Geospatial Approach for Quantitative analysis and implications of drainage morphometry of the Antsokia watershed in the semi-arid northern Ethiopia

Geospatial Approach for Quantitative analysis and implications of drainage morphometry of the Antsokia watershed in the semi-arid northern Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Geospatial Approach for Quantitative analysis and implications of drainage morphometry of the Antsokia watershed in the semi-arid northern Ethiopia Mulugeta Demisse Negesse This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4388928/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study employed remote sensing data, geographic information systems, and statistical methods to analyze the morphometric features of the Antsokia watershed and its sub-watersheds. It assessed drainage network, watershed geometry, drainage texture, and relief characteristics. The Antsokia watershed is drained mainly by a sixth-order river with a dendritic pattern. The mean bifurcation ratio (Rb) was 3.9, indicating a typical branching pattern, while sub-watersheds showed higher Rb values (> 5), suggesting steep terrain. The longest flow path is 42.5 km, marked by knickpoints due to lithological changes and major faults. The watershed's elongated shape indicates longer peak flows, aiding flood management. Drainage texture analysis revealed fine drainage, implying soft rock prone to erosion prevails. Most of the watershed comprises high relief and steep slopes (78%), including hills, breaks, and low mountains. The S-shaped hypsometric curve with a hypsometric integral of 0.4 suggests the watershed is in a mature stage of geomorphic evolution and equilibrium. Sub-watershed morphometric parameters varied spatially, categorized into low, moderate, and high clusters. Overall, this study enhances understanding of Antsokia watershed's characteristics, aiding in sustainable resource management and decision-making. Morphometric analysis Watershed characteristics Remote sensing and Geographic information system Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 INTRODUCTION Sustainable livelihood and increased food production in agriculturally based developing countries require the availability of sufficient water and fertile land. In sub-Saharan Africa, unsustainable livelihoods often contribute to degradation of important watershed resources, among the degrading watershed resources, fresh water and soil fertility take the lead in posing significant socioeconomic, ecological, and environmental roles, especially for developing countries including Ethiopia where traditional agricultural-based economy is dominant. As a result of dependency of increasing population on traditional subsistence agriculture, most of the Ethiopian highlands are experiencing degradation of watershed resources (Olancho, 2015). Ever since people began manipulating land, various approaches and techniques were practiced to reduce degradation of watershed resources. However, the system thinking or modern watershed (generally a drainage area) management started in mid-20th century and adapted in most countries with the aim of controlling water pollution, sedimentation, soil erosion, flood, and discharge extremes. A watershed can be defined as: an area biophysically delineated by water flow, drained by a current or system of currents towards one exit point or gathering area (Bruneau, 2005 ). A watershed represents a logical natural unit for the management or study of water resources, and, as water is intricately linked to land use and management, to land (Willett & Porter, 2001). According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rapid progress has been made in reducing water pollution from point discharges such as those from industrial plants and sewage treatment plants. However, problems of pollution from non-point sources such as agricultural land persist and have gained increased prominence as point sources have diminished. The EPA is promoting the watershed approach with the expectation that it will lead to further improvements in water quality Watershed management projects begin with the proposition that some natural resources are best managed on a watershed basis. During the last few decades, watershed management has gained recognition and importance in both environmental protection and the well-being of people living in watershed areas. For example, in its ‘Bhutan 2020’ policy document, the Bhutan government named watershed management as the “single most important strategy to maintain the resource base to support the national economy. A drainage basin/watershed is a land area drained by a stream and its tributaries having a common outlet for surface runoff. Studying drainage basin is vital for the better understanding of the hydrological processes Hydrological processes like runoff, soil erosion, and sediment transports are highly influenced by morphometric characteristics of the drainage basin. Thus, morphometric analysis of a drainage basin is considered to be the most appropriate method for the proper planning and management of the watershed. (Tufa & Feyissa, 2018 ). Morphometric analysis represents a relatively simple approach to describe the hydro-geological behavior, land- form processes, soil physical properties and erosion characteristics and, hence, provides a holistic insight into the hydrologic behavior of watersheds (Strahler 1964 ) The watershed’s morphometric parameters are reflective of its hydrological response to a considerable extent and can be helpful in synthesizing its hydrological behavior and water balance. A quantitative morphometric characterization and analysis of a watershed is considered to be the most satisfactory for proper watershed management planning and implementation of soil and water conservation measures. The characterization of geomorphic attribute enables us to understand the relationship among different aspects of the basin’s drainage pattern and also enables a comparative evaluation of different drainage basins developed in various geologic and climatic regimes (Gebre et al., 2015 ). In Ethiopia, watershed development planning has been started in 1980’s with large watersheds (MoARD, 2005). However, large efforts remained mostly unsatisfactory due to lack of effective community participation, limited sense of responsibility on assets created and unmanageable planning units (MoARD, 2005). Ethiopia is one of the main constraints for agricultural productivity, resulting from the interaction of natural and anthropogenic factors, including erratic rainfall, rugged topography and unsustainable land management practices, both in areas of food crops and in grazing lands sever with soil erosion by water constitutes the most widespread and damaging process of soil degradation (Yaebiyo, 2015) In general, watershed degradation resulted in long-term reduction in the quantity and quality of water and land resources, which negatively impact on the livelihoods of the rural poor who rely on these resources for their subsistence and livelihoods. This spurred the Ethiopian government to launch an extensive soil and water conservation (SWC) program, which began in the early 1970s. In response to the famine in the northern part of the country during the period 1973–1974, for example, the World Food Programme (WFP) supported the Food for Work (FFW) project, which was launched in 1974 initially as an emergency relief initiative (Giordano & Langan, 2016 ) Integrated watershed management (IWM) is becoming increasingly important concept in all over the world and attention is shifting to overall socio-economic welfare along with better water and soil conservation. Global population is continuing to grow rapidly. The ever-increasing pressure on the natural resources is further increased the intensity by the even faster economic growth, the country has witnessed in the past decades. Unprecedented economic activity in areas such as agriculture, industry, power, and communication, is affecting land-use patterns in many ways (Karpuzcu & Delipinar, 2014 ). Remote sensing data, along with increased resolution from satellite imagery, makes these technologies appear poised to make a large impact on land resource management initiatives involved in monitoring of land use and land cove (LULC) mapping and change detection. These tools are enabling researcher to determine varying spatial ranges in semiarid regions which are undergoing severe moisture stresses due to the combined effects of rainfall variability, climate change and growing population (Gebre et al., 2015 ) Significant advances in remote sensing technology have led to availability of higher quality digital elevation models (DEMs). For instance, availability of Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) DEMs free of charge via http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ has provided new potentials in watershed scale quantitative morphometric analysis (Fenta et al., 2017 ) According to A recent comparative study by Thomas et al. (2014) showed that topographic attributes extracted from the space-borne (SRTM and ASTER) DEMs are in agreement with those derived from topographic maps. Their study also revealed that despite the coarser resolution (i.e., 90 m), SRTM DEM shows relatively higher vertical accuracy and better spatial relationship of topographic attributes than the finer resolution (i.e., 30 m) ASTER DEM when compared with topographic maps. Surface hydrological indications are promising scientific tools for assessment and management of water resources. Drainage morphometric analyses are a prerequisite for selection of water recharge sites, watershed modeling, runoff modeling, watershed delineation, groundwater prospect mapping and geotechnical investigation. The drainage network analysis is generally performed using the prevailing geological variation, topographic information and structural set of a basin and their interrelationships. Digital elevation models (DEMs), such as from the DEM and other types of models were used to extract diverse geomorphological parameters of drainage basins, including drainage networks, catchment divides, slope gradient and aspect. Catchments are delineated automatically by using digital elevation model (DEM) and manually by using topographic map to delineate watershed. METHODS AND MATERIALS Description of the study area Research Methodology To carry out this project, the computer which runs ArcGIS 10.3 and the data are provided in this work consist of a DEM (30m) of the extracted study watershed from the Ethiopian Elevation model (ET_DEM) and also need admin and existing document of topo sheet for manual analysis and physical identification or interpretation stream feature in the study watershed. This project would be guide through the initial hydrologic terrain analysis steps of Fill Pits (1), calculate Flow Direction (2), and calculate Flow Accumulation (3). Next an outlet point would be used to define a watershed as all points upstream of the selected study watershed area outlet. Focusing on this watershed streams would be defined using a flow accumulation threshold within this watershed. Hydrology functions were used to define separate links (stream segments) and the catchments that drain to them. The streams would be converted into a vector representation. The result is quite a comprehensive set of information about the hydrology of this watershed, all are derived from the DEM in Arc GIS Tool Box as below: The Formula for Morphometric Parameters Table 1 Method (formula) to drive Statistical value of hydrological parameter No Character/parameter Method/Definition Source 1 Drainage basin area (A), Km2 the surface area of the watershed from ArcGIS Horton ( 1932 ) 2 Drainage basin parameter (P), Km Length of the boundary of the watershed Horton ( 1932 ) 3 Stream Order (U) Hierarchical Order (rank) Strahler ( 1964 ) 4 Basin Length (Lb), Km 1.312*Asq0.568, where A = Area of the drainage basin Horton ( 1932 ) 5 Stream Length (Lu), Km Length of the Stream (Km) Horton ( 1945 ) 6 Mean Stream Length (Lsm), Km Lsm = Lu/Nu where, Lu = total stream length of order ‘U’, Nu = stream length of the next higher stream order Strahler ( 1964 ) 7 Stream length ratio (RI) RI = Lu/(Lu-1) where, Lu = Total number of stream segment of order ‘U’, Lu-1 = Stream length of the next lower order Horton ( 1945 ) 8 Bifurcation Ratio (Rb) Rb = Nu/(Nu + 1), Where, Nu = Total number of stream segments of order ‘U’, Nu + 1 = Number of segments of the next higher order Horton ( 1945 ) 9 Drainage density (Dd), Km/Km2 = Lu/A, where Lu = Total length of stream and A = Area of watershed Horton ( 1932 ) 10 Drainage texture (Dt), per Km Dt = Nu/P, Where, Nu = Total number of stream of all orders and P = Basin perimeter measured in km Horton ( 1945 ) 11 Texture ratio (T), per Km T = N1/P, Where N1 = Total number of first order stream and p = basin perimeter Horton ( 1945 ) 12 Stream frequency (Fs), per Km2 Fs = N/A, Where, N = Total number of stream and A = Area of watershed Horton ( 1945 ) 13 Form Factor (Rf) Rf = A/ Lbsq2, Where, A = Area of the watershed and Lb = Maximum basin length Horton ( 1932 ) 14 Length of Over Land Flow (Lo), Lo = 1/(2Dd), Where, Dd = Drainage density(km) Horton ( 1945 ) 15 Circularity Ratio (Rc) Rc = (4π A)/P2, Where, A = Area of the Watershed and P = basin Perimeter ’’ 16 Elongation Ratio (Re) Re = (2/Lb) x (A/π )0.5, Where, A = Area of the Watershed, Lb = Maximum Basin length ” 17 Infiltration number (If) If = Fs x Dd Where Dd = Drainage density (km/km2) and Fs = Stream frequency Faniran ( 1968 ) 18 Constant channel maintenance (C) km2/km, C = 1/Dd, Where, Dd = Drainage Density Schumm (1956) 19 Compactness coefficient (Cc) Cc = (0.2821P)/A0.5, Where A = Area of the basin (km2) and P = Basin perimeter Gravelius (1941) 20 Basin Relief(Bh) Bh = H – h, where H and h are the elevations of highest and lowest point of the watershed Strahler ( 1952 ) 21 Relief Ratio (Rh) Relief Ratio (Rh) Rh = Bh/Lb, Where, Bh = Basin Relief, Lb = Basin length Schumm (1956) 22 Relative relief (Rr) Rhp = H x 100/P, Where H = Maximum basin relief and P = basin perimeter Melton ( 1957 ) 23 Ruggedness number (Rn) Rn = Bh x Dd, Where, Bh = Basin Relief and Dd = Drainage Density Strahler ( 1954 ) 24 Dissection index (Dis) Dis = Bh/Hmax, Where Bh = Basin Relief and Hmax = Maximum relief Gravelius (1941) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Result