Mechanism research on the application of liquid film microencapsulation technology based on natural lotion in strengthening recycled bio-composite wallpaper material

Mechanism research on the application of liquid film microencapsulation technology based on natural lotion in strengthening recycled bio-composite wallpaper material | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Mechanism research on the application of liquid film microencapsulation technology based on natural lotion in strengthening recycled bio-composite wallpaper material Dingtian Xiao, Xiangan Wang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3084542/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Low carbon technology is currently one of the main research directions in sustainable research. The purpose of this research is to explore environmentally friendly low-carbon technologies to apply natural lotion and wastes to the development of bio-composite. This research can not only inhibit the release of toxic atmosphere from composite wallpaper materials but also propose new perspective for recycling several bulk wastes such as agricultural waste, waste plastics and waste cooking oil. This study not only conducted an exploratory research on the degree of filling load from a vertical perspective but also conducted comparative experiments to clarify the strengthening effect of natural lotion in a horizontal perspective. Several valuable findings are obtained through the analysis of several measurements such as mechanical performance and SEM morphology. The heat transfer effect between components inside the bio-composite is enhanced by the action of natural lotion. A better heat transfer effect can prevent heat from accumulating in local areas of bio-composite, resulting in an increase in the overall initial pyrolysis temperature of TGA curve. It is found through experiments that when the biomass filler is excessive, the mechanical performance of the sample sharply decreased. These negative phenomena are presented in the specific form of voids and aggregates in the internal structure of bio-composite from a microscopic perspective. Comprehensive analysis manifested that natural lotion can suppress the negative effect of filler agglomeration and strengthen the filler/matrix interface bonding. The research also found that the type of biomass filler can affect the actual effect of natural lotion. These findings have certain academic significance and can promote the further development of sustainable research on diversified recycle of wastes. sustainable research natural lotion bio-composite filler/matrix interface recycle Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 1. Introduction At the 75th general dispute of the United Nations General Assembly, numerous countries are committed to achieve carbon peak by 2030 and carbon emissions to be neutral by 2060, which put forward new requirements for carbon reduction and storage of biomass wastes. Therefore, exploring the current situation of straw utilization and GHG emissions is of great significance for future straw policy formulation in the context of carbon neutrality goals. The comprehensive utilization of straw plays an important role in reducing GHG emissions, but the utilization efficiency of straw needs to be improved (Xu et al. 2022 ). Recycle waste by materialization is a new feasible sustainable application technology. Composites made from these natural fibers have remarkable properties such as low density, low cost, easy availability, biodegradability and easy processing(Vinod et al. 2020 ).The compounding technology in materialization is very suitable for the recycle of biomass waste and plastic solid waste without secondary pollution. However, the release of toxic substances by additives used in traditional compounding technology restricts the extension of the sustainable direction of compounding technology. Conventional composite wallpaper has a fatal flaw, as composite materials can release toxic gases and substances that can harm the human health. Haiou’s research(Zhu Haiou et al. 2014) found that 1-Butanol and propylene glycol released by the adhesive composition of paper based composites materials would cause serious pollution to indoor air. Hsu’s research(Hsu N Y et al. 2017 ) found that the compatibilizer in PVC composite wallpaper materials would release organic volatile matter Phthalic acid (DEHP). The amount of DEHP released from damp materials increases by 35.31%, which can transform the indoor air into a highly toxic atmosphere. Jungyun’s research(Jungyun L et al. 2014 ) found that the plasticizer or metal stabilizer used in the preparation of composite wallpaper would produce toxic volatile organic compound such as toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene. In this research, the natural lotion is used to replace the traditional phenolic resin or anhydride compatibilizer, which greatly reduced the content of harmful substances in the bio-composite. The lotion is divided into solid phase and liquid phase. The solid phase is the gum arabic which is a pure natural additive commonly used in the food industry. The liquid phase is the residual liquid of fine filtration, its parent material is the waste edible oil. Sustainable research related to waste recycling needs to consider practical factors, whether the amount of waste is huge is related to the practical application potential of recycling technology in research. In this study, literature research is carried out as follows. It is found that the representative straw and WCO are large in number and suitable for developing market-oriented application recycle technologies. China is a large agricultural country with a total annual straw output of about 1 billion tons. Rice, wheat, and corn are the three main crop straw sources in China, accounting for about 83.51%(Zhang et al. 2014 ). Improper use and disposal of crop straws such as direct incineration can lead to negative environmental impacts (Chen et al. 2021 ). Discarding some straw directly in the field is also a serious waste of resources (Li et al. 2018 ). Straw is commonly recycled as biomass fuel to produce electricity(Romasanta et al. 2017 ), but the combustion process of straw releases a large amount of greenhouse gases and harmful substances such as CO 2 , CO, PM 2.5, SO 2 , NOx, and VOCs (Soam et al. 2017 ). The purpose of resrarch is to use straw as a filler to develop materials that can completely recycle straw while generating minor environmental pollution impacts. The use of agricultural waste, forest residues, wood, and other lignocellulosic materials as reinforcement materials to prepare composite materials is becoming increasingly popular, as these composite materials contribute to achieving a more environmentally friendly and cleaner environment(Bourmaud et al. 2020 ). Waste cooking oil(WCO) is a huge amount of waste which causes major disposal concerns in virtually every corner of the globe, the secondary problems derived from it affect the daily lives of millions of people(Iglesias et al. 2012 ). Previous literature has shown that the content of trans-fats in WCO increases due to the frying process, the frying process also causes rancid components, free radicals and other potentially detrimental substances appeared in the WCO (Bhardwaj et al. 2016 ). WCO is toxic to human health (Kamilah et al. 2015 ), unlawful recycling of WCO has received sanctions and penalties from the government, the government has also planned many incentive strategies to encourage the development of environmentally friendly technologies to recycle WCO(Zhang et al. 2014 ). Drainage of WCO into the sewage system can cause overall pollution of the water body composed of rivers, sewers, and groundwater (Azme et al. 2023 ). This kind of pollution can cause targeted and serious harm to aquatic organisms (Chirani et al. 2021 ). A large amount of WCO discarded in landfills can also cause environmental pollution (Joshi et al. 2023 ). Due to the high content of free fatty acids in WCO, many scholars believe that WCO is the most promising feedstock for bio-oil (Balasubramaniam et al. 2012 ). Biodiesel is currently the most widely used WCO recycle technology, technical bottlenecks have emerged after years of development. It is difficult to find catalysts with good catalytic activity and reasonable cost (Asaad et al. 2023 ). This paper innovatively proposes the recycling of WCO as an oily additive for the development of biomass composites. This research harmlessly treats part of WCO, which is conducive to promoting the high-value utilization of WCO. Mahalingam’s research(Mahalingam and Babu 2022 ) found that orange peel biochar particles agglomerate around the fiber/matrix interface to form a large number of agglomerates which greatly weaken the interfacial interaction between the filler fiber and the epoxy resin matrix. The final macroscopic performance is the decrease of the overall mechanical properties of the material due to the large number of stress concentration areas and the service life of the material is greatly shortened. Alshahrani’s experiment(Alshahrani and Prakash 2022 ) reveals that when there are many fillers in the composite, agglomeration limits the dispersion effect of the filler and makes the structure of the composite inhomogenous. The voids caused by agglomeration also deteriorate the interaction between epoxy resin matrix and biomass fillers. Previous studies have shown that a technical bottleneck in the preparation of biomass composites is that the agglomeration of fillers causes poor adhesion between fillers and matrix. Poor adhesion eventually leads to the failure of filler/matrix interface. In this paper, an natural lotion is used to promote the uniform distribution of fillers. The mechanism found in this study can be used to strengthen the filler/matrix interfacial interaction. 2. Material and methods 2.1 Experimental materials As shown in Table 1 , the elaboration of specific raw materials and explanation of abbreviations. Recycled low density polyethylene granules(spherical particle, r: 0.5-0.7mm; melting point:150℃; MFI:2.5g/10min, density:1.208g/cm 3 )(RLDPE) are provided by Kangtai Recycled Plastic Products Co., Ltd. Recycled plastic waste mainly includes polyethylene takeout lunch boxes, plastic bags, and plastic decorative boxes. Straw powders and green waste powder are provided by Jinhe Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd. The main raw materials for straw are the leaves and stems of wheat straw. The main wheat brand marks are Jimai 22. The period for harvesting straw is September to October in autumn. Polyethylene wax(AC316A type; white powder; 150℃ Brookfiele 8500cps; Droplet point:140℃; Density:0.98g/cm 3 ) are provided by Dingxin Plastic Raw Materials Co., Ltd. Purified liquid oil are provided by Lidian Co. Ltd. This oil is the residual oil obtained from the fine filtration process in step 4 of the gutter oil purification system. The Crystals of gum acacia is purchased from the Taian Dingli Rubber industry Co., Ltd. The Crystals of gum acacia can be prepared into powers of gum acacia through a special freeze grinding process. Purified liquid oil and gum acacia are mixed at a ratio of 5:1 and the mixture is placed in the ultrasonic device to promote the dispersion of particle. Table 1 elaboration of specific raw materials and explanation of abbreviations Label Classification/function Composition Abbreviation A Recycled plastic/matrix Recycled low density polyethylene RLDEP B 1 Biomass filler#1 Straw powder SP B 2 Biomass filler#2 Green waste powder GWP C Lubricant Polyethylene wax PW D Natural lotion(compatibilizer) Secondary fine filtration oil&gum acacia NL 2.2 Measurement of mechanical properties of materials The XDL-10kN type universal testing machine equipped with an extensometer(Xinghong, Jiangsu, China) is used to measure the mechanical properties of the samples. The range of high-precision American force transmission sensor is 0 ~ 10kN. The accuracy of force measurement is within ± 0.5%. The test operating procedures refers to ISO 527-1: 2019 and ISO 527-3: 2018. The sample is processed into a 200mm*10mm rectangular standard strip by the fully automatic cutting machine. A vernier caliper (accuracy:0.02 mm) is used to measure strip’s width and a micrometer(accuracy:0.001 mm) is used to measure strip’s thickness. Four measurement points, 40 mm apart, are taken on each strip to estimate the average thickness of each strip. The cross-sectional area can be calculated from the average thickness and width. Based on the standard ISO 527-1: 2019, the Young’s modulus calculation program for composite materials is introduced into the device’s microcomputer through the control panel. Eight strips are cut from each composite for testing its mechanical properties. The distance between the two hydraulic clamps of the testing machine is 100mm. The distance between the two clamps of the external extensometer is 50mm. The tensile speed of the sample strip is 50mm/min and the accuracy of the speed is 0.5%. 