Production of herbal dyes from different plant parts used in Chikmagalur, Karnataka, India.

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M/S Kiranmae P Nagwand Nagwand This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4274216/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Herbal dye can be used as dyeing material for the Textile Fibre as well as making colourful powder which is eco-friendly, non-hazardous and very less cost effective. In India, flowers are cultivated in a huge amount. Karnataka is the 2th largest producer of flowers after Andhra Pradesh, and next is Tamilnadu. These flowers are mainly used for decorative purposes and for offering to God. A survey report reveals that 40% of the total productions of flowers are unsold and wasted everyday which are thrown in water of rivers like Ganga, ponds lakes and different water bodies or dumped which also creates water pollution as well as environmental pollution. These wasted flowers can be used in various ways & effective utilization can generate considerable amount of revenue. The various uses of these wasted flowers are: Extraction of colourful dyes from these flowers. The residual waste portion can be used as bio-fertilizers. Scent of flowers extract can use. Colourful dye can also be extracted from plant parts for dyeing textile fibre, using in festivals. These herbal dyes are eco-friendly It has no allergic action on skin like synthetic dye. The procedure is very cost-effective and depending on it small scale Industry as well as Large scale Industry can be set up. allergic Holi (festival of colours-India) Eco-friendly manner Kumkum INTRODUCTION It is now suspected that many of the synthetic dyes are carcinogenic in nature and have effect on life systems. It’s ironic that Europe that initiated the advent of synthetic dyes in the first place woke up the dangers of these agents and turning down for a few members of this class, proven to be harmful to life forms. Herbal dyes however produced from plant part extracts are economical and solve the above problems. These herbal dyes are not toxic, non-allergic to human health, easily available and more economical. Some natural sources for dye produce truly exquisite shades and economical to purchase than chemical dyes. Up to now most of the natural dyed textiles are imported from Third World Countries and India is still a major producer of it. In India during holi (festival), large amounts of synthetic colours are used which may cause cancer, pollution and even blindness. But by using these herbal colours, we can not only reduce the pollution but also enjoy our celebrations in low cost as well as eco-friendly manner. Even it may introduce to Children drawing or painting purpose, so that it may not cause effect like colours sold for children drawings, crayons. MATERIALS AND METHOD Study area: Chikmagaluru is a district place in Karnataka, India. It is situated at 13 0 19.54.1”N 75047’40.4”E of Karnataka covered by Western Ghats towards west. Several plant materials collected from plants in Chikmagaluru during 2021 to 2023. The plant parts are as leaves, bark, flowers, seeds, pods/ Fruits, roots grind to paste mixed with water V/V for identification of presence of dye in the part. The dye yielded plant parts are then dried and mixed with water. The plant extract that give colour are identified and listed. Here are the list of plants and plant parts from which we can extract dye: RESULTS From the collected data, there are about seventy nine plant parts were given results, among them, fourteen plant parts were given Red shades, eleven plant parts were given Brown colour, Ten plant parts were given Orange shades, Nine plant parts were given Pink shades, Nine plant parts were given Black shades, sixteen plant parts were given Yellow shades. The plant Botanical name, family, part from which colour obtained and given what colour, these results given in the Table 1 . Table 1 Plants from dye obtained from part and colour of dye. S.No Botanical Name Part used colour 1. Althia rosea flower Red shades 2. Beta vulgaris Napiform root Red shades 3. Caesalpinia sappan wood Red shades 4. Lawsonia inermis leaf Red shades 5. Morinda citrifolia Bark Red shades 6. Rubia cardifolia root Red shades 7. Impatiens balsamina flowers Red shades 8. Tectona grandis Young leaves Red shades 9. Bixa orellina seeds Red shades 10. Amaranthus tenella leaves Red shades 11. Cassia fistula bark Red shades 12. Hibiscus rosasinensis flowers Red shades 13. Euphorbia mollis flower Red shades 14. Momordica charentia Ripen fruits Red shades 15. Hippeastrum reginae petals Red shades 16. Casuarina bark Brown 17. Acacia catechu wood Brown 18. Cassia fistula Bark/fruit Brown 19. Emblica officinalis Bark/fruit Brown 20. Zingiber officinale rhizome Brown 21. Mimusops elengi bark Brown 22. Phyllanthus emblica bark Brown 23. Rubus fruiticosus berries Brown 24. Lawsonia alba leaves Brown 25. Azadirachta indica bark Brown 26. Erythrina suberosa Flower/bark Brown 27. Terminalia chebula Bark/root blue 28. Indigofera tinctoria Fermented plant blue 29. Jatropha curcas bark blue 30. Clitoria ternatia flower blue 31. Commalina benghalensis flower blue 32. Keirginelia fruit blue 33. Syzygium jambulina fruit blue 34. Thunbergia erecta flowers blue 35. Jacaranda acutifolia flowers blue 36. Nyctanthus arbur-tristis pedicel orange 37. Allium cepa skin orange 38. Butea monosperma petals orange 39. Mussaenda glabrata flower orange 40. Epidendrum radicans petals orange 41. Tagetus erecta petals orange 42. Spathodia campanulata petals orange 43. Carthumus tinctorius petals orange 44. Saraca asoca flowers orange 45. Gloriosa superba petals orange 46. Bauhinia varigata petals pink 47. Criptostegia grandiflora petals pink 48. Polygonum inflorescence