Short-term Effect of Distant-image Screen on Myopia Control in Children and Comparison with Tablet Computer

Short-term Effect of Distant-image Screen on Myopia Control in Children and Comparison with Tablet Computer | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Short-term Effect of Distant-image Screen on Myopia Control in Children and Comparison with Tablet Computer Chuanli Zhang, Xingyi Guo, Yiyuan Wu, Zhanliang Ruan, Wenli Lu, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4484076/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background To evaluate the effect of distant-image screen on myopia prevention and control. Methods Cross-designed randomized controlled trial. A total of 40 children were recruited. The subjects were randomly assigned to single-vision spectacle (SVS) lenses group or defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) lenses group.In each group, participants were randomly allocated to tablet computer group (TC)or distant-image screen (DIS)group, and exchanged after 3 to 7 days. Participants were asked to watch videos for 90 minutes. Outcomes including choroid thickness (ChT) were measured before and after watching video. A two-stage cross-design analysis of variance and linear mixed model (LMM)were used to analyze the effects. Results 40 children were recruited, with an average age of 10.58 ± 1.48 years and an average spherical equivalent error (SER) of -2.11 ± 1.09 diopter (D). There were no statistical difference in baseline data. For participants wearing SVS or DIMS ,there were no statistical difference in the change of accommodative microfluctuation (AM), accommodative lag (ACL), axial length (AL) ,visual acuity between the DIS group and TC group (P > 0.05). For participants wearing SVS, the changes in ChT measured at 1mm inferior to the fovea (P = 0.036) and 1mm from the temporal side to the fovea (P = 0.032) in the DIS group were higher than that in the TC group,however, for participants wearing DIMS, there was no statistical difference between DIS group and the TC group (P > 0.05). Results of LMM analysis showed that the combination of glasses type and screen type had an interactive effect on ChT measured at the fovea (P = 0.027), 1mm from the nasal side of the fovea (P = 0.038), and 1mm from the temporal side of the fovea (P = 0.026). Conclusion The distant-image screen helps reduce the ChT thinning during video watching, indicating it might have an effect on myopia prevention and control. Myopia Distant-image screen Choroid thickness DIMS Tablet computer Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Background Myopia has become one of the important factors endangering visual acuity. It is estimated that nearly half of the world's population will be myopic in 2050, and the incidence of high myopia is as high as 9.8%[ 1 ]. China is one of the countries with a high prevalence of myopia[ 2 – 4 ], and the overall trend of myopia in China is becoming younger, more advanced, and developing rapidly.The increasing prevalence of myopia not only increases the disease burden of ocular problems such as glaucoma, cataract and retinal detachment, also increases economic burden on families and healthcare system [ 5 ]. Therefore, it is necessary and urgent to take measures to prevent and delay the progression of myopia. The causes of myopia are complex, both genes and environment playing a role, among which working or studying with your eyes at close range is one of the high-risk factors for the occurrence and development of myopia[ 6 , 7 ]. Children and adolescents are at a critical stage in their vision development, at the same time they are also faced with heavy academic burden. And in the context of this era, most of them use electronic terminals for a long time. Both academic stress and excessive use of video terminals will lead to heavy burden[ 8 , 9 ], which exacerbates a series of eye problems[ 10 – 12 ] and increases the risk of myopia. To be specific, studies have reported that long time near-work forced human eyes to make adjustment to maintain clear vision, and the closer the distance is, the higher the adjustment demand will be[ 13 ]. Over time, the ciliary muscle becomes tense, and myopia will develop. The distant-image screen, designed using free-form surface technique, can effectively transform the near real image into the distant virtual image. This means the distant-image screen can eliminate the adjustment demand caused by near work, and thus helps reduce the risk of myopia. Previous studies have reported that using distant-image screen for close reading had advantages over printing [ 14 ].Ma [ 15 ]et al studied 35 children in different refractive states and distances, and compared the accommodative parameters and choroidal blood flow parameters of long-diatance optical image workbench. The results showed that the long-diatance optical image workbench showed mild adjustment advance, smaller pupil diameter, smaller accommodative microfluctuation and effective increase of choroidal blood supply. But the study lacked data on defocusing glasses. In the present study, we aim to use table computer as a close-range eye tool, with DIMS combined, and compared the difference in ChT and other indicators under the two viewing modes after watching videos for a short time.This study combine the DIMS to evaluate whether distant-image screen can reduce the burden on the eye compared with close-range tablet computer in the short term for the first time, and has a certain preventive and protective effect on myopia. Method Participants The Optometry Center of Tianjin Eye Hospital recruited 40 children aged 8–13 to participate in this study. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Eye Hospital (KY202223) and adhere to the Declaration of Helsinki. All minors’ guardians signed informed consent. This trial is registered in Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, the register number is ChiCTR2200065741(Registration date: November 14,2022).The inclusion criteria for this study were as follows: 8–13 years old; Corrected visual acuity ≥ 1.0; Spherical equivalent error (SER) of -0.50 diopter (D) to -6.00D and anisometropia ≤ 1.50D; Volunteer to participate in this study. The exclusion criteria were as follows: Abnormal accommodative function; Ocular organic diseases; Abnormal eye position or eye movement disorder; Orthokeratology lenses and atropine were used in the 30 days prior to baseline study. Experimental Procedure Participants were randomized to the single-vision spectacle lens (SVS) group or DIMS group following a random sequence generated by statistical software(Additional file 1). Participants were asked to watch videos using either tablet computer or distant-image screen for 90 minutes(Stage I), then took a rest for 3–7 days,and crossover was done at the second visit (participants in the tablet computer group were crossed over to the distant-image screen group).Participants watched the video terminal in an indoor environment of 300lux, the tablet computer and distant-image screen were placed about 30-40cm in front of their eyes. In order to avoid the interference of circadian rhythms on the measurement of some indicators especially ChT, the measurements of the same participant at each stage would be done at the same time points (e.g. measurement of No.1 participant was done at 9 a.m. in stage I, then in Stage II, the measurement would be done at 9 a.m. too). Distant-image Screen and Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments Distant-image screen (Ruishi,China) is an innovative and high-tech myopia prevention and control medical device product, which is a device integrating Birdbath optical design and augmented reality (AR) free-form curved mirror technology. Through simulated overlooking high-definition imaging and digital spectral structure, the device use beam modulation technology to avoid high brightness light directly into the eye, and can realize watching enlarge and high-definition images and customized learning entertainment content, so as to avoid a long time near-work of transient myopia, reduce visual fatigue and spastic myopia, and thus reduce the risk of myopia occurrence and development. The multi-zone forward defocus design (DIMS) used in the present study were provided by Hoya company, which were made of high light transmittance and high visual comfort materials. This design distributes 396 microlenses in an area with a diameter of about 33 mm around the center of the lens, providing clear central vision and forming defocus in the periphral optic region continuously. Measurement of SER and Accommodative Function Before the trial, the subjects were asked to take a rest in the dark room for 5 minutes to remove the influence of near eye use. Open computer optometer (WAM 5500, Grand-Seiko, Japan) was used to measure the refraction changes of 30s before and 3min after video viewing at a high speed under normal lighting conditions. The average SER was used as the dynamic SER before and after video viewing. Accommodative microfluctuation = standard deviation of all SER. The accommodative lag at 33cm before and after the video viewing was measured using the open computer optometry. Accommodative lag = regulatory demand-regulatory response value, where the regulatory response value is the spherical adopter + 1/2 * column adopter value. NITM (near work-induced transient myopia) = far SER before watching the video - far SER after watching the video (the average SER within 10 seconds after stopping watching the video). Measurement of ChT Optical coherence tomography (Yao Guangxing, Tupai, China) used OCT-A module 12*12 to measure ChT before and after viewing videos, including macular fovea and 1mm, 3mm respectively in superior,inferior, nasal, or temporal side of the feova.The inspection need to be doon as soon as possible. Measurement of Axial Length Lenstar (LS900,Switzerland) was used for axial length measurement. Measurement was done for 5 times, the average value was used, and the measurement error was controlled within 0.04. Measurement of Visual Acuity The standard logarithmic visual acuity chart was used to measure the uncorrected DVA and corrected DVA at a distance of 5 meters. Statistical Analysis Per-protocol dataset was used for data analysis. SPSS 25.0 statistical analysis software was used to analyze the data. Shapiro-Wilk method was used for normality test. Mean value ± standardized deviation was used for statistical description of continuous variables. Paired t test or paired rank sum test were used for comparison between groups depending on whether data was normally distributed. The differences in outcomes (e.g. SER) were compared by two-stage cross-design ANOVA, with bilateral test level α = 0.05. Linear mixed model (LMM) was used to analyze the effects of different intervention methods, glass types and treatment stages on outcomes. Results Baseline Characteristics A total of 40 children subjects were recruited, including 22 males and 18 females, with an average age of 10.58 ± 1.48 years and an average SER of -2.11 ± 1.09 D. There were no significant differences in uncorrected DVA, corrected DVA, SER, accommodative microfluctuation, accommodative lag, axial length and ChT between the two groups (distant-screen group and tablet computer group) at baseline as showed in Table 1 (P > 0.05). Table 1 The Result of Eye Parameters Between SVS and DIMS Group (x ̄±s) Variable SVS DIMS F P A-B group(n = 10) B-A group(n = 10) A-B group(n = 10) B-A group(n = 10) SER(D) -2.17 ± 1.29 -2.18 ± 1.22 -2.55 ± 1.22 -2.01 ± 1.05 1.020 0.389 AM(D) 0.29 ± 0.26 0.22 ± 0.17 0.24 ± 0.23 0.29 ± 0.21 0.187 0.905 ACL(D) -1.18 ± 0.62 -1.3 ± 0.38 -1.21 ± 0.24 -1.13 ± 0.49 0.462 0.710 AL(mm) 24.22 ± 0.76 24.19 ± 0.5 24.50 ± 0.96 24.52 ± 0.88 1.367 0.259 UDVA 0.28 ± 0.10 0.30 ± 0.16 0.32 ± 0.13 0.31 ± 0.15 0.091 0.965 CDVA 1.06 ± 0.13 1.10 ± 0.11 1.06 ± 0.13 1.06 ± 0.13 0.225 0.879 Fovea(um) 291.70 ± 64.58 274.89 ± 54.15 263.50 ± 51.15 257.40 ± 48.88 1.549 0.209 S 1(um) 285.60 ± 52.46 255.60 ± 66.71 265.70 ± 52.48 258.40 ± 54.31 0.963 0.415 I 1(um) 284.80 ± 74.17 268.30 ± 75.18 270.40 ± 52.56 263.80 ± 47.74 0.287 0.835 N 1(um) 259.70 ± 63.56 222.20 ± 68.98 236.70 ± 57.86 225.50 ± 46.39 1.648 0.185 T 1(um) 295.50 ± 56.09 276.70 ± 62.54 273.70 ± 53.75 267.30 ± 46.71 0.955 0.419 S 3(um) 285.70 ± 60.48 265.50 ± 44.94 268.50 ± 59.59 260.20 ± 50.12 0.542 0.655 I 3(um) 278.20 ± 76.72 262.00 ± 81.54 268.40 ± 52.93 259.20 ± 36.84 0.259 0.855 N 3(um) 205.00 ± 56.85 188.20 ± 49.17 188.50 ± 55.64 180.50 ± 40.38 0.702 0.554 T 3(um) 291.70 ± 50.07 280.10 ± 45.23 274.40 ± 56.47 275.90 ± 46.93 0.594 0.621 Note : A