of hydrological parameter Derived from DEM In this section, the result of all hydrological element (fill, flow direction, flow accumulation, stream link, order and watershed) and surface such as slope, aspect, hill shade and contour line are presented as map and describe below and the project focused on the evaluation of morphometric parameters of 11 sub watershed of the study area. The values of 24 morphometric parameters of each sub-watershed were evaluated by using methods and equations described in the (Table 1 ). I have made discussion on each parameter and comparison has been made between each sub watershed in this paper. In Fig. 4 the map which shows the extracted hydrological parameter fill dem, flow direction, flow accumulation, stream link and stream order respectively. sinks a man-made feature resulting from filling a low area, usually to form a level bed for a road or slope neighbor the direction in which water would flow out of each cell is Figure 3 LULC Map of the year 2002, 2008 Before(a) and after dam(b) Figure 3 Fill, Flow Direction and Accumulation Map. Flow direction: creates a raster of flow direction from each cell to its steepest down Calculate flow direction using the Flow Direction tool. A perfect flow direction should only contain eight values: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128, show in the legend of the map representing the eight adjacent cells into which water would flow. For example, for a cell with a Value of 16, the water is flowing to the left (i.e., west), Value 1 shows flow to right (east), value64 to north, value 4 to south, value 32 to north east, value 2 south west, value 8 to south eat and value 128 to north west direction. Flow Accumulation: according to figure white rose colors are cells with very high flow accumulation (areas of concentrated flow), whereas the black one shows the low or less accumulation and used to identify stream channels creates raster of accumulated flow in to each cell. Basically, the flow accumulation result counts or show the number of cells that are flowing into it: Cells with a high flow accumulation; areas of concentrated flow and identify stream channels. → Cells with a flow accumulation of zero are local topographic highs and used to identify ridges. The one element of hydrology is called stream network is extracted by delineated watershed area which is one of an ArcGIS data structures that facilitates the identification of upstream and downstream connectivity. Here we step through the process of creating a geometric network from the vector stream network representation obtained above, and then use it to determine some simple aggregate information the further description both in terms table and figure should discussed above and below with different parameters. Quantitative result of linear parameter Linear aspects are measurements of the linear feature of the watershed and used to evaluate morphometric characteristics of project area watersheds or sub-watersheds are; stream network, stream length, stream order (U), basin length (Lb), stream length (Lu), mean stream lengths (Lsm), stream length ratio and bifurcation ratio (Rb) are discussed below. The order of the stream at which the tributaries create a link and flow together. Stream ordering is a foremost step in the morphometric analysis of drainage basin and there are various approaches to stream ordering. Strahler modified Horton method and its most widely used stream ordering system due to its simplicity (Strahler, 1964 ). In this project Strahler’s system has been used and the highest order is 4 as described below. The number of streams (Nu) are the total number of stream segments of given order ‘U, in this project counted as, 228, 61, 17, and 4 represent the order from 1st to 4th respectively in study watershed. Stream ordering of a drainage network represents a measure of the extent of stream branching within a watershed. As such, designation of stream order is the first step in morphometric characterization of watersheds and, in the present study, the stream ordering was done based on hierarchical ranking method proposed by Strahler ( 1964 ). The first-order stream has no tributaries; the second order has only first order as tributaries, similarly third-order streams has first- and second order streams as its tributaries and so on. The order-wise stream numbers and stream length of study watershed are given in Table 2 . Stream length (Lu) The cumulative length of streams of all orders and thus the total channel length in the drainage basin for a given order (Dubey, 2015 ). Steam length is an important hydrological characteristic of the drainage basin and it shows surface runoff characteristics. Stream length shows the landform evaluation, geological structure, and occurrence of floods. High stream length indicates the occurrence of high-intensity floods and runoff. In this project, the total stream length of all stream orders was measured using ArcGIS tools and described in (Table 2 ) the stream length (Lu) has been computed based on the law proposed by Horton ( 1945 ) for all 11 sub watersheds. Generally, the total length stream segments are maximum in first order streams and decreases as the stream order increases. The total stream lengths of sub-basins/watershed of the project area of SW1-SW11 are 4.37km, 32.33km, 20.96km, 21.47km, 30.11km, 5.7km, 27.93km, 32.02km, 76km,, 29.44km, 33.97km respectively. The stream with fairly smaller length is a characteristic of the basin with steep slopes and better textures. Rivers having longer lengths are commonly suggestive of smoother slope. Table 2 Stream length and Mean Stream Length of each sub watershed Stream Length (LU).km Mean Stream Length (Lsm) SW 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Total 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Total SW1 2.490 1.88 0.00 0.00 4.370 0.62 1.88 0.00 0.00 2.50 SW2 18.66 7.70 5.97 0.00 32.33 0.67 1.28 5.97 0.00 7.92 SW3 9.160 8.41 3.39 0.00 20.96 0.65 0.68 3.39 0.00 4.72 SW4 10.11 4.30 7.06 0.00 21.47 0.67 0.86 7.06 0.00 8.59 SW5 15.23 8.94 3.43 2.51 30.11 0.73 1.49 3.43 2.51 8.16 SW6 4.380 1.32 0.00 0.00 5.70 0.88 1.32 0.00 0.00 2.20 SW7 13.75 10.35 3.40 0.43 27.90 0.60 1.48 1.70 0.43 4.21 SW8 18.44 6.730 6.85 0.00 32.10 0.84 1.68 6.85 0.00 9.37 SW9 45.21 16.21 7.71 6.87 76.0 1.03 1.35 1.10 6.87 10.35 SW10 14.11 7.950 7.38 0.00 29.40 0.59 1.33 7.38 0.00 9.29 SW11 20.25 7.41 6.30 0.01 33.90 0.72 0.93 3.15 0.00 4.80 Total 171.8 81.2 51.5 9.80 314.3 8.00 14.3 40.0 9.8 72.1 LU = stream Length, Lsm = Mean stream Length, SW sub watershed, Tot = Total for Lsm and Lu, km = kilometer, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th = Show stream order of basin from first-fifth order respectively. Mean Stream Length According to Strahler ( 1964 ), the mean stream length is a characteristics property related to the drainage network and is associated surface. The mean stream length (Lsm) has been calculated by dividing the total stream length of order ‘u’ and number of stream length of order ‘u’ it is noted from (Table 3 ) that Lsm varies from 2.02 to 10.45 and Lsm of any given order is greater than that of the higher order, this might be due variations in slope and topography. The mean stream length of channel emphasizes the characteristic of drainage network and its contributing drainage basin surfaces. Mean Stream Length increases from first order to higher order where stream length decreases from first order to higher order total. The mean stream length of sub-basin/watersheds (SW1-SW11) are 2.50km, 7.92km, 4.72km, 8.59km, 8.16km, 2.20km, 4.21km, 9.37km,10.35km, 9.29km,4.80km respectively. Mean stream length for each order for all basins are described in above in (Table 3 ). Table 3 Stream length Ratio and Bifurcation Ratio of each sub watershed Stream Length Ratio, RI = Lu/(Lu-1) Bifurcation Ratio (Rb), RB = Nu/(Nu + 1) SB 2nd/1st 3rd/2nd 4th/3rd Total 1st/2nd 2nd/3rd 3rd/4th Total SW1 0.76 0.00 0.00 0.76 4.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 SW2 0.41 0.78 0.00 1.19 4.7 6.0 0.0 10.7 SW3 0.40 0.40 0.00 0.81 2.8 5.0 0.0 7.8 SW4 0.43 1.64 0.00 2.07 3.0 5.0 0.0 8.0 SW5 0.59 0.38 0.73 1.70 3.5 6.0 1.0 10.5 SW6 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.30 5.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 SW7 0.75 0.33 0.13 1.21 3.3 3.5 2.0 8.8 SW8 0.36 1.02 0.00 1.38 5.5 4.0 0.0 9.5 SW9 0.36 0.48 0.89 1.73 3.7 1.7 7.0 12.4 SW10 0.56 0.93 0.00 1.49 4.0 6.0 0.0 10.0 SW11 0.37 0.85 0.00 1.22 3.5 4.0 0.0 7.5 Total 5.3 6.8 1.8 13.8 42.9 41.2 10.0 94.1 LR = stream Length ratio, Lsm = Mean stream Length, SB sub-basin, RB, Bifurcation Ratio, Tot = Total, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th = Show stream order of basin first-fifth order respectively. Stream Length Ratio Stream length ratio (RL) may be defined as the ratio of the mean stream length of the one order to the next lower order of stream segment Horton’s law (1945) of stream length states that stream length of each of the successive orders of a basin tends to approximate a direct geometric series with streams length increasing towards higher of streams. In this Project except SW5 all the remaining sub- watersheds of the mean stream lengths of each of the successive orders of the basin tend to approximate a direct geometric sequence in which the first term (stream length) is the average of the first order. The stream length ratios (RL) of all sub-watershed are increasing with stream order and presented in (Table 3 ) and While, SW5 is inhibited either of decreasing or increasing with stream order and presented in (Table 3 ) which reflects the heterogeneity of geological materials. Changes in stream length ratio from one order to the other order indicate their late youth stage of geomorphic development. Bifurcation Ratio (Rb) Bifurcation ratio (Rb) is the ratio of the number of streams of a given order to the number of streams of the next higher order. This ratio can be expressed as Table 4 . The value of the bifurcation ratio reflects the relief and dissection of the drainage basin. The value of bifurcation ratio varies from 2 in flat or rolling drainage basin to 6 in mountain or hilly drainage basin where drainage network is highly distorted (Horton, 1945 ). The hydrological response of drainage basin to rainfall is highly correlated with bifurcation ratio. High value of bifurcation ratio denotes high surface runoff and early hydrographic peak with a high potential of susceptibility to flash flooding during intense rainfall storm (Farhan, 2016 ). Surface runoff is highly correlated with soil erosion and thus, high surface runoff reflects the vulnerability of the basin to soil erosion. Quantitative value and description of Areal parameter The areal aspects (Au) of a watershed of given order (U) is defined as the total area projected upon a horizontal plane contributing overland flow to the channel segment of the given order and includes all tributaries of lower order. Areal aspect of this project is; Area of watersheds, perimeter of sub watershed, drainage density (Dd), drainage texture (Dt), Textural ratio (T), stream frequency (Fs), form factor (Rf), circulatory ratio (Rc), elongation ratio (Re), length of overland flow (Lof), infiltration number (If), constant of channel maintenance (C) and compactness coefficient (Cc) are discussed below. Table 4 Area, perimeter, basin length and stream number of each sub-basin/watershed Number of stream (NU) Area (km2) Basin Length (Lb).km Perimeter (p).km 100/P SW 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Total SW1 4 1 - - 5 2.070 1.98 8.34 11.99 SW2 28 6 1 - 35 14.38 5.96 19.62 5.10 SW3 14 5 1 - 20 9.320 4.66 15.59 6.41 SW4 15 5 1 - 21 10.44 4.97 23.13 4.32 SW5 21 6 1 1 29 13.91 5.85 20.79 4.81 SW6 5 1 - - 6 2.960 2.43 10.82 9.24 SW7 23 7 2 1 33 12.48 5.50 16.22 6.17 SW8 22 4 1 - 27 13.36 5.72 24.59 4.07 SW9 44 12 7 1 64 37.75 10.3 33.41 2.99 SW10 24 6 1 - 31 13.56 5.77 23.32 4.29 SW11 28 8 2 1 39 17.86 6.75 20.00 5.00 Total 228 61 17 4.0 310 148.1 59.9 215.8 64.4 U = stream order, Nu = stream number, SB sub-basin, A = Area of basin, Lb = Basin length, p = perimeter of each basin Actual Area of Sub Watershed Basin area (A) is the most significant parameter in morphometric analysis (Horton 1932 ). The volume of water that can be generated from the drainage sub basin/watershed and form stream flow is directly related to the drainage basin area. In the project 11 sub watershed SW1-SW11 cover an area of 2.07 sqkm, 14.38skm, 9.32sqkm, 10.44sqkm, 13.91sqkm, 2.960sqkm, 12.48sqkm, 13.36sqkm, 37.75sqkm, 13.56sqkm, 17.86sqkm respectively. This result show SW1 and SW6 has lower area indicate this area inhibited with less stream and low water volume, while SW9 is experience with high stream water volume. The remaining sub watershed area approximately equal area and similar topographic value. Sub watershed perimeter (p) and length: Basin perimeter (P) is the length of the water divide of the drainage basin. Basin perimeter determines the shape of the drainage basin. The shorter the basin perimeter, the circular the drainage basin will be and the longer the perimeter, the narrower and more elongated drainage basin. In this project also the perimeters of sub watershed swi-sw11 are 8.34km, 19.62km, 15.59km, 23.13km, 20.79km, 10.82km, 16.22km, 24.59km, 33.41km, 23.32km, 20km respectively. Basin length (Lb) is described as the longest dimension of the basin in the direction of the main streamline. Basin length is measured along the principal channel from the outlet to the water divide Horton ( 1932 ). Many researchers applied formula to compute basin length. Basin length is an important parameter to compute other geometric (shape) parameters of the drainage basin. In the present study, Schumm’s equation was used to determine the basin length. Drainage Density (Dd) Drainage density refers total stream lengths per unit area (Horton, 1945 ). According to Nag (1998) low drainage (coarse drainage texture) density generally results in area of highly resistant or permeable sub soil material, and low relief while high drainage (leads to fine drainage texture) density is the result of weak or impermeable sub surface material and mountainous relief. In this project the result shows all sub watershed has approximate value. Except sub watershed (sw) 6 and 11 the remaining sub watershed inhibited with high