Research on the Duration and Data Extraction Methods for Measuring Static Balance in 4-to-6-year-old Preschoolers Using Inertial Sensors

Research on the Duration and Data Extraction Methods for Measuring Static Balance in 4-to-6-year-old Preschoolers Using Inertial Sensors | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Research on the Duration and Data Extraction Methods for Measuring Static Balance in 4-to-6-year-old Preschoolers Using Inertial Sensors Ruqiang Liu, Rulei Zhang, Feifei Xi, Zichun Xu, Shili Zhao, Juan Yang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6526013/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective This study aimed to ascertain the optimal measurement duration and data acquisition approach for measuring the static balance of preschool children using inertial sensors. Methods Ninety children aged 4–6 years old were randomly recruited. Inertial sensors were placed at the center of mass (COM) location and four tests were conducted. The angular velocity modulus ( ω ) of COM sway was extracted. Results For the 5 - year - old children, under normal conditions, a statistically significant difference was observed between the first 5 - second and the last 30 - second periods ( P < 0.05). In the case of 6 - year - old children, when standing on a sponge pad with eyes closed, a significant difference was detected between the 10th and the 15th seconds ( P 0.05). Conclusion When employing inertial sensors to assess the body stability of 4 to 6 years old children, a measurement duration of 15 seconds, with the exclusion of data from the first 5 seconds, can reflect the body's stable state. Health sciences/Health care/Paediatrics/Paediatric research Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing/Information technology Preschool children Inertial sensor Static balance Measurement duration Figures Figure 1 1. Introduction Balance is a pivotal skill for preschool children, and the degree of its development exerts a direct impact on both their health status [ 1 ] and motor development [ 2 ]. Moreover, substantial research has revealed a strong correlation between balance and children's academic performance [ 3 ]. Accurate measurement and evaluation of the balance of preschool children are of great significance for the timely appraisal of their developmental level and the implementation of appropriate interventions. Among the diverse array of methods for evaluating balance in preschool children, inertial sensors have emerged as a preeminent choice. Multiple studies have indicated that inertial sensors demonstrate commendable test-retest reliability and minimal measurement error in comparison to traditional assessment techniques [ 4 ]. Moreover, they exhibit enhanced measurement validity relative to the gold-standard plantar pressure test [ 5 ]. Inertial sensors offer multiple advantages: high precision, portability, cost effective, and noninvasive rendering them an optimal option for researchers investigating balance in young children. The widespread utilization of inertial sensors can be attributed to their capacity to furnish objective, quantifiable data, along with their remarkable ease of use and accessibility. These characteristics render inertial sensors particularly well-suited for assessing balance within the dynamic and variable environments that are characteristic of preschool settings. However, existing studies on measurement durations employed to assess the static balance of preschool children often lack a solid scientific basis. For instance, Ruqiang et al. measured the static balance of 4–5 year old children using the same method as measuring 6–12 year old children, with a measurement duration of 35 seconds [ 4 ]. Verbecque et al. (2016), following a comprehensive review, recommended that measurement records should not be shorter than 30 seconds [ 6 ]. Furthermore, disparities in data extraction methods exacerbate the complexity of the issue. Ruqiang's research excluded the initial 5 seconds of data, analyzing the time from 5 to 35 seconds [ 4 , 7 ], while Verbecque proposed discarding the first 10 seconds of each measurement [ 6 ]. Currently, measurement durations for preschool children are predominantly extrapolated from those used for adults or older children. Common measurement durations for assessing static balance in adults or older children encompass 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 seconds, with 30 – second measurements being the most prevalently adopted [ 5 ]. Nevertheless, preschool – aged children differ substantially from adults and older children. Their attention development is predominantly characterized by inadvertent notice, making it arduous for them to maintain focus over extended periods and rendering them more vulnerable to external distractions [ 8 ]. Thus, longer measurement durations do not necessarily yield more accurate results for preschool children. Conversely, while shorter measurement times may enhance efficiency, they run the risk of failing to comprehensively capture the children's true balance capabilities. To date, several critical issues remain unresolved: identifying the optimal measurement duration for preschool children when using inertial sensors, and determining whether to exclude the initial 5 or 10 seconds of data. This study endeavors to address these key questions through systematic measurement and in-depth analysis. Specifically, the research objectives are to ascertain: (1) whether it is necessary to exclude data from the first 5 seconds or the first 10 seconds when measuring preschool children; and (2) if such exclusion is justified, what the optimal measurement duration should be. Addressing these questions will enhance data accuracy and measurement efficiency, providing valuable insights for future research regarding measurement duration. Given that future research on children's static balance is likely to focus on exploring body stability under multiple sensory conditions, this study examines the aforementioned issues not only under normal conditions but also under the following sensory perturbations: visual deprivation, proprioceptive interference, and a combination of visual deprivation and proprioceptive interference. 