represented the tablet group; B represented distance-image screen ; A-B represented reading the tablet first and then reading distance-image screen ; B-A represented reading distance-image screen before reading the tablet computer. S1:1mm superior to the fovea; I1:1mm inferior to the fovea; N1:1mm nasal to the fovea;T1:1mm temporal to the fovea; S3:3mm superior to the fovea;I3:3mm inferior to the fovea;N3:3mm nasal to the fovea;T3:3mm temporal to the fovea;SER:spherical equivalent error;accommodative microfluctuation (AM), accommodative lag (ACL), axial length (AL) ;UDVA:uncorrected distance visual acuity;CDVA:corrected distance visual acuity Analysis Results of Changes Before and After the Experiment Among participants wearing SVS, there were no statistical difference in SER, AM, ACL, NITM, AL, uncorrected DVA, and corrected DVA between the tablet computer group and distant-image screen group, or between the two treatment stages (P > 0.05). For participants using DIMS, corrected DVA at stage II was lower than that of stage І (P = 0.032), and there was no statistical difference between the two groups or between the two treatment stages in terms of changes in SER, AM, ACL, NITM, AL, and uncorrected DVA(P > 0.05). See Table 2 , Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 for details. Table 2 The Result of Eye Parameters Between Two Treatment Groups and Different Stage (x ̄±s) Variable Group SVS DIMS The changed value of I stage The changed value of Ⅱstage Treatment effect ( F , P ) Stage effect( F , P ) The changed value of I stage The changed value of Ⅱstage Treatment effect ( F , P ) Stage effect( F , P ) SER(D) A-B -0.07 ± 0.18 -0.03 ± 0.14 (0.718,0.409) (0.055,0.817) 0.02 ± 0.17 -0.04 ± 0.19 (0.146,0.708) (0.003,0.954) B-A -0.07 ± 0.12 -0.10 ± 0.16 -0.04 ± 0.11 0.02 ± 0.17 AM(D) A-B 0.26 ± 0.36 0.59 ± 0.29 (3.3655,0.087) (3.105,0.098) 0.27 ± 0.40 0.23 ± 0.31 (1.913,0.190) (0.107,0.748) B-A 0.17 ± 0.41 0.18 ± 0.23 0.01 ± 0.30 0.27 ± 0.40 ACL(D) A-B 0.22 ± 0.82 0.12 ± 0.38 (0.066,0.801) (0.568,0.461) -0.14 ± 0.43 0.01 ± 0.46 (0.155,0.699) (1.977,0.177) B-A 0.21 ± 0.38 0.01 ± 0.47 0.14 ± 0.37 -0.14 ± 0.43 NITM(D) A-B 0.07 ± 0.18 -0.03 ± 0.22 (1.577,0.226) (0.492,0.492) 0.11 ± 0.53 0.04 ± 0.19 (0.416,0.528) (0.133,0.720) B-A -0.04 ± 0.36 0.10 ± 0.16 0.04 ± 0.11 0.11 ± 0.53 AL(mm) A-B 0.01 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.02 (0.124,0.730) (0.005,0.945) -0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.02 (0.125,0.728) (4.006,0.062) B-A -0.01 ± 0.02 -0.01 ± 0.01 -0.01 ± 0.02 -0.01 ± 0.01 UVAD A-B 0.03 ± 0.05 0.02 ± 0.05 (0.108,0.748) (0.108,0.748) 0.02 ± 0.04 0.01 ± 0.02 (0.045,0.835) (0.606,0.450) B-A 0.03 ± 0.04 0.03 ± 0.04 0.00 ± 0.04 0.02 ± 0.04 CVAD A-B -0.02 ± 0.11 -0.06 ± 0.10 (0.138,0.714) (1.246,0.279) 0.04 ± 0.08 -0.04 ± 0.08 (0.024,0.879) (5.371,0.032 * ) B-A -0.02 ± 0.06 -0.04 ± 0.08 0.03 ± 0.13 -0.04 ± 0.16 Among the subjects wearing SVS, the ChT at 1mm inferior to the fovea (P = 0.036) and 1mm on the temporal side of the fovea (P = 0.032) in the distant-image screen group was higher than that of the tablet computer group. There was no statistical difference in ChT changes at 7 locations such as the fovea between the two groups and between the two treatment stages (P > 0.05). Among subjects wearing DIMS, ChT measured at 3 mm on the temporal side of the fovea at stage I (P = 0.029) was higher than that at stage II. The differences in ChT at 8 locations such as the fovea were not statistically significant between the two groups or between the two treatment stages (P > 0.05), as shown in Table 3 and Figs. 3 . Table 3 The Results of Choroidal Thickness Changes at Different Stages in Two Treatment Groups(x ̄±s) Area Group SVS DIMS The changed value of I stage The changed value of Ⅱstage Treatment effect ( F , P ) Stage effect( F , P ) The changed value of I stage The changed value of Ⅱstage Treatment effect ( F , P ) Stage effect( F , P ) Fovea(um) A-B -8.78 ± 11.38 -3.22 ± 12.14 (2.836,0.116) (1.001,0.335) 5.38 ± 4.98 -7.17 ± 11.87 (0.686,0.425) (2.500,0.142) B-A 6.00 ± 7.56 -1.38 ± 8.16 4.90 ± 7.70 3.13 ± 9.78 S 1(um) A-B -2.56 ± 20.40 0.00 ± 15.769 (0.840,0.375) (0.072,0.793) -2.67 ± 12.57 -0.33 ± 14.33 (0.184,0.675) (0.164,0.693) B-A 7.00 ± 7.27 -0.88 ± 12.93 0.60 ± 12.10 0.50 ± 9.86 I 1(um) A-B -9.89 ± 7.72 -1.67 ± 9.18 (5.46,0.036 * ) (0.170,0.687) -1.00 ± 6.39 3.00 ± 20.78 (2.921,0.113) (0.005,0.948) B-A 7.62 ± 7.89 0.37 ± 9.27 9.00 ± 7.23 3.75 ± 8.14 N 1(um) A-B -6.00 ± 9.90 -4.00 ± 10.16 (2.885,0.113) (3.219,0.096) 3.13 ± 5.14 -2.83 ± 14.66 (0.771,0.399) (0.104,0.753) B-A 6.63 ± 6.32 -2.75 ± 9.51 2.70 ± 7.17 6.13 ± 11.28 T 1(um) A-B -9.78 ± 10.31 1.50 ± 4.66 (5.898,0.032 * ) (0.160,0.696) 3.88 ± 6.88 -4.33 ± 16.63 (0.023,0.882) (0.945,0.352) B-A 4.88 ± 7.00 0.38 ± 5.55 4.30 ± 4.08 2.12 ± 10.20 S 3(um) A-B 1.56 ± 12.40 -5.30 ± 7.80 (0.270,0.611) (2.929,0.109) -0.37 ± 5.29 -3.33 ± 7.55 (0.230,0.641) (0.026,0.876) B-A 2.88 ± 8.17 -2.00 ± 7.46 -0.30 ± 10.40 1.63 ± 7.84 I 3(um) A-B -2.78 ± 8.97 -3.44 ± 10.51 (0.579,0.463) (2.186,0.167) -3.56 ± 8.37 -6.43 ± 7.12 (0.845,0.378) (0.037,0.852) B-A 9.83 ± 5.04 3.75 ± 8.03 3.40 ± 6.69 3.14 ± 3.39 N 3(um) A-B -2.00 ± 10.95 -2.33 ± 7.616 (0.089,0.771) (1.623,0.225) 0.88 ± 6.60 -3.14 ± 9.14 (1.644,0.224) (0.084,0.777) B-A 5.38 ± 5.42 -1.50 ± 11.05 0.60 ± 8.34 5.63 ± 5.53 T 3(um) A-B -5.22 ± 7.33 -1.75 ± 4.30 (0.880,0.368) (0.538,0.479) 3.25 ± 4.83 -4.80 ± 3.56 (0.912,0.362) (6.484,0.029 * ) B-A 4.14 ± 6.07 1.13 ± 5.14 3.00 ± 3.46 0.37 ± 6.05 Among participants wearing SVS, ChT measured at 1mm inferior to the fovea (P = 0.032) and 1mm temporal to the fovea (P = 0.026) in the distant-image screen group was higher than that of the tablet computer group, there was no statistical significance in the changes of ChT at other locations (P > 0.05),but the similar tendency of the distant-image screen group to be higher than that of the tablet computer group can be observed. Among the subjects wearing DIMS, there was no significant difference in ChT measured at 9 positions between two groups (P > 0.05), as shown in Table 4 and Fig. 4 . Table 4 The Results of Choroidal Thickness Changes in Two Treatment Groups(x ̄±s) Variable Group SVS DIMS F / P Variation T/ P Variation T/ P Fovea(um) A -5.29 ± 10.41 1.621/0.127 4.25 ± 7.59 -0.609/0.553 -2.994/0.005 * B 1.12 ± 11.01 0.41 ± 10.56 0.191/0.850 S 1(um) A -1.76 ± 16.79 0.919/0.373 -1.18 ± 11.14 0.359/0.725 -0.120/0.905 B 3.11 ± 12.89 0.06 ± 12.14 0.720/0.477 I 1(um) A -5.06 ± 9.76 2.386/0.032 * 1.38 ± 7.48 1.608/0.130 -2.115/0.043 * B 2.71 ± 9.60 6.17 ± 13.82 -0.855/0.399 N 1(um) A -4.47 ± 9.56 1.470/0.164 4.63 ± 8.61 -0.953/0.358 -2.866/0.007 * B 1.00 ± 9.95 0.59 ± 10.16 0.119/0.906 T 1(um) A -5.00 ± 9.69 2.511/0.026 * 3.00 ± 8.45 0.019/0.985 -2.521/0.017 * B 3.19 ± 6.00 1.12 ± 10.65 0.682/0.500 S 3(um) A -0.12 ± 10.23 -0.696/0.497 0.63 ± 6.54 -0.801/0.438 -0.247/0.807 B -1.67 ± 8.78 -1.53 ± 9.00 -0.046/0.964 I 3(um) A 0.29 ± 8.93 0.411/0.688 -0.63 ± 7.33 -1.229/0.241 0.322/0.750 B 1.87 ± 10.84 -0.89 ± 8.12 0.834/0.411 N 3(um) A -1.76 ± 10.65 0.209/0.838 3.25 ± 6.37 -1.581/0.136 -1.628/0.114 B 1.29 ± 7.59 -1.11 ± 8.38 0.888/0.381 T 3(um) A -2.24 ± 7.00 0.902/0.385 1.81 ± 5.49 -0.243/0.812 -1.839/0.075 B 1.00 ± 5.86 0.31 ± 4.92 0.355/0.725 Note : A represented the tablet group; B represented distance-image screen ; Among children using tablet computer, ChT measured at fovea (P = 0.005), 1mm inferior to the fovea (P = 0.043), 1mm nasal to the fovea (P = 0.007) and 1mm on temporal side of the fovea (P = 0.017)of children wearing SVS were all lower than that of the those wearing DIMS. In the distant-image screen group, there were no statistical difference between subjects wearing SVS and DIMS at 9 positions (P > 0.05), as shown in Table 4 and Fig. 4 . Linear Mixed Model Analysis The changes in corrected DVA of stage I was higher than that of stage II, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.023). The changes in SER, AM, ACL, NITM,AL and uncorrected DVA were independent of screen type, glass type and processing stage. The combination of glasses type and screen type had no interaction effects on SER, AM, ACL, NITM, AL and DVA (P > 0.05), as shown in Table 5 . Table 5 The LMM Results of Eye Parameters and Choroidal Thickness Variable Screen type a Glass type b Screen*Glass Experiment stage c Estimate P 95% CI Estimate P 95% CI Estimate P 95% CI Estimate P 95% CI SER(D) 0.007 0.673 -0.096,0.109 -0.010 0.378 -0.109,0.089 -0.044 0.544 -0.188,0.100 0.013 0.724 -0.059,0.085 AM(D) 0.037 0.485 -0.190,0.263 0.244 0.059 0.030,0.459 -0.185 0.246 -0.500,0.131 -0.116 0.146 -0.274,0.042 ACL(D) -0.033 0.691 -0.331,0.265 0.092 0.440 -0.207,0.390 -0.019 0.931 -0.440,0.403 0.017 0.875 -0.194,0.228 NITM(D) 0.050 0.161 -0.115,0.215 -0.073 0.502 -0.236,0.090 0.066 0.573 -0.167,0.300 0.005 0.928 -0.111,0.122 AL(MM) -0.001 0.981 -0.012,0.010 0.002 0.460 -0.010,0.014 0.002 0.801 -0.014,0.018 -0.003 0.452 -0.011,0.005 CVAD 0.005 0.740 -0.059,0.069 -0.034 0.162 -0.098,0.029 0.005 0.912 -0.085,0.095 0.053 0.023* 0.008.0.097 Fovea(um) 4.126 0.589 -2.695,10.948 1.164 0.080 -5.564,7.892 -10.847 0.027* -20.428,-1.266 3.729 0.125 -1.071,8.528 S 1(um) -1.180 0.349 -10.441,8.080 3.187 0.692 -5.984,12.359 -3.776 0.565 -16.803,9.252 0.939 0.775 -5.597,7.475 I 1(um) -4.775 0.018 -12.063,2.514 -3.435 0.060 -10.616,3.747 -3.008 0.562 -13.315,7.299 0.308 0.905 -4.845,5.462 N1(um) 4.216 0.759 -2.390,10.823 0.660 0.070 -5.856,7.176 -9.857 0.038* -19.136,-0.578 2.477 0.291 -2.171,7.126 T 1(um) 1.933 0.162 -4.337,8.202 2.120 0.188 -4.149,8.389 -10.137 0.026* -19.001,-1.273 0.570 0.798 -3.872,5.012 S3(um) 2.447 0.381 -3.600,8.494 0.339 0.906 -5.552,6.231 -1.180 0.781 -9.624,7.265 3.315 0.122 -0.913,7.543 I3(um) 0.248 0.713 -5.825,6.321 3.107 0.353 -3.110,9.324 -2.113 0.630 -10.852,6.626 2.261 0.307 -2.128,6.650 N3(um) 4.273 0.787 -1.361,9.906 2.361 0.493 -3.191,7.912 -7.466 0.066 -15.430,0.499 1.682 0.402 -2.299,5.664 T3(um) 1.766 0.585 -2.379,5.912 1.025 0.296 -3.198,5.248 -5.135 0.085 -11.006,0.736 2.131 0.153 -0.815,5.076 Note a indicated that the screen type was based on distant-image screen; b indicated that the type of glass was referred to as the DIMS; c refer to the processing stage as the reference stage II; * indicated P < 0.05. The changes in ChT 1mm inferior to the fovea in the distant-image screen group was higher than that in the tablet computer group (P = 0.018). The combination of glass type and screen type had an interactive effect on ChT measured at the fovea (P = 0.027), 1mm in the nasal side of fovea (P = 0.038), and 1mm in the temporal side of the fovea (P = 0.026), as shown in Table 5 . At the fovea, in the tablet computer group, the ChT of subjects wearing SVS was lower than that of DIMS (P = 0.006) and similar tendency can be observed in other all areas except 3mm inferior to the fovea, but in the distant-image screen group, there was no statistical difference in ChT between participants wearing SVS and DIMS (P > 0.05). Among subjects wearing SVS, the ChT of the tablet computer group was higher than that of the distant-image screen group (P = 0.050), and there was no statistical difference in ChT among the subjects wearing DIMS (P > 0.05),as shown in Table 6 . Table 6 The Results of Choroidal Thickness Changes on the Combination of Lens Type and Screen Type Variable Screen*Glass Glass*Screen TC DIS SVS DIMS change # P 95% CI change # P 95% CI change ## P 95% CI change ## P 95% CI Fovea(um) -9.683 0.006 * -16.493,-2.874 1.164 0.731 -5.564,7.892 -6.721 0.050 * -13.432,-0.009 4.126 0.231 -2.695,10.948 S 1(um) -0.588 0.899 -9.841,8.664 3.187 0.49 -5.984,12.359 -4.956 0.283 -14.096,4.184 -1.18 0.8 -10.441,8.080 I 1(um) -6.443 0.086 -13.827,0.941 -3.435 0.343 -10.616,3.747 -7.783 0.036 * -15.059,-0.507 -4.775 0.195 -12.063,2.514 N 1(um) -9.197 0.007 * -15.792,-2.602 0.66 0.84 -5.856,7.176 -5.641 0.088 -12.140,0.858 4.216 0.207 -2.390,10.823 T 1(um) -8.017 0.013 * -14.275,1.758 2.12 0.501 -4.149,8.389 -8.204 0.011 * -14.463,-1.946 1.933 0.54 -4.337,8.202 S 3(um) -0.84 0.782 -6.877,5.197 0.339 0.909 -5.552,6.231 1.267 0.668 -4.604,7.139 2.447 0.422 -3.600,8.494 I 3(um) 0.994 0.748 -5.164,7.152 3.107 0.322 -3.110,9.324 -1.865 0.555 -8.152,4.422 0.248 0.935 -5.825,6.321 N 3(um) -5.105 0.079 -10.810,0.600 2.361 0.399 -3.191,7.912 -3.193 0.261 -8.815,2.429 4.273 0.135 -1.361,9.906 T 3(um) -4.11 0.048 * -8.179,0.042 1.025 0.629 -3.198,5.248 -3.369 0.109 -7.510,0.772 1.766 0.397 -2.379,5.912 Note :TC:tablet computer group ;DIS:distant-screen group; At 1 mm nasal side to the fovea, in the tablet computer group ,the ChT of subjects wearing SVS was lower than that of DIMS (P = 0.007), there was no