drainage density of with high relief or topographic variation, to this principle the area is not resistance/impermeable sub surface material and it need to rehabilitation and conservation of surrounding resource whereas contrast of other SW6 and SW11 are experienced with Low drainage density. Table 5 Quantitative value of Aerial parameters for each sub watershed of study area . Statistical Result OF Areal Aspect In each Sub Watershed/Basin S-W Dd Dt Fs ff Rc Re Lo If C Cc SW1 2.11 0.60 2.42 0.53 0.37 1.15 0.24 5.10 0.47 2.27 SW2 2.25 1.78 2.43 0.40 0.47 1.75 0.22 5.47 0.44 0.77 SW3 2.25 1.28 2.15 0.43 0.48 1.60 0.22 4.83 0.44 0.94 SW4 2.06 0.91 2.01 0.42 0.25 1.64 0.24 4.14 0.49 1.25 SW5 2.16 1.39 2.08 0.41 0.40 1.74 0.23 4.51 0.46 0.84 SW6 1.93 0.55 2.03 0.50 0.32 1.25 0.26 3.90 0.52 2.06 SW7 2.24 2.03 2.64 0.41 0.60 1.70 0.22 5.92 0.45 0.73 SW8 2.40 1.10 2.02 0.41 0.28 1.72 0.21 4.84 0.42 1.04 SW9 2.01 1.92 1.70 0.35 0.42 2.16 0.25 3.41 0.50 0.50 SW10 2.17 1.33 2.29 0.41 0.31 1.73 0.23 4.96 0.46 0.97 SW11 1.90 1.95 2.18 0.39 0.56 1.84 0.26 4.15 0.53 0.63 Total 23.5 14.9 23.9 4.7 4.5 18.3 2.6 51.2 5.2 12.0 Dd = Drainage Density, Dt = Drainage texture, Fs = stream frequency, ff = form factor, Rc = circular ratio, Re = elongation ratio, Lo = length over lad, If = infiltration number, C = constant channel, CC = compactness coefficient Drainage Texture (Dt) According to (Horton, 1945 ) drainage texture is the total number of stream segments of all orders per perimeter of that area. Drainage lines are numerous over impermeable areas than permeable areas. According to Smith, ( 1950 ) drainage density classified in to five deferent texture, < 2 indicates very coarse, between 2 to 4 is coarse, 4 to 6 is moderate, 6 to 8 is fine, 8 is very fine. In this project as indicated in Table 5 , Except SW7 all the remaining watersheds has the drainage density of less than 2 has very coarse texture While sw7 ranges between 2 to 4 indicate the area experienced with coarse texture. Form Factor According to Horton ( 1932 ), form factor (ff) may be defined as the ratio of basin area to square of the basin length. With the reference to the Table 6 show that sub watersheds 9 and 11 have observed the form factor value less than others are comes under elongated in shape. These sub watersheds have registered with the lowest value and highly elongated. The elongated basin with low form factor indicates that the watershed will have flatter peak of flow for longer duration. Flood flows of such elongated basins are easier to manage of the circular basin. Stream Frequency (Fs) The stream frequency (Fs) is defined as the total number of stream segment of all order per unit area of drainage basin Horton ( 1945 ). The stream frequency varies from basin to basin. The higher the value of stream frequency, the larger will be the number of stream availability. Water with higher stream frequency is characterized by high runoff. Fs of study watershed and its sub watersheds are 2.42, 2.43, 2.15, 2.01, 2.08, 2.03, 2.64, 2.02, 1.70, 2.29, 2.18 per km2 respectively presented in Table 6 . Circulatory Ratio (Rc) and Elongation Ratio (Re) Circulatory ratio (Rc) is defined as the ratio of the area of drainage basin to the area of the circle having the same circumference as the perimeter of the drainage basin Horton ( 1945 ). A high value of circulatory ratio reflects the existence of strong structural control on the drainage basin and low value reflects no structural disturbance in the watershed. On the other hand, circulatory ratio increasing with decreasing stream order. The circulatory ratio is unity when the shape of the drainage basin is a perfect circle. In this project the result indicated and the respective characteristics of each study sub watershed are presented in Table 6 . Elongation ratio (Re) refers to the ratio of the diameter of a circle having the same area as the drainage basin to maximum basin length. The value of elongation ratio ranges from 0.6 to1 and varies with climate and geologic types. A higher value of the elongation ratio reflects the drainage basin has lower relief and vice versa. Low elongation ratio is associated with high relief and steep ground surface slope. Length of Overland Flow (Lo) Length of overland flow (Lo) refers to the length that water flows over the ground before it becomes concentrates into definite stream channels. Lo is half of the reciprocal of drainage density and higher value of the length of overland flow represents low relief whereas low value represents high relief (Farhan Y, 2017 ). A low value of the length of overland indicates steep surface slope and rainfall enters into the stream very quickly. The length of overland flow for sub watershed sw1- sw11 are: 0.24km, 0.22km, 0.22km, 0.24km, 0.23km, 0.26km, 0.22km, 0.21km, 0.25km, 0.23km, 0.26 km respectively. Constant of Channel Maintenance (C) Constant channel maintenance (C) is a reciprocal of drainage density (Dd). It is a property of landforms that refers to the number of square kilometers of drainage basin surface required to develop and sustain a channel of 1km long in the basin (Schumm, S. A, 1956). It indicates the relative size of landform in the drainage basin which has a specific connotation. The constant channel maintenance of the sub-watershed is 0.47sqkm/km, 0.44sqkm/km, 0.44sqkm/km, 0.49sqkm/km,0.46sqkm/km, 0.52sqkm/km, 0.45sqkm/km, 0.42sqkm/km, 0.50sqkm/km, 0.46sqkm/km, 0.53sqkm/km for Sw1-sw11 respectively. The basin with higher C is characterized by low relief and vice versa. Compactness Coefficient (Cc) Compactness coefficient (Cc) is defined as the ratio of the perimeter of the catchment to the perimeter of the circular area with the same area of the drainage basin. Compactness coefficient is highly influenced by slope steepness. A high value of compactness coefficient (Cc > 1) reflects the drainage basin is deviated from circular nature and lower value of compactness coefficient reflects the drainage is elongated (Farhan, Y. and O, 2016). An elongated drainage basin is characterized by a slow concentration of discharge and circular drainage basin is characterized by a quick concentration of discharge. The compactness coefficients are 2.27, 0.77, 0.94, 1.25, 0.84, 2.06, 0.73, 1.04, 0.50, 0.97, and 0.63 for sw1 to sw11 respectively present in Table 6 . Relief Aspect of hydrologic parameter Relief aspects are an important factor in understanding the extent of denudation process undergone within the drainage basin and it is an indicator of the flow direction of the water. Relief aspects are; basin relief (H), relief ratio (Rh), relative relief (RR), ruggedness number (Rn), dissection index (Dis) and basin Slope. 4 Basin Relief (Bh) Watershed relief (H) is defined as elevation difference between the remotest point and pour point in the drainage basin (Yangchan, 2015). In this project, the highest and lowest elevation represent in (Table 7 ). Accordingly, the study watersheds have the maximum elevation of 3045 in sw11 and the min of 1400 in sw5 from the total study area elevation. Ethiopian agro ecological system classify elevation into Berha (hot lowlands, 3,700). According to FAO agro ecological zone with the maximum and the minimum elevation of the study area inhibited with zone of Woina dega. Relief Ratio (Rh) The relief ratio (Rh) is defined as the ratio of total relief of the drainage basin to the maximum length of the drainage basin (Schumm, 1956). Low relief ratio refers to a mild slope and high relief ratio refers to a steep slope region. Relief ratio is highly correlated with the sensitivity of soil to erosion and high relief ratio indicates that the basin is prone to soil erosion. In this also the respective variation and comparison value for relief ratio of sub basins/watershed are present (Table 6 ). Table 6 Values of Relief morphometric parameters for each sub watershed/basin of project area Quantitative value OF relief Aspect SW H-max h-min Bh Rh Rr Rn Dis SW1 1637 1427 210 105.9 19628 443.3 0.13 SW2 2217 1411 806 135.1 11300 1812.1 0.36 SW3 2430 1405 1025 219.9 15587 2305.2 0.42 SW4 2765 1405 1360 273.5 11954 2796.9 0.49 SW5 2703 1400 1303 222.6 13001 2820.5 0.48 SW6 1613 1441 172 70.8 14908 331.2 0.11 SW7 1978 1440 538 97.8 12195 1204.0 0.27 SW8 2837 1425 1412 246.9 11537 3384.1 0.50 SW9 3064 1421 1643 159.2 9171 3307.8 0.54 SW10 2667 1447 1220 211.5 11437 2648.7 0.46 SW11 3045 1673 1372 203.4 15225 2609.6 0.45 Total 26956 15895 11061 1946.6 145942 23663 4.20 SW = Sub watershed Basin Relief (Bh), Relief Ratio (Rr), Relative relief (R) Rhp, Ruggedness number (Rn), Dissection index (Dis) Dis = H/Hmax, Where H = Basin Relief and Hmax = Maximum relief Basin. Relative Relief (Rr) Relative relief is the ratio of maximum relief to the perimeter of the drainage basin (Dubey, 2015 ). The relative relief’s value present (Table 6 ). Dissection Index (Dis) Dissection index is the ratio of basin relief to the maximum (absolute relief) of the basin. Dissection index describes the degree of dissection or vertical erosion of land escape in a given physiographic region or drainage basin (Sukristiyanti, 2017). The value of dissection index ranges from 0 and 1. The lower value of dissection index indicates the flat and less vertical or slope landscape. The higher value of dissection index indicates vertical cliffs or hillslope (Pareta, 2011 ). In this project the dissection Index of sub watershed Sw1-Sw11 counted the value less than 1(Table 6 ). Watershed average slope offers information about the watershed topography. Slope is the steepness or the degree of incline of a surface. The slope of a particular location is computed as the maximum rate of change of elevation between that location and its surroundings. Slope can be expressed either in degrees or as a percentage rise. According to the above Fig. 11 the slope is reclass in to 7 class as, Flat (0–26), gentle (26–53), moderately gentle (53–80), very gentile (80–107), steep (107–134), moderate steep (134–161), and very steep (> 161). Basin Slope (Sb) and Aspect Map. The slope of the drainage basin has been generated by using study area elevation with tools of surface analysis as described in (Fig. 10 ). Basin slope an important parameter which enables the assessment of runoff and soil erosion from a given drainage basin (Panda, 2016 ).Aspect is the orientation of slope, measured clockwise in degrees from 0 to 360, accordingly the above figure shows the direction or orientation of surface watershed and its respective bearing in each direction. Table 7 Aspect of (combined sub basin) watershed of project area Degree of bearing Quadrant/direction of bearing 0-22.5 0 North 22.5–67.5 0 North east 67.5-112.5 0 East 112.5-157.5 0 South east 157.5-202.5 0 South 202,5-247.5 0 South west 247.5-292.5 0 west 292.5-337.5 0 North east 337.5–360 0 North The aspect of the study watershed showed as in the above Fig. 14 and Table 7 represent the respective bearing of slope from o to 360 o Relationship between different Morphometric Variable As explained by different researchers (Bruijnzeel, 2004; Andreassian, 2004 ; Bao and Laituri, 2013 ), morphometric characteristics of catchments strongly influence the runoff behavior of catchments. In this project, the relationship between selected linear, Arial and relief asect of the cachint were discussed below in table 9, Figs. 12 and 13. Accordingly the result represents as correlation coefficient (r) and scatter plot diagram. The r assesses whether two continuous variables are linearly related and measures the extent to which two variables tend to change together. According to the different researcher cited in this section of the first line the result of correlation coefficient(r) was classified as: The result of this project also interpreted based on the above principle and presented as below. Table 8 Correlation matrix among selected morphometric parameters for the 11 sub-watersheds RI Rb ALb Dd Dt Fs ff Rc Re Lo IfC Cc Rh Rn Dis RI 1.00 Rb 0.688 * 1.00 A 0.566 0.798 ** 1.00 Lb 0.644 * 0.871 ** 0.977 ** 1.00 Dd 0.112 0.316 -0.134 -0.031 1.00 Dt 0.369 0.687 * 0.703 * 0.78 ** 0.063 1.00 Fs -0.313 -0.286 -0.515 -0.444 0.334 0.145 1.00 ff -0.692 -0.901 -0.84 -0.94 -0.116 -0.82 0.308 1.00 Rc -0.197 0.109 0.22 0.259 -0.049 0.75 ** 0.469 -0.292 1.00 Re 0.687 * 0.902 ** 0.92 ** 0.98 ** 0.052 0.81 ** -0.378 -0.97 0.278 1.00 Lo -0.167 -0.352 0.128 0.008 -0.98 -0.132 -0.387 0.167 -0.019 -0.091 1.00 If -0.178 -0.058 -0.431 -0.332 0.69 * 0.162 0.91 ** 0.165 0.354 -0.246 − .729 * 1.00 C -0.092 -0.304 0.159 0.065 -0.99 -0.042 -0.368 0.072 0.039 -0.014 .985 ** − .713 * 1.00 Cc -0.589 -0.852 -0.74 -0.86 -0.202 -0.89 0.118 0.96 ** -0.481 -0.93 0.271 -0.020.17 1.00 Rh 0.686 * 0.37 0.191 0.313 0.247 0.029 -0.402 -0.457 -0.353 0.41 -0.28 -0.21-0.216 -0.411 1.00 Rn 0.783 ** 0.752 ** 0.66 * 0.758 ** 0.22 0.406 -0.558 -0.81 -0.162 .808 ** -0.23 -0.33-0.173 -0.727 .837 ** 1.00 Dis 0.816 ** 0.783 ** 0.68 * 0.781 ** 0.198 0.474 -0.5 -0.85 -0.088 .840 ** -0.23 -0.29-0.163 -0.78 .832 ** .988 ** 1.00 The full names of parameters are given in Table 1 * Statistically significant correlations at p < 0.05 According to Table 9 the correlation result, the value of r ranges between (-1) and (+ 1) indicate the strength of association While the sign of r denotes the nature of association between variables. +ve sign means the relation is direct (an increase in one variable is associated with an increase in the other variable and a decrease in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other variable), While if the sign is -ve this means an inverse or indirect relationship (Which means an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other). CONCLUSION An accurate knowledge of hydrology and their relative environmental risks is important for effective and sustainable Natural resource management. In this work, the efforts were made to demonstrate the role of integrated remote sensing and GIS based Hydrological analysis to derive watershed characteristics for a case study of Mesno watershed and its sub-watersheds. In this project four order rivers drain in 11 sub-watersheds were conducted. The proportion of the number of streams in each order indicates that the sub-basins are characterized by mountainous, highly dissected, steep slope region with mostly homogeneous geological materials. Except sw1 all the others contain the bifurcation ratio value is >5, this indicates that project area inhibited geologically mountainous terrain, less infiltration and high flash flood. Most of study watersheds has the value of drainage density less than 2 indicates very coarse texture While sw7 ranges between 2 to 4 indicate the area experienced with coarse texture. In over all, the study area contains 11 sub-watersheds, 23 morphometric Parameters drive from three perspectives (Arial, linear, Relief aspect) and considerable spatial variability was observed as presented in the above discussion. This analysis helps to better understanding the management and planning activities in study area. Declarations DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT All the pertinent data are presented in the paper or its Supplementary Information. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. FUNDING DECLARATION The research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. ETHICS APPROVAL The study did not require approval from an ethics committee. References Wassie, S. B. (2020). 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A., Yasuda, H., Shimizu, K., & Haregeweyn, N. (2017). Quantitative analysis and implications of drainage morphometry of the Agula watershed in the semi-arid northern Ethiopia. Applied Water Science, 7 (7), 3825 3840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-0170534-4 Melton MA (1957). An analysis of the relations among elements of climate, surface properties and geomorphology. Project NR 389-042, Tech Rep 11, Columbia University Purulia District, West Bengal. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 26(1&2), pp.69-76. Scheidegger, A. E (1973). Hydro geomorphology. Journal of Hydrology, 20(3): p. 193215. Smith K.G (1950). Standards for grading textures of erosional topography. American Journal of Science, 248, pp.655-668. Strahler AN (1952). Hypsometric area-altitude analysis of erosional topography. Geol Soc Am Bull 63(11):1117–1142 Strahler AN (1957). Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology. Trans Am Geophys Union 38(6):913–920 Strahler AN (1964). Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel networks. In: Chow VT (ed) Handbook of applied hydrology. McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, pp 4–11 Tufa, F. G., & Feyissa, T. A. (2018). Morphometric Analysis of Kito and Awetu Sub Basins. 4 (3), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20180403.14 YangchanJ J A, A (2015). Tiwari, and A. Sood, Morphometric Analysis of Drainage Basin through GIS: A Case study of Sukhna Lake Watershed in Lower Shiwalik. India, II JSER, 6(2). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Map.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4388928/v1/a8899e17ea2c7f5010c0fa54.png"},{"id":57492517,"identity":"ef43e741-cc0f-4ac4-bc21-1f32e3b6619b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-31 11:50:21","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":276906,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStream length Ratio (RI), Mean (LSM) and Bifurcation Ratio (Br)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4388928/v1/083fedea9b72d4b7f5a008e9.png"},{"id":57491688,"identity":"fb985d0a-58ea-4e29-ae14-cd3c7535bacd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-31 11:34:21","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":353967,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSub-Watershed Map of Study Area.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4388928/v1/79607543fc4577de8248025e.png"},{"id":57491684,"identity":"1246eaa9-4f7c-4317-ab3a-bf5b117053d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-31 11:34:21","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":341619,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eReclass Map Showing Aerial Aspects of study watershed\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4388928/v1/fdd0655baf217a4a577191ae.png"},{"id":57492152,"identity":"c1cb2497-6e98-44a0-8e17-302c1d9fc33a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-31 11:42:21","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":177641,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eReclass Map showing selected Relief Aspects of study watershed\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4388928/v1/e4dc6b0ede66e1d7996e3a50.png"},{"id":57491687,"identity":"2aee472a-75dc-43e9-b8bb-5b3ad510225c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-31 11:34:21","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":328410,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSlope and Aspect Map.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4388928/v1/315216e2b1e094e731c0ff90.png"},{"id":57491689,"identity":"59523bed-d45f-4a30-9250-b97f8c3150d2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-31 11:34:21","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":149951,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraphs show relationship among selected morphometric parameters for the 11 sub-watersheds\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4388928/v1/aef71733a010adf1528456ae.png"},{"id":64040750,"identity":"47f07b74-9e05-41aa-9a48-96e75b15b7a0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-05 12:53:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4567704,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4388928/v1/43135092-c908-4ba3-8927-d0273bbd4871.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Geospatial Approach for Quantitative analysis and implications of drainage morphometry of the Antsokia watershed in the semi-arid northern Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eSustainable livelihood and increased food production in agriculturally based developing countries require the availability of sufficient water and fertile land. In sub-Saharan Africa, unsustainable livelihoods often contribute to degradation of important watershed resources, among the degrading watershed resources, fresh water and soil fertility take the lead in posing significant socioeconomic, ecological, and environmental roles, especially for developing countries including Ethiopia where traditional agricultural-based economy is dominant. As a result of dependency of increasing population on traditional subsistence agriculture, most of the Ethiopian highlands are experiencing degradation of watershed resources (Olancho, 2015). Ever since people began manipulating land, various approaches and techniques were practiced to reduce degradation of watershed resources. However, the system thinking or modern watershed (generally a drainage area) management started in mid-20th century and adapted in most countries with the aim of controlling water pollution, sedimentation, soil erosion, flood, and discharge extremes. A watershed can be defined as: an area biophysically delineated by water flow, drained by a current or system of currents towards one exit point or gathering area (Bruneau, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). A watershed represents a logical natural unit for the management or study of water resources, and, as water is intricately linked to land use and management, to land (Willett \u0026amp; Porter, 2001). According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rapid progress has been made in reducing water pollution from point discharges such as those from industrial plants and sewage treatment plants. However, problems of pollution from non-point sources such as agricultural land persist and have gained increased prominence as point sources have diminished. The EPA is promoting the watershed approach with the expectation that it will lead to further improvements in water quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWatershed management projects begin with the proposition that some natural resources are best managed on a watershed basis. During the last few decades, watershed management has gained recognition and importance in both environmental protection and the well-being of people living in watershed areas. For example, in its \u0026lsquo;Bhutan 2020\u0026rsquo; policy document, the Bhutan government named watershed management as the \u0026ldquo;single most important strategy to maintain the resource base to support the national economy. A drainage basin/watershed is a land area drained by a stream and its tributaries having a common outlet for surface runoff. Studying drainage basin is vital for the better understanding of the hydrological processes Hydrological processes like runoff, soil erosion, and sediment transports are highly influenced by morphometric characteristics of the drainage basin. Thus, morphometric analysis of a drainage basin is considered to be the most appropriate method for the proper planning and management of the watershed. (Tufa \u0026amp; Feyissa, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Morphometric analysis represents a relatively simple approach to describe the hydro-geological behavior, land- form processes, soil physical properties and erosion characteristics and, hence, provides a holistic insight into the hydrologic behavior of watersheds (Strahler \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe watershed\u0026rsquo;s morphometric parameters are reflective of its hydrological response to a considerable extent and can be helpful in synthesizing its hydrological behavior and water balance. A quantitative morphometric characterization and analysis of a watershed is considered to be the most satisfactory for proper watershed management planning and implementation of soil and water conservation measures. The characterization of geomorphic attribute enables us to understand the relationship among different aspects of the basin\u0026rsquo;s drainage pattern and also enables a comparative evaluation of different drainage basins developed in various geologic and climatic regimes (Gebre et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). In Ethiopia, watershed development planning has been started in 1980\u0026rsquo;s with large watersheds (MoARD, 2005). However, large efforts remained mostly unsatisfactory due to lack of effective community participation, limited sense of responsibility on assets created and unmanageable planning units (MoARD, 2005). Ethiopia is one of the main constraints for agricultural productivity, resulting from the interaction of natural and anthropogenic factors, including erratic rainfall, rugged topography and unsustainable land management practices, both in areas of food crops and in grazing lands sever with soil erosion by water constitutes the most widespread and damaging process of soil degradation (Yaebiyo, 2015)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn general, watershed degradation resulted in long-term reduction in the quantity and quality of water and land resources, which negatively impact on the livelihoods of the rural poor who rely on these resources for their subsistence and livelihoods. This spurred the Ethiopian government to launch an extensive soil and water conservation (SWC) program, which began in the early 1970s.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn response to the famine in the northern part of the country during the period 1973\u0026ndash;1974, for example, the World Food Programme (WFP) supported the Food for Work (FFW) project, which was launched in 1974 initially as an emergency relief initiative (Giordano \u0026amp; Langan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) Integrated watershed management (IWM) is becoming increasingly important concept in all over the world and attention is shifting to overall socio-economic welfare along with better water and soil conservation. Global population is continuing to grow rapidly. The ever-increasing pressure on the natural resources is further increased the intensity by the even faster economic growth, the country has witnessed in the past decades. Unprecedented economic activity in areas such as agriculture, industry, power, and communication, is affecting land-use patterns in many ways (Karpuzcu \u0026amp; Delipinar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Remote sensing data, along with increased resolution from satellite imagery, makes these technologies appear poised to make a large impact on land resource management initiatives involved in monitoring of land use and land cove (LULC) mapping and change detection. These tools are enabling researcher to determine varying spatial ranges in semiarid regions which are undergoing severe moisture stresses due to the combined effects of rainfall variability, climate change and growing population (Gebre et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) Significant advances in remote sensing technology have led to availability of higher quality digital elevation models (DEMs). For instance, availability of Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) DEMs free of charge via \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e has provided new potentials in watershed scale quantitative morphometric analysis (Fenta et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to A recent comparative study by Thomas et al. (2014) showed that topographic attributes extracted from the space-borne (SRTM and ASTER) DEMs are in agreement with those derived from topographic maps. Their study also revealed that despite the coarser resolution (i.e., 90 m), SRTM DEM shows relatively higher vertical accuracy and better spatial relationship of topographic attributes than the finer resolution (i.e., 30 m) ASTER DEM when compared with topographic maps. Surface hydrological indications are promising scientific tools for assessment and management of water resources. Drainage morphometric analyses are a prerequisite for selection of water recharge sites, watershed modeling, runoff modeling, watershed delineation, groundwater prospect mapping and geotechnical investigation. The drainage network analysis is generally performed using the prevailing geological variation, topographic information and structural set of a basin and their interrelationships. Digital elevation models (DEMs), such as from the DEM and other types of models were used to extract diverse geomorphological parameters of drainage basins, including drainage networks, catchment divides, slope gradient and aspect. Catchments are delineated automatically by using digital elevation model (DEM) and manually by using topographic map to delineate