2.3 SEM morphological characterization & micromorphology characterization The sample is processed into a 5mm*5mm square small piece by the automatic cutting machine. After cleaning the surface of the small piece with a medical cotton swab containing medical EtOH(75%), wipe the surface of the small piece with professional SMT wipers. Adhere small pieces of sample to a round table type sample table. Micromorphology characterization is carried out by AxioVision_SE641_SP2 3D microscope (ZEISS, United States). The sample is processed into a 5mm*5mm square small piece by the automatic cutting machine. The small piece is bonded to the circular observation platform (r:30mm) with conductive glue. The small piece is bonded to the circular observation platform (r:30mm) with conductive glue. Place the platform in the microscope and set it to auto-focus and auto-brightness mode. Observed images are enhanced with Z-axis series shooting technology and Nyquist graphics optimization algorithm. The sample for SEM characterization is processed into a 10mm*5mm rectangular small strip by the automatic cutting machine. One end of the strip is processed by liquid nitrogen treatment to obtain a frozen fracture section (length: 5mm) and the other end is shortened by appropriate cutting. The treated splines are adhered to the T-shaped stage using conductive glue. Strip cleaned with cotton swabs and wipes are dealt with the high vacuum gold jetting. SEM morphological characterization is finished by Tungsten gun emission scanning electron microscope (FEI, Czech Republic). 2.4 TGA analysis The thermogravimetric analysis is carried out using a thermal analyzer type STA449C (Netzsch, Germany) based on the ISO 11358-1-2022 standard. Thermogravimetric analysis has an enthalpy accuracy of 3% and a temperature accuracy of less than 1K. A specimen weighing 5 mg is placed in an Al 2 O 3 crucible and heated from room temperature (16 ℃) to 1000 ℃ at 10 K per minute. The heating atmosphere is nitrogen and rate of flow of nitrogen-purge stream is 20 ml/min. 2.5 Thermal conductivity measurement The thermal conductivity of the material is measured by DRL-III material thermal conductivity tester. The thermophysical property tester adopts advanced transient heat flow method and longitudinal heat flow technology, which is convenient, fast, and accurate. It can be used to measure the thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and thermal melting point of materials. The applicable thermal conductivity range is between 0.015-50W/MK. Suitable samples include various types of anisotropic materials such as solids, powders, coatings and thin films. The device uses thermal structure function analysis to make the results more accurate, consistent with the MIL-I-49456A test architecture. 2.6 Preparation of materials Figure 1 shows the principle of the preparation of bio-composite. Cutting straw crops in the field can collect straw fibers which can be prepared into powder-like biomass fillers through the grinding processes. Recycled plastic particles, biomass fillers and natural lotion are added into preparation device. The preparation device prepares raw materials into bio-composite granulars and bio-composite sheets. The natural lotion is divided into solid phase and liquid phase. The solid phase is gum arabic powders and the liquid phase is the residual oil. The ratio of solid phase to liquid phase is 1:5. After the liquid phase is preheated to 30°C in the magnetic stirrer(Yuhua, DF-101, China), the stirring speed of the mixture is adjusted to 8rpm. The powder is slowly added to the stirred mixture with a spoon and stirred evenly for 5 min. The lotion is treated with an ultrasonic generator(Shumei, KQ-200VDE, China) for 5 min before utilization to promote the dispersion of the particles. The illustration diagram of experiment on preparation of bio-composite is shown in the Fig. 2 . The total formula table of composite materials is shown in Table 2 and Table 3 . Firstly, the particle size analyzer is used to analyze the particle size characteristic of powder A and powder B. Filler A, filler B, RLDPE matrix and NL are added to the high-speed mixer after premixing process. After stepwise mixing, four kinds of homogeneous mixtures are obtained. These mixtures are added to the twin-screw extruder. Four types of composite granules can be prepared by the compounding process. These composite granules are added to cast film system to prepare sheet materials. There are four types of sheet materials corresponding to several granular materials. The obtained sheet materials are systematically characterized, including mechanical property characterization, basic property characterization and microstructure analysis. The joint sample preparation experiment is completed in the advanced processing workshop of Chunhui Plastic Processing Company. The preparation equipment is shown in Fig. 3 . The compounding process is finished by the HTGD-20 twin-screw extrusion granulation system equipped with a PLC touch screen control panel (Hartek technology, Dongwan, China). This device has a split open barrel and block screw structure which is convenient. This device is equipped with a touch screen and a Siemens PLC centralized control system, which is highly intelligent and easy to operate. The twin screw system is a modular spiral combination, which is composed of a feed section, a compounding section, a metering section and a mixing die. The cavity of the device has 6 heating zones wherein the sixth heating zone is the heating zone of the die head. An automatic temperature control system and several 1/4HP wing air-cooling devices are installed outside the cavity. Its overall hardness is HRC58-62. The diameter of screw diameter is 21.7mm and its L/D is 1:40. The cutting and collection process of composite is completed by the granulation system which is composed of high-temperature resistant grid conveyor belt, intelligent motors, wear-resistant rollers, high-tech manipulators, intelligent pelletizer, several 3HP multi-directional air-cooling devices and automatic control system. Table 2 Total formula table of the type A composites Code Composition Mass of composite (505g) Composite without oil B 1 (%) A:B 1 A B 1 C D A1 AB1CD(98/2/1/0) 2.0% 49:1 490 10 5 0 A2 AB1CD(96/4/1/0) 4.0% 24:1 480 20 5 0 A3 AB1CD(94/6/1/0) 6.0% 15.7:1 470 30 5 0 A4 AB1CD(92/8/1/0) 8.0% 11.5:1 460 40 5 0 A5 AB1CD(90/10/1/0) 10.0% 9:1 450 50 5 0 A6 AB1CD(88/12/1/0) 12.0% 7.3:1 440 60 5 0 Code Composite with additional oil D(%) B 1 :D Mass of composite (505g + mD) A7 AB 1 CD(92/8/1/0) 1.0% 8:1 460 40 5 5 A8 AB 1 CD(92/8/1/0) 1.9% 4:1 460 40 5 10 A9 AB 1 CD(92/8/1/0) 3.8% 2:1 460 40 5 20 A10 AB 1 CD(92/8/1/0) 4.7% 1.6:1 460 40 5 25 A11 AB 1 CD(92/8/1/0) 5.6% 1.3:1 460 40 5 30 Table 3 Total formula table of the type B composites Code Composition Mass of composite (505g) Composite without oil B 2 (%) A:B 2 A B 2 C D B1 AB 2 CD(98/2/1/0) 2.0% 49:1 490 10 5 0 B2 AB 2 CD(96/4/1/0) 4.0% 24:1 480 20 5 0 B3 AB 2 CD(94/6/1/0) 6.0% 15.7:1 470 30 5 0 B4 AB 2 CD(92/8/1/0) 8.0% 11.5:1 460 40 5 0 B5 AB 2 CD(90/10/1/0) 10.0% 9:1 450 50 5 0 B6 AB 2 CD(88/12/1/0) 12.0% 7.3:1 440 60 5 0 Code Composite with additional oil D(%) B 2 :D Mass of composite (505g + mD) B7 AB 2 CD(92/8/1/0) 1.0% 8:1 460 40 5 5 B8 AB 2 CD(92/8/1/0) 1.9% 4:1 460 40 5 10 B9 AB 2 CD(92/8/1/0) 3.8% 2:1 460 40 5 20 B10 AB 2 CD(92/8/1/0) 4.7% 1.6:1 460 40 5 25 B11 AB 2 CD(92/8/1/0) 5.6% 1.3:1 460 40 5 30 The casting film process is finished by the HTCS-20 cast film system (Hartek technology, Dongwan, China). The device is controlled by a Siemens PLC and is equipped with a touch screen man-machine interface. The gap between the casting roller and the casting die can be adjusted through the lifting mechanism. The two parts combine to form cast film system. One part is a single screw extruder(screw diameter: 20mm; L/D:1:28; texture: W6Mo5Cr4V2 alloy; 6 heating zones). The other part is a cast roll and winding system. The composite granulars from the compounding process are fed into single-screw extruder through a metal hopper. The cast roll and winding system are composed of die, cold roll, rubber nip roll, take-up roll, guide roll, collection roll and hydraulic automatic control system. 2.7 The noval stepwise mixing procedure The weight of various ingredients is tested using a MeilenMTSD electronic balances (Meilen, Shanghai, China). As shown in Table 4 , stepwise mixing procedure is used to prepare a mixture supplied to the compounding process. In step 1, a stainless steel basin and a stainless steel spoon are used to mix cylindrical RLDEP particles(r:1.2-1.8mm, h:3.3-3.9mm) and biomass fillers. In step 2, the premixed ingredients are placed in the YLT-50L small experimental high-efficiency mixer (Yilang, Guangdong, China). The mixing process at higher temperatures can remove some water vapor from the ingredients. In step 3, the AutoRep electronic repeater pipettes(METTLER, America) are used to add purified liquid oil to the ingredients in the mixing process. In step 4, PW is added to the mixture. Reducing the mixing temperature can avoid local melting of PW due to excessive temperature caused by friction. The hot mixture is directly supplied to the compounding process after being taken out of the mixer. Table 4 Illustration of stepwise mixing procedure Step Substance Equipment Temperature and time 1 A, B1/B2 Pots and spoons 30°C &3min 2 A, B1/B2 High mixing machine 105°C&5min&4rpm 3 A, B1/B2, D High mixing machine 80°C&3min&3rpm 4 A, B1/B2, C, D High mixing machine 60°C&2min&3rpm 2.8 The twin-screw extrusion granulation process The working parameters of the twin screw extruder are set according to the following Table 5 . The mixture prepared by the stepwise mixing procedure is added to a twin screw extruder. The working temperature of the working area from the inlet to the die head gradually rises from 60 ° C to 185 ° C. A lower inlet temperature can prevent channel blockage due to the premature melting of solid lubricant. The linear rising temperature curve promote gradual melting and homogeneous mixing of ingredients. The inner cavity of the twin-screw extruder is a high-temperature and high-pressure environment. The screw exerts a shear force on the ingredients. The wire extruded from the die slides forward under the joint action of the manipulator and the conveyor belt. The solidified wire is processed into composite granular under the joint action of the gear hob and the manipulator of pelletizer. Empirical parameters can be obtained by summarizing a large number of experimental results. The parameters of compounding process in the following table are selected from the empirical parameters for RPLDPE. Table 5 The parameters of the twin-screw extruder required for the second compounding process Zone code 6 5 4 3 2 1 Velocity V 1 V 2 V 3 V 4 P 1 (bar) Temperature 185 160 135 110 85 60 Value(r/min) 20 40 25 40 12–23 (°C ± 5) V 1 —velocity of feed screw; V 2 —velocity of twin screw; V 3 —velocity of conveyor belt V 4 —velocity of pelletizer; P 1 —internal pressure of the twin-screw extruder 2.9 The casting film process The casting film process is executed to prepare granular materials into sheet like materials. A single screw extruder converts the pellets into a liquid compound and injects it into the T-shaped die through a gradual warming process. After the melted composite overflows from the lip of the T-shaped die, it becomes a strip-shaped composite under the joint action of the rubber nip roll and the cold roller. The thickness of composite can be controlled within 0.5-0.6mm by adjusting the rubber nip roll which is connected to the hydraulic automatic control system. The parameters of the casting film system required for the casting film process are shown in Table 6 . Table 6 The parameters of the casting film system required for the casting film process The parameters of the casting film system Zone code 6 5 4 3 2 1 V 1 (rpm) P 2 (bar) Temperature 185 165 145 125 105 85 63 21–27 bar The casting chill roll and winding system Zone code Temperature distribution of T-type die V 2 V 3 V 4 1, 2, 3 185 185 185 178 95 88 4, 5, 6 185 155 185 Pressing height of rubber nip roll 0.6mm V 1 —velocity of the single screw; P2—internal pressure of the single screw extruder V 2 —velocity of cold roll; V 3 —velocity of take-up roll; V 4 —velocity of collection roll 3. Results and Discussions 3.1 Simulation and mechanism analysis of the formation process of composite Figure 4 demonstrates the function mechanism of the natural lotion which has unique advantages. Traditional addition method can easily lead to the appearance of agglomerates of gum acacia. Friction electrification and electrostatic attraction can cause the powder to easily aggregate and form blocks. This effect can greatly weaken the effect of gum acacia as a compatibilizer. Insufficient contact between gum acacia and plastic particles makes it difficult to effectively enhance the bonding between the filler and the substrate. Figure 5 demonstrates the promoting dispersion effect of natural lotion. Compounding process is a necessary technology to combine biomass filler and recycled plastic matrix into a composite. The compounding process and matched thermoforming process are used to prepare bio-composite products with low cost and high efficiency. The actual production process of biocomposite products is more sophisticated than academic theoretical research. Each link of the preparation process has a huge impact on the actual performance of the subsequent products. The actual mixing effect of biomass fillers and recycled plastic matrix is one of the most important links. In the mixing process of ingredients, biomass filler is prone to slagging and caking due to electrostatic attraction and centrifugal effect. These slags and cakes can cause additional agglomeration and voids in the internal structure of biocomposite to weaken the performance of products. In this paper, adding an appropriate amount of compatibilizer to improve the mixing effect of biomass filler and recycled plastic matrix based on the experimental experience is a novel research with extensive practical foreground. The liquid transfer gun is used to drop NL evenly into the materials under high-speed stirring. NL is mainly used to adhere the biomass filler to the plastic matrix. Natural lotion can microencapsulate biomass filler by liquid film. Natural lotion can suppress the negative effect of filler agglomeration by strengthening the adhesion between the filler and the matrix. The biomass filler is in the form of fine powder. Small particles in the powder tend to form clusters due to electrostatic attraction. Under centrifugal action, clusters are prone to slagging and caking due to extrusion and other external forces. Slagging and caking result in excessive distribution of local biomass fillers in the mixture of ingredients, which will further lead to inhomogeneous structure in the composite. Heterogeneous structures such as agglomerates and voids can damage the matrix, which lead to the decline of material properties. NL makes the biomass filler adhere to the plastic particles, the biomass filler clusters on the surface of the plastic particles to form a new surface layer. This method can limit the free movement of biomass filler particles to avoid local aggregation and ultimately improve the mixing effect of ingredients. 