statistical difference in ChT between the two types of glasses in the distant-image screen group (P > 0.05). No matter subjects wears SVS or DIMS, there was no statistical difference in ChT between the distant-image group and the tablet computer group (P > 0.05),as shown in Table 6 . At 1 mm temporal side to the fovea, in the tablet computer group, ChT of subjects wearing SVS was lower than that of DIMS (P = 0.013), there was no statistical difference in ChT between DIMS and SVS in the distant-image screen group (P > 0.05). Among subjects wearing SVS, the ChT of the tablet computer group was higher than that of the distant-image screen group (P = 0.011), and there was no statistical difference in ChT between different screen types among the subjects wearing DIMS (P > 0.05),as shown in Table 6 . Discussion Myopia is caused by the abnormalities in the optic system of the eyes, characterized by the image of distant objects focused in front of the retina, resulting in blurred vision. The pathogenesis of myopia involves both genetic and environmental factors, such as parental genetic history, long-term near work habits. Children and adolescents are in a critical period of visual development, it is quite necessary to take appropriate measures and intervene in a timely manner to prevent myopia or delay progression. In the past, we have very few choices and they are conflicted with students' study or entertainment, such as increasing outdoor activities, reducing homework or reducing the use of video terminals. The distant-image screen provides the possibility that myopia can be controlled without affecting students' life and learning. The core of distant-image screen is to use optical technology to move the image away from the eye. It has been reported that reducing near eye use and enlarging screen size helps improve myopia shift[ 16 ]. Long distance can reduce the adjustment demand of the eye and the adjustment burden of the eye muscles[ 17 ]. In addition, the stimulation of farsightedness can reduce eye fatigue and discomfort, and improve visual comfort, thus slowing down the development of myopia[ 18 ]. Lin and Yeh et al [ 19 , 20 ]conducted a double-mirror system on adults and children respectively. The device can extend the image from 0.4 m away to 2.28 m away by using one concave mirror and one convex mirror. Similar results were obtained in the experiment, and subjects showed smaller accommodative responses and larger pupil diameters after using double-mirror system compared with traditional near work. Distant-image screen devices offer a relatively wider and richer field of view compared to the small screen of a tablet ,although the subjects appeared to be looking at the screen up close, they were actually looking far away.This removes the trigger for myopia, therefore it may help reduce eye fatigue and reduce the risk of myopia,and that’s why we observed it’s effect on reducing ChT thinning. Studies have shown that ChT may be related to the onset and development of myopia.As myopia progresses,ChT tends to get thinner[ 21 ],and long time near work, such as long-term using of electronic devices or reading, leads to a reduction in ChT[ 17 ]. Indeed, in this study, we found that the use of distant-image screen can prevent the ChT from thinning,we speculated that the reason for this result may be the distant-image screen can remove the adjustment demand and reduce accommodative burden of the eye ,thus affecting the blood supply of the choroid. As for DIMS, it works through adjusting the distribution of visual signals on the retina. Specifically, peripheral light is focused in front of the retina, this kind of defocus signal theoretically helps slow down the axial length growth and myopic progression[ 22 – 26 ], and significant risk of regression has not been observed after stop wearing[ 27 ]. In the present study, in the tablet computer group, the ChT significantly increased after video watching in subjects wearing DIMS compared with those who wear SVS,therefore the use of DIMS also prevented ChT from thinning. Based on this result,we speculate that with DIMS, the visual stimuli received by the eye is changed, which may affect the blood flow and metabolism of the choroid[ 28 ], resulting in changes in the ChT. Interestingly,in the present study, we found that both distant-image screen and DIMS alone are useful for the prevention and control of ChT thining. However, in this study, it was found that the combined use of DIMS and distant-image screen did not show improvement than using distant-image screen alone or DIMS alone. We suspect that the small sample size or abnomal visual function may be one of the reasons for this result. In this study, it was found that changes in ChT measured at different locations were different. It is speculated that ChT at different regions have different expansion capacity or different sensitivity to defocus response, and the response varies[ 29 ]. For example, after the use of atropine, the thickness of the choroid increased significantly, and the ChT inferior to the fovea increased most significantly, while the nasal side changed least[ 30 ]. However, it is also possible that the difference in this study is due to the age of the participants, the SER, the type of video display terminal or the binocular vision function. The mechanism of how near work causes changes in choroid structure is very complex and needs to be further explored. It is necessary to enlarge the sample size in the future to better understand how the distant-image screen affects the change of regional ChT. The accommodative microfluctuation refers to the change of SER at different times, which may affect the clarity of human vision. If the accommodative microfluctuation of SER exceeds the normal range, it may lead to blurred vision, eye fatigue and other symptoms. However, in this study, no significant influence of the distant-image screen on the accommodative microfluctuation or accommodative lag was observed. It is speculated that the SER measurement is affected by different populations, different periods and different measure methods. In the future, we will continue to expand the sample size for related research. In addition, no significant changes were found in the results of visual acuity and axis length before and after watching video, which we speculated was due to the short experiment time, the visual acuity and axis length results were relatively stable in the short term, and longer detection time was needed. Conclusion In summary, this study found that the use of distant-image screen is meaningful for the prevention and control of myopia. For the first time, the distant-image screen has brought us such a possibility, which does not interfere with children's life and learning, and can contribute to myopia control. Abbreviations SVS:single-vision spectacle lenses ;DIMS: defocus incorporated multiple segments lenses ;ChT:choroid thickness ;TC:tablet computer group; DIS:distant-image screen;LMM: linear mixed model;SER: pherical equivalent error;AM:accommodative microfluctuation ; ACL:accommodative lag (ACL); AL:axial length;UDVA:uncorrected distance visual acuity;CDVA:corrected distance visual acuity Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Eye Hospital (KY202223)and adhere to the Declaration of Helsinki. All minors’ guardians signed informed consent. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets analysed in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests Funding This research received funding support from Tianjin Key Medical Discipline (Specialty) Construction Project (No. TJYXZDXK-016A) and the the Science and Technology Program of Tianjin, China (17ZXHLSY00050) Author’s contributions ZCL,GXY,WYY,CXQ conceived the project, collected the clinical data,drafted the initial manuscript .RZL and LWL analyzed raw data and Figures. LLH revised it for important intellec-tual content. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgments We thank Kai Cao from Ruishi Technologies Ltd for providing distant-image screen equipment ,who made this study possible. References Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS, Sankaridurg P, Wong TY, Naduvilath TJ, Resnikoff S. Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(5):1036–42. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4484076","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":309001627,"identity":"01d7fcb8-8078-41a9-8a8b-074239b5ed41","order_by":0,"name":"Chuanli Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chuanli","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":309001628,"identity":"24c1af55-0800-488c-81ba-5ec61a50b506","order_by":1,"name":"Xingyi Guo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xingyi","middleName":"","lastName":"Guo","suffix":""},{"id":309001629,"identity":"975a0725-693d-4ee1-a918-19d796d91844","order_by":2,"name":"Yiyuan Wu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yiyuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Wu","suffix":""},{"id":309001630,"identity":"44e8ebc4-aec9-4047-a2b6-7fe804592ee1","order_by":3,"name":"Zhanliang Ruan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhanliang","middleName":"","lastName":"Ruan","suffix":""},{"id":309001631,"identity":"a8cf050c-e2b5-41ba-a975-0151eb8a74c1","order_by":4,"name":"Wenli Lu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wenli","middleName":"","lastName":"Lu","suffix":""},{"id":309001632,"identity":"a697dea0-cdb5-411c-80bf-7e82ffd33d85","order_by":5,"name":"Xiaoqin Chen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAx0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQjJY3+8sfHhBxK02MgwnDncbCxBgpY0G4Yb6W0CPMTo4J/dfOwxT9lhHsaZD9uA+u3kdBsIWXLnWLrhjHOHeZilE9seFDAkG5sdIKDFQCLHTOJj22EeNunEdgMJhgOJ2whryf8mkQjUwiN5sE2ChzgtOWxAW9J4JCQYidQicSPNTHLGORseA55EYCAbEOEX/hnJz6R5yiTsDdiPP3z4ocJOjqAWCGCDu5Mo5ShaRsEoGAWjYBRgAQBzLj1CQscb0QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin Eye Hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaoqin","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":309001633,"identity":"7ad4a745-60c1-41c6-9c28-2d28e59135a9","order_by":6,"name":"Lihua Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin Eye Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lihua","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-27 10:03:47","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4484076/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4484076/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":58308722,"identity":"85d41be4-95a0-4d20-896e-f972b48552ea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 18:49:10","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":38666,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges in SER, AM, ACL, NITM, AL,UDVA and CDVA of Subjects at Different Stages in Two Treatment Groups Wearing SVS. A-B : reading the tablet first and then reading distance-image screen ; B-A :reading distance-image screen before reading the tablet computer.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4484076/v1/227fa2e25e57b34cac3bad9a.jpg"},{"id":58308724,"identity":"2c9ce0eb-a151-4fd9-b30a-aae919c83ee8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 18:49:11","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":39156,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges in SER, AM, ACL, NITM, AL,UDVA and CDVA of subjects at different stages in Two Treatment Groups Wearing DIMS. A-B : reading the tablet first and then reading distance-image screen ; B-A :reading distance-image screen before reading the tablet computer.