pink 49. Argyria cuniata flowers pink 50. Barleria involucrata petals pink 51. Setarium nepalens flowers pink 52. Tabebuia_rosea flowers pink 53. Barleria cristata petals pink 54. Lagerstromia lanceolata petals pink 55. Annona reticulata Unripen fruits black 56. Wedelia chinensis roots black 57. Shoria robusta bark black 58. Abrus pricatorius seeds black 59. Acacia nilotica bark black 60. Lantana chemara fruits black 61. Semicapous anacardium fruit black 62. Solanum nigrum seeds black 63. Aegle marmelose fruit black 64. Thevisia nerifolia flowers yellow 65. Thunbergia alata flowers yellow 66. Moonia arnottiana petals yellow 67. Thunbergia_mysorensis flowers yellow 68. Aloe vera leaves yellow 69. Thespesia populanea Young fruit yellow 70. Curcuma longa rhizome yellow 71. Mussaenda leutiola flowers yellow 72. Tagetus lucida petals yellow 73. Bidens pilosa leaves yellow 74. Artocarpous heterophyllus Stem/root yellow 75. Cassia auriculata petals yellow 76. Tribulus terrestris petals yellow 77. Hiptis saviolens bark yellow 78. Gardenia gummifera fruits yellow 79. Gossypium hirsutum petals yellow DISCUSION Dyes are of common use in Indian culture as the Kumkum, turmeric in different offerings to God. Similarly several artificial dyes are also in use along with herbal usage for fabrics and other use. Especially during Holi festival, showering of colours on people observed in throughout India. Applications of chemical dyes cause irritation and other effects on hair, eyes and skin in many cases. This may be replacing with herbal derivatives of dye for usage. This is not only not effects health and also eco-friendly. A total of seventy nine plant parts were identified that are useful in extraction of dye. The extraction is also easy method by using water as solvent, derive the dye. This can be everywhere usage of dye because many of plant parts are easily available. Declarations Future implications : Analysis of dye percentage from each plant part is a major scope of this article. Funding : NA Conflicts of interest/Competing interests : NO Data availability NA Code availability NA Authors' contributions One author Data availability statement: The data will be associate published in RESULT section of the article. It will be useful in future research, so results should be opening accessed. Plant guidelines : The Plants Botanical names are given in the table for universal identification, so that there is no need of giving Local/vernacular names. Permission to collect plants/ plant parts: As mentioned plants are wild and plant parts are wasted after fall off/Vegetable waste, such materials were taken for analysis of dye extraction. In two cases roots were used, and the plants available in garden of IDSG Govt College, Chikmagalur. As these plants were growing more, removed from garden, such plant roots collected from waste and used here. Hence the plant parts are ecofriendly, and there is no need of taking permission, hence permission not taken. Source of Plants: Most of the plant materials were flowers/ Inflorescences/wood (fallen at roadsides), or offered to Gods or cut out as they are excess in growth, and the plant material collected are available at near the campus of IDSG Govt College, Chikmagalur, Karnataka, India and behind the AIT College, Chikmagalur, and some are grown in front of houses/ road sides. Ethical guidelines: The essence of the article is in the dye extraction from many of plant waste materials. Hence it is ecofriendly and follow ethical values. References Araceli R, Juan G, Gabriel O & Maria M. Journal of Hazardous Material 2009;172(2-3): 1311-1320. Araceli R, Juan G, Gabriel O & Maria M. Journal of Hazardous Material 2009;172(2-3): 1311-1320. Bechtold T, Turcanu A, Ganglberger E., & Geissler S.Natural dyes in modern textile dyehouses — how to combine experiences of two centuries to meet the demands of the future?. Journal of Cleaner Production 2003; 11(5): 499-509. Bevilaqua T, Goncalves TF, Venturini CG & Machado VG. Solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions in the preferential solvation of 4-[4 (dimethylamino)styr‐Textile Dyeing: Environmental Friendly Osage Orange Extract on Protein Fabrics http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54410229yl]-1-methylpyridinium iodide in 24 binary solvent mixtures. Spectochim Acta, Part A 2006; 65 (3): 535-542. Borland VS. Natural resources: animal and vegetable fibers for the 21st century American. Textile. Industry 2000; 29: 66–70 Bruce RL, Broadwood NV & King DG. Kinetics of Wool Dyeing with Acid Dyes. Textile Research Journal. 2000; 70 (6): 525-531. Clementi C, Nowik W., Romani A, Cibin F & Favaro G. A spectrometric and chromatographic approach to the study of ageing of madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) dyestuff on wool. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2007; 596 (1): 46-54 230 Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing De Santis D. & Moresi M. Production of alizarin extracts from Rubia tinctorum and assessment of their dyeing properties. Industrial Crops and Products 2007; 26 (2):151–162. Esra Kupeli, Ilkay Orhan, Gulnur Toker, & Erdem Yesilada. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potential of Maclura pomifera (Rafin.) Schneider fruit extracts and its major isoflavonoids, scandenone and auriculasin. Journal of Ethno pharmacology 2006; 107 (2): 169–174. Feng XX, Zhang LL, Chen JY, & Zhang JC. New insights into solar UV protective properties of natural dyes. Journal of Cleaner Production 2007; 15 (4): 366–372. Georgiou D, Melidis PAivasidis A & Gimouho-poulos K. Dyes and pigments 2002; 52 (2): 69-78. Giles CH. &.McKay RB. The light fastness of Dyes. Textile Research Journal 1963; 33 (7): 528-77. Hameed BH & El-Khaiary MI. