An Experimental Investigation of Pressure and Magnetic Field Effects on Gram-Scale Flash Graphene Synthesis

An Experimental Investigation of Pressure and Magnetic Field Effects on Gram-Scale Flash Graphene Synthesis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article An Experimental Investigation of Pressure and Magnetic Field Effects on Gram-Scale Flash Graphene Synthesis Somayeh Kakasoltani, Hadi Zakeri Khatir, Mohammad Kazem Salem, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7625872/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Flash Joule heating (FJH) is a high-speed synthesis technique that enables gram-scale graphene production within seconds through pulsed arc-discharge plasma. In this context, pressure and magnetic field strength are critical parameters influencing plasma behavior and the resulting graphene structure. This study experimentally investigates how variations in these parameters affect the structural quality of synthesized graphene. Characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that under a static magnetic field, changes in pressure do not significantly alter key indicators such as \(\:\frac{{\text{I}}_{2\text{D}}}{{\text{I}}_{\text{G}}}\), \(\:\frac{{\text{I}}_{\text{D}}}{{\text{I}}_{\text{G}}}\), and interlayer d -spacing. However, applying a longitudinal magnetic field leads to a marked increase—up to 78%—in the variation range of full width at half maximum (FWHM) and crystallite size. Sensitivity analysis further highlights the dominant influence of the magnetic field on graphene synthesis. These findings offer practical guidance for fine-tuning process conditions to improve control over the quality and reproducibility of flash-synthesized graphene. Flash Joule heating Arc-discharge plasma Turbostratic graphene Pressure effect Longitudinal magnetic field Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7625872","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":531871467,"identity":"b05988e0-ef1d-4985-985c-cd56cda70e3a","order_by":0,"name":"Somayeh Kakasoltani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"SR.C, Islamic Azad University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Somayeh","middleName":"","lastName":"Kakasoltani","suffix":""},{"id":531871468,"identity":"9061b228-beee-4a42-a90b-57945e7df32a","order_by":1,"name":"Hadi Zakeri 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Synthesis","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Flash Joule heating, Arc-discharge plasma, Turbostratic graphene, Pressure effect, Longitudinal magnetic field","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7625872/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7625872/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eFlash Joule heating (FJH) is a high-speed synthesis technique that enables gram-scale graphene production within seconds through pulsed arc-discharge plasma. In this context, pressure and magnetic field strength are critical parameters influencing plasma behavior and the resulting graphene structure. This study experimentally investigates how variations in these parameters affect the structural quality of synthesized graphene. Characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that under a static magnetic field, changes in pressure do not significantly alter key indicators such as \\(\\:\\frac{{\\text{I}}_{2\\text{D}}}{{\\text{I}}_{\\text{G}}}\\), \\(\\:\\frac{{\\text{I}}_{\\text{D}}}{{\\text{I}}_{\\text{G}}}\\), and interlayer \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e-spacing.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, applying a longitudinal magnetic field leads to a marked increase—up to 78%—in the variation range of full width at half maximum (FWHM) and crystallite size. Sensitivity analysis further highlights the dominant influence of the magnetic field on graphene synthesis. These findings offer practical guidance for fine-tuning process conditions to improve control over the quality and reproducibility of flash-synthesized graphene.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"An Experimental Investigation of Pressure and Magnetic Field Effects on Gram-Scale Flash Graphene Synthesis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-22 23:08:07","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7625872/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b740e1b1-7342-4c6e-865e-815af8570080","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 22nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-15T10:24:36+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-22 23:08:07","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7625872","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7625872","identity":"rs-7625872","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}