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4484076/v1/b13fa87fd567c04abff46747.jpg"},{"id":58308725,"identity":"d5dc1ac6-4587-4174-800b-f07b37cd357c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 18:49:11","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26161,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Change of ChT of Subjects at Different Stages in Two Treatment Groups. T3:3mm temporal to the fovea;T1:1mm temporal to the fovea; N1:1mm nasal to the fovea;N3:3mm nasal to the fovea; S3:3mm superior to the fovea;S1:1mm superior to the fovea; I1:1mm inferior to the fovea; I3:3mm inferior to the fovea;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4484076/v1/060985d6dbb09bb113c5f93d.jpg"},{"id":58308723,"identity":"de62f1ad-d47a-42aa-ba8a-639a4d2d5b52","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 18:49:11","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50209,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Change of ChT Between Different Groups. TC: tablet computer group ;DIS: distant-image screen group\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4484076/v1/769ebe34e308da81cc270170.jpg"},{"id":59918532,"identity":"a4dabe6e-5e81-44da-9da0-88512bf36e02","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-09 09:39:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1297293,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4484076/v1/c086c3f8-9af1-444a-8cfe-ddce854b145b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Short-term Effect of Distant-image Screen on Myopia Control in Children and Comparison with Tablet Computer","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eMyopia has become one of the important factors endangering visual acuity. It is estimated that nearly half of the world's population will be myopic in 2050, and the incidence of high myopia is as high as 9.8%[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. China is one of the countries with a high prevalence of myopia[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR3\" citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], and the overall trend of myopia in China is becoming younger, more advanced, and developing rapidly.The increasing prevalence of myopia not only increases the disease burden of ocular problems such as glaucoma, cataract and retinal detachment, also increases economic burden on families and healthcare system [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, it is necessary and urgent to take measures to prevent and delay the progression of myopia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe causes of myopia are complex, both genes and environment playing a role, among which working or studying with your eyes at close range is one of the high-risk factors for the occurrence and development of myopia[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Children and adolescents are at a critical stage in their vision development, at the same time they are also faced with heavy academic burden. And in the context of this era, most of them use electronic terminals for a long time. Both academic stress and excessive use of video terminals will lead to heavy burden[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], which exacerbates a series of eye problems[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] and increases the risk of myopia. To be specific, studies have reported that long time near-work forced human eyes to make adjustment to maintain clear vision, and the closer the distance is, the higher the adjustment demand will be[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Over time, the ciliary muscle becomes tense, and myopia will develop.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe distant-image screen, designed using free-form surface technique, can effectively transform the near real image into the distant virtual image. This means the distant-image screen can eliminate the adjustment demand caused by near work, and thus helps reduce the risk of myopia. Previous studies have reported that using distant-image screen for close reading had advantages over printing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].Ma [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]et al studied 35 children in different refractive states and distances, and compared the accommodative parameters and choroidal blood flow parameters of long-diatance optical image workbench. The results showed that the long-diatance optical image workbench showed mild adjustment advance, smaller pupil diameter, smaller accommodative microfluctuation and effective increase of choroidal blood supply. But the study lacked data on defocusing glasses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, we aim to use table computer as a close-range eye tool, with DIMS combined, and compared the difference in ChT and other indicators under the two viewing modes after watching videos for a short time.This study combine the DIMS to evaluate whether distant-image screen can reduce the burden on the eye compared with close-range tablet computer in the short term for the first time, and has a certain preventive and protective effect on myopia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Optometry Center of Tianjin Eye Hospital recruited 40 children aged 8\u0026ndash;13 to participate in this study. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Eye Hospital (KY202223) and adhere to the Declaration of Helsinki. All minors\u0026rsquo; guardians signed informed consent. This trial is registered in Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, the register number is ChiCTR2200065741(Registration date: November 14,2022).The inclusion criteria for this study were as follows: 8\u0026ndash;13 years old; Corrected visual acuity\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1.0; Spherical equivalent error (SER) of -0.50 diopter (D) to -6.00D and anisometropia\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;1.50D; Volunteer to participate in this study. The exclusion criteria were as follows: Abnormal accommodative function; Ocular organic diseases; Abnormal eye position or eye movement disorder; Orthokeratology lenses and atropine were used in the 30 days prior to baseline study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExperimental Procedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants were randomized to the single-vision spectacle lens (SVS) group or DIMS group following a random sequence generated by statistical software(Additional file 1). Participants were asked to watch videos using either tablet computer or distant-image screen for 90 minutes(Stage I), then took a rest for 3\u0026ndash;7 days,and crossover was done at the second visit (participants in the tablet computer group were crossed over to the distant-image screen group).Participants watched the video terminal in an indoor environment of 300lux, the tablet computer and distant-image screen were placed about 30-40cm in front of their eyes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to avoid the interference of circadian rhythms on the measurement of some indicators especially ChT, the measurements of the same participant at each stage would be done at the same time points (e.g. measurement of No.1 participant was done at 9 a.m. in stage I, then in Stage II, the measurement would be done at 9 a.m. too).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDistant-image Screen and Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistant-image screen (Ruishi,China) is an innovative and high-tech myopia prevention and control medical device product, which is a device integrating Birdbath optical design and augmented reality (AR) free-form curved mirror technology. Through simulated overlooking high-definition imaging and digital spectral structure, the device use beam modulation technology to avoid high brightness light directly into the eye, and can realize watching enlarge and high-definition images and customized learning entertainment content, so as to avoid a long time near-work of transient myopia, reduce visual fatigue and spastic myopia, and thus reduce the risk of myopia occurrence and development.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe multi-zone forward defocus design (DIMS) used in the present study were provided by Hoya company, which were made of high light transmittance and high visual comfort materials. This design distributes 396 microlenses in an area with a diameter of about 33 mm around the center of the lens, providing clear central vision and forming defocus in the periphral optic region continuously.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasurement of SER and Accommodative Function\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore the trial, the subjects were asked to take a rest in the dark room for 5 minutes to remove the influence of near eye use. Open computer optometer (WAM 5500, Grand-Seiko, Japan) was used to measure the refraction changes of 30s before and 3min after video viewing at a high speed under normal lighting conditions. The average SER was used as the dynamic SER before and after video viewing. Accommodative microfluctuation\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;standard deviation of all SER.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe accommodative lag at 33cm before and after the video viewing was measured using the open computer optometry. Accommodative lag\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;regulatory demand-regulatory response value, where the regulatory response value is the spherical adopter\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1/2 * column adopter value.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNITM (near work-induced transient myopia)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;far SER before watching the video - far SER after watching the video (the average SER within 10 seconds after stopping watching the video).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasurement of ChT\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptical coherence tomography (Yao Guangxing, Tupai, China) used OCT-A module 12*12 to measure ChT before and after viewing videos, including macular fovea and 1mm, 3mm respectively in superior,inferior, nasal, or temporal side of the feova.The inspection need to be doon as soon as possible.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasurement of Axial Length\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLenstar (LS900,Switzerland) was used for axial length measurement. Measurement was done for 5 times, the average value was used, and the measurement error was controlled within 0.04.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasurement of Visual Acuity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe standard logarithmic visual acuity chart was used to measure the uncorrected DVA and corrected DVA at a distance of 5 meters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePer-protocol dataset was used for data analysis. SPSS 25.0 statistical analysis software was used to analyze the data. Shapiro-Wilk method was used for normality test. Mean value\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standardized deviation was used for statistical description of continuous variables. Paired t test or paired rank sum test were used for comparison between groups depending on whether data was normally distributed. The differences in outcomes (e.g. SER) were compared by two-stage cross-design ANOVA, with bilateral test level α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05. Linear mixed model (LMM) was used to analyze the effects of different intervention methods, glass types and treatment stages on outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBaseline Characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 40 children subjects were recruited, including 22 males and 18 females, with an average age of 10.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.48 years and an average SER of -2.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.09 D. There were no significant differences in uncorrected DVA, corrected DVA, SER, accommodative microfluctuation, accommodative lag, axial length and ChT between the two groups (distant-screen group and tablet computer group) at baseline as showed in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Result of Eye Parameters Between SVS and DIMS Group (x ̄\u0026plusmn;s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSVS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDIMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA-B group(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB-A group(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA-B group(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB-A group(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSER(D)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.389\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAM(D)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.905\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eACL(D)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.462\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.710\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAL(mm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUDVA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.091\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.965\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCDVA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.879\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFovea(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e291.