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2008; 154(1-3): 639-648 Kamel MM, El-Shishtawy RM, Youssef BM &. Mashaly H. Ultrasonic assisted dyeing. IV. Dyeing of cationised cotton with lac natural dye. Dyes and Pigments 2007; 73 (3): 279-284.\ Kongkachuichaya P,Shitangkoonb,A, & Chinwongamorna N. Studies on Dyeing of Silk Yarn with Lac Dye:Effects of Mordants and Dyeing Conditions. Science Asia 2002; 28: 161-166. Mansour HF & Heffernan S. Environmental aspects on dyeing silk fabric with sticta coronata lichen using ultrasonic energy and mild mordants. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. 2010; DOI: 10.1007/s10098-010-0296-2. Mansour HF. Environment and energy efficient dyeing of woollen fabric with sticta coronata. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. 2009; DOI: 10.1007/s10098-009-0267-7 Mansour HF. Ultrasonic Efficiency on the Photo Fading Of Madder Dyed Silk Using Egg Albumen and Aluminium Ions Chelating. 2009 6th International Textile Conference, NRC, Egypt. Maiwa 2008. http://www.maiwa.com/stores/supply/mordants.html Martins Teixeiraa D, Teixeira da Costa C. Novel methods to extract flavanones and xanthones from the root bark of Maclura pomifera. Journal of Chromatography 2005; 1062: 175–181. Muhammad R A, Ahmed SA, and Muhammad K. Solvent effect on the spectral properties of Neutral Red. Chemistry Central Journal 2008; 2:.2-19 Nadiger GS, Kaushal Sharma P, & Probhaker J. Screening of Natural Dyes. Colourag 2004; 51, annual :130-137. Oliveira CS, Bronco KP, Baptista MS & Indig GL. Solvent and concentration effects on the visible spectra of tri-para-dialkylamino-substituted triarylmethane dyes in liquid solutions. Spectochim Acta, Part A 2002; 58 {13)2971-2982. Onal A. Extraction of Dyestuff from Onion ( Allium Cepa L.) and its application in the dyeing of wool, Feathered, Leather and Cotton. Turkish Journal of Chemistry 1996; 20: 201. Padma Vankar S, Shanker R, Mahanta D & Tiwari SC Ecofriendly sonicator dyeing of cotton with Rubia cordifolia Linn. Using biomordant. Dyes and Pigments. 2006; 76 (1): 207-212. Patel B H, Agarwal B J, & Patel H M. Novel padding technique for dyeing Babool dye on cotton. Colourage 2003; January: 21–26. Singh R V. Healthy hues. Down to Earth 2002; 11: 25–31. Tian Li, Jack Blount W & Richard Dixon A. Phenylpropanoid glycosyltransferases from osage orange (Maclura pomifera) fruit. FEBS Letters 2006; 580: 6915–6920. Tsui LS,.Roy WR &.Gole MA. Coloration Technology 2003; 119 (1): 14-8. Uddin MDT, Akhtarul Islam S, Mahmoud Rukanuzzaman MD. Journal of Hazardous Material 2009; 164 (1): 53-60 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4274216","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Case Report","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":295902714,"identity":"5e69aa10-7826-4434-b20a-63d03a560e7c","order_by":0,"name":"M/S Kiranmae P Nagwand Nagwand","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABD0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCWZ0EX4QkVBAihbJBpAWAzxaMEQMDoBJ3Fok23kffi7MsZPT7T/8TOpmW12+8fnViR8eGDDI84sdwKpFmpndWHrmtmRjsxtpZtK5bYctt914u1kC6DDDmbMTsGqRY2ZjkObdxpy47QYP2+3ctgMGZjfObgBpSTC4jVML82/ebfX1286fAWmpMzCecXbzD3xapJnZ2IC2HE4wO5AD0sJsYMDfuw2vLZLNbGzWvNuOG267kWb+O+fcYQOJG7zbLBIMJHD6ReL8MebbvNuq5c3OH35snFNWZ8Dff3bzzR8VNvL80ti1oAJGNpApYJWYEYYD/AFi/gPEqh4Fo2AUjIIRAgDwK1qnhITH3QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Maharani's Science College for Women autonomous, Mysore","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"M/S","middleName":"Kiranmae P Nagwand","lastName":"Nagwand","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-16 07:54:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4274216/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4274216/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":61914810,"identity":"b07e0cc3-9d5b-40dd-85db-77bd3eecdc15","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-07 04:22:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1058044,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4274216/v1/6a468d33-f205-4d52-bfff-da129bead335.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Production of herbal dyes from different plant parts used in Chikmagalur, Karnataka, India.","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003e It is now suspected that many of the synthetic dyes are carcinogenic in nature and have effect on life systems. It\u0026rsquo;s ironic that Europe that initiated the advent of synthetic dyes in the first place woke up the dangers of these agents and turning down for a few members of this class, proven to be harmful to life forms. Herbal dyes however produced from plant part extracts are economical and solve the above problems. These herbal dyes are not toxic, non-allergic to human health, easily available and more economical. Some natural sources for dye produce truly exquisite shades and economical to purchase than chemical dyes. Up to now most of the natural dyed textiles are imported from Third World Countries and India is still a major producer of it.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn India during holi (festival), large amounts of synthetic colours are used which may cause cancer, pollution and even blindness. But by using these herbal colours, we can not only reduce the pollution but also enjoy our celebrations in low cost as well as eco-friendly manner. Even it may introduce to Children drawing or painting purpose, so that it may not cause effect like colours sold for children drawings, crayons.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHOD","content":"\u003cp\u003eStudy area: Chikmagaluru is a district place in Karnataka, India. It is situated at 13\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e19.54.1\u0026rdquo;N 75047\u0026rsquo;40.4\u0026rdquo;E of Karnataka covered by Western Ghats towards west.