watershed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS AND MATERIALS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDescription of the study area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch Methodology\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo carry out this project, the computer which runs ArcGIS 10.3 and the data are provided in this work consist of a DEM (30m) of the extracted study watershed from the Ethiopian Elevation model (ET_DEM) and also need admin and existing document of topo sheet for manual analysis and physical identification or interpretation stream feature in the study watershed. This project would be guide through the initial hydrologic terrain analysis steps of Fill Pits (1), calculate Flow Direction (2), and calculate Flow Accumulation (3). Next an outlet point would be used to define a watershed as all points upstream of the selected study watershed area outlet. Focusing on this watershed streams would be defined using a flow accumulation threshold within this watershed. Hydrology functions were used to define separate links (stream segments) and the catchments that drain to them. The streams would be converted into a vector representation. The result is quite a comprehensive set of information about the hydrology of this watershed, all are derived from the DEM in Arc GIS Tool Box as below:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe Formula for Morphometric Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethod (formula) to drive Statistical value of hydrological parameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacter/parameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethod/Definition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrainage basin area (A), Km2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ethe surface area of the watershed from ArcGIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorton (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1932\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrainage basin parameter (P), Km\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of the boundary of the watershed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorton (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1932\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStream Order (U)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHierarchical Order (rank)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrahler (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasin Length (Lb), Km\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.312*Asq0.568, where A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Area of the drainage basin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorton (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1932\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStream Length (Lu), Km\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of the Stream (Km)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorton (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1945\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Stream Length (Lsm), Km\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLsm\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Lu/Nu where, Lu\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;total stream length of order \u0026lsquo;U\u0026rsquo;, Nu\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;stream length of the next higher stream order\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrahler (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStream length ratio (RI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Lu/(Lu-1) where, Lu\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Total number of stream segment of order \u0026lsquo;U\u0026rsquo;, Lu-1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Stream length of the next lower order\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorton (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1945\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBifurcation Ratio (Rb)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRb\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Nu/(Nu\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1), Where, Nu\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Total number of stream segments of order \u0026lsquo;U\u0026rsquo;, Nu\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Number of segments of the next higher order\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorton (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1945\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrainage density (Dd),\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKm/Km2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Lu/A, where Lu\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Total length of stream and A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Area of watershed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorton (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1932\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrainage texture (Dt), per Km\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDt\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Nu/P, Where, Nu\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Total number of stream of all orders and P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Basin perimeter measured in km\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorton (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1945\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTexture ratio (T), per Km\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;N1/P, Where N1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Total number of first order stream and p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;basin perimeter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorton (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1945\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStream frequency (Fs), per Km2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;N/A, Where, N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Total number of stream and A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Area of watershed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorton (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1945\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eForm Factor (Rf)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRf\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;A/ Lbsq2, Where, A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Area of the watershed and Lb\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Maximum basin length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorton (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1932\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of Over Land Flow (Lo),\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLo\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1/(2Dd), Where, Dd\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Drainage density(km)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorton (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1945\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCircularity Ratio (Rc)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRc = (4π A)/P2, Where, A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Area of the Watershed and P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;basin Perimeter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElongation Ratio (Re)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRe = (2/Lb) x (A/π )0.5, Where, A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Area of the Watershed, Lb\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Maximum Basin length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfiltration number (If)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIf\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Fs x Dd Where Dd\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Drainage density (km/km2) and Fs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Stream frequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFaniran (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant channel maintenance (C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ekm2/km, C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1/Dd, Where, Dd\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Drainage Density\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSchumm (1956)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompactness coefficient (Cc)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCc = (0.2821P)/A0.5, Where A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Area of the basin (km2) and P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Basin perimeter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGravelius (1941)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasin Relief(Bh)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBh\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;H \u0026ndash; h, where H and h are the elevations of highest and lowest point of the watershed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrahler (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1952\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelief Ratio (Rh)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelief Ratio (Rh) Rh\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Bh/Lb, Where, Bh\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Basin Relief, Lb\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Basin length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSchumm (1956)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative relief (Rr)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRhp\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;H x 100/P, Where H\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Maximum basin relief and P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;basin perimeter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMelton (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRuggedness number (Rn)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRn\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Bh x Dd, Where, Bh\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Basin Relief and Dd\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Drainage Density\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrahler (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1954\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDissection index (Dis)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDis\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Bh/Hmax, Where Bh\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Basin Relief and Hmax\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Maximum relief\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGravelius (1941)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eResult of hydrological parameter Derived from DEM\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn this section, the result of all hydrological element (fill, flow direction, flow accumulation, stream link, order and watershed) and surface such as slope, aspect, hill shade and contour line are presented as map and describe below and the project focused on the evaluation of morphometric parameters of 11 sub watershed of the study area. The values of 24 morphometric parameters of each sub-watershed were evaluated by using methods and equations described in the (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). I have made discussion on each parameter and comparison has been made between each sub watershed in this paper. In Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e the map which shows the extracted hydrological parameter fill dem, flow direction, flow accumulation, stream link and stream order respectively. sinks a man-made feature resulting from filling a low area, usually to form a level bed for a road or slope neighbor the direction in which water would flow out of each cell is\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLULC Map of the year 2002, 2008 Before(a) and after dam(b)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFill, Flow Direction and Accumulation Map.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlow direction: creates a raster of flow direction from each cell to its steepest down Calculate flow direction using the Flow Direction tool. A perfect flow direction should only contain eight values: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128, show in the legend of the map representing the eight adjacent cells into which water would flow. For example, for a cell with a Value of 16, the water is flowing to the left (i.e., west), Value 1 shows flow to right (east), value64 to north, value 4 to south, value 32 to north east, value 2 south west, value 8 to south eat and value 128 to north west direction. Flow Accumulation: according to figure white rose colors are cells with very high flow accumulation (areas of concentrated flow), whereas the black one shows the low or less accumulation and used to identify stream channels creates raster of accumulated flow in to each cell. Basically, the flow accumulation result counts or show the number of cells that are flowing into it: Cells with a high flow accumulation; areas of concentrated flow and identify stream channels. \u0026rarr; Cells with a flow accumulation of zero are local topographic highs and used to identify ridges.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe one element of hydrology is called stream network is extracted by delineated watershed area which is one of an ArcGIS data structures that facilitates the identification of upstream and downstream connectivity. Here we step through the process of creating a geometric network from the vector stream network representation obtained above, and then use it to determine some simple aggregate information the further description both in terms table and figure should discussed above and below with different parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eQuantitative result of linear parameter\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinear aspects are measurements of the linear feature of the watershed and used to evaluate morphometric characteristics of project area watersheds or sub-watersheds are; stream network, stream length, stream order (U), basin length (Lb), stream length (Lu), mean stream lengths (Lsm), stream length ratio and bifurcation ratio (Rb) are discussed below.