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;64.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e274.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;54.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;51.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e257.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;48.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.549\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS 1(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e285.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;52.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;66.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e265.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;52.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e258.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;54.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.963\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.415\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eI 1(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e284.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;74.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e268.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;75.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e270.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;52.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;47.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.287\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.835\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN 1(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e259.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;63.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e222.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;68.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;57.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;46.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.648\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT 1(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e295.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;56.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;62.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e273.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e267.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;46.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.955\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.419\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS 3(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e285.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e265.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e268.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;59.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.655\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eI 3(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;76.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;81.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e268.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;52.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e259.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.855\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN 3(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;56.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;49.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;55.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.702\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.554\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT 3(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e291.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;45.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e274.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;56.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e275.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;46.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.594\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.621\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote\u003c/b\u003e: A represented the tablet group; B represented distance-image screen ; A-B represented reading the tablet first and then reading distance-image screen ; B-A represented reading distance-image screen before reading the tablet computer. S1:1mm superior to the fovea; I1:1mm inferior to the fovea; N1:1mm nasal to the fovea;T1:1mm temporal to the fovea; S3:3mm superior to the fovea;I3:3mm inferior to the fovea;N3:3mm nasal to the fovea;T3:3mm temporal to the fovea;SER:spherical equivalent error;accommodative microfluctuation (AM), accommodative lag (ACL), axial length (AL) ;UDVA:uncorrected distance visual acuity;CDVA:corrected distance visual acuity\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnalysis Results of Changes Before and After the Experiment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong participants wearing SVS, there were no statistical difference in SER, AM, ACL, NITM, AL, uncorrected DVA, and corrected DVA between the tablet computer group and distant-image screen group, or between the two treatment stages (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). For participants using DIMS, corrected DVA at stage II was lower than that of stage І (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.032), and there was no statistical difference between the two groups or between the two treatment stages in terms of changes in SER, AM, ACL, NITM, AL, and uncorrected DVA(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). See Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e for details.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Result of Eye Parameters Between Two Treatment Groups and Different Stage (x ̄\u0026plusmn;s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSVS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDIMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe changed value of I stage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe changed value of Ⅱstage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment effect (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage effect(\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe changed value of I stage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe changed value of Ⅱstage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment effect (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage effect(\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSER(D)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.718,0.409)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.055,0.817)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.146,0.708)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.003,0.954)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAM(D)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3.3655,0.087)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3.105,0.098)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.913,0.190)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.107,0.748)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eACL(D)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.066,0.801)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.568,0.461)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.155,0.699)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.977,0.177)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNITM(D)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.577,0.226)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.492,0.492)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.416,0.528)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.133,0.720)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAL(mm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.124,0.730)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.005,0.945)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.125,0.728)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(4.006,0.062)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUVAD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.108,0.748)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.108,0.748)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.045,0.835)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.606,0.450)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCVAD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.138,0.714)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.246,0.279)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.024,0.879)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(5.371,0.032\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the subjects wearing SVS, the ChT at 1mm inferior to the fovea (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.036) and 1mm on the temporal side of the fovea (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.032) in the distant-image screen group was higher than that of the tablet computer group. There was no statistical difference in ChT changes at 7 locations such as the fovea between the two groups and between the two treatment stages (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Among subjects wearing DIMS, ChT measured at 3 mm on the temporal side of the fovea at stage I (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.029) was higher than that at stage II. The differences in ChT at 8 locations such as the fovea were not statistically significant between the two groups or between the two treatment stages (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), as shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Results of Choroidal Thickness Changes at Different Stages in Two Treatment Groups(x ̄\u0026plusmn;s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSVS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDIMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe changed value of I stage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe changed value of Ⅱstage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment effect (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage effect(\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe changed value of I stage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe changed value of Ⅱstage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment effect (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage effect(\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFovea(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2.836,0.116)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.001,0.335)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.686,0.425)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2.500,0.142)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS 1(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.769\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.840,0.375)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.072,0.793)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.184,0.675)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.164,0.693)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eI 1(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(5.46,0.036\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.170,0.687)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2.921,0.113)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.005,0.948)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN 1(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2.885,0.113)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3.219,0.096)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.771,0.399)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.104,0.753)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT 1(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(5.898,0.032\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.160,0.696)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.023,0.882)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.945,0.352)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS 3(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.270,0.611)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2.929,0.109)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.230,0.641)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.026,0.876)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eI 