2. Methods​ 2.1 Objects​ A random sampling procedure was conducted using the entire population of children aged 4–6 years (n = 362) from a public kindergarten in Suzhou, China, as the sampling frame. The basic information about the sample is shown in Table 1 . Children were initially stratified into three age groups: 4–5, 5–6, and > 6 years, with each group assigned a unique code. A random number generator was then used to select 30 children per group [ 9 ], yielding a total sample size of 90. Sample size was calculated using G*Power software. A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to assess differences across sensory integration conditions. The analysis assumed an effect size of 0.15, α = 0.05, and a statistical power of 0.95. The required sample size per group was 30, which was satisfied in this study. Inclusion criteria included: (1) no diagnosed mental disorders, (2) normal physical and visual health, and (3) guardian-provided written consent. Exclusion criteria were: (1) ear diseases, (2) intellectual or cognitive impairments, (3) visual deficits, (4) autism spectrum disorder, or (5) recent illness/medication affecting sensory or motor function (within 1 week). The present study was approved by the ethical committee (Commission of Ethics of the Shanghai University of Sports, Shanghai, China, approval number 102772019RT034). All participants submitted the written informed parental consent prior to the start of the procedure. Furthermore, the study was conducted in accordance to the ethical principles laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Table 1 Basic Information of Subjects Group Number Male/Female Age/years Height/cm Weight/kg BMI/kg/m 2 4 years 30 12/18 4.60 ± 0.09 109.41 ± 4.22 19.10 ± 2.23 15.94 ± 1.31 5 years 30 15/15 5.48 ± 0.07 114.76 ± 4.63 20.34 ± 2.91 15.39 ± 1.52 6 years 30 15/15 6.36 ± 0.26 120.27 ± 4.54 23.80 ± 4.91 16.38 ± 2.75 2.2 Test Methods​ 2.2.1 Instruments and Equipment​ Inertial sensor: The MPU-9250 sensor (MotionTrackingTM series, TDK InvenSense, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) was used. This inertial sensor has good reliability when testing preschool children [ 10 ] and has been widely applied in fields such as attitude detection and wearable health-intelligent devices [ 11 ]. During testing, the sensor transmitted real-time sway data via Bluetooth to a host computer, which calculated motion kinematics. The parameter settings are as follows: gyroscope range of 2000 dps , acceleration range of 16 g , magnetic field range of 8 Gauss, and data transmission rate of 200 Hz .​ Foam: The size of the foam mat (Xiyuan Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China) is 50 cm×50 cm×8 cm, with a density of 40 kg/m 3 . It has a soft and uniform texture and is produced in Zhengzhou, China.​ 2.2.2 Test Procedure​ The inertial sensor was worn at the position of the 12th thoracic vertebra (T12) of the subject. The shaking speed of T12 can represent the shaking speed of the child's body center of mass [ 12 ]. Statistically, 80.9% of the studies placed the inertial sensor close to the body center of mass [ 5 ]. When wearing, an elastic bandage was wrapped around the waist and firmly pasted to ensure no relative displacement between the body and the instrument. The modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance (mCTSIB) [ 10 ] was administered, comprising four conditions: T1: Standing on foam, eyes open, feet together. T2: As T1, but eyes closed. T3: Standing on foam, eyes open, feet together. T4: As T3, but eyes closed. Tests were performed sequentially (T1→T4), with 35-second trials per condition. Participants maintained gaze on a visual target (except eyes-closed conditions), with arms naturally hanging (left arm only for tactile conditions), barefoot, and feet together (forefeet and heels adjacent). In the above-mentioned test methods, T1 represents normal conditions, that is, the vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive senses all work normally. T2 represents the shielding of vision, with the vestibular and proprioceptive senses working normally. T3 represents the interference with proprioception, with the vestibular and visual senses working normally. T4 represents the simultaneous interference with proprioception and the shielding of vision, with the vestibular sense working normally.​ 2.2.3 Analysis Indicators​ Angular velocity modulus: Angular velocity quantifies body sway [ 13 ]. The modulus ( ω ) of center-of-mass (COM) sway across T1–T4 conditions was calculated to represent sway speed. The ω value was calculated by formula (1) using the shaking data of the COM in three axes [ 14 ], representing the overall shaking speed of the COM. The larger the ω value, the faster the human body shakes, and the worse the body stability. ω = \(\:\sqrt{{\omega\:}_{x}^{\:2}+{\omega\:}_{y}^{\:2}+{\omega\:}_{z}^{\:2}}\) (1) Among these values, ω is the angular velocity modulus, while ω x , ω y , and ω z represents the angular velocity data of the x -axis, y -axis, and z -axis, respectively. 2.2.4 Data Extraction​ To determine whether to exclude initial 5- or 10-second data, this study first extracted ω values for: (1) 0–5 s, (2) 0–10 s, (3) 5–35 s, and (4) 10–35 s. For optimal duration analysis: Without exclusion: Analyzed 0–5, 0–10, 0–15, 0–20, 0–25, 0–30 s With exclusion: ○After excluding 0–5 s: Analyzed 5–10, 5–15, 5–20, 5–25, 5–30, 5–35 s ○After excluding 0–10 s: Analyzed 10–15, 10–20, 10–25, 10–30,10–35 s 2.2.5 Quality Control​ Two weeks before the test, testers familiarized themselves with participants to avoid the subjects' nervousness during the test. A separate and quiet room was selected as the test room. During the test, the testers told the subjects that they were wearing a 'special device' for a balance game of standing still, reducing the errors caused by the subjects' restlessness and unstable attention in a game-like way. If the subjects turned their heads, coughed, spoke, etc. during the test, the item was re-tested.​ The test was conducted from June 11th to 21st, 2024, from 8:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. The room temperature during the test was 19–25°C, and the relative humidity was about 75%.​ 2.3 Statistical Analysis​ SPSS 25.0 was used. Shapiro-Wilk tests assessed normality; non-normal data were log10-transformed and reported as Mean ± SD. Paired-samples t -tests compared: 0–5 s vs. 5–35 s 0–10 s vs. 10–35 s Repeated-measures ANOVA evaluated duration effects ( α = 0.05). 3. Results​ In 4- and 6-year-olds (T1–T4), no significant differences in ω were found between 0–5 s and 5–35 s ( P > 0.05). For 5-year-olds: Significant difference in T1 (eyes open, foam): 0–5 s vs. 5–35 s ( P 0.05) (Table 2 ). Overall, greater COM sway velocity occurred in the initial 5 s, indicating delayed postural stabilization. Table 2 Comparison of COM Angular Velocity Between Initial 5-second and Final 30-second Intervals Measured by Inertial Sensors Age (years) Conditions 0–5 s 5–35 s P t Cohen's d 95%CI Upper Lower 4 T1 3.86 ± 2.11 3.37 ± 1.34 0.260 1.15 0.28 -0.29 1.02 T2 4.05 ± 1.70 3.79 ± 1.53 0.329 0.99 0.16 -0.21 0.62 T3 5.58 ± 1.84 5.90 ± 1.95 0.664 0.44 0.17 -0.96 0.62 T4 8.41 ± 3.09 8.21 ± 3.59 0.564 0.58 0.06 -0.99 1.78 5 T1 3.27 ± 1.32 2.91 ± 1.01 0.010 2.77 0.31 0.10 0.64 T2 4.23 ± 2.08 3.59 ± 1.34 0.083 1.80 0.37 -0.09 1.42 T3 6.03 ± 3.18 5.58 ± 3.10 0.924 0.10 0.14 -1.24 1.13 T4 8.21 ± 3.68 7.78 ± 3.64 0.215 1.27 0.12 -0.28 1.19 6 T1 2.46 ± 1.28 2.16 ± 0.68 0.165 1.43 0.29 -0.13 0.73 T2 2.65 ± 1.07 2.61 ± 0.81 0.802 0.25 0.04 -0.28 0.35 T3 3.95 ± 1.28 3.76 ± 1.06 0.421 0.82 0.17 -0.65 0.28 T4 7.37 ± 2.93 7.05 ± 2.24 0.432 0.80 0.12 -0.51 1.17 Note:1) T1, standing with eyes open; T2, standing with eyes closed; T3, standing with eyes open on a sponge; T4, standing with eyes closed on a foam. 2) 95%CI is 95% confidence interval. Analysis revealed no statistically significant differences ( P > 0.05) in COM sway velocity between the initial 10-second and