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral plant materials collected from plants in Chikmagaluru during 2021 to 2023. The plant parts are as leaves, bark, flowers, seeds, pods/ Fruits, roots grind to paste mixed with water V/V for identification of presence of dye in the part. The dye yielded plant parts are then dried and mixed with water. The plant extract that give colour are identified and listed. Here are the list of plants and plant parts from which we can extract dye:\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eFrom the collected data, there are about seventy nine plant parts were given results, among them, fourteen plant parts were given Red shades, eleven plant parts were given Brown colour, Ten plant parts were given Orange shades, Nine plant parts were given Pink shades, Nine plant parts were given Black shades, sixteen plant parts were given Yellow shades. The plant Botanical name, family, part from which colour obtained and given what colour, these results given in the Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlants from dye obtained from part and colour of dye.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBotanical Name\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecolour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlthia rosea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eflower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed shades\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBeta vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNapiform root\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed shades\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCaesalpinia sappan\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ewood\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRed shades\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLawsonia inermis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eleaf\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRed shades\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMorinda citrifolia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBark\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRed shades\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRubia cardifolia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eroot\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRed shades\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eImpatiens balsamina\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eflowers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRed shades\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTectona grandis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYoung leaves\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRed shades\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBixa orellina\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eseeds\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRed shades\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAmaranthus tenella\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eleaves\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRed shades\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCassia fistula\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ebark\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRed shades\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHibiscus rosasinensis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eflowers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRed shades\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEuphorbia mollis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eflower\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRed shades\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMomordica charentia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRipen fruits\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRed shades\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHippeastrum reginae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epetals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRed shades\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCasuarina\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ebark\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBrown\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAcacia catechu\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ewood\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBrown\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCassia fistula\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBark/fruit\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBrown\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEmblica officinalis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBark/fruit\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBrown\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eZingiber officinale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003erhizome\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBrown\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMimusops elengi\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ebark\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBrown\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhyllanthus emblica\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ebark\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBrown\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRubus fruiticosus\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eberries\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBrown\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLawsonia alba\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eleaves\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBrown\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAzadirachta indica\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ebark\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBrown\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eErythrina suberosa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFlower/bark\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBrown\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTerminalia chebula\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBark/root\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblue\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIndigofera tinctoria\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFermented plant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblue\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJatropha curcas\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ebark\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblue\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClitoria ternatia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eflower\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblue\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCommalina benghalensis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eflower\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblue\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKeirginelia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003efruit\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblue\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSyzygium jambulina\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003efruit\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblue\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThunbergia erecta\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eflowers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblue\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJacaranda acutifolia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eflowers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblue\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNyctanthus arbur-tristis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epedicel\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eorange\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAllium cepa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eskin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eorange\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eButea monosperma\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epetals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eorange\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMussaenda glabrata\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eflower\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eorange\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEpidendrum radicans\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epetals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eorange\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTagetus erecta\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epetals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eorange\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpathodia campanulata\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epetals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eorange\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCarthumus tinctorius\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epetals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eorange\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSaraca asoca\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eflowers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eorange\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGloriosa superba\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epetals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eorange\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBauhinia varigata\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epetals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epink\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCriptostegia grandiflora\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epetals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epink\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePolygonum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003einflorescence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epink\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eArgyria cuniata\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eflowers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epink\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBarleria involucrata\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epetals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epink\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSetarium nepalens\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eflowers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epink\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTabebuia_rosea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eflowers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epink\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBarleria cristata\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epetals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epink\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLagerstromia lanceolata\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epetals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epink\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnnona reticulata\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUnripen fruits\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblack\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWedelia chinensis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eroots\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblack\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eShoria robusta\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ebark\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblack\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbrus pricatorius\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eseeds\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblack\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ebark\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblack\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLantana chemara\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003efruits\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblack\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSemicapous anacardium\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003efruit\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblack\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSolanum nigrum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eseeds\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblack\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAegle marmelose\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003efruit\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblack\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThevisia nerifolia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eflowers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eyellow\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThunbergia alata\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eflowers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eyellow\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMoonia arnottiana\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epetals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eyellow\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThunbergia_mysorensis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eflowers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eyellow\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAloe vera\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eleaves\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eyellow\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThespesia populanea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYoung fruit\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eyellow\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003erhizome\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eyellow\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMussaenda leutiola\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eflowers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eyellow\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTagetus lucida\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epetals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eyellow\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBidens pilosa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eleaves\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eyellow\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eArtocarpous heterophyllus\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStem/root\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eyellow\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCassia auriculata\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epetals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eyellow\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTribulus terrestris\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epetals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eyellow\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHiptis saviolens\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ebark\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eyellow\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGardenia gummifera\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003efruits\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eyellow\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGossypium hirsutum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epetals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eyellow\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eDyes are of common use in Indian culture as the Kumkum, turmeric in different offerings to God. Similarly several artificial dyes are also in use along with herbal usage for fabrics and other use. Especially during Holi festival, showering of colours on people observed in throughout India. Applications of chemical dyes cause irritation and other effects on hair, eyes and skin in many cases. This may be replacing with herbal derivatives of dye for usage. This is not only not effects health and also eco-friendly. A total of seventy nine plant parts were identified that are useful in extraction of dye. The extraction is also easy method by using water as solvent, derive the dye. This can be everywhere usage of dye because many of plant parts are easily available.