3.2Analysis of fundamental physical properties of samples As shown in Figs. 6 , the effect of the amount of straw fillers added on the composites’ mechanical performance parameters such as tensile strength(TS), elongation at break(EAB) and Young’s modulus(YM). With the increase of the ratio of A to B 1 , the TS value of the composite increased first and then decreased. The EAB value of the composite gradually decreased and the YM value fluctuated. In the Fig. 4 , the peak value of TS is 4.24 MPa and the peak value of YM is 2120.68 MPa. When the amount of straw fillers is appropriate, the granular fillers can play a role in promoting the internal stress transfer of the composite. Ibrahim’s research(Ibrahim et al. 2019 ) found that corn biomass fibers in thermoplastic composites can play a role as reinforcing fillers, improving multiple mechanical properties of composites such as tensile strength and Young’s modulus. When A:B 1 is very high, the three performance parameters of the composite are very low. Agglomerates cause destructive damage to the matrix, which leads to the failure of the filler/matrix interface. The gradual decrease of EAB value is due to the effect of fillers and aggregates on restricting the movement of long molecular chains in the matrix. Agglomeration also causes many stress concentration areas in the composite to weaken the ductility of the composite. When the amount of straw fillers is excessive, the agglomeration effect of fillers causes the aggregation of some fillers to damage the matrix and reduce the mechanical properties of the composites. In Prakash’s experiment (Prakash and Rajadurai 2016 ), it was found that as the amount of filler added increased, the aggregation of fillers would lead to a decrease in the tensile and flexural strength of bio-composite. As shown in Figs. 7 ,with the increase of the ratio of A to B 2 , the TS value of the complex increased first and then decreased. The EAB value of the complex gradually decreased and the YM value fluctuated. In the Fig. 5 , the peak value of TS is 4.31 MPa and the peak value of YM is 2151.09 MPa. Green waste fillers are mostly fibrous and straw fillers are mostly granular. The effect of fiber filler on stress transmission is poor, but it has certain deformation ability. When the amount of fibrous filler is not too much, the EAB value of the composite decreases relatively slowly. When the fibrous filler is excessive, the TS and EAB values of the sample drop sharply, and the YM value is at a lower level. This indicates that excessive fibrous filler can also cause filler/matrix interface failure. The morphology and particle size of each particle in the fibrous filler are more different. Some filler particles have very large particle sizes. These characteristics make the damage of fibrous filler to the matrix relatively large. Both scholars Mahalingam(Mahalingam and Babu 2022 ) and Alshahrani(Alshahrani and Prakash 2022 ) have found that severe aggregation of fillers can lead to failure of the filler/matrix interface, this abstract problem specifically manifests as a sudden decline in the mechanical properties of the material. In the Fig. 8 , the peaks of TS, EAB and YM are 4.79 MPa, 9.44% and 2396.80 MPa respectively. With the increase of the ratio of B 1 to D, the TS, EAB and YM value of the composite increased first and then decreased. Adding a proper amount of Natural lotion can promote the dispersion of fillers and weaken the agglomeration effect of fillers, but when the addition amount is too high, the appearance of special aggregates makes the performance of the composite decline. The filler is soaked with too much Natural lotion, soaked fillers bind to each other to form special aggregates. Special agglomerates make some fillers unable to adhere to the matrix, the effect of stress transfer by particles is poor. The same phenomenon also occurred in Vinod’s research (Vinod et al. 2020 ), he found that the performance of the material is poor due to the ineffective interfacial linkage between the matrix and fiber. In the Fig. 9 , the peaks of TS, EAB and YM are 4.06 MPa, 4.92% and 2027.86 MPa respectively. With the increase of the ratio of B 2 to D, the TS, EAB and YM value of the composite increased first and then decreased. The small number of samples is due to the failure of sample preparation due to the blockage of the equipment feeding channel when the addition amount of NL exceeds 3.8%. Most of the green waste powder consists of relatively large sized fibers which are easily twisted into bundles during the mixing process. It is difficult for NL to penetrate into the interior of the bundles to achieve dispersion effect and redundant NL on bundles’ surface can also easily cause filler adhere to the inner wall of the equipment, leading to sedimentation of ingredients and failure of preparation experiment. This theory also explains the overall poor mechanical properties of composites prepared with Natural lotion and green waste. A similar phenomenon also occurred in Coltelli’s(Coltelli et al. 2008 ) research in which the mechanical properties of the composite decrease when excessive ester crosslinkers are added. 3.3 Analysis of thermal conductivity of samples Figure 10 shows the change of thermal conductivity of the four composites. As the value of A:B 1 decreases, the thermal conductivity of the composite decreases gradually. The agglomeration effect of straw fillers leads to cavities in the composites. With the gradual increase of straw fillers, the volume and quantity of cavities gradually increase. As thermal insulation phases, the cavities obviously inhibit the heat transfer in the material. As the value of A:B 2 decreases, the thermal conductivity of the composite decreases sharply. Most of the green waste fillers are fibrous. When there are too many fibrous fillers, the aggregation leads to many gaps in the composite. Voids can act as insulation phases to reduce the thermal conductivity of materials. Alahnoori’s experiment(Alahnoori et al. 2023 ) found that the air in the voids between the filler particles can increase the thermal resistance of the material. Through comprehensive analysis combined with SEM characterization, it is found that the gaps are wide and deep, part of the gaps are widely distributed in the structure of the composite. As the value of B 1 :D increases, the thermal conductivity of the composite increases gradually. After adding Natural lotion, the thermal conductivity of the composite was improved. Straw fillers can fully contact with Natural lotion due to small particle size. The filling of the granular fillers fully soaked by the oily additive improves the overall thermal conductivity of the composite. As the value of B 2 :D increases, the thermal conductivity of the composite fluctuates violently. The larger volume of fibrous fillers makes the wetting effect of Natural lotion poor. Aggregates of fiber fillers have poor thermal conductivity. When there are too many Natural lotion, some fibrous fillers adhere to each other to form larger clusters, resulting in a sudden decline in the thermal performance of the composite. Because natural fiber has good thermal insulation, the clusters which contain too many natural fibrous fillers directly reduce the thermal conductivity of the material. Vidal’s experiment (Vidal et al. 2023 ) found that natural fiber has a good heat insulation effect, which is similar to sheep wool and glass wool. 3.4 SEM characterization of samples As shown in Figs. 11 , the SEM morphology of images of 2 samples.There are many obvious and large defects in the structure of the following two composites, which reveals the disintegration of the filler/matrix interface. Figure a illustrates the internal structure of the composite containing excessive green waste. There are many deep gaps in the structure, the presence of deep gaps suggests more defects deep inside the composite. Figures b and c further illustrate the specific morphology of internal aggregates. Many fibrous fillers are agglomerated into bundles and part of the bundles strip out the matrix. Satapathy(Satapathy and Kothapalli 2018 ) also observed in SEM characterization that fibers detach from the matrix and many voids appear in the composite. Figures d, e and f illustrate the internal structure of the composite containing excessive straw fillers. There are shallow pits and hump-like aggregates in the internal structure of the composite. These phenomena indicate that the agglomeration effect of fillers causes certain damage to the structure of the composite. Figures g, h and i illustrate that the aggregates are hard and regular clusters composed of granular fillers. As shown in Figs. 12 , the SEM morphology of images of 3 samples.Figures a and b illustrate that proper amount of Natural lotion can improve the structure of the composite containing straw fillers. The shallow pits in the structure of the previous sample are filled and some protruding edges are exposed. Figures c and d illustrate that Natural lotion promote the adhesion of granular fillers to the matrix so that only small holes appear in the composite. Nagarajan(Nagarajan et al. 2013 ) found a similar phenomenon where the size of the voids in the composite was greatly reduced when additives were added to improve the compatibility between the filler and the matrix. Figures e, f and g illustrate that the internal structure of the composite containing excessive green waste. Figures h and i reveal that an appropriate amount of Natural lotion has a conscience effect on improving the structure of the composite containing fibrous fillers. Figures j, k and l illustrate that excessive Natural lotion have a negative effect on the structure of the composite containing straw fillers. Figures k and l demonstrate the special phenomenon of special agglomeration. Excessive Natural lotion penetrate into straw fillers and cause the self-adhesion of the filler. Previous literature has illustraten that only fillers in dispersed state can effectively strengthen the matrix, the clusters formed by self-adhesion damage the structure of the composite. 