final 25-second intervals across all sensory conditions (T1-T4). The data indicate comparable COM sway velocities during these two measurement periods (Table 3 ). Table 3 Comparison of COM Angular Velocity Between Initial 10-second and Final 25-second Intervals Using Inertial Sensors Age (years) Conditions 0–10 s 10–35 s P t Cohen's d 95%CI Upper Lower 4 T1 3.43 ± 1.49 3.74 ± 1.81 0.312 -1.03 -0.19 -0.93 0.31 T2 4.05 ± 1.81 3.74 ± 1.51 0.200 1.31 0.19 -0.17 0.80 T3 5.36 ± 1.69 5.97 ± 2.60 0.174 -1.40 -0.28 -1.52 0.29 T4 8.63 ± 3.23 8.34 ± 4.81 0.764 0.30 0.07 -1.67 2.24 5 T1 3.19 ± 1.15 2.91 ± 1.30 0.193 1.33 0.23 -0.15 0.71 T2 3.93 ± 1.31 3.54 ± 1.84 0.194 1.33 0.24 -0.21 0.99 T3 6.11 ± 3.12 5.99 ± 3.77 0.871 0.16 0.03 -1.34 1.61 T4 8.16 ± 4.30 8.17 ± 4.97 0.987 -0.02 -0.01 -1.61 1.58 6 T1 2.35 ± 0.99 2.12 ± 0.78 0.222 1.25 0.26 -0.15 0.61 T2 2.65 ± 0.91 2.63 ± 0.96 0.927 0.09 0.02 -0.33 0.36 T3 3.78 ± 1.14 4.06 ± 1.27 0.244 -1.19 -0.23 -0.77 0.20 T4 7.41 ± 2.67 7.17 ± 2.61 0.506 0.67 0.09 -0.50 0.98 Note:1) T1, standing with eyes open; T2, standing with eyes closed; T3, standing with eyes open on a sponge ; T4, standing with eyes closed on a foam. 2) 95%CI is 95% confidence interval. After excluding the first 5 seconds of data, changes in COM sway velocity from the 10th to 35th second are shown in Fig. 1. During the 10–15 second interval, data under multiple sensory conditions continued to show significant fluctuations. Notably, for 6-year-olds in the T4 condition, a statistically significant difference was observed between the 10th and 15th second measurements ( P < 0.05, Cohen’s d = -0.18). No significant differences were found between the 15th second data and subsequent time points (20th, 25th, 30th, and 35th seconds) across all groups. Analysis of COM sway trends revealed that body sway velocity stabilized beginning at the 15th second. Thus, the 15th second measurement can effectively represent body sway characteristics during the 30-second period following exclusion of the initial 5 seconds. 4. Discussion This study establishes clear guidelines for measuring static balance in preschool children using inertial sensors, specifically addressing optimal duration and data extraction methods. For all test conditions (normal, visual deprivation, proprioceptive interference, and combined visual-proprioceptive perturbation), a 15-second measurement period excluding the initial 5 seconds - retaining only data from the 5th to 15th second - effectively captures postural stability during quiet standing. These findings align with Sobera et al.'s conclusion that immediate postural data collection after standing initiation is unreliable in preschoolers [ 15 ]. The necessity to exclude initial 5-second data under normal conditions confirms that children require time to achieve postural stability. This delay likely results from both physiological factors (immature musculoskeletal and neural development) and psychological characteristics. Attention - a critical psychological factor influencing postural control [ 16 ] - undergoes significant development between ages 4–6 years. The observed stabilization period may reflect the time needed for children to reallocate attentional resources when transitioning between activities [ 8 ]. This study demonstrates that despite preschool children's predominant reliance on involuntary attention, they successfully completed the 35-second testing protocol. As shown in Fig. 1, postural stability remained consistent during the latter half of the measurement period without significant fluctuations. This stability may be attributed to two factors: (1) 35 seconds represents a manageable duration for sustained voluntary attention in this age group, and (2) rigorous environmental controls eliminated visual distractors that might otherwise engage exogenous attention, enabling continuous task focus. For vision-deprived and proprioceptively-perturbed conditions, we similarly recommend excluding the initial 5-second data. This approach maintains methodological consistency with normal conditions while more accurately capturing children's postural stability during sensory reweighting. When processing conflicting sensory inputs (T3/T4 conditions), children require time to recalibrate their sensory weighting strategies. The temporal dynamics of this reweighting process exhibit asymmetry: visual restoration produces rapid stabilization (reaching asymptotic values within 5 seconds), whereas visual deprivation requires approximately 5 seconds to manifest increased instability [ 17 ]. Figure 1 further confirms that under sensory conflict conditions, substantial differences exist between pre-10-second data and stabilized measurements, with the 15-second timepoint providing the most reliable representation of true postural stability. Figure 1 reveals that children exhibited significantly greater COM velocity variations and required longer stabilization periods during the initial 15 seconds under proprioceptive interference conditions (T3/T4), compared to normal (T1) and vision-deprived (T2) conditions. This phenomenon can be attributed to two key factors: Proprioceptive Development and Sensory Integration Capacity. First, both T3 and T4 conditions involve proprioceptive disruption. At this developmental stage, children are transitioning from visual to proprioceptive dominance in postural control, with immature proximal-distal muscle coordination and underdeveloped proprioceptive postural mechanisms [ 18 ]. This developmental immaturity necessitates extended stabilization periods (≥ 15 seconds) following proprioceptive perturbation. Second, the T3 condition creates sensory conflict (intact vision/vestibular inputs with compromised proprioception). Postural stability in such scenarios depends heavily on central sensory integration capability, which remains relatively underdeveloped in this age group [ 19 ]. The samples in this study were randomly selected from a kindergarten. Therefore, the research results have high evidential strength and good generalizability. The limitation of this study is that children from one kindergarten were selected as samples, which may have geographical limitations. Future research can expand the sample scope to enhance the universality of the research results. The innovation of this study lies in not only determining the measurement duration for evaluating the static balance of preschool children using inertial sensors under normal conditions but also exploring the measurement durations under visual-shielding conditions, proprioception-interfering conditions, and conditions of simultaneously shielding vision and interfering with proprioception (relying only on the vestibular sense). Our current research indicates that when using inertial sensors to measure the static balance of preschool children, measuring for 15 seconds and excluding the data of the first 5 seconds can effectively reflect the development level of children's static balance. The measurement duration and data acquisition method determined in this study have improved the measurement method for the balance of young