Effects of Different Post-Activation Potentiation Strategies on Forehand Stroke Performance in Elite Squash Players: A Muscle Synergy and Time- Frequency Coherence Analysis

Effects of Different Post-Activation Potentiation Strategies on Forehand Stroke Performance in Elite Squash Players: A Muscle Synergy and Time- Frequency Coherence Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effects of Different Post-Activation Potentiation Strategies on Forehand Stroke Performance in Elite Squash Players: A Muscle Synergy and Time- Frequency Coherence Analysis Weijie Zhou, Xinyu Lin, Haojie Li, Jian Jiang, Xie Wu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7570255/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 22 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Squash is a high-intensity sport requiring rapid directional changes and explosive strokes, placing high demands on neuromuscular coordination. The forehand stroke is a key offensive action, yet its neuromuscular control mechanisms remain underexplored. Post-activation potentiation (PAP) has been shown to acutely enhance explosive performance, but its role in optimizing complex skills such as the squash forehand stroke is still unclear. Methods This study investigated the effects of three intervention modalities—deep squat training, elastic band training, and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)—on the neuromuscular control patterns during squash forehand strokes. Fourteen muscles of the lower limbs, trunk, and upper limbs were recorded using surface electromyography (EMG). Muscle synergies were extracted using non-negative matrix factorization, while intermuscular coherence was calculated with short-time Fourier transform. The number of synergies, synergy weights, activation duration, and coherence area across α, β, and γ frequency bands were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA or Friedman tests. Results No significant differences were found in the number of synergies (VAF > 0.9) or in activation duration across conditions (p > 0.05). However, significant differences in synergy weights were observed among groups. Squat training increased pectoralis major activation compared to band training (p = 0.040), while NMES selectively enhanced activation in deltoid, gluteus maximus, and gastrocnemius medialis. Coherence analysis showed that NMES significantly increased α- and β-band coherence in several muscle pairs, whereas squat and band training enhanced γ-band coherence between trunk–lower limb muscles. Conclusions These findings suggest that while the overall modular structure of squash forehand strokes remains stable, different interventions induce distinct neuromuscular adaptations. NMES enhances central–peripheral coupling through selective muscle activation, whereas squat and band training primarily improve kinetic chain coordination and dynamic stability. This study provides novel insights into the neural control mechanisms of squash strokes and practical guidance for training strategies. muscle synergy intermuscular coherence squash Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 22 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 27 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 19 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 17 Sep, 2025 Editor invited by journal 12 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 11 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 11 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 09 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7570255","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":518657467,"identity":"39bc5194-62e7-4335-8307-1e7a64de8c5c","order_by":0,"name":"Weijie Zhou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai University of Sport","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Weijie","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""},{"id":518657468,"identity":"04569d85-ecb8-4383-b3b0-08b6b10774ce","order_by":1,"name":"Xinyu Lin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai University of 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Analysis","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation](http://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ssmr/default.aspx","title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"muscle synergy, intermuscular coherence, squash","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7570255/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7570255/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSquash is a high-intensity sport requiring rapid directional changes and explosive strokes, placing high demands on neuromuscular coordination. The forehand stroke is a key offensive action, yet its neuromuscular control mechanisms remain underexplored. Post-activation potentiation (PAP) has been shown to acutely enhance explosive performance, but its role in optimizing complex skills such as the squash forehand stroke is still unclear.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the effects of three intervention modalities\u0026mdash;deep squat training, elastic band training, and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)\u0026mdash;on the neuromuscular control patterns during squash forehand strokes. Fourteen muscles of the lower limbs, trunk, and upper limbs were recorded using surface electromyography (EMG). Muscle synergies were extracted using non-negative matrix factorization, while intermuscular coherence was calculated with short-time Fourier transform. The number of synergies, synergy weights, activation duration, and coherence area across α, β, and γ frequency bands were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA or Friedman tests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo significant differences were found in the number of synergies (VAF\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9) or in activation duration across conditions (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). However, significant differences in synergy weights were observed among groups. Squat training increased pectoralis major activation compared to band training (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.040), while NMES selectively enhanced activation in deltoid, gluteus maximus, and gastrocnemius medialis. Coherence analysis showed that NMES significantly increased α- and β-band coherence in several muscle pairs, whereas squat and band training enhanced γ-band coherence between trunk\u0026ndash;lower limb muscles.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese findings suggest that while the overall modular structure of squash forehand strokes remains stable, different interventions induce distinct neuromuscular adaptations. NMES enhances central\u0026ndash;peripheral coupling through selective muscle activation, whereas squat and band training primarily improve kinetic chain coordination and dynamic stability. This study provides novel insights into the neural control mechanisms of squash strokes and practical guidance for training strategies.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects of Different Post-Activation Potentiation Strategies on Forehand Stroke Performance in Elite Squash Players: A Muscle Synergy and Time- Frequency Coherence Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-25 10:09:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7570255/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-27T08:29:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-19T16:50:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-17T05:43:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"327152054929956648712049818767737717979","date":"2025-09-22T10:36:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"73358039940709126015159643811261936447","date":"2025-09-19T10:12:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"334806195770286656303554598637221624191","date":"2025-09-17T05:30:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-17T05:05:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-12T14:54:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-11T08:13:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-11T08:13:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","date":"2025-09-09T06:40:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation](http://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ssmr/default.aspx","title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2b9cbecd-e60c-4869-9aec-f0e66811b7ed","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-26T16:07:50+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7570255","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01487-7","journal":{"identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-22 15:57:52","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 22nd, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-25 10:09:05","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s13102-025-01487-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01487-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7570255","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7570255","identity":"rs-7570255","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}