3.5 Analysis of microscopic morphology of samples The micrographs of the samples’ surface are illustrated in the Fig. 13 . Subfigure a illustrates the surface morphology of the composite containing excessive straw fillers, there are many bumps and pits on its surface. Subfigure b illustrates that deep gaps and bundle-like structure appear on the surface of samples containing excessive green waste fillers. The phenomena in these two subfigures can prove from another perspective that excessive filler cause serious filler agglomeration and further damage to the matrix. Zykova(Zykova et al. 2017 ) observed many filler agglomerates distributed in the microstructure of the composite in the microscopic image. Subfigure c illustrates the surface morphology of the composite containing excessive straw fillers added with excessive Natural lotion. A typical feature of its morphology is the appearance of clusters with wide distribution and large volume. The appearance of small holes on the surface indicates that excessive Natural lotion damage the integrity of the composite structure. The Natural lotion in the sample illustrated in subfigure d is appropriate. Some fillers enter the pit and make the pit shallow, only the contour of the pit edge bulge obviously. This phenomenon indicates that the surface morphology of the sample is relatively good. 3.6 TGA analysis of samples The TGA analysis results of three samples are shown in Fig. 14 . Subfigure a illustrates the thermal analysis diagram of the composite with appropriate amount of straw fillers. The initial pyrolysis temperature (Ti) on the TG curve is the medium (231.3 ℃). A sharp single peak appears on the DTA curve. The agglomeration of straw fillers leads to uneven heating inside the composite, the local part of the composite is prone to overheating and pyrolysis. The temperature corresponding to the peak on the DTG curve is higher(453.5 ℃). Due to the poor thermal conductivity inside the composite, it needs to be heated for a longer time to reach a higher temperature to make the composite undergo overall pyrolysis. Satapathy’s experiment(Satapathy and Kothapalli 2015 ) found that the temperature range for thermal decomposition of cellulose and lignin is between 351–381℃, this discovery explains why comprehensive pyrolysis of the composite requires a longer heating time. Subfigure b illustrates the thermal analysis diagram of the biocomposite with excessive amount of oily additive. The initial pyrolysis temperature (Ti) on the TG curve is the lowest (228.9℃). A sharp single peak appears on the DTA curve. The agglomeration of straw fillers lead to uneven heating inside the composite, the local part of the composite is prone to overheating and pyrolysis. Special agglomeration caused by the self-adhesion of straw fillers soaked by natural lotion leads to the deterioration of thermal conductivity inside the composite, part of the Natural lotion seeping from the aggregates further induce the occurrence of local pyrolysis. The temperature corresponding to the peak on the DTG curve is highest(457.7℃). Specical agglomeration also has the effect of delaying the overall pyrolysis. Subfigure c illustrates the thermal analysis diagram of the composite with appropriate amount of oily additive. The initial pyrolysis temperature (Ti) on the TG curve is the highest(241.4℃). A moderate single peak appears on the DTA curve. Natural lotion can promote the adhesion between filler and matrix to improve the thermal conductivity of the whole composite. Good thermal conductivity can distribute the heat gathered in the part to the whole to avoid local pyrolysis and improve the thermal stability of the whole composite. Biswal(Biswal et al. 2010 ) also has a similar inference, Biswal found that the thermal stability of the composite is attributed to the organic/inorganic interaction between the polymer and the filler. The use of compatibilizers to promote compatibility between the filler and the matrix can delay the volatilization of the product in the polymer matrix at the carbon bond fracture temperature. The temperature corresponding to the peak on the DTG curve is lowest(431.8℃). This phenomenon indicates that the improvement of the thermal conductivity of the composite can promote the heat transfer into all areas of the composite, which makes the overall pyrolysis occur at an early stage. 4. Conclusions The application of Natural lotion in the preparation of biomass composite materials has certain feasibility. Straw fillers are more adaptable to Natural lotion compared to green waste fillers. The combination effect of Natural lotion and larger fibrous fillers is relatively poor and excessive Natural lotion can easily cause the fillers to bond into clusters. Ultimately, it led to the failure of the compounding processing experiment. Natural lotion can significantly improve the thermal conductivity of materials, which enhances the thermal stability of bio-composite and increases the initial pyrolysis temperature. When the amount of filler added is excessive, filler agglomeration is prone to cause failure of the filler/matrix interface, resulting in a sudden decrease in the TS value of the material. Natural lotion can play a certain role in inhibiting the aggregation of fillers, but excessive amounts of Natural lotion can actually have a negative effect. 4. Natural lotion can enhance the adhesion between the filler and the matrix, promoting the formation of a homogenous internal structure within the composite. This theory is specifically reflected in SEM morphology and microscopic morphology, where small pores appear in the internal structure of bio-composites containing an appropriate amount of Natural lotion. Declarations Ethical Approval Our research does not involve ethical issues. Our research does not involve life sciences or clinical research. Consent to Participate Our research does not involve ethical issues. Our research does not involve life sciences or clinical research. Consent to Publish Not applicable. Authors Contributions The first author(Dingtian Xiao) is mainly responsible for designing experiments and writing papers. His role is as a commander. He planned the experiment, observed the process, and analyzed the experimental data. The second author(Xiangan Wang) operates experiments. His role is as an executor. He is responsible for the sample preparation process, testing the samples and recording the data. Competing Interests No conflict of interest exits in the submission of this manuscript, and manuscript is approved by all authors for publication. Availability of data and materials All data obtained through experiments and tests are feasible. Acknowledgments This research is supported by the joint scientific research project of doctors and professors of Guilin University of Aerospace Technology. 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b-HTCS-20 cast film system)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3084542/v1/0ecba183f708f981956c7b8b.png"},{"id":39184454,"identity":"5bbea62f-bf4b-48e3-80d9-55c2cf16435b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-27 18:23:56","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":381075,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDiagram of function mechanism of natural lotion\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3084542/v1/2ee4a6e8073373f8cd208109.jpeg"},{"id":39184453,"identity":"e5ae964d-f7a9-4f29-b10c-68cfd1080fc7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-27 18:23:56","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1086331,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe schematic diagram of liquid film microencapsulation technology of Natural lotion\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3084542/v1/f0ea19e7b2fd49e7d45c68b5.png"},{"id":39184011,"identity":"9466033e-b951-4a49-81ee-71207075cfc0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-27 18:15:56","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":468192,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe histogram of TS, EAB and YM values from sample A1 to sample A6\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3084542/v1/94fded7db1bd2781c5120f63.png"},{"id":39184009,"identity":"1ca8c0e2-51c5-4664-a4ef-397bd0c263ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-27 18:15:56","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":478037,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe histogram of TS, EAB and YM values from sample A7 to sample A11\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3084542/v1/06cc08a6111352baa8c76a38.png"},{"id":39184019,"identity":"d854efa6-c803-49bb-944c-a206fb5c3bcf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-27 18:15:56","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":445899,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe histogram of TS, EAB and YM values from sample B1 to sample B6\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3084542/v1/11d78de3c11bcf11fb67edf0.png"},{"id":39184456,"identity":"d92f6153-b444-4e4e-9270-46e95a8bc883","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-27 18:23:56","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":370338,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe histogram of TS, EAB and YM values from sample B7 to sample B11\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3084542/v1/748d745fce72ceb8f2bf671b.png"},{"id":39184455,"identity":"aa95435d-9d45-4971-9e84-05a489c432ad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-27 18:23:56","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":782221,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe histogram of thermal conductivity of four types of samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3084542/v1/045abc47b7a74452ef3b6a08.png"},{"id":39184018,"identity":"9a63b060-23d2-459b-976b-4300b1933d1c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-27 18:15:56","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1251442,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe SEM morphology of images of 2 samples (a-sample B6; b-detail view 1; c-detail view 2; d- sample A6; e- detail view 1; f- detail view 2; g- detail view 3; h- detail view 4; i- detail view 5)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3084542/v1/a1ddff7eb1b7c81ac54836eb.png"},{"id":39184020,"identity":"8ed2d290-6bc7-4434-a739-c455b3a2ef25","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-27 18:15:56","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1134826,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe SEM morphology of images of 3 samples (a-sample A9; b- detail view 1; c- detail view 2; d- detail view 3; e-sample B8; f-detail view 1; g-detail view 2; h-detail view 3; i-detail view 4; j- sample B9; k-detail view 1; l-detail view 2)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3084542/v1/7f08def98bff36eacdc979fd.png"},{"id":39184013,"identity":"48fe75a8-5eb5-4e66-9644-677d3e10dcfc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-27 18:15:56","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1266267,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe microscopic morphology of images of 6 samples (a-sample A6; b-sample B6; c-sample A 11; d-sample A9)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3084542/v1/77ea8e83fc6ff71273a650bf.png"},{"id":39184721,"identity":"2ebf3825-9b91-4aa6-96ed-3da88b5f7ae7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-27 18:31:56","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":239497,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTGA analysis of 3 samples (a-sample A4; b-sample A11; c-sample A9)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3084542/v1/8bcc9bb4d8d7335c57a29e7e.png"},{"id":39184723,"identity":"a36282b5-ccee-402c-8b0b-c331d236014d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-27 18:32:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":11377663,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3084542/v1/334c7f78-fb48-4232-a916-fd592c587eaf.pdf"},{"id":39184722,"identity":"d3b2850c-fff9-42a3-bba2-c257ae03da66","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-27 18:32:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":11377663,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3084542/v1/61a4970c-031c-430c-a936-2b61ee99c99a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Mechanism research on the application of liquid film microencapsulation technology based on natural lotion in strengthening recycled bio-composite wallpaper material","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAt the 75th general dispute of the United Nations General Assembly, numerous countries are committed to achieve carbon peak by 2030 and carbon emissions to be neutral by 2060, which put forward new requirements for carbon reduction and storage of biomass wastes. Therefore, exploring the current situation of straw utilization and GHG emissions is of great significance for future straw policy formulation in the context of carbon neutrality goals. The comprehensive utilization of straw plays an important role in reducing GHG emissions, but the utilization efficiency of straw needs to be improved (Xu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Recycle waste by materialization is a new feasible sustainable application technology. Composites made from these natural fibers have remarkable properties such as low density, low cost, easy availability, biodegradability and easy processing(Vinod et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).The compounding technology in materialization is very suitable for the recycle of biomass waste and plastic solid waste without secondary pollution. However, the release of toxic substances by additives used in traditional compounding technology restricts the extension of the sustainable direction of compounding technology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConventional composite wallpaper has a fatal flaw, as composite materials can release toxic gases and substances that can harm the human health. Haiou\u0026rsquo;s research(Zhu Haiou et al. 2014) found that 1-Butanol and propylene glycol released by the adhesive composition of paper based composites materials would cause serious pollution to indoor air. Hsu\u0026rsquo;s research(Hsu N Y et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) found that the compatibilizer in PVC composite wallpaper materials would release organic volatile matter Phthalic acid (DEHP). The amount of DEHP released from damp materials increases by 35.31%, which can transform the indoor air into a highly toxic atmosphere. Jungyun\u0026rsquo;s research(Jungyun L et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) found that the plasticizer or metal stabilizer used in the preparation of composite wallpaper would produce toxic volatile organic compound such as toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene. In this research, the natural lotion is used to replace the traditional phenolic resin or anhydride compatibilizer, which greatly reduced the content of harmful substances in the bio-composite. The lotion is divided into solid phase and liquid phase. The solid phase is the gum arabic which is a pure natural additive commonly used in the food industry. The liquid phase is the residual liquid of fine filtration, its parent material is the waste edible oil.