children, doubling the work efficiency of the measurement process in previous studies that measured for 35 seconds. The results of this study can also provide a reference for obtaining accurate data in children's rehabilitation assessment, basic motor skills testing, intervention research, and research on exploring the relationship between sensory integration and body posture development under various sensory conditions. Declarations Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that may have influenced the work reported in this study. Funding This study was funded by Key Topics of Jiangsu Province’s Education Science 14th Five Years Plan(B/2023/04/29),China and “Qinglan Project” Funding Program for Universities in Jiangsu Province (2024), China and the School Research Team Funding Program of Suzhou Early Childhood Education College, Jiangsu Province, China. Author Contribution Conceptualization, R.L. and J.Y.; methodology, R.Z.; software, F.X.; investigation, R.L.; resources, S.Z.; data curation, Z.X.; writing—original draft preparation, R.L.; writing—review and editing, R.L., S.Z.; supervision, F.X.; project administration, S.Z.; funding acquisition, R.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Acknowledgements We thank all the participants in this study. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6526013","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":463861781,"identity":"1e26f7e5-4e0d-4059-ac75-bb308a398180","order_by":0,"name":"Ruqiang Liu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPmYwJQEmDyRU2PDw8zfg18KGpIXxwIMzaTKSMw4Q0ILEZj74sOWwjUFDAgEt7Dxmn3nKLOTN+RcwHEhsOM9jwHCA8cPHHHwO4zGezXNOwnDnjAdALTtu85gzNzBLztyGXwszb5sE44YbB4BaztzmsWw4wMbMS4QWe4iWtnM8BgcSiNOSuOF8A0jLAWK0sBUzzjknkbzhBiheziTzSM442IzXL/z8hzczvCmrs91w/gDzxx8Vdvb8/M0HP3zEowVqFxBL5H+A8hgbCKmHauE/QITCUTAKRsEoGJEAAESJTtr+nL8zAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Suzhou Early Childhood Education College","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ruqiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":463861782,"identity":"6fe99e45-48c4-4731-8769-cffa6d3ee2a1","order_by":1,"name":"Rulei Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Suzhou Early Childhood Education College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rulei","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":463861783,"identity":"19c57124-aa1a-4949-add7-ea2c0f77c0f4","order_by":2,"name":"Feifei Xi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Suzhou Early Childhood Education College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Feifei","middleName":"","lastName":"Xi","suffix":""},{"id":463861784,"identity":"423f6f0f-e385-42b3-ab8b-c1a1023a3ee5","order_by":3,"name":"Zichun Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Suzhou Early Childhood Education College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zichun","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":463861785,"identity":"ce2abe90-b852-4288-b600-8265f1d0cbdb","order_by":4,"name":"Shili Zhao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Suzhou Early Childhood Education College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shili","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhao","suffix":""},{"id":463861786,"identity":"6622fc82-6bd2-4677-b05c-803f8fc9de72","order_by":5,"name":"Juan Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Suzhou Institute of Trade and Commerce","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juan","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-25 06:53:08","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6526013/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6526013/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83784860,"identity":"81a0d885-813c-48dc-b2e7-ce4d9d1ec8d7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-02 16:33:06","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":67047,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCOM Oscillation Velocity at Sequential Time Points Measured Using Inertial Sensors\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6526013/v1/3e59c7f9eba82e1485c53179.png"},{"id":83785653,"identity":"3194c819-5f76-4b3f-ab80-b859de793568","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-02 16:49:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":798141,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6526013/v1/50062c57-3246-453b-af88-297b91cc68bd.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Research on the Duration and Data Extraction Methods for Measuring Static Balance in 4-to-6-year-old Preschoolers Using Inertial Sensors","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBalance is a pivotal skill for preschool children, and the degree of its development exerts a direct impact on both their health status [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] and motor development [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, substantial research has revealed a strong correlation between balance and children's academic performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Accurate measurement and evaluation of the balance of preschool children are of great significance for the timely appraisal of their developmental level and the implementation of appropriate interventions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the diverse array of methods for evaluating balance in preschool children, inertial sensors have emerged as a preeminent choice. Multiple studies have indicated that inertial sensors demonstrate commendable test-retest reliability and minimal measurement error in comparison to traditional assessment techniques [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, they exhibit enhanced measurement validity relative to the gold-standard plantar pressure test [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Inertial sensors offer multiple advantages: high precision, portability, cost effective, and noninvasive rendering them an optimal option for researchers investigating balance in young children.