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFuture implications\u003c/strong\u003e: Analysis of dye percentage from each plant part is a major scope of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e : NA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interest/Competing interests\u003c/strong\u003e : NO\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e NA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode availability\u003c/strong\u003e NA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e One author\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement:\u003c/strong\u003e The data will be associate published in RESULT section of the article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt will be useful in future research, so results should be opening accessed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant guidelines\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Plants Botanical names are given in the table for universal identification, so that there is no need of giving Local/vernacular names.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePermission to collect plants/ plant parts:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs mentioned plants are wild and plant parts are wasted after fall off/Vegetable waste, such materials were taken for analysis of dye extraction. In two cases roots were used, and the plants available in garden of IDSG Govt College, Chikmagalur. As these plants were growing more, removed from garden, such plant roots collected from waste and used here. Hence the plant parts are ecofriendly, and there is no need of taking permission, hence permission not taken.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource of Plants:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost of the plant materials were flowers/ Inflorescences/wood (fallen at roadsides), or offered to Gods or cut out as they are excess in growth, and the plant material collected are available at near the campus of IDSG Govt College, Chikmagalur, Karnataka, India and behind the AIT College, Chikmagalur, and some are grown in front of houses/ road sides.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical guidelines:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe essence of the article is in the dye extraction from many of plant waste materials. Hence it is ecofriendly and follow ethical values.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAraceli R, Juan G, Gabriel O \u0026amp; Maria M. Journal of Hazardous Material 2009;172(2-3): 1311-1320.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAraceli R, Juan G, Gabriel O \u0026amp; Maria M. Journal of Hazardous Material 2009;172(2-3): 1311-1320.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBechtold T, Turcanu A, Ganglberger E., \u0026amp; Geissler S.Natural dyes in modern textile dyehouses \u0026mdash; how to combine experiences of two centuries to meet the demands of the future?. Journal of Cleaner Production 2003; 11(5): 499-509.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBevilaqua T, Goncalves TF, Venturini CG \u0026amp; Machado VG. Solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions in the preferential solvation of 4-[4 (dimethylamino)styr‐Textile Dyeing: Environmental Friendly Osage Orange Extract on Protein Fabrics http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54410229yl]-1-methylpyridinium iodide in 24 binary solvent mixtures. Spectochim Acta, Part A 2006; 65 (3): 535-542.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBorland VS. Natural resources: animal and vegetable fibers for the 21st century American. Textile. Industry 2000; 29: 66\u0026ndash;70\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBruce RL, Broadwood NV \u0026amp; King DG. Kinetics of Wool Dyeing with Acid Dyes. Textile Research Journal. 2000; 70 (6): 525-531.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eClementi C, Nowik W., Romani A, Cibin F \u0026amp; Favaro G. A spectrometric and chromatographic approach to the study of ageing of madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) dyestuff on wool. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2007; 596 (1): 46-54 230 Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDe Santis D. \u0026amp; Moresi M. Production of alizarin extracts from Rubia tinctorum and assessment of their dyeing properties. Industrial Crops and Products 2007; 26 (2):151\u0026ndash;162.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEsra Kupeli, Ilkay Orhan, Gulnur Toker, \u0026amp; Erdem Yesilada. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potential of Maclura pomifera (Rafin.) Schneider fruit extracts and its major isoflavonoids, scandenone and auriculasin. Journal of Ethno pharmacology 2006; 107 (2): 169\u0026ndash;174.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFeng XX, Zhang LL, Chen JY, \u0026amp; Zhang JC. New insights into solar UV protective properties of natural dyes. Journal of Cleaner Production 2007; 15 (4): 366\u0026ndash;372.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGeorgiou D, Melidis PAivasidis A \u0026amp; Gimouho-poulos K. Dyes and pigments 2002; 52 (2): 69-78.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGiles CH. \u0026amp;.McKay RB. The light fastness of Dyes. Textile Research Journal 1963; 33 (7): 528-77.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHameed BH \u0026amp; El-Khaiary MI. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2008; 154(1-3): 639-648\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKamel MM, El-Shishtawy RM, Youssef BM \u0026amp;. Mashaly H. Ultrasonic assisted dyeing. IV. Dyeing of cationised cotton with lac natural dye. Dyes and Pigments 2007; 73 (3): 279-284.\\\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKongkachuichaya P,Shitangkoonb,A, \u0026amp; Chinwongamorna N. Studies on Dyeing of Silk Yarn with Lac Dye:Effects of Mordants and Dyeing Conditions. Science Asia 2002; 28: 161-166.