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSustainable research related to waste recycling needs to consider practical factors, whether the amount of waste is huge is related to the practical application potential of recycling technology in research. In this study, literature research is carried out as follows. It is found that the representative straw and WCO are large in number and suitable for developing market-oriented application recycle technologies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina is a large agricultural country with a total annual straw output of about 1\u0026nbsp;billion tons. Rice, wheat, and corn are the three main crop straw sources in China, accounting for about 83.51%(Zhang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Improper use and disposal of crop straws such as direct incineration can lead to negative environmental impacts (Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Discarding some straw directly in the field is also a serious waste of resources (Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Straw is commonly recycled as biomass fuel to produce electricity(Romasanta et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), but the combustion process of straw releases a large amount of greenhouse gases and harmful substances such as CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CO, PM\u003csub\u003e2.5,\u003c/sub\u003e SO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, NOx, and VOCs (Soam et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The purpose of resrarch is to use straw as a filler to develop materials that can completely recycle straw while generating minor environmental pollution impacts. The use of agricultural waste, forest residues, wood, and other lignocellulosic materials as reinforcement materials to prepare composite materials is becoming increasingly popular, as these composite materials contribute to achieving a more environmentally friendly and cleaner environment(Bourmaud et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWaste cooking oil(WCO) is a huge amount of waste which causes major disposal concerns in virtually every corner of the globe, the secondary problems derived from it affect the daily lives of millions of people(Iglesias et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Previous literature has shown that the content of trans-fats in WCO increases due to the frying process, the frying process also causes rancid components, free radicals and other potentially detrimental substances appeared in the WCO (Bhardwaj et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). WCO is toxic to human health (Kamilah et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), unlawful recycling of WCO has received sanctions and penalties from the government, the government has also planned many incentive strategies to encourage the development of environmentally friendly technologies to recycle WCO(Zhang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Drainage of WCO into the sewage system can cause overall pollution of the water body composed of rivers, sewers, and groundwater (Azme et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This kind of pollution can cause targeted and serious harm to aquatic organisms (Chirani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). A large amount of WCO discarded in landfills can also cause environmental pollution (Joshi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Due to the high content of free fatty acids in WCO, many scholars believe that WCO is the most promising feedstock for bio-oil (Balasubramaniam et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Biodiesel is currently the most widely used WCO recycle technology, technical bottlenecks have emerged after years of development. It is difficult to find catalysts with good catalytic activity and reasonable cost (Asaad et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This paper innovatively proposes the recycling of WCO as an oily additive for the development of biomass composites. This research harmlessly treats part of WCO, which is conducive to promoting the high-value utilization of WCO. Mahalingam\u0026rsquo;s research(Mahalingam and Babu \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) found that orange peel biochar particles agglomerate around the fiber/matrix interface to form a large number of agglomerates which greatly weaken the interfacial interaction between the filler fiber and the epoxy resin matrix.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe final macroscopic performance is the decrease of the overall mechanical properties of the material due to the large number of stress concentration areas and the service life of the material is greatly shortened. Alshahrani\u0026rsquo;s experiment(Alshahrani and Prakash \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) reveals that when there are many fillers in the composite, agglomeration limits the dispersion effect of the filler and makes the structure of the composite inhomogenous. The voids caused by agglomeration also deteriorate the interaction between epoxy resin matrix and biomass fillers. Previous studies have shown that a technical bottleneck in the preparation of biomass composites is that the agglomeration of fillers causes poor adhesion between fillers and matrix. Poor adhesion eventually leads to the failure of filler/matrix interface. In this paper, an natural lotion is used to promote the uniform distribution of fillers. The mechanism found in this study can be used to strengthen the filler/matrix interfacial interaction.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Material and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Experimental materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, the elaboration of specific raw materials and explanation of abbreviations. Recycled low density polyethylene granules(spherical particle, r: 0.5-0.7mm; melting point:150℃; MFI:2.5g/10min, density:1.208g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)(RLDPE) are provided by Kangtai Recycled Plastic Products Co., Ltd. Recycled plastic waste mainly includes polyethylene takeout lunch boxes, plastic bags, and plastic decorative boxes. Straw powders and green waste powder are provided by Jinhe Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd. The main raw materials for straw are the leaves and stems of wheat straw. The main wheat brand marks are Jimai 22. The period for harvesting straw is September to October in autumn. Polyethylene wax(AC316A type; white powder; 150℃ Brookfiele 8500cps; Droplet point:140℃; Density:0.98g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) are provided by Dingxin Plastic Raw Materials Co., Ltd. Purified liquid oil are provided by Lidian Co. Ltd. This oil is the residual oil obtained from the fine filtration process in step 4 of the gutter oil purification system. The Crystals of gum acacia is purchased from the Taian Dingli Rubber industry Co., Ltd. The Crystals of gum acacia can be prepared into powers of gum acacia through a special freeze grinding process. Purified liquid oil and gum acacia are mixed at a ratio of 5:1 and the mixture is placed in the ultrasonic device to promote the dispersion of particle.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eelaboration of specific raw materials and explanation of abbreviations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification/function\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbbreviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycled plastic/matrix\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycled low density polyethylene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRLDEP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiomass filler#1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStraw powder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiomass filler#2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreen waste powder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGWP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLubricant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolyethylene wax\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural lotion(compatibilizer)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary fine filtration oil\u0026amp;gum acacia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Measurement of mechanical properties of materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe XDL-10kN type universal testing machine equipped with an extensometer(Xinghong, Jiangsu, China) is used to measure the mechanical properties of the samples. The range of high-precision American force transmission sensor is 0\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;10kN. The accuracy of force measurement is within \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5%. The test operating procedures refers to ISO 527-1: 2019 and ISO 527-3: 2018. The sample is processed into a 200mm*10mm rectangular standard strip by the fully automatic cutting machine. A vernier caliper (accuracy:0.02 mm) is used to measure strip\u0026rsquo;s width and a micrometer(accuracy:0.001 mm) is used to measure strip\u0026rsquo;s thickness. Four measurement points, 40 mm apart, are taken on each strip to estimate the average thickness of each strip. The cross-sectional area can be calculated from the average thickness and width. Based on the standard ISO 527-1: 2019, the Young\u0026rsquo;s modulus calculation program for composite materials is introduced into the device\u0026rsquo;s microcomputer through the control panel. Eight strips are cut from each composite for testing its mechanical properties. The distance between the two hydraulic clamps of the testing machine is 100mm. The distance between the two clamps of the external extensometer is 50mm. The tensile speed of the sample strip is 50mm/min and the accuracy of the speed is 0.5%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 SEM morphological characterization \u0026amp; micromorphology characterization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample is processed into a 5mm*5mm square small piece by the automatic cutting machine. After cleaning the surface of the small piece with a medical cotton swab containing medical EtOH(75%), wipe the surface of the small piece with professional SMT wipers. Adhere small pieces of sample to a round table type sample table. Micromorphology characterization is carried out by AxioVision_SE641_SP2 3D microscope (ZEISS, United States). The sample is processed into a 5mm*5mm square small piece by the automatic cutting machine. The small piece is bonded to the circular observation platform (r:30mm) with conductive glue. The small piece is bonded to the circular observation platform (r:30mm) with conductive glue.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlace the platform in the microscope and set it to auto-focus and auto-brightness mode. Observed images are enhanced with Z-axis series shooting technology and Nyquist graphics optimization algorithm. The sample for SEM characterization is processed into a 10mm*5mm rectangular small strip by the automatic cutting machine. One end of the strip is processed by liquid nitrogen treatment to obtain a frozen fracture section (length: 5mm) and the other end is shortened by appropriate cutting. The treated splines are adhered to the T-shaped stage using conductive glue. Strip cleaned with cotton swabs and wipes are dealt with the high vacuum gold jetting. SEM morphological characterization is finished by Tungsten gun emission scanning electron microscope (FEI, Czech Republic).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 TGA analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe thermogravimetric analysis is carried out using a thermal analyzer type STA449C (Netzsch, Germany) based on the ISO 11358-1-2022 standard. Thermogravimetric analysis has an enthalpy accuracy of 3% and a temperature accuracy of less than 1K. A specimen weighing 5 mg is placed in an Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e crucible and heated from room temperature (16 ℃) to 1000 ℃ at 10 K per minute. The heating atmosphere is nitrogen and rate of flow of nitrogen-purge stream is 20 ml/min.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Thermal conductivity measurement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe thermal conductivity of the material is measured by DRL-III material thermal conductivity tester. The thermophysical property tester adopts advanced transient heat flow method and longitudinal heat flow technology, which is convenient, fast, and accurate. It can be used to measure the thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and thermal melting point of materials. The applicable thermal conductivity range is between 0.015-50W/MK. Suitable samples include various types of anisotropic materials such as solids, powders, coatings and thin films. The device uses thermal structure function analysis to make the results more accurate, consistent with the MIL-I-49456A test architecture.