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe widespread utilization of inertial sensors can be attributed to their capacity to furnish objective, quantifiable data, along with their remarkable ease of use and accessibility. These characteristics render inertial sensors particularly well-suited for assessing balance within the dynamic and variable environments that are characteristic of preschool settings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, existing studies on measurement durations employed to assess the static balance of preschool children often lack a solid scientific basis. For instance, Ruqiang et al. measured the static balance of 4\u0026ndash;5 year old children using the same method as measuring 6\u0026ndash;12 year old children, with a measurement duration of 35 seconds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Verbecque et al. (2016), following a comprehensive review, recommended that measurement records should not be shorter than 30 seconds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, disparities in data extraction methods exacerbate the complexity of the issue. Ruqiang's research excluded the initial 5 seconds of data, analyzing the time from 5 to 35 seconds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], while Verbecque proposed discarding the first 10 seconds of each measurement [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Currently, measurement durations for preschool children are predominantly extrapolated from those used for adults or older children. Common measurement durations for assessing static balance in adults or older children encompass 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 seconds, with 30 \u0026ndash; second measurements being the most prevalently adopted [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Nevertheless, preschool \u0026ndash; aged children differ substantially from adults and older children. Their attention development is predominantly characterized by inadvertent notice, making it arduous for them to maintain focus over extended periods and rendering them more vulnerable to external distractions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, longer measurement durations do not necessarily yield more accurate results for preschool children. Conversely, while shorter measurement times may enhance efficiency, they run the risk of failing to comprehensively capture the children's true balance capabilities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo date, several critical issues remain unresolved: identifying the optimal measurement duration for preschool children when using inertial sensors, and determining whether to exclude the initial 5 or 10 seconds of data. This study endeavors to address these key questions through systematic measurement and in-depth analysis. Specifically, the research objectives are to ascertain: (1) whether it is necessary to exclude data from the first 5 seconds or the first 10 seconds when measuring preschool children; and (2) if such exclusion is justified, what the optimal measurement duration should be. Addressing these questions will enhance data accuracy and measurement efficiency, providing valuable insights for future research regarding measurement duration. Given that future research on children's static balance is likely to focus on exploring body stability under multiple sensory conditions, this study examines the aforementioned issues not only under normal conditions but also under the following sensory perturbations: visual deprivation, proprioceptive interference, and a combination of visual deprivation and proprioceptive interference.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methods​","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Objects​\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA random sampling procedure was conducted using the entire population of children aged 4\u0026ndash;6 years (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;362) from a public kindergarten in Suzhou, China, as the sampling frame. The basic information about the sample is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Children were initially stratified into three age groups: 4\u0026ndash;5, 5\u0026ndash;6, and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;6 years, with each group assigned a unique code. A random number generator was then used to select 30 children per group [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], yielding a total sample size of 90.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size was calculated using G*Power software. A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to assess differences across sensory integration conditions. The analysis assumed an effect size of 0.15, \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05, and a statistical power of 0.95. The required sample size per group was 30, which was satisfied in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInclusion criteria included: (1) no diagnosed mental disorders, (2) normal physical and visual health, and (3) guardian-provided written consent. Exclusion criteria were: (1) ear diseases, (2) intellectual or cognitive impairments, (3) visual deficits, (4) autism spectrum disorder, or (5) recent illness/medication affecting sensory or motor function (within 1 week).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The present study was approved by the ethical committee (Commission of Ethics of the Shanghai University of Sports, Shanghai, China, approval number 102772019RT034). All participants submitted the written informed parental consent prior to the start of the procedure. Furthermore, the study was conducted in accordance to the ethical principles laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic Information of Subjects\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale/Female\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge/years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeight/cm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight/kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI/kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12/18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15/15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15/15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Test Methods​\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.1 Instruments and Equipment​\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInertial sensor: The MPU-9250 sensor (MotionTrackingTM series, TDK InvenSense, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) was used. This inertial sensor has good reliability when testing preschool children [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] and has been widely applied in fields such as attitude detection and wearable health-intelligent devices [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. During testing, the sensor transmitted real-time sway data via Bluetooth to a host computer, which calculated motion kinematics. The parameter settings are as follows: gyroscope range of 2000 \u003cem\u003edps\u003c/em\u003e, acceleration range of 16 \u003cem\u003eg\u003c/em\u003e, magnetic field range of 8 Gauss, and data transmission rate of 200 \u003cem\u003eHz\u003c/em\u003e.​\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFoam: The size of the foam mat (Xiyuan Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China) is 50 cm\u0026times;50 cm\u0026times;8 cm, with a density of 40 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. It has a soft and uniform texture and is produced in Zhengzhou, China.​\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.2 Test Procedure​\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe inertial sensor was worn at the position of the 12th thoracic vertebra (T12) of the subject. The shaking speed of T12 can represent the shaking speed of the child's body center of mass [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Statistically, 80.9% of the studies placed the inertial sensor close to the body center of mass [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. When wearing, an elastic bandage was wrapped around the waist and firmly pasted to ensure no relative displacement between the body and the instrument. The modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance (mCTSIB) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] was administered, comprising four conditions:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1: Standing on foam, eyes open, feet together.