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMansour HF \u0026amp; Heffernan S. Environmental aspects on dyeing silk fabric with sticta coronata lichen using ultrasonic energy and mild mordants. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. 2010; DOI: 10.1007/s10098-010-0296-2.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMansour HF. Environment and energy efficient dyeing of woollen fabric with sticta coronata. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. 2009; DOI: 10.1007/s10098-009-0267-7\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMansour HF. Ultrasonic Efficiency on the Photo Fading Of Madder Dyed Silk Using Egg Albumen and Aluminium Ions Chelating. 2009 6th International Textile Conference, NRC, Egypt. Maiwa 2008. http://www.maiwa.com/stores/supply/mordants.html\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMartins Teixeiraa D, Teixeira da Costa C. Novel methods to extract flavanones and xanthones from the root bark of Maclura pomifera. Journal of Chromatography 2005; 1062: 175\u0026ndash;181.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMuhammad R A, Ahmed SA, and Muhammad K. Solvent effect on the spectral properties of Neutral Red. Chemistry Central Journal 2008; 2:.2-19\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNadiger GS, Kaushal Sharma P, \u0026amp; Probhaker J. Screening of Natural Dyes. Colourag 2004; 51, annual :130-137.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOliveira CS, Bronco KP, Baptista MS \u0026amp; Indig GL. Solvent and concentration effects on the visible spectra of tri-para-dialkylamino-substituted triarylmethane dyes in liquid solutions. Spectochim Acta, Part A 2002; 58 {13)2971-2982.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOnal A. Extraction of Dyestuff from Onion ( Allium Cepa L.) and its application in the dyeing of wool, Feathered, Leather and Cotton. Turkish Journal of Chemistry 1996; 20: 201.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePadma Vankar S, Shanker R, Mahanta D \u0026amp; Tiwari SC Ecofriendly sonicator dyeing of cotton with Rubia cordifolia Linn. Using biomordant. Dyes and Pigments. 2006; 76 (1): 207-212.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePatel B H, Agarwal B J, \u0026amp; Patel H M. Novel padding technique for dyeing Babool dye on cotton. Colourage 2003; January: 21\u0026ndash;26.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingh R V. Healthy hues. Down to Earth 2002; 11: 25\u0026ndash;31.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTian Li, Jack Blount W \u0026amp; Richard Dixon A. Phenylpropanoid glycosyltransferases from osage orange (Maclura pomifera) fruit. FEBS Letters 2006; 580: 6915\u0026ndash;6920.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTsui LS,.Roy WR \u0026amp;.Gole MA. Coloration Technology 2003; 119 (1): 14-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUddin MDT, Akhtarul Islam S, Mahmoud Rukanuzzaman MD. Journal of Hazardous Material 2009; 164 (1): 53-60\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"allergic, Holi (festival of colours-India), Eco-friendly manner, Kumkum","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4274216/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4274216/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eHerbal dye can be used as dyeing material for the Textile Fibre as well as making colourful powder which is eco-friendly, non-hazardous and very less cost effective.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn India, flowers are cultivated in a huge amount. Karnataka is the 2th largest producer of flowers after Andhra Pradesh, and next is Tamilnadu. These flowers are mainly used for decorative purposes and for offering to God. A survey report reveals that 40% of the total productions of flowers are unsold and wasted everyday which are thrown in water of rivers like Ganga, ponds lakes and different water bodies or dumped which also creates water pollution as well as environmental pollution. These wasted flowers can be used in various ways \u0026amp; effective utilization can generate considerable amount of revenue.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe various uses of these wasted flowers are:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExtraction of colourful dyes from these flowers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe residual waste portion can be used as bio-fertilizers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScent of flowers extract can use.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eColourful dye can also be extracted from plant parts for dyeing textile fibre, using in festivals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese herbal dyes are eco-friendly\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt has no allergic action on skin like synthetic dye.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe procedure is very cost-effective and depending on it small scale Industry as well as Large scale Industry can be set up.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Production of herbal dyes from different plant parts used in Chikmagalur, Karnataka, India.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-29 14:23:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4274216/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c89e54c2-e112-448e-b1c6-bf9af86623d4","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 29th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-08-07T04:14:34+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-29 14:23:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4274216","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4274216","identity":"rs-4274216","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}