908871833249281092","date":"2025-07-31T10:19:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"181597205721605905736385481210991137616","date":"2025-07-30T12:56:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-30T12:52:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-13T09:39:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-03T05:34:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-06-02T11:46:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychology","date":"2025-06-02T11:42:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ae385dac-4ba9-4fcd-825e-19e0a37763f8","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 4th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-29T16:00:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6750283","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03644-6","journal":{"identity":"bmc-psychology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Psychology"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-24 15:57:27","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 24th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-04 11:11:55","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s40359-025-03644-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03644-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6750283","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6750283","identity":"rs-6750283","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}