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2: As T1, but eyes closed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3: Standing on foam, eyes open, feet together.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eT4: As T3, but eyes closed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTests were performed sequentially (T1\u0026rarr;T4), with 35-second trials per condition. Participants maintained gaze on a visual target (except eyes-closed conditions), with arms naturally hanging (left arm only for tactile conditions), barefoot, and feet together (forefeet and heels adjacent).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the above-mentioned test methods, T1 represents normal conditions, that is, the vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive senses all work normally. T2 represents the shielding of vision, with the vestibular and proprioceptive senses working normally. T3 represents the interference with proprioception, with the vestibular and visual senses working normally. T4 represents the simultaneous interference with proprioception and the shielding of vision, with the vestibular sense working normally.​\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.3 Analysis Indicators​\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAngular velocity modulus: Angular velocity quantifies body sway [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. The modulus (\u003cem\u003eω\u003c/em\u003e) of center-of-mass (COM) sway across T1\u0026ndash;T4 conditions was calculated to represent sway speed. The \u003cem\u003eω\u003c/em\u003e value was calculated by formula (1) using the shaking data of the COM in three axes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], representing the overall shaking speed of the COM. The larger the \u003cem\u003eω\u003c/em\u003e value, the faster the human body shakes, and the worse the body stability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eω\u003c/em\u003e =\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\sqrt{{\\omega\\:}_{x}^{\\:2}+{\\omega\\:}_{y}^{\\:2}+{\\omega\\:}_{z}^{\\:2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e(1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong these values, \u003cem\u003eω\u003c/em\u003e is the angular velocity modulus, while \u003cem\u003eω\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003eω\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ey\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eω\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ez\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e represents the angular velocity data of the \u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e-axis, \u003cem\u003ey\u003c/em\u003e-axis, and \u003cem\u003ez\u003c/em\u003e-axis, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.4 Data Extraction​\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine whether to exclude initial 5- or 10-second data, this study first extracted\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eω\u003c/em\u003e values for: (1) 0\u0026ndash;5 s, (2) 0\u0026ndash;10 s, (3) 5\u0026ndash;35 s, and (4) 10\u0026ndash;35 s. For optimal duration analysis:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithout exclusion: Analyzed 0\u0026ndash;5, 0\u0026ndash;10, 0\u0026ndash;15, 0\u0026ndash;20, 0\u0026ndash;25, 0\u0026ndash;30 s\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith exclusion:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e○After excluding 0\u0026ndash;5 s: Analyzed 5\u0026ndash;10, 5\u0026ndash;15, 5\u0026ndash;20, 5\u0026ndash;25, 5\u0026ndash;30, 5\u0026ndash;35 s\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e○After excluding 0\u0026ndash;10 s: Analyzed 10\u0026ndash;15, 10\u0026ndash;20, 10\u0026ndash;25, 10\u0026ndash;30,10\u0026ndash;35 s\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.5 Quality Control​\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo weeks before the test, testers familiarized themselves with participants to avoid the subjects' nervousness during the test. A separate and quiet room was selected as the test room. During the test, the testers told the subjects that they were wearing a 'special device' for a balance game of standing still, reducing the errors caused by the subjects' restlessness and unstable attention in a game-like way. If the subjects turned their heads, coughed, spoke, etc. during the test, the item was re-tested.​\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe test was conducted from June 11th to 21st, 2024, from 8:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. The room temperature during the test was 19\u0026ndash;25\u0026deg;C, and the relative humidity was about 75%.​\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Statistical Analysis​\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSPSS 25.0 was used. Shapiro-Wilk tests assessed normality; non-normal data were log10-transformed and reported as Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD. Paired-samples \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e-tests compared:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e 0\u0026ndash;5 s vs. 5\u0026ndash;35 s\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e 0\u0026ndash;10 s vs. 10\u0026ndash;35 s\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepeated-measures ANOVA evaluated duration effects (\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results​","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn 4- and 6-year-olds (T1\u0026ndash;T4), no significant differences in \u003cem\u003eω\u003c/em\u003e were found between 0\u0026ndash;5 s and 5\u0026ndash;35 s (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). For 5-year-olds: Significant difference in T1 (eyes open, foam): 0\u0026ndash;5 s vs. 5\u0026ndash;35 s (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.31). No differences in T2\u0026ndash;T4 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Overall, greater COM sway velocity occurred in the initial 5 s, indicating delayed postural stabilization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of COM Angular Velocity Between Initial 5-second and Final 30-second Intervals Measured by Inertial Sensors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConditions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;5 s\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;35 s\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCohen's d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.329\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.664\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.564\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.924\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.802\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.421\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.432\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNote:1) T1, standing with eyes open; T2, standing with eyes closed; T3, standing with eyes open on a sponge; T4, standing with eyes closed on a foam. 2) 95%CI is 95% confidence interval.