3(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.579,0.463)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2.186,0.167)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.845,0.378)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.037,0.852)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN 3(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.616\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.089,0.771)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.623,0.225)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.644,0.224)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.084,0.777)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT 3(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.880,0.368)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.538,0.479)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.912,0.362)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(6.484,0.029\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong participants wearing SVS, ChT measured at 1mm inferior to the fovea (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.032) and 1mm temporal to the fovea (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.026) in the distant-image screen group was higher than that of the tablet computer group, there was no statistical significance in the changes of ChT at other locations (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05),but the similar tendency of the distant-image screen group to be higher than that of the tablet computer group can be observed. Among the subjects wearing DIMS, there was no significant difference in ChT measured at 9 positions between two groups (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), as shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Results of Choroidal Thickness Changes in Two Treatment Groups(x ̄\u0026plusmn;s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSVS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDIMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e/\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT/\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT/\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFovea(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.621/0.127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.609/0.553\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.994/0.005\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.191/0.850\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS 1(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.919/0.373\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.359/0.725\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.120/0.905\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.720/0.477\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eI 1(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.386/0.032\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.608/0.130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.115/0.043\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.855/0.399\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN 1(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.470/0.164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.953/0.358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.866/0.007\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.119/0.906\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT 1(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.511/0.026\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019/0.985\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.521/0.017\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.682/0.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS 3(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.696/0.497\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.801/0.438\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.247/0.807\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.046/0.964\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eI 3(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.411/0.688\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.229/0.241\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.322/0.750\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.834/0.411\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN 3(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.209/0.838\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.581/0.136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.628/0.114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.888/0.381\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT 3(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.902/0.385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.243/0.812\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.839/0.075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.355/0.725\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote\u003c/b\u003e: A represented the tablet group; B represented distance-image screen ;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong children using tablet computer, ChT measured at fovea (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005), 1mm inferior to the fovea (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.043), 1mm nasal to the fovea (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007) and 1mm on temporal side of the fovea (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017)of children wearing SVS were all lower than that of the those wearing DIMS. In the distant-image screen group, there were no statistical difference between subjects wearing SVS and DIMS at 9 positions (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), as shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLinear Mixed Model Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe changes in corrected DVA of stage I was higher than that of stage II, and the difference was statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.023). The changes in SER, AM, ACL, NITM,AL and uncorrected DVA were independent of screen type, glass type and processing stage. The combination of glasses type and screen type had no interaction effects on SER, AM, ACL, NITM, AL and DVA (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), as shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe LMM Results of Eye Parameters and Choroidal Thickness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScreen type \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlass type \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScreen*Glass\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment stage \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% \u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% \u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% \u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% \u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSER(D)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.673\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.096,0.109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.378\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.109,0.089\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.544\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.188,0.100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.724\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.059,0.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAM(D)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.485\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.190,0.263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.244\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.030,0.459\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.246\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.500,0.131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.146\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.274,0.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eACL(D)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.691\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.331,0.265\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.207,0.390\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.931\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.440,0.403\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.875\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.194,0.228\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNITM(D)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.161\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.115,0.215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.502\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.236,0.090\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.066\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.573\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.167,0.300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.928\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.111,0.122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAL(MM)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.981\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.012,0.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.010,0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.801\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.014,0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.452\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.011,0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCVAD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.740\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.059,0.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.098,0.029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.912\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.085,0.095\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008.0.097\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFovea(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.589\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.695,10.948\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.080\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.564,7.892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10.847\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.027*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-20.428,-1.266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.729\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.071,8.528\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS 1(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.349\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10.441,8.080\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.692\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.984,12.359\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.776\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.565\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-16.803,9.252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.939\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.775\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.597,7.475\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eI 1(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.775\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-12.063,2.514\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.435\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10.616,3.747\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-13.315,7.299\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.308\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.905\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.845,5.462\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN1(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.759\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.390,10.823\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.856,7.176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.857\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-19.136,-0.578\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.477\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.291\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.171,7.126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT 1(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.933\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.337,8.202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.149,8.389\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10.137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-19.001,-1.273\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.570\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.798\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.872,5.