Experimental Data-Driven Framework for Quality Control of 3D-Printed Concrete Permanent Formworks

Experimental Data-Driven Framework for Quality Control of 3D-Printed Concrete Permanent Formworks | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Experimental Data-Driven Framework for Quality Control of 3D-Printed Concrete Permanent Formworks Tae-Kyung Kim, Sangwoo Oh, Jinsuk Lee, Seongcheol Choi, Chang-Su Shim This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7121433/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 07 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract As an emerging structural system, 3D-printed concrete permanent formwork (3DPF) eliminates the need for formwork removal and enables the realization of complex geometries. However, clearly defined quality control standards tailored to the unique characteristics of 3DPF are still lacking. This paper proposes an experimental data-based framework to integrate quality control considerations into both the design and manufacturing stages. The proposed framework comprises systematic experimental procedures to evaluate parameters such as the fresh and hardened material properties, printing parameters, and geometric constraints, and organizes the results into structured data categories. The collected data were subsequently embedded into a Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) decision-making algorithm, which supports manufacturability evaluations, including additional layers for milling, plastic collapse prediction, maximum printable dimensions, and first-layer deformation near sharp corners. An equivalent strength factor was introduced as a quality control reference during printing, providing a consistent basis for evaluating structural performance using the strength ratio between the printed and cast specimens. Moreover, an exponential relationship was identified between the corner angle and first layer width, enabling the quantification of layer deformation near sharp corners. Finally, the proposed framework enables unified quality control across the materials, equipment, and design of the 3DPF and its manufacturing system. 3D concrete printing 3D-printed concrete permanent formwork Design for additive manufacturing Quality control Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 07 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major Revisions Needed 03 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 11 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 16 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 14 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7121433","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":499004295,"identity":"1afb6de0-feaf-49d7-8438-b6a35535009f","order_by":0,"name":"Tae-Kyung Kim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tae-Kyung","middleName":"","lastName":"Kim","suffix":""},{"id":499004296,"identity":"0f9dd4bc-5f1f-42c7-9dd5-7697bdca4c7a","order_by":1,"name":"Sangwoo Oh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sangwoo","middleName":"","lastName":"Oh","suffix":""},{"id":499004297,"identity":"be341ba0-59c6-4a64-a593-51a27df8a0ee","order_by":2,"name":"Jinsuk Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jinsuk","middleName":"","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""},{"id":499004298,"identity":"596319f0-bd96-4f00-901c-a534aab67a62","order_by":3,"name":"Seongcheol Choi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Seongcheol","middleName":"","lastName":"Choi","suffix":""},{"id":499004299,"identity":"9349ca60-5073-4070-8bc3-efc10c14af40","order_by":4,"name":"Chang-Su Shim","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAtElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNoYEBhsYJ4FoLWmkamFgOEyCFv7+488ePMw5L88/I4Hxww+GtHyCWiRu5JgbJG67bTjjRgKzZA9DjmUDIS0GEjxsEkAtCQw3EhikGRgqDAjaYsB//BlQy7kEeaAtv4nTwpBgBtRyIMHgRgIb0JYcwlqAfgFpSTbceOZhm2WPQRphLaAQk/y5zU5e7njy4Rs/KpIJa0ECjA0gd46CUTAKRsEooAYAAFzgNxCwvFghAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7557-9553","institution":"Chung-Ang University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chang-Su","middleName":"","lastName":"Shim","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-14 12:58:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7121433/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7121433/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-025-16597-2","type":"published","date":"2025-10-07T15:56:53+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":93419664,"identity":"6fd59207-fe8c-4177-a475-8ebd9c70dc37","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-13 16:05:33","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1418801,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"TKQCmanuscriptInt.J.Adv.Manuf.Technol..pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7121433/v1_covered_1c85f75b-d773-46a7-8601-f0d4cb7696b3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Experimental Data-Driven Framework for Quality Control of 3D-Printed Concrete Permanent Formworks","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jamt","sideBox":"Learn more about [The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/170)","snPcode":"170","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/170/3","title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"3D concrete printing, 3D-printed concrete permanent formwork, Design for additive manufacturing, Quality control","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7121433/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7121433/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAs an emerging structural system, 3D-printed concrete permanent formwork (3DPF) eliminates the need for formwork removal and enables the realization of complex geometries. 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