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6 Preparation of materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the principle of the preparation of bio-composite. Cutting straw crops in the field can collect straw fibers which can be prepared into powder-like biomass fillers through the grinding processes. Recycled plastic particles, biomass fillers and natural lotion are added into preparation device. The preparation device prepares raw materials into bio-composite granulars and bio-composite sheets. The natural lotion is divided into solid phase and liquid phase. The solid phase is gum arabic powders and the liquid phase is the residual oil. The ratio of solid phase to liquid phase is 1:5. After the liquid phase is preheated to 30\u0026deg;C in the magnetic stirrer(Yuhua, DF-101, China), the stirring speed of the mixture is adjusted to 8rpm. The powder is slowly added to the stirred mixture with a spoon and stirred evenly for 5 min. The lotion is treated with an ultrasonic generator(Shumei, KQ-200VDE, China) for 5 min before utilization to promote the dispersion of the particles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe illustration diagram of experiment on preparation of bio-composite is shown in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The total formula table of composite materials is shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Firstly, the particle size analyzer is used to analyze the particle size characteristic of powder A and powder B. Filler A, filler B, RLDPE matrix and NL are added to the high-speed mixer after premixing process. After stepwise mixing, four kinds of homogeneous mixtures are obtained. These mixtures are added to the twin-screw extruder. Four types of composite granules can be prepared by the compounding process. These composite granules are added to cast film system to prepare sheet materials. There are four types of sheet materials corresponding to several granular materials. The obtained sheet materials are systematically characterized, including mechanical property characterization, basic property characterization and microstructure analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe joint sample preparation experiment is completed in the advanced processing workshop of Chunhui Plastic Processing Company. The preparation equipment is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The compounding process is finished by the HTGD-20 twin-screw extrusion granulation system equipped with a PLC touch screen control panel (Hartek technology, Dongwan, China). This device has a split open barrel and block screw structure which is convenient. This device is equipped with a touch screen and a Siemens PLC centralized control system, which is highly intelligent and easy to operate. The twin screw system is a modular spiral combination, which is composed of a feed section, a compounding section, a metering section and a mixing die. The cavity of the device has 6 heating zones wherein the sixth heating zone is the heating zone of the die head. An automatic temperature control system and several 1/4HP wing air-cooling devices are installed outside the cavity. Its overall hardness is HRC58-62. The diameter of screw diameter is 21.7mm and its L/D is 1:40. The cutting and collection process of composite is completed by the granulation system which is composed of high-temperature resistant grid conveyor belt, intelligent motors, wear-resistant rollers, high-tech manipulators, intelligent pelletizer, several 3HP multi-directional air-cooling devices and automatic control system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal formula table of the type A composites\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCode\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass of composite (505g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposite without oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA:B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB1CD(98/2/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e490\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB1CD(96/4/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB1CD(94/6/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e470\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB1CD(92/8/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB1CD(90/10/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e450\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB1CD(88/12/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCode\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposite with additional oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e:D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass of composite (505g\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;mD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eCD(92/8/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eCD(92/8/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eCD(92/8/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eCD(92/8/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eCD(92/8/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal formula table of the type B composites\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCode\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass of composite (505g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposite without oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA:B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCD(98/2/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e490\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCD(96/4/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCD(94/6/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e470\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCD(92/8/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCD(90/10/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e450\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCD(88/12/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCode\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposite with additional oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e:D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass of composite (505g\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;mD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCD(92/8/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCD(92/8/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCD(92/8/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCD(92/8/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCD(92/8/1/0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe casting film process is finished by the HTCS-20 cast film system (Hartek technology, Dongwan, China). The device is controlled by a Siemens PLC and is equipped with a touch screen man-machine interface. The gap between the casting roller and the casting die can be adjusted through the lifting mechanism. The two parts combine to form cast film system. One part is a single screw extruder(screw diameter: 20mm; L/D:1:28; texture: W6Mo5Cr4V2 alloy; 6 heating zones). The other part is a cast roll and winding system. The composite granulars from the compounding process are fed into single-screw extruder through a metal hopper. The cast roll and winding system are composed of die, cold roll, rubber nip roll, take-up roll, guide roll, collection roll and hydraulic automatic control system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7 The noval stepwise mixing procedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe weight of various ingredients is tested using a MeilenMTSD electronic balances (Meilen, Shanghai, China). As shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, stepwise mixing procedure is used to prepare a mixture supplied to the compounding process. In step 1, a stainless steel basin and a stainless steel spoon are used to mix cylindrical RLDEP particles(r:1.2-1.8mm, h:3.3-3.9mm) and biomass fillers. In step 2, the premixed ingredients are placed in the YLT-50L small experimental high-efficiency mixer (Yilang, Guangdong, China). The mixing process at higher temperatures can remove some water vapor from the ingredients. In step 3, the AutoRep electronic repeater pipettes(METTLER, America) are used to add purified liquid oil to the ingredients in the mixing process. In step 4, PW is added to the mixture. Reducing the mixing temperature can avoid local melting of PW due to excessive temperature caused by friction. The hot mixture is directly supplied to the compounding process after being taken out of the mixer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIllustration of stepwise mixing procedure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquipment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature and time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA, B1/B2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePots and spoons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026deg;C \u0026amp;3min\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA, B1/B2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh mixing machine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u0026deg;C\u0026amp;5min\u0026amp;4rpm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA, B1/B2, D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh mixing machine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u0026deg;C\u0026amp;3min\u0026amp;3rpm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA, B1/B2, C, D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh mixing machine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026deg;C\u0026amp;2min\u0026amp;3rpm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.8 The twin-screw extrusion granulation process\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe working parameters of the twin screw extruder are set according to the following Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The mixture prepared by the stepwise mixing procedure is added to a twin screw extruder. The working temperature of the working area from the inlet to the die head gradually rises from 60 \u0026deg; C to 185 \u0026deg; C. A lower inlet temperature can prevent channel blockage due to the premature melting of solid lubricant. The linear rising temperature curve promote gradual melting and homogeneous mixing of ingredients. The inner cavity of the twin-screw extruder is a high-temperature and high-pressure environment. The screw exerts a shear force on the ingredients. The wire extruded from the die slides forward under the joint action of the manipulator and the conveyor belt. The solidified wire is processed into composite granular under the joint action of the gear hob and the manipulator of pelletizer. Empirical parameters can be obtained by summarizing a large number of experimental results. The parameters of compounding process in the following table are selected from the empirical parameters for RPLDPE.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe parameters of the twin-screw extruder required for the second compounding process\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"14\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVelocity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e(bar)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValue(r/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026deg;C\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"14\"\u003eV\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026mdash;velocity of feed screw; V\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026mdash;velocity of twin screw; V\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026mdash;velocity of conveyor belt\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"14\"\u003eV\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026mdash;velocity of pelletizer; P\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026mdash;internal pressure of the twin-screw extruder\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.9 The casting film process\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe casting film process is executed to prepare granular materials into sheet like materials. A single screw extruder converts the pellets into a liquid compound and injects it into the T-shaped die through a gradual warming process. After the melted composite overflows from the lip of the T-shaped die, it becomes a strip-shaped composite under the joint action of the rubber nip roll and the cold roller. The thickness of composite can be controlled within 0.5-0.6mm by adjusting the rubber nip roll which is connected to the hydraulic automatic control system. The parameters of the casting film system required for the casting film process are shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe parameters of the casting film system required for the casting film process\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe parameters of the casting film system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e(rpm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (bar)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;27 bar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe casting chill roll and winding system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature distribution of T-type die\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 2, 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4, 5, 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressing height of rubber nip roll\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eV\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026mdash;velocity of the single screw; P2\u0026mdash;internal pressure of the single screw extruder\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eV\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026mdash;velocity