Improving reverse engineering processes using C-K theory of design

Improving reverse engineering processes using C-K theory of design | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Improving reverse engineering processes using C-K theory of design Lukita Dea Kutari, Sharifu Ura This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5987829/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Research in Engineering Design → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study presents how to improve reverse engineering processes using the C-K theory of design. First, conventional reverse engineering (which relies on large point clouds of the object to be reverse-engineered obtained through 3D scanning) and its characteristics are studied. Next, the conventional reverse engineering processes are studied using the C-K theory of design, highlighting areas for improvement. Afterward, a new reverse engineering method based on the C-K theory of design is proposed. This method integrates three types of knowledge: creative definitional knowledge, informal inductive knowledge, and deductive knowledge. These types of knowledge facilitate the generation of planner point clouds, capturing important features of the object to be reverse-engineered. These point clouds can be easily converted into a 3D CAD model, supporting digitization and fabrication. The efficacy of the proposed C-K theoretic reverse engineering is demonstrated by reverse engineering a gear-pinion set. Unlike conventional reverse engineering, which mainly focuses on replicating a given object, this new approach takes a different path; it enables the creation of innovative solutions that achieve the same functionality as the original object. This shift from strict replication to creativity is a major advantage. By leveraging this advantage, the proposed reverse engineering method can be applied to (for example) remanufacturing problems, which will be deviled into the next phase of this study. C-K Theory Creativity Reverse Engineering Geometric Modeling Point Cloud Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Research in Engineering Design → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 21 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 21 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 15 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Feb, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Feb, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Feb, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 17 Feb, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 13 Feb, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 13 Feb, 2025 First submitted to journal 08 Feb, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5987829","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":415549459,"identity":"993a480b-3851-41b5-a857-4c9341582e8d","order_by":0,"name":"Lukita Dea Kutari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kitami Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lukita","middleName":"Dea","lastName":"Kutari","suffix":""},{"id":415549461,"identity":"b9be2895-b03b-4b52-9e13-d23a3de3c0d9","order_by":1,"name":"Sharifu Ura","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACZiDmYW9gbjzA2GADZDM2HiBKCw9QPRClgbQ0EKWFAarlMFgErxb+aaeTPxfU3JPhkUhsOPBzx3m7te2HgbbU2ETj0iJxO3eb9IxjxTwgLQd7z9xO3nYGqJfhWFpuAy49QC3MPGwJPPYgW3jbbiebHUgEuxCnFvnbuZs/8/xLgNjyt+1cstn5h/i1GNzO3SDN2wbRcpi37YCd2Q0CthiC/MLbB9TC87DhsGxbcoLZDaAtCXj8Igd22LcEex725IMP37bZ2ZudT3/44EONDW7vo4NEsMoEYpWDgD0pikfBKBgFo2BkAAASq2jDu8L4ywAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Kitami Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sharifu","middleName":"","lastName":"Ura","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-08 12:53:08","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5987829/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5987829/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00163-025-00460-2","type":"published","date":"2025-09-01T15:58:03+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90827993,"identity":"dea507d7-4c30-4ced-82ef-32afa54caf2e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-08 16:04:52","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1005868,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"redlukitauramanuscriptfinal.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5987829/v1_covered_e9f52751-a511-43ea-90e1-79315535b452.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Improving reverse engineering processes using C-K theory of design","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"research-in-engineering-design","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ried","sideBox":"Learn more about [Research in Engineering Design](http://link.springer.com/journal/163)","snPcode":"163","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/163/3","title":"Research in Engineering Design","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"C-K Theory, Creativity, Reverse Engineering, Geometric Modeling, Point Cloud","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5987829/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5987829/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study presents how to improve reverse engineering processes using the C-K theory of design. 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