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe order of the stream at which the tributaries create a link and flow together. Stream ordering is a foremost step in the morphometric analysis of drainage basin and there are various approaches to stream ordering. Strahler modified Horton method and its most widely used stream ordering system due to its simplicity (Strahler, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e). In this project Strahler\u0026rsquo;s system has been used and the highest order is 4 as described below. The number of streams (Nu) are the total number of stream segments of given order \u0026lsquo;U, in this project counted as, 228, 61, 17, and 4 represent the order from 1st to 4th respectively in study watershed. Stream ordering of a drainage network represents a measure of the extent of stream branching within a watershed. As such, designation of stream order is the first step in morphometric characterization of watersheds and, in the present study, the stream ordering was done based on hierarchical ranking method proposed by Strahler (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e). The first-order stream has no tributaries; the second order has only first order as tributaries, similarly third-order streams has first- and second order streams as its tributaries and so on. The order-wise stream numbers and stream length of study watershed are given in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStream length (Lu)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe cumulative length of streams of all orders and thus the total channel length in the drainage basin for a given order (Dubey, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Steam length is an important hydrological characteristic of the drainage basin and it shows surface runoff characteristics. Stream length shows the landform evaluation, geological structure, and occurrence of floods. High stream length indicates the occurrence of high-intensity floods and runoff. In this project, the total stream length of all stream orders was measured using ArcGIS tools and described in (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) the stream length (Lu) has been computed based on the law proposed by Horton (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1945\u003c/span\u003e) for all 11 sub watersheds. Generally, the total length stream segments are maximum in first order streams and decreases as the stream order increases. The total stream lengths of sub-basins/watershed of the project area of SW1-SW11 are 4.37km, 32.33km, 20.96km, 21.47km, 30.11km, 5.7km, 27.93km, 32.02km, 76km,, 29.44km, 33.97km respectively. The stream with fairly smaller length is a characteristic of the basin with steep slopes and better textures. Rivers having longer lengths are commonly suggestive of smoother slope.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStream length and Mean Stream Length of each sub watershed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStream Length (LU).km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean Stream Length (Lsm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1st\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2nd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3rd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4th\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1st\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2nd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3rd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4th\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.490\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.370\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.730\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.950\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e314.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLU\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;stream Length, Lsm\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Mean stream Length, SW sub watershed, Tot\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Total for Lsm and Lu, km\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;kilometer, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Show stream order of basin from first-fifth order respectively.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMean Stream Length\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccording to Strahler (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e), the mean stream length is a characteristics property related to the drainage network and is associated surface. The mean stream length (Lsm) has been calculated by dividing the total stream length of order \u0026lsquo;u\u0026rsquo; and number of stream length of order \u0026lsquo;u\u0026rsquo; it is noted from (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) that Lsm varies from 2.02 to 10.45 and Lsm of any given order is greater than that of the higher order, this might be due variations in slope and topography. The mean stream length of channel emphasizes the characteristic of drainage network and its contributing drainage basin surfaces. Mean Stream Length increases from first order to higher order where stream length decreases from first order to higher order total. The mean stream length of sub-basin/watersheds (SW1-SW11) are 2.50km, 7.92km, 4.72km, 8.59km, 8.16km, 2.20km, 4.21km, 9.37km,10.35km, 9.29km,4.80km respectively. Mean stream length for each order for all basins are described in above in (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStream length Ratio and Bifurcation Ratio of each sub watershed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eStream Length Ratio, RI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Lu/(Lu-1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eBifurcation Ratio (Rb), RB\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Nu/(Nu\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2nd/1st\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3rd/2nd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4th/3rd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1st/2nd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2nd/3rd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3rd/4th\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;stream Length ratio, Lsm\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Mean stream Length, SB sub-basin, RB, Bifurcation Ratio, Tot\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Total, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Show stream order of basin first-fifth order respectively.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStream Length Ratio\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStream length ratio (RL) may be defined as the ratio of the mean stream length of the one order to the next lower order of stream segment Horton\u0026rsquo;s law (1945) of stream length states that stream length of each of the successive orders of a basin tends to approximate a direct geometric series with streams length increasing towards higher of streams. In this Project except SW5 all the remaining sub- watersheds of the mean stream lengths of each of the successive orders of the basin tend to approximate a direct geometric sequence in which the first term (stream length) is the average of the first order. The stream length ratios (RL) of all sub-watershed are increasing with stream order and presented in (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) and While, SW5 is inhibited either of decreasing or increasing with stream order and presented in (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) which reflects the heterogeneity of geological materials. Changes in stream length ratio from one order to the other order indicate their late youth stage of geomorphic development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eBifurcation Ratio (Rb)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBifurcation ratio (Rb) is the ratio of the number of streams of a given order to the number of streams of the next higher order. This ratio can be expressed as Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The value of the bifurcation ratio reflects the relief and dissection of the drainage basin. The value of bifurcation ratio varies from 2 in flat or rolling drainage basin to 6 in mountain or hilly drainage basin where drainage network is highly distorted (Horton, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1945\u003c/span\u003e). The hydrological response of drainage basin to rainfall is highly correlated with bifurcation ratio. High value of bifurcation ratio denotes high surface runoff and early hydrographic peak with a high potential of susceptibility to flash flooding during intense rainfall storm (Farhan, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Surface runoff is highly correlated with soil erosion and thus, high surface runoff reflects the vulnerability of the basin to soil erosion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eQuantitative value and description of Areal parameter\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe areal aspects (Au) of a watershed of given order (U) is defined as the total area projected upon a horizontal plane contributing overland flow to the channel segment of the given order and includes all tributaries of lower order. Areal aspect of this project is; Area of watersheds, perimeter of sub watershed, drainage density (Dd), drainage texture (Dt), Textural ratio (T), stream frequency (Fs), form factor (Rf), circulatory ratio (Rc), elongation ratio (Re), length of overland flow (Lof), infiltration number (If), constant of channel maintenance (C) and compactness coefficient (Cc) are discussed below.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArea, perimeter, basin length and stream number of each sub-basin/watershed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of stream (NU)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArea (km2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasin Length (Lb).km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerimeter (p).km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1st\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2nd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3rd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4th\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.960\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e215.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eU\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;stream order, Nu\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;stream number, SB sub-basin, A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Area of basin, Lb\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Basin length, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;perimeter of each basin\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eActual Area of Sub Watershed\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasin area (A) is the most significant parameter in morphometric analysis (Horton \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1932\u003c/span\u003e). The volume of water that can be generated from the drainage sub basin/watershed and form stream flow is directly related to the drainage basin area. In the project 11 sub watershed SW1-SW11 cover an area of 2.07 sqkm, 14.38skm, 9.32sqkm, 10.44sqkm, 13.91sqkm, 2.960sqkm, 12.48sqkm, 13.36sqkm, 37.75sqkm, 13.56sqkm, 17.86sqkm respectively. This result show SW1 and SW6 has lower area indicate this area inhibited with less stream and low water volume, while SW9 is experience with high stream water volume. The remaining sub watershed area approximately equal area and similar topographic value.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eSub watershed perimeter (p) and length:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasin perimeter (P) is the length of the water divide of the drainage basin. Basin perimeter determines the shape of the drainage basin. The shorter the basin perimeter, the circular the drainage basin will be and the longer the perimeter, the narrower and more elongated drainage basin. In this project also the perimeters of sub watershed swi-sw11 are 8.34km, 19.62km, 15.59km, 23.13km, 20.79km, 10.82km, 16.22km, 24.59km, 33.41km, 23.32km, 20km respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasin length (Lb) is described as the longest dimension of the basin in the direction of the main streamline. Basin length is measured along the principal channel from the outlet to the water divide Horton (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1932\u003c/span\u003e). Many researchers applied formula to compute basin length. Basin length is an important parameter to compute other geometric (shape) parameters of the drainage basin. In the present study, Schumm\u0026rsquo;s equation was used to determine the basin length.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eDrainage Density (Dd)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrainage density refers total stream lengths per unit area (Horton,\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1945\u003c/span\u003e). According to Nag (1998) low drainage (coarse drainage texture) density generally results in area of highly resistant or permeable sub soil material, and low relief while high drainage (leads to fine drainage texture) density is the result of weak or impermeable sub surface material and mountainous relief. In this project the result shows all sub watershed has approximate value. Except sub watershed (sw) 6 and 11 the remaining sub watershed inhibited with high drainage density of with high relief or topographic variation, to this principle the area is not resistance/impermeable sub surface material and it need to rehabilitation and conservation of surrounding resource whereas contrast of other SW6 and SW11 are experienced with Low drainage density.