of cold roll; V\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026mdash;velocity of take-up roll; V\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026mdash;velocity of collection roll\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussions","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Simulation and mechanism analysis of the formation process of composite\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e demonstrates the function mechanism of the natural lotion which has unique advantages. Traditional addition method can easily lead to the appearance of agglomerates of gum acacia. Friction electrification and electrostatic attraction can cause the powder to easily aggregate and form blocks. This effect can greatly weaken the effect of gum acacia as a compatibilizer. Insufficient contact between gum acacia and plastic particles makes it difficult to effectively enhance the bonding between the filler and the substrate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e demonstrates the promoting dispersion effect of natural lotion. Compounding process is a necessary technology to combine biomass filler and recycled plastic matrix into a composite. The compounding process and matched thermoforming process are used to prepare bio-composite products with low cost and high efficiency. The actual production process of biocomposite products is more sophisticated than academic theoretical research. Each link of the preparation process has a huge impact on the actual performance of the subsequent products. The actual mixing effect of biomass fillers and recycled plastic matrix is one of the most important links. In the mixing process of ingredients, biomass filler is prone to slagging and caking due to electrostatic attraction and centrifugal effect. These slags and cakes can cause additional agglomeration and voids in the internal structure of biocomposite to weaken the performance of products. In this paper, adding an appropriate amount of compatibilizer to improve the mixing effect of biomass filler and recycled plastic matrix based on the experimental experience is a novel research with extensive practical foreground.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe liquid transfer gun is used to drop NL evenly into the materials under high-speed stirring. NL is mainly used to adhere the biomass filler to the plastic matrix. Natural lotion can microencapsulate biomass filler by liquid film. Natural lotion can suppress the negative effect of filler agglomeration by strengthening the adhesion between the filler and the matrix. The biomass filler is in the form of fine powder. Small particles in the powder tend to form clusters due to electrostatic attraction. Under centrifugal action, clusters are prone to slagging and caking due to extrusion and other external forces. Slagging and caking result in excessive distribution of local biomass fillers in the mixture of ingredients, which will further lead to inhomogeneous structure in the composite. Heterogeneous structures such as agglomerates and voids can damage the matrix, which lead to the decline of material properties. NL makes the biomass filler adhere to the plastic particles, the biomass filler clusters on the surface of the plastic particles to form a new surface layer. This method can limit the free movement of biomass filler particles to avoid local aggregation and ultimately improve the mixing effect of ingredients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2Analysis of fundamental physical properties of samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, the effect of the amount of straw fillers added on the composites\u0026rsquo; mechanical performance parameters such as tensile strength(TS), elongation at break(EAB) and Young\u0026rsquo;s modulus(YM). With the increase of the ratio of A to B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, the TS value of the composite increased first and then decreased. The EAB value of the composite gradually decreased and the YM value fluctuated. In the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, the peak value of TS is 4.24 MPa and the peak value of YM is 2120.68 MPa. When the amount of straw fillers is appropriate, the granular fillers can play a role in promoting the internal stress transfer of the composite. Ibrahim\u0026rsquo;s research(Ibrahim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) found that corn biomass fibers in thermoplastic composites can play a role as reinforcing fillers, improving multiple mechanical properties of composites such as tensile strength and Young\u0026rsquo;s modulus.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen A:B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e is very high, the three performance parameters of the composite are very low. Agglomerates cause destructive damage to the matrix, which leads to the failure of the filler/matrix interface. The gradual decrease of EAB value is due to the effect of fillers and aggregates on restricting the movement of long molecular chains in the matrix. Agglomeration also causes many stress concentration areas in the composite to weaken the ductility of the composite. When the amount of straw fillers is excessive, the agglomeration effect of fillers causes the aggregation of some fillers to damage the matrix and reduce the mechanical properties of the composites. In Prakash\u0026rsquo;s experiment (Prakash and Rajadurai \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), it was found that as the amount of filler added increased, the aggregation of fillers would lead to a decrease in the tensile and flexural strength of bio-composite.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e,with the increase of the ratio of A to B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, the TS value of the complex increased first and then decreased. The EAB value of the complex gradually decreased and the YM value fluctuated. In the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, the peak value of TS is 4.31 MPa and the peak value of YM is 2151.09 MPa. Green waste fillers are mostly fibrous and straw fillers are mostly granular. The effect of fiber filler on stress transmission is poor, but it has certain deformation ability. When the amount of fibrous filler is not too much, the EAB value of the composite decreases relatively slowly. When the fibrous filler is excessive, the TS and EAB values of the sample drop sharply, and the YM value is at a lower level. This indicates that excessive fibrous filler can also cause filler/matrix interface failure. The morphology and particle size of each particle in the fibrous filler are more different. Some filler particles have very large particle sizes. These characteristics make the damage of fibrous filler to the matrix relatively large. Both scholars Mahalingam(Mahalingam and Babu \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) and Alshahrani(Alshahrani and Prakash \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) have found that severe aggregation of fillers can lead to failure of the filler/matrix interface, this abstract problem specifically manifests as a sudden decline in the mechanical properties of the material.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, the peaks of TS, EAB and YM are 4.79 MPa, 9.44% and 2396.80 MPa respectively. With the increase of the ratio of B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e to D, the TS, EAB and YM value of the composite increased first and then decreased. Adding a proper amount of Natural lotion can promote the dispersion of fillers and weaken the agglomeration effect of fillers, but when the addition amount is too high, the appearance of special aggregates makes the performance of the composite decline. The filler is soaked with too much Natural lotion, soaked fillers bind to each other to form special aggregates. Special agglomerates make some fillers unable to adhere to the matrix, the effect of stress transfer by particles is poor. The same phenomenon also occurred in Vinod\u0026rsquo;s research (Vinod et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), he found that the performance of the material is poor due to the ineffective interfacial linkage between the matrix and fiber.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, the peaks of TS, EAB and YM are 4.06 MPa, 4.92% and 2027.86 MPa respectively. With the increase of the ratio of B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e to D, the TS, EAB and YM value of the composite increased first and then decreased. The small number of samples is due to the failure of sample preparation due to the blockage of the equipment feeding channel when the addition amount of NL exceeds 3.8%. Most of the green waste powder consists of relatively large sized fibers which are easily twisted into bundles during the mixing process. It is difficult for NL to penetrate into the interior of the bundles to achieve dispersion effect and redundant NL on bundles\u0026rsquo; surface can also easily cause filler adhere to the inner wall of the equipment, leading to sedimentation of ingredients and failure of preparation experiment. This theory also explains the overall poor mechanical properties of composites prepared with Natural lotion and green waste. A similar phenomenon also occurred in Coltelli\u0026rsquo;s(Coltelli et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) research in which the mechanical properties of the composite decrease when excessive ester crosslinkers are added.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Analysis of thermal conductivity of samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e shows the change of thermal conductivity of the four composites. As the value of A:B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e decreases, the thermal conductivity of the composite decreases gradually. The agglomeration effect of straw fillers leads to cavities in the composites. With the gradual increase of straw fillers, the volume and quantity of cavities gradually increase. As thermal insulation phases, the cavities obviously inhibit the heat transfer in the material. As the value of A:B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e decreases, the thermal conductivity of the composite decreases sharply. Most of the green waste fillers are fibrous. When there are too many fibrous fillers, the aggregation leads to many gaps in the composite. Voids can act as insulation phases to reduce the thermal conductivity of materials. Alahnoori\u0026rsquo;s experiment(Alahnoori et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) found that the air in the voids between the filler particles can increase the thermal resistance of the material. Through comprehensive analysis combined with SEM characterization, it is found that the gaps are wide and deep, part of the gaps are widely distributed in the structure of the composite. As the value of B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e:D increases, the thermal conductivity of the composite increases gradually. After adding Natural lotion, the thermal conductivity of the composite was improved. Straw fillers can fully contact with Natural lotion due to small particle size.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe filling of the granular fillers fully soaked by the oily additive improves the overall thermal conductivity of the composite. As the value of B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e:D increases, the thermal conductivity of the composite fluctuates violently. The larger volume of fibrous fillers makes the wetting effect of Natural lotion poor. Aggregates of fiber fillers have poor thermal conductivity. When there are too many Natural lotion, some fibrous fillers adhere to each other to form larger clusters, resulting in a sudden decline in the thermal performance of the composite. Because natural fiber has good thermal insulation, the clusters which contain too many natural fibrous fillers directly reduce the thermal conductivity of the material. Vidal\u0026rsquo;s experiment (Vidal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) found that natural fiber has a good heat insulation effect, which is similar to sheep wool and glass wool.