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis revealed no statistically significant differences (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in COM sway velocity between the initial 10-second and final 25-second intervals across all sensory conditions (T1-T4). The data indicate comparable COM sway velocities during these two measurement periods (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of COM Angular Velocity Between Initial 10-second and Final 25-second Intervals Using Inertial Sensors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConditions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;10 s\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;35 s\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCohen's d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.312\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.764\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.871\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.987\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.927\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.244\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.506\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNote:1) T1, standing with eyes open; T2, standing with eyes closed; T3, standing with eyes open on a sponge ; T4, standing with eyes closed on a foam. 2) 95%CI is 95% confidence interval.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter excluding the first 5 seconds of data, changes in COM sway velocity from the 10th to 35th second are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1. During the 10\u0026ndash;15 second interval, data under multiple sensory conditions continued to show significant fluctuations. Notably, for 6-year-olds in the T4 condition, a statistically significant difference was observed between the 10th and 15th second measurements (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d = -0.18). No significant differences were found between the 15th second data and subsequent time points (20th, 25th, 30th, and 35th seconds) across all groups. Analysis of COM sway trends revealed that body sway velocity stabilized beginning at the 15th second. Thus, the 15th second measurement can effectively represent body sway characteristics during the 30-second period following exclusion of the initial 5 seconds.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e This study establishes clear guidelines for measuring static balance in preschool children using inertial sensors, specifically addressing optimal duration and data extraction methods. For all test conditions (normal, visual deprivation, proprioceptive interference, and combined visual-proprioceptive perturbation), a 15-second measurement period excluding the initial 5 seconds - retaining only data from the 5th to 15th second - effectively captures postural stability during quiet standing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings align with Sobera et al.'s conclusion that immediate postural data collection after standing initiation is unreliable in preschoolers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The necessity to exclude initial 5-second data under normal conditions confirms that children require time to achieve postural stability. This delay likely results from both physiological factors (immature musculoskeletal and neural development) and psychological characteristics. Attention - a critical psychological factor influencing postural control [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] - undergoes significant development between ages 4\u0026ndash;6 years. The observed stabilization period may reflect the time needed for children to reallocate attentional resources when transitioning between activities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study demonstrates that despite preschool children's predominant reliance on involuntary attention, they successfully completed the 35-second testing protocol. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1, postural stability remained consistent during the latter half of the measurement period without significant fluctuations. This stability may be attributed to two factors: (1) 35 seconds represents a manageable duration for sustained voluntary attention in this age group, and (2) rigorous environmental controls eliminated visual distractors that might otherwise engage exogenous attention, enabling continuous task focus.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor vision-deprived and proprioceptively-perturbed conditions, we similarly recommend excluding the initial 5-second data. This approach maintains methodological consistency with normal conditions while more accurately capturing children's postural stability during sensory reweighting. When processing conflicting sensory inputs (T3/T4 conditions), children require time to recalibrate their sensory weighting strategies. The temporal dynamics of this reweighting process exhibit asymmetry: visual restoration produces rapid stabilization (reaching asymptotic values within 5 seconds), whereas visual deprivation requires approximately 5 seconds to manifest increased instability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Figure\u0026nbsp;1 further confirms that under sensory conflict conditions, substantial differences exist between pre-10-second data and stabilized measurements, with the 15-second timepoint providing the most reliable representation of true postural stability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure 1 reveals that children exhibited significantly greater COM velocity variations and required longer stabilization periods during the initial 15 seconds under proprioceptive interference conditions (T3/T4), compared to normal (T1) and vision-deprived (T2) conditions. This phenomenon can be attributed to two key factors: Proprioceptive Development and Sensory Integration Capacity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst, both T3 and T4 conditions involve proprioceptive disruption. At this developmental stage, children are transitioning from visual to proprioceptive dominance in postural control, with immature proximal-distal muscle coordination and underdeveloped proprioceptive postural mechanisms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. This developmental immaturity necessitates extended stabilization periods (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;15 seconds) following proprioceptive perturbation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond, the T3 condition creates sensory conflict (intact vision/vestibular