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuantitative value of Aerial parameters for each sub watershed of study area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e. Statistical Result OF Areal Aspect In each Sub Watershed/Basin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS-W\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDt\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eff\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRc\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRe\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIf\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCc\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDd\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Drainage Density, Dt\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Drainage texture, Fs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;stream frequency, ff\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;form factor, Rc\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;circular ratio, Re\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;elongation ratio, Lo\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;length over lad, If\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;infiltration number, C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;constant channel, CC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;compactness coefficient\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eDrainage Texture (Dt)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccording to (Horton, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1945\u003c/span\u003e) drainage texture is the total number of stream segments of all orders per perimeter of that area. Drainage lines are numerous over impermeable areas than permeable areas. According to Smith, (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1950\u003c/span\u003e) drainage density classified in to five deferent texture, \u0026lt; 2 indicates very coarse, between 2 to 4 is coarse, 4 to 6 is moderate, 6 to 8 is fine, 8 is very fine. In this project as indicated in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, Except SW7 all the remaining watersheds has the drainage density of less than 2 has very coarse texture While sw7 ranges between 2 to 4 indicate the area experienced with coarse texture.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eForm Factor\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccording to Horton (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1932\u003c/span\u003e), form factor (ff) may be defined as the ratio of basin area to square of the basin length. With the reference to the Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e show that sub watersheds 9 and 11 have observed the form factor value less than others are comes under elongated in shape. These sub watersheds have registered with the lowest value and highly elongated. The elongated basin with low form factor indicates that the watershed will have flatter peak of flow for longer duration. Flood flows of such elongated basins are easier to manage of the circular basin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStream Frequency (Fs)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe stream frequency (Fs) is defined as the total number of stream segment of all order per unit area of drainage basin Horton (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1945\u003c/span\u003e). The stream frequency varies from basin to basin. The higher the value of stream frequency, the larger will be the number of stream availability. Water with higher stream frequency is characterized by high runoff. Fs of study watershed and its sub watersheds are 2.42, 2.43, 2.15, 2.01, 2.08, 2.03, 2.64, 2.02, 1.70, 2.29, 2.18 per km2 respectively presented in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eCirculatory Ratio (Rc) and Elongation Ratio (Re)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCirculatory ratio (Rc) is defined as the ratio of the area of drainage basin to the area of the circle having the same circumference as the perimeter of the drainage basin Horton (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1945\u003c/span\u003e). A high value of circulatory ratio reflects the existence of strong structural control on the drainage basin and low value reflects no structural disturbance in the watershed. On the other hand, circulatory ratio increasing with decreasing stream order. The circulatory ratio is unity when the shape of the drainage basin is a perfect circle. In this project the result indicated and the respective characteristics of each study sub watershed are presented in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. Elongation ratio (Re) refers to the ratio of the diameter of a circle having the same area as the drainage basin to maximum basin length. The value of elongation ratio ranges from 0.6 to1 and varies with climate and geologic types. A higher value of the elongation ratio reflects the drainage basin has lower relief and vice versa. Low elongation ratio is associated with high relief and steep ground surface slope.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eLength of Overland Flow (Lo)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of overland flow (Lo) refers to the length that water flows over the ground before it becomes concentrates into definite stream channels. Lo is half of the reciprocal of drainage density and higher value of the length of overland flow represents low relief whereas low value represents high relief (Farhan Y, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). A low value of the length of overland indicates steep surface slope and rainfall enters into the stream very quickly. The length of overland flow for sub watershed sw1- sw11 are: 0.24km, 0.22km, 0.22km, 0.24km, 0.23km, 0.26km, 0.22km, 0.21km, 0.25km,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23km, 0.26 km respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eConstant of Channel Maintenance (C)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstant channel maintenance (C) is a reciprocal of drainage density (Dd). It is a property of landforms that refers to the number of square kilometers of drainage basin surface required to develop and sustain a channel of 1km long in the basin (Schumm, S. A, 1956). It indicates the relative size of landform in the drainage basin which has a specific connotation. The constant channel maintenance of the sub-watershed is 0.47sqkm/km, 0.44sqkm/km, 0.44sqkm/km,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49sqkm/km,0.46sqkm/km, 0.52sqkm/km, 0.45sqkm/km, 0.42sqkm/km, 0.50sqkm/km, 0.46sqkm/km, 0.53sqkm/km for Sw1-sw11 respectively. The basin with higher C is characterized by low relief and vice versa.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eCompactness Coefficient (Cc)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompactness coefficient (Cc) is defined as the ratio of the perimeter of the catchment to the perimeter of the circular area with the same area of the drainage basin. Compactness coefficient is highly influenced by slope steepness. A high value of compactness coefficient (Cc\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1) reflects the drainage basin is deviated from circular nature and lower value of compactness coefficient reflects the drainage is elongated (Farhan, Y. and O, 2016). An elongated drainage basin is characterized by a slow concentration of discharge and circular drainage basin is characterized by a quick concentration of discharge. The compactness coefficients are 2.27, 0.77, 0.94, 1.25, 0.84,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.06, 0.73, 1.04, 0.50, 0.97, and 0.63 for sw1 to sw11 respectively present in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eRelief Aspect of hydrologic parameter\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelief aspects are an important factor in understanding the extent of denudation process undergone within the drainage basin and it is an indicator of the flow direction of the water. Relief aspects are; basin relief (H), relief ratio (Rh), relative relief (RR), ruggedness number (Rn), dissection index (Dis) and basin Slope.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4 Basin Relief (Bh)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWatershed relief (H) is defined as elevation difference between the remotest point and pour point in the drainage basin (Yangchan, 2015). In this project, the highest and lowest elevation represent in (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Accordingly, the study watersheds have the maximum elevation of 3045 in sw11 and the min of 1400 in sw5 from the total study area elevation. Ethiopian agro ecological system classify elevation into Berha (hot lowlands, \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;500 meters), Kolla (lowlands, 500\u0026ndash;1,500), Woina Dega (midlands, 1,500\u0026ndash;2,300), Dega (highlands, 2,300\u0026ndash;3,200), Wurch (highlands, 3,200\u0026ndash;3, 700,) Kur (highland, \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3,700). According to FAO agro ecological zone with the maximum and the minimum elevation of the study area inhibited with zone of Woina dega.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eRelief Ratio (Rh)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe relief ratio (Rh) is defined as the ratio of total relief of the drainage basin to the maximum length of the drainage basin (Schumm, 1956). Low relief ratio refers to a mild slope and high relief ratio refers to a steep slope region. Relief ratio is highly correlated with the sensitivity of soil to erosion and high relief ratio indicates that the basin is prone to soil erosion. In this also the respective variation and comparison value for relief ratio of sub basins/watershed are present (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValues of Relief morphometric parameters for each sub watershed/basin of project area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuantitative value OF relief Aspect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH-max\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh-min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1637\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1427\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19628\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e443.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1411\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e806\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1812.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2430\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1405\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15587\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2305.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2765\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1405\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e273.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11954\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2796.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2703\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1303\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e222.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2820.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1613\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1441\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14908\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e331.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1978\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1440\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1204.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2837\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1425\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1412\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e246.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11537\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3384.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1421\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1643\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3307.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1447\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11437\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2648.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1673\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1372\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e203.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2609.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26956\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15895\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1946.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145942\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23663\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSW\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sub watershed Basin\u003c/em\u003e Relief (Bh), Relief Ratio (Rr), Relative relief (R) Rhp, Ruggedness number (Rn), Dissection index (Dis) Dis\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;H/Hmax, Where H\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Basin Relief and Hmax\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Maximum relief Basin.