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS3(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.447\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.381\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.600,8.494\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.339\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.906\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.552,6.231\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.781\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.624,7.265\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.913,7.543\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eI3(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.248\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.713\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.825,6.321\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.353\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.110,9.324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.630\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10.852,6.626\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.261\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.307\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.128,6.650\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN3(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.273\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.787\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.361,9.906\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.361\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.493\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.191,7.912\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.466\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.066\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-15.430,0.499\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.682\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.402\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.299,5.664\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT3(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.766\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.585\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.379,5.912\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.296\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.198,5.248\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-11.006,0.736\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.815,5.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eNote\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003ea indicated that the screen type was based on distant-image screen; b indicated that the type of glass was referred to as the DIMS; c refer to the processing stage as the reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003estage II; * indicated \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe changes in ChT 1mm inferior to the fovea in the distant-image screen group was higher than that in the tablet computer group (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.018). The combination of glass type and screen type had an interactive effect on ChT measured at the fovea (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.027), 1mm in the nasal side of fovea (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.038), and 1mm in the temporal side of the fovea (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.026), as shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the fovea, in the tablet computer group, the ChT of subjects wearing SVS was lower than that of DIMS (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006) and similar tendency can be observed in other all areas except 3mm inferior to the fovea, but in the distant-image screen group, there was no statistical difference in ChT between participants wearing SVS and DIMS (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Among subjects wearing SVS, the ChT of the tablet computer group was higher than that of the distant-image screen group (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.050), and there was no statistical difference in ChT among the subjects wearing DIMS (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05),as shown in Table\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Results of Choroidal Thickness Changes on the Combination of Lens Type and Screen Type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScreen*Glass\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlass*Screen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSVS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDIMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003echange\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% \u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003echange\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% \u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003echange\u003csup\u003e##\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% \u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003echange\u003csup\u003e##\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% \u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFovea(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.683\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-16.493,-2.874\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.731\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.564,7.892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.721\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.050\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-13.432,-0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.231\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.695,10.948\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS 1(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.588\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.899\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.841,8.664\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.984,12.359\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.956\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.283\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-14.096,4.184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10.441,8.080\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eI 1(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.443\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-13.827,0.941\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.435\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.343\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10.616,3.747\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.783\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-15.059,-0.507\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.775\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-12.063,2.514\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN 1(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-15.792,-2.602\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.856,7.176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.641\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-12.140,0.858\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.390,10.823\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT 1(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-14.275,1.758\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.501\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.149,8.389\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.204\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-14.463,-1.946\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.933\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.337,8.202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS 3(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.782\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.877,5.197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.339\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.909\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.552,6.231\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.267\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.668\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.604,7.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.447\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.600,8.494\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eI 3(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.994\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.748\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.164,7.152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.322\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.110,9.324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.865\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.555\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.152,4.422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.248\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.935\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.825,6.321\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN 3(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10.810,0.600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.361\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.399\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.191,7.912\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.261\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.815,2.429\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.273\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.361,9.906\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT 3(um)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.179,0.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.629\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.198,5.248\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.369\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.510,0.772\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.766\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.397\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.379,5.912\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eNote\u003c/b\u003e:TC:tablet computer group ;DIS:distant-screen group;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt 1 mm nasal side to the fovea, in the tablet computer group ,the ChT of subjects wearing SVS was lower than that of DIMS (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007), there was no statistical difference in ChT between the two types of glasses in the distant-image screen group (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). No matter subjects wears SVS or DIMS, there was no statistical difference in ChT between the distant-image group and the tablet computer group (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05),as shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt 1 mm temporal side to the fovea, in the tablet computer group, ChT of subjects wearing SVS was lower than that of DIMS (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.013), there was no statistical difference in ChT between DIMS and SVS in the distant-image screen group (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Among subjects wearing SVS, the ChT of the tablet computer group was higher than that of the distant-image screen group (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011), and there was no statistical difference in ChT between different screen types among the subjects wearing DIMS (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05),as shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eMyopia is caused by the abnormalities in the optic system of the eyes, characterized by the image of distant objects focused in front of the retina, resulting in blurred vision. The pathogenesis of myopia involves both genetic and environmental factors, such as parental genetic history, long-term near work habits. Children and adolescents are in a critical period of visual development, it is quite necessary to take appropriate measures and intervene in a timely manner to prevent myopia or delay progression. In the past, we have very few choices and they are conflicted with students' study or entertainment, such as increasing outdoor activities, reducing homework or reducing the use of video terminals. The distant-image screen