inputs with compromised proprioception). Postural stability in such scenarios depends heavily on central sensory integration capability, which remains relatively underdeveloped in this age group [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe samples in this study were randomly selected from a kindergarten. Therefore, the research results have high evidential strength and good generalizability. The limitation of this study is that children from one kindergarten were selected as samples, which may have geographical limitations. Future research can expand the sample scope to enhance the universality of the research results. The innovation of this study lies in not only determining the measurement duration for evaluating the static balance of preschool children using inertial sensors under normal conditions but also exploring the measurement durations under visual-shielding conditions, proprioception-interfering conditions, and conditions of simultaneously shielding vision and interfering with proprioception (relying only on the vestibular sense).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur current research indicates that when using inertial sensors to measure the static balance of preschool children, measuring for 15 seconds and excluding the data of the first 5 seconds can effectively reflect the development level of children's static balance. The measurement duration and data acquisition method determined in this study have improved the measurement method for the balance of young children, doubling the work efficiency of the measurement process in previous studies that measured for 35 seconds. The results of this study can also provide a reference for obtaining accurate data in children's rehabilitation assessment, basic motor skills testing, intervention research, and research on exploring the relationship between sensory integration and body posture development under various sensory conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that may have influenced the work reported in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was funded by Key Topics of Jiangsu Province\u0026rsquo;s Education Science 14th Five Years Plan(B/2023/04/29),China and \u0026ldquo;Qinglan Project\u0026rdquo; Funding Program for Universities in Jiangsu Province (2024), China and the School Research Team Funding Program of Suzhou Early Childhood Education College, Jiangsu Province, China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization, R.L. and J.Y.; methodology, R.Z.; software, F.X.; investigation, R.L.; resources, S.Z.; data curation, Z.X.; writing\u0026mdash;original draft preparation, R.L.; writing\u0026mdash;review and editing, R.L., S.Z.; supervision, F.X.; project administration, S.Z.; funding acquisition, R.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank all the participants in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe database used to carry out this work is in the possession of the authors and will be provided to whoever requests it. Please contact Ruqiang Liu to obtain the data.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSigmundsson, H. \u0026amp; Haga, M. Motor competence is associated with physical fitness in four to six-year-old preschool children [J]. \u003cem\u003eEur. Early Child. Educ. Res. 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Health Care\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cb\u003e32\u003c/b\u003e (04), 372\u0026ndash;376. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0806\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0806\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2024).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Preschool children, Inertial sensor, Static balance, Measurement duration","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6526013/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6526013/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to ascertain the optimal measurement duration and data acquisition approach for measuring the static balance of preschool children using inertial sensors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNinety children aged 4\u0026ndash;6 years old were randomly recruited. Inertial sensors were placed at the center of mass (COM) location and four tests were conducted. The angular velocity modulus (\u003cem\u003eω\u003c/em\u003e) of COM sway was extracted.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the 5 - year - old children, under normal conditions, a statistically significant difference was observed between the first 5 - second and the last 30 - second periods (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In the case of 6 - year - old children, when standing on a sponge pad with eyes closed, a significant difference was detected between the 10th and the 15th seconds (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). For all children, no significant differences were noted between the data at the 15th second and those at the 20th, 25th, 30th, and 35th seconds (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen employing inertial sensors to assess the body stability of 4 to 6 years old children, a measurement duration of 15 seconds, with the exclusion of data from the first 5 seconds, can reflect the body's stable state.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Research on the Duration and Data Extraction Methods for Measuring Static Balance in 4-to-6-year-old Preschoolers Using Inertial Sensors","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-02 16:33:01","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6526013/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-07-28T06:21:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-25T15:03:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"86418745540390377700796712651611316776","date":"2025-07-09T19:39:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-24T09:26:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"100659193579355929461081680111502882393","date":"2025-06-13T05:40:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-28T12:19:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-28T12:18:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-05T11:40:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-05T04:11:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-04-25T06:38:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9cb01e5a-0d39-4a34-94e4-4a7de7b5f328","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 2nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[{"id":49255236,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Paediatrics/Paediatric research"},{"id":49255237,"name":"Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing/Information technology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-04T05:24:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-02 16:33:01","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6526013","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6526013","identity":"rs-6526013","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}