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eRelative Relief (Rr)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative relief is the ratio of maximum relief to the perimeter of the drainage basin (Dubey, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The relative relief\u0026rsquo;s value present (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eDissection Index (Dis)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDissection index is the ratio of basin relief to the maximum (absolute relief) of the basin. Dissection index describes the degree of dissection or vertical erosion of land escape in a given physiographic region or drainage basin (Sukristiyanti, 2017). The value of dissection index ranges from 0 and 1. The lower value of dissection index indicates the flat and less vertical or slope landscape. The higher value of dissection index indicates vertical cliffs or hillslope (Pareta, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). In this project the dissection Index of sub watershed Sw1-Sw11 counted the value less than 1(Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWatershed average slope offers information about the watershed topography. Slope is the steepness or the degree of incline of a surface. The slope of a particular location is computed as the maximum rate of change of elevation between that location and its surroundings. Slope can be expressed either in degrees or as a percentage rise. According to the above Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e the slope is reclass in to 7 class as, Flat (0\u0026ndash;26), gentle (26\u0026ndash;53), moderately gentle (53\u0026ndash;80), very \u003cstrong\u003egentile\u003c/strong\u003e (80\u0026ndash;107), steep (107\u0026ndash;134), moderate steep (134\u0026ndash;161), and very steep (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;161).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBasin Slope (Sb) and Aspect Map.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe slope of the drainage basin has been generated by using study area elevation with tools of surface analysis as described in (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Basin slope an important parameter which enables the assessment of runoff and soil erosion from a given drainage basin (Panda,\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).Aspect is the orientation of slope, measured clockwise in degrees from 0 to 360, accordingly the above figure shows the direction or orientation of surface watershed and its respective bearing in each direction.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAspect of (combined sub basin) watershed of project area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDegree of bearing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuadrant/direction of bearing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-22.5\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNorth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.5\u0026ndash;67.5\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNorth east\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.5-112.5\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEast\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112.5-157.5\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouth east\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157.5-202.5\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202,5-247.5\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouth west\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e247.5-292.5\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e292.5-337.5\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNorth east\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e337.5\u0026ndash;360\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNorth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe aspect of the study watershed showed as in the above Fig. 14 and\u003c/em\u003e Table\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003erepresent the respective bearing of slope from o to 360\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eo\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eRelationship between different Morphometric Variable\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs explained by different researchers (Bruijnzeel, 2004; Andreassian, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Bao and Laituri, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), morphometric characteristics of catchments strongly influence the runoff behavior of catchments. In this project, the relationship between selected linear, Arial and relief asect of the cachint were discussed below in table 9, Figs. 12 and 13. Accordingly the result represents as correlation coefficient (r) and scatter plot diagram. The r assesses whether two continuous variables are linearly related and measures the extent to which two variables tend to change together. According to the different researcher cited in this section of the first line the result of correlation coefficient(r) was classified as:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe result of this project also interpreted based on the above principle and presented as below.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrelation matrix among selected morphometric parameters for the 11 sub-watersheds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIfC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.688\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.566\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.798\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.644\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.871\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.977\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e 1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDt\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.369\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.687\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.703\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.313\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.286\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.515\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.334\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eff\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.692\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.901\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.308\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRc\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.259\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.469\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.292\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRe\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.687\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.902\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.278\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.352\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.387\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIf\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.431\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.332\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.354\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.246\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.729\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.304\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.368\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.985\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.713\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e 1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCc\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.589\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.852\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.481\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.271\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.020.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRh\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.686\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.313\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.247\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.402\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.457\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.21-0.216\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.411\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRn\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.783\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e 0.752\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.758\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e 0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.406\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.558\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.808\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.33-0.173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.727\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.837\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.816\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e 0.783\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.781\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e 0.198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.474\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.088\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.840\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.29-0.163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.832\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.988\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe full names of parameters are given in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* Statistically significant correlations at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccording to Table\u0026nbsp;9 the correlation result, the value of r ranges between (-1) and (+\u0026thinsp;1) indicate the strength of association While the sign of r denotes the nature of association between variables. +ve sign means the relation is direct (an increase in one variable is associated with an increase in the other variable and a decrease in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other variable), While if the sign is -ve this means an inverse or indirect relationship\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Which means an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eAn accurate knowledge of hydrology and their relative environmental risks is important for effective and sustainable Natural resource management. In this work, the efforts were made to demonstrate the role of integrated remote sensing and GIS based Hydrological analysis to derive watershed characteristics for a case study of Mesno watershed and its sub-watersheds. In this project four order rivers drain in 11 sub-watersheds were conducted. The proportion of the number of streams in each order indicates that the sub-basins are characterized by mountainous, highly dissected, steep slope region with mostly homogeneous geological materials. Except sw1 all the others contain the bifurcation ratio value is \u0026gt;5, this indicates that project area inhibited geologically mountainous terrain, less infiltration and high flash flood. Most of study watersheds has the value of drainage density less than 2 indicates very coarse texture While sw7 ranges between 2 to 4 indicate the area experienced with coarse texture. In over all, the study area contains 11 sub-watersheds, 23 morphometric Parameters drive from three perspectives (Arial, linear, Relief aspect) and considerable spatial variability was observed as presented in the above discussion. This analysis helps to better understanding the management and planning activities in study area.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eDATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;pertinent data are presented in the paper or its Supplementary Information.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCONFLICT OF INTEREST\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;authors declare that\u0026nbsp;there\u0026nbsp;are no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFUNDING DECLARATION\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;ETHICS APPROVAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study did not require approval from an ethics committee.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWassie, S. B. (2020). 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India, II JSER, 6(2). \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Morphometric analysis, Watershed characteristics, Remote sensing, and Geographic information system","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4388928/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4388928/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study employed remote sensing data, geographic information systems, and statistical methods to analyze the morphometric features of the Antsokia watershed and its sub-watersheds. It assessed drainage network, watershed geometry, drainage texture, and relief characteristics. The Antsokia watershed is drained mainly by a sixth-order river with a dendritic pattern. The mean bifurcation ratio (Rb) was 3.9, indicating a typical branching pattern, while sub-watersheds showed higher Rb values (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5), suggesting steep terrain. The longest flow path is 42.5 km, marked by knickpoints due to lithological changes and major faults. The watershed's elongated shape indicates longer peak flows, aiding flood management. Drainage texture analysis revealed fine drainage, implying soft rock prone to erosion prevails. Most of the watershed comprises high relief and steep slopes (78%), including hills, breaks, and low mountains. The S-shaped hypsometric curve with a hypsometric integral of 0.4 suggests the watershed is in a mature stage of geomorphic evolution and equilibrium. Sub-watershed morphometric parameters varied spatially, categorized into low, moderate, and high clusters. Overall, this study enhances understanding of Antsokia watershed's characteristics, aiding in sustainable resource management and decision-making.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Geospatial Approach for Quantitative analysis and implications of drainage morphometry of the Antsokia watershed in the semi-arid northern Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-31 11:34:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4388928/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c24006b1-cbb4-4ae8-86af-0ce00c099b37","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 31st, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-05T12:45:05+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-31 11:34:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4388928","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4388928","identity":"rs-4388928","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}