provides the possibility that myopia can be controlled without affecting students' life and learning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe core of distant-image screen is to use optical technology to move the image away from the eye. It has been reported that reducing near eye use and enlarging screen size helps improve myopia shift[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Long distance can reduce the adjustment demand of the eye and the adjustment burden of the eye muscles[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, the stimulation of farsightedness can reduce eye fatigue and discomfort, and improve visual comfort, thus slowing down the development of myopia[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Lin and Yeh et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]conducted a double-mirror system on adults and children respectively. The device can extend the image from 0.4 m away to 2.28 m away by using one concave mirror and one convex mirror. Similar results were obtained in the experiment, and subjects showed smaller accommodative responses and larger pupil diameters after using double-mirror system compared with traditional near work. Distant-image screen devices offer a relatively wider and richer field of view compared to the small screen of a tablet ,although the subjects appeared to be looking at the screen up close, they were actually looking far away.This removes the trigger for myopia, therefore it may help reduce eye fatigue and reduce the risk of myopia,and that\u0026rsquo;s why we observed it\u0026rsquo;s effect on reducing ChT thinning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies have shown that ChT may be related to the onset and development of myopia.As myopia progresses,ChT tends to get thinner[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e],and long time near work, such as long-term using of electronic devices or reading, leads to a reduction in ChT[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Indeed, in this study, we found that the use of distant-image screen can prevent the ChT from thinning,we speculated that the reason for this result may be the distant-image screen can remove the adjustment demand and reduce accommodative burden of the eye ,thus affecting the blood supply of the choroid.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs for DIMS, it works through adjusting the distribution of visual signals on the retina. Specifically, peripheral light is focused in front of the retina, this kind of defocus signal theoretically helps slow down the axial length growth and myopic progression[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR23 CR24 CR25\" citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], and significant risk of regression has not been observed after stop wearing[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. In the present study, in the tablet computer group, the ChT significantly increased after video watching in subjects wearing DIMS compared with those who wear SVS,therefore the use of DIMS also prevented ChT from thinning. Based on this result,we speculate that with DIMS, the visual stimuli received by the eye is changed, which may affect the blood flow and metabolism of the choroid[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], resulting in changes in the ChT. Interestingly,in the present study, we found that both distant-image screen and DIMS alone are useful for the prevention and control of ChT thining. However, in this study, it was found that the combined use of DIMS and distant-image screen did not show improvement than using distant-image screen alone or DIMS alone. We suspect that the small sample size or abnomal visual function may be one of the reasons for this result.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, it was found that changes in ChT measured at different locations were different. It is speculated that ChT at different regions have different expansion capacity or different sensitivity to defocus response, and the response varies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. For example, after the use of atropine, the thickness of the choroid increased significantly, and the ChT inferior to the fovea increased most significantly, while the nasal side changed least[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. However, it is also possible that the difference in this study is due to the age of the participants, the SER, the type of video display terminal or the binocular vision function. The mechanism of how near work causes changes in choroid structure is very complex and needs to be further explored. It is necessary to enlarge the sample size in the future to better understand how the distant-image screen affects the change of regional ChT.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe accommodative microfluctuation refers to the change of SER at different times, which may affect the clarity of human vision. If the accommodative microfluctuation of SER exceeds the normal range, it may lead to blurred vision, eye fatigue and other symptoms. However, in this study, no significant influence of the distant-image screen on the accommodative microfluctuation or accommodative lag was observed. It is speculated that the SER measurement is affected by different populations, different periods and different measure methods. In the future, we will continue to expand the sample size for related research. In addition, no significant changes were found in the results of visual acuity and axis length before and after watching video, which we speculated was due to the short experiment time, the visual acuity and axis length results were relatively stable in the short term, and longer detection time was needed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn summary, this study found that the use of distant-image screen is meaningful for the prevention and control of myopia. For the first time, the distant-image screen has brought us such a possibility, which does not interfere with children's life and learning, and can contribute to myopia control.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eSVS:single-vision spectacle lenses ;DIMS: defocus incorporated multiple segments lenses ;ChT:choroid thickness ;TC:tablet computer group;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDIS:distant-image screen;LMM: linear mixed model;SER: pherical equivalent error;AM:accommodative microfluctuation ; ACL:accommodative lag (ACL);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAL:axial length;UDVA:uncorrected distance visual acuity;CDVA:corrected distance visual acuity\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Eye Hospital (KY202223)and adhere to the Declaration of Helsinki. All minors\u0026rsquo; guardians signed informed consent.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets analysed in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received funding support from Tianjin Key Medical Discipline (Specialty) Construction Project (No. TJYXZDXK-016A) and the the Science and Technology Program of Tianjin, China (17ZXHLSY00050)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo;s contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZCL,GXY,WYY,CXQ conceived the project, collected the clinical data,drafted the initial manuscript .RZL and LWL analyzed raw data and Figures. LLH revised it for important intellec-tual content. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank Kai Cao from Ruishi Technologies Ltd for providing distant-image screen equipment ,who made this study possible.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHolden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS, Sankaridurg P, Wong TY, Naduvilath TJ, Resnikoff S. Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(5):1036\u0026ndash;42.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhao X, Lu X, Yu L, Zhang Y, Li J, Liu Y, Yang G, Wang Y, Zhang W, Du Z. Prevalence of myopia and associated risk factors among key schools in Xi'an, China. 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PROG RETIN EYE RES. 2012;31(6):622\u0026ndash;60.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLam C, Tang WC, Zhang HY, Lee PH, Tse D, Qi H, Vlasak N, To CH. Long-term myopia control effect and safety in children wearing DIMS spectacle lenses for 6 years. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):5475.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSwiatczak B, Schaeffel F, Calzetti G. Imposed positive defocus changes choroidal blood flow in young human subjects. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2023;261(1):115\u0026ndash;25.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHuang Y, Wang Y, Shen Y, Chen Z, Peng X, Zhang L, Han T, Zhou X. Defocus-induced spatial changes in choroidal thickness of chicks observed by wide-field swept-source OCT. EXP EYE RES. 2023;233:109564.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang Z, Zhou Y, Xie Z, Chen T, Gu Y, Lu S, Wu Z. The effect of topical atropine on the choroidal thickness of healthy children. SCI REP-UK. 2016;6(1):34936.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Myopia, Distant-image screen, Choroid thickness, DIMS, Tablet computer","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4484076/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4484076/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the effect of distant-image screen on myopia prevention and control.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-designed randomized controlled trial. A total of 40 children were recruited. The subjects were randomly assigned to single-vision spectacle (SVS) lenses group or defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) lenses group.In each group, participants were randomly allocated to tablet computer group (TC)or distant-image screen (DIS)group, and exchanged after 3 to 7 days. Participants were asked to watch videos for 90 minutes. Outcomes including choroid thickness (ChT) were measured before and after watching video. A two-stage cross-design analysis of variance and linear mixed model (LMM)were used to analyze the effects.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 children were recruited, with an average age of 10.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.48 years and an average spherical equivalent error (SER) of -2.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.09 diopter (D). There were no statistical difference in baseline data. For participants wearing SVS or DIMS ,there were no statistical difference in the change of accommodative microfluctuation (AM), accommodative lag (ACL), axial length (AL) ,visual acuity between the DIS group and TC group (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). For participants wearing SVS, the changes in ChT measured at 1mm inferior to the fovea (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.036) and 1mm from the temporal side to the fovea (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.032) in the DIS group were higher than that in the TC group,however, for participants wearing DIMS, there was no statistical difference between DIS group and the TC group (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Results of LMM analysis showed that the combination of glasses type and screen type had an interactive effect on ChT measured at the fovea (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.027), 1mm from the nasal side of the fovea (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.038), and 1mm from the temporal side of the fovea (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.026).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe distant-image screen helps reduce the ChT thinning during video watching, indicating it might have an effect on myopia prevention and control.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Short-term Effect of Distant-image Screen on Myopia Control in Children and Comparison with Tablet Computer","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-13 18:49:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4484076/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4a3c57e9-f970-461c-9878-4492c6a562f6","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 13th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-09T09:30:59+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-13 18:49:06","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4484076","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4484076","identity":"rs-4484076","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}