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 SEM characterization of samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, the SEM morphology of images of 2 samples.There are many obvious and large defects in the structure of the following two composites, which reveals the disintegration of the filler/matrix interface. Figure a illustrates the internal structure of the composite containing excessive green waste. There are many deep gaps in the structure, the presence of deep gaps suggests more defects deep inside the composite. Figures b and c further illustrate the specific morphology of internal aggregates. Many fibrous fillers are agglomerated into bundles and part of the bundles strip out the matrix. Satapathy(Satapathy and Kothapalli \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) also observed in SEM characterization that fibers detach from the matrix and many voids appear in the composite. Figures d, e and f illustrate the internal structure of the composite containing excessive straw fillers. There are shallow pits and hump-like aggregates in the internal structure of the composite. These phenomena indicate that the agglomeration effect of fillers causes certain damage to the structure of the composite. Figures g, h and i illustrate that the aggregates are hard and regular clusters composed of granular fillers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, the SEM morphology of images of 3 samples.Figures a and b illustrate that proper amount of Natural lotion can improve the structure of the composite containing straw fillers. The shallow pits in the structure of the previous sample are filled and some protruding edges are exposed. Figures c and d illustrate that Natural lotion promote the adhesion of granular fillers to the matrix so that only small holes appear in the composite. Nagarajan(Nagarajan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) found a similar phenomenon where the size of the voids in the composite was greatly reduced when additives were added to improve the compatibility between the filler and the matrix. Figures e, f and g illustrate that the internal structure of the composite containing excessive green waste. Figures h and i reveal that an appropriate amount of Natural lotion has a conscience effect on improving the structure of the composite containing fibrous fillers. Figures j, k and l illustrate that excessive Natural lotion have a negative effect on the structure of the composite containing straw fillers. Figures k and l demonstrate the special phenomenon of special agglomeration. Excessive Natural lotion penetrate into straw fillers and cause the self-adhesion of the filler. Previous literature has illustraten that only fillers in dispersed state can effectively strengthen the matrix, the clusters formed by self-adhesion damage the structure of the composite.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Analysis of microscopic morphology of samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe micrographs of the samples\u0026rsquo; surface are illustrated in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e. Subfigure a illustrates the surface morphology of the composite containing excessive straw fillers, there are many bumps and pits on its surface. Subfigure b illustrates that deep gaps and bundle-like structure appear on the surface of samples containing excessive green waste fillers. The phenomena in these two subfigures can prove from another perspective that excessive filler cause serious filler agglomeration and further damage to the matrix. Zykova(Zykova et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) observed many filler agglomerates distributed in the microstructure of the composite in the microscopic image. Subfigure c illustrates the surface morphology of the composite containing excessive straw fillers added with excessive Natural lotion. A typical feature of its morphology is the appearance of clusters with wide distribution and large volume. The appearance of small holes on the surface indicates that excessive Natural lotion damage the integrity of the composite structure. The Natural lotion in the sample illustrated in subfigure d is appropriate. Some fillers enter the pit and make the pit shallow, only the contour of the pit edge bulge obviously. This phenomenon indicates that the surface morphology of the sample is relatively good.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.6 TGA analysis of samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe TGA analysis results of three samples are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e. Subfigure a illustrates the thermal analysis diagram of the composite with appropriate amount of straw fillers. The initial pyrolysis temperature (Ti) on the TG curve is the medium (231.3 ℃). A sharp single peak appears on the DTA curve. The agglomeration of straw fillers leads to uneven heating inside the composite, the local part of the composite is prone to overheating and pyrolysis. The temperature corresponding to the peak on the DTG curve is higher(453.5 ℃). Due to the poor thermal conductivity inside the composite, it needs to be heated for a longer time to reach a higher temperature to make the composite undergo overall pyrolysis. Satapathy\u0026rsquo;s experiment(Satapathy and Kothapalli \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) found that the temperature range for thermal decomposition of cellulose and lignin is between 351\u0026ndash;381℃, this discovery explains why comprehensive pyrolysis of the composite requires a longer heating time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubfigure b illustrates the thermal analysis diagram of the biocomposite with excessive amount of oily additive. The initial pyrolysis temperature (Ti) on the TG curve is the lowest (228.9℃). A sharp single peak appears on the DTA curve. The agglomeration of straw fillers lead to uneven heating inside the composite, the local part of the composite is prone to overheating and pyrolysis. Special agglomeration caused by the self-adhesion of straw fillers soaked by natural lotion leads to the deterioration of thermal conductivity inside the composite, part of the Natural lotion seeping from the aggregates further induce the occurrence of local pyrolysis. The temperature corresponding to the peak on the DTG curve is highest(457.7℃). Specical agglomeration also has the effect of delaying the overall pyrolysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubfigure c illustrates the thermal analysis diagram of the composite with appropriate amount of oily additive. The initial pyrolysis temperature (Ti) on the TG curve is the highest(241.4℃). A moderate single peak appears on the DTA curve. Natural lotion can promote the adhesion between filler and matrix to improve the thermal conductivity of the whole composite. Good thermal conductivity can distribute the heat gathered in the part to the whole to avoid local pyrolysis and improve the thermal stability of the whole composite. Biswal(Biswal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) also has a similar inference, Biswal found that the thermal stability of the composite is attributed to the organic/inorganic interaction between the polymer and the filler. The use of compatibilizers to promote compatibility between the filler and the matrix can delay the volatilization of the product in the polymer matrix at the carbon bond fracture temperature. The temperature corresponding to the peak on the DTG curve is lowest(431.8℃). This phenomenon indicates that the improvement of the thermal conductivity of the composite can promote the heat transfer into all areas of the composite, which makes the overall pyrolysis occur at an early stage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe application of Natural lotion in the preparation of biomass composite materials has certain feasibility. Straw fillers are more adaptable to Natural lotion compared to green waste fillers. The combination effect of Natural lotion and larger fibrous fillers is relatively poor and excessive Natural lotion can easily cause the fillers to bond into clusters. Ultimately, it led to the failure of the compounding processing experiment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural lotion can significantly improve the thermal conductivity of materials, which enhances the thermal stability of bio-composite and increases the initial pyrolysis temperature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen the amount of filler added is excessive, filler agglomeration is prone to cause failure of the filler/matrix interface, resulting in a sudden decrease in the TS value of the material. Natural lotion can play a certain role in inhibiting the aggregation of fillers, but excessive amounts of Natural lotion can actually have a negative effect.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Natural lotion can enhance the adhesion between the filler and the matrix, promoting the formation of a homogenous internal structure within the composite. This theory is specifically reflected in SEM morphology and microscopic morphology, where small pores appear in the internal structure of bio-composites containing an appropriate amount of Natural lotion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur research does not involve ethical issues. Our research does not involve life sciences or clinical research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur research does not involve ethical issues. Our research does not involve life sciences or clinical research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors Contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first author(Dingtian Xiao) is mainly responsible for designing experiments and writing papers. His role is as a commander. He planned the experiment, observed the process, and analyzed the experimental data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe second author(Xiangan Wang) operates experiments. His role is as an executor. He is responsible for the sample preparation process, testing the samples and recording the data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo conflict of interest exits in the submission of this manuscript, and manuscript is approved by all authors for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data obtained through experiments and tests are feasible.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research is supported by the joint scientific research project of doctors and professors of Guilin University of Aerospace Technology. Thank you to Guilin University of Aerospace Technology for providing a large number of advanced scientific research equipments and complete laboratories\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlahnoori A, Badrossamay M, Foroozmehr E (2023) Characterization of hydroxyapatite powders and selective laser sintering of its composite with polyamide MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 296 doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.127316\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.127316\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlshahrani H, Prakash VRA (2022) Mechanical, fatigue and DMA behaviour of high content cellulosic corn husk fibre and orange peel biochar epoxy biocomposite: A greener material for cleaner production JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 374 doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133931\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133931\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAsaad SM, Inayat A, Jamil F, Ghenai C, Shanableh A (2023) Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using a Green Catalyst Prepared from Glass Waste and Animal Bones ENERGIES 16 doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3390/en16052322\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/en16052322\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAzme SNK et al. 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The purpose of this research is to explore environmentally friendly low-carbon technologies to apply natural lotion and wastes to the development of bio-composite. This research can not only inhibit the release of toxic atmosphere from composite wallpaper materials but also propose new perspective for recycling several bulk wastes such as agricultural waste, waste plastics and waste cooking oil. This study not only conducted an exploratory research on the degree of filling load from a vertical perspective but also conducted comparative experiments to clarify the strengthening effect of natural lotion in a horizontal perspective. Several valuable findings are obtained through the analysis of several measurements such as mechanical performance and SEM morphology. The heat transfer effect between components inside the bio-composite is enhanced by the action of natural lotion. A better heat transfer effect can prevent heat from accumulating in local areas of bio-composite, resulting in an increase in the overall initial pyrolysis temperature of TGA curve. It is found through experiments that when the biomass filler is excessive, the mechanical performance of the sample sharply decreased. These negative phenomena are presented in the specific form of voids and aggregates in the internal structure of bio-composite from a microscopic perspective. Comprehensive analysis manifested that natural lotion can suppress the negative effect of filler agglomeration and strengthen the filler/matrix interface bonding. The research also found that the type of biomass filler can affect the actual effect of natural lotion. These findings have certain academic significance and can promote the further development of sustainable research on diversified recycle of wastes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mechanism research on the application of liquid film microencapsulation technology based on natural lotion in strengthening recycled bio-composite wallpaper material","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-06-27 18:15:51","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3084542/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"bafe01c4-a28a-460b-9a79-ad3797858553","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 27th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-06-27T18:15:54+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-06-27 18:15:51","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3084542","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3084542","identity":"rs-3084542","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"rHA-KDH7Qsr4HCuvH75dn","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}