Utilization and Characterization of Cassava Starch as a Natural Thickening Agent for Reactive Dye Printing on Cotton Fabric

Utilization and Characterization of Cassava Starch as a Natural Thickening Agent for Reactive Dye Printing on Cotton Fabric | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Utilization and Characterization of Cassava Starch as a Natural Thickening Agent for Reactive Dye Printing on Cotton Fabric Belete Baye Gelaw, Addis Dodi, Bedlu Endale Berihun, Dereje Eyi Hordofa, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5322957/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the use of cassava root starch as a natural thickening agent for reactive dye printing on cotton fabrics, comparing its effectiveness with sodium alginate. Cassava starch was extracted and applied in various concentrations (1 g to 11 g) to examine its impact on fabric properties such as tensile strength, elongation, bending length, wash and crocking fastness, and crease recovery. The findings showed that cassava starch, particularly at concentrations between 4 g and 6 g, provided optimal tensile strength (up to 373 N in the warp direction) and acceptable elongation while maintaining good wash and crocking fastness. Although cassava starch performed comparably to sodium alginate in fastness tests, its crease recovery was slightly lower, indicating increased fabric stiffness at higher concentrations. The bending length, a measure of fabric stiffness, increased with thickener concentration, with higher levels making the fabric less flexible. The study concluded that cassava starch is a viable, sustainable alternative to synthetic thickeners for textile printing, especially when applied in moderate concentrations that balance strength, flexibility, and print quality. However, higher concentrations of cassava starch led to reduced tensile strength and increased fabric stiffness, which may limit its application in areas requiring high flexibility. Future research should explore methods to further improve the durability and clarity of cassava-starch-printed fabrics. Cassava starch Reactive dye printing Tensile strength Fabric stiffness Sodium alginate Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction Textile printing is a crucial component of the textile wet processing industry and has become an increasingly popular technique for various fibers, fabrics, and garments [ 1 ]. In this process, color is applied to the fabric using a thickening agent, which helps confine the dye to the desired design areas [ 2 , 3 ]. For a successful print, factors such as accurate color reproduction, sharpness of the print, evenness, fabric feel (hand), and efficient dye use must all be considered[ 4 ]. The type of thickener used significantly influences these factors [ 5 ]. The primary role of the thickener in textile printing is to act as a medium for transferring the dye onto the fabric [ 6 ]. Through its viscosity and adhesive properties, the thickener prevents the dye from spreading beyond the design limits, ensuring sharpness and precision. During steaming, the adhesive nature of the thickener holds the dye particles in place while the fabric absorbs steam, allowing the necessary chemical reactions to occur. This process enhances the colorfastness of the dye on the fabric [ 7 ]. Thickeners, particularly starches, have traditionally been key ingredients in textile printing pastes. Starch is often used in the printing of cotton with reactive dyes, where a higher starch concentration generally results in richer color yields and more vibrant prints [ 8 ]. Achieving a successful print in textile printing requires accurate color reproduction, sharply defined edges, even distribution of the print paste, and efficient use of dyes[ 9 ]. These factors are largely influenced by the type of thickening agent used and the properties of the resultant print paste. In the case of reactive dye printing on cellulosic textiles, the thickening agent is a crucial component of the print paste, providing plasticity and stickiness, which allow for precise design application without bleeding [ 7 ]. Additionally, the thickening agent plays a vital role in ensuring sharp, clean patterns by modulating the rheological properties of the paste.[ 1 ] Thickeners can be derived from natural or synthetic polymers. However, the use of synthetic thickeners in the textile printing industry has been associated with significant environmental impacts, including pollution and health hazards ([ 8 , 10 ]. These concerns can be mitigated by replacing synthetic thickeners with eco-friendly, natural alternatives[ 11 , 12 ]. Natural thickeners are readily available throughout the plant kingdom and offer environmental benefits, such as being non-allergenic, non-toxic, and posing no health hazards [ 12 ]. Moreover, natural thickeners meet the essential requirement for textile printing: they must either dissolve in water or absorb water to form a viscous solution, which they do effectively [ 8 , 10 ]. Cassava root is widely recognized as a rich source of starch and is known for its nontoxic, biodegradable, biocompatible, and renewable properties[ 13 – 15 ]. Additionally, it is low-cost and abundantly available. This study investigates the use of cassava root starch as a thickening agent in reactive dye printing on cotton fabric, revealing its potential as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic thickeners[ 16 , 17 ]. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)[ 18 ], known primarily as an energy source and widely used in animal feed in many countries, is less frequently utilized as a food source in Ethiopia[ 19 – 22 ]. However, cassava also presents potential as a thickening agent in textile printing [ 23 , 24 ]. This study focuses on the application and characterization of cassava root starch as a viable thickening agent for textile printing, particularly in its use with reactive dyes on cotton fabric. 2. Literature Review 2.1. Textile Printing and the Role of Thickeners Textile printing is a well-established method for imparting designs and colors onto fabrics. The process relies on the precise control of dye application to achieve accurate color reproduction, sharp edges, and even distribution of the print paste[ 3 ]. Among the essential components of a printing paste, thickeners play a critical role[ 6 , 8 , 12 , 13 ]. They control the flow properties of the paste and prevent the dye from spreading beyond the designated design area, ensuring that the fabric retains clean, sharp lines after printing and subsequent processes[ 1 , 11 , 12 ]. Thickeners can be derived from both natural and synthetic sources, each offering distinct properties[ 8 , 11 , 13 , 23 ]. In reactive dye printing on cotton and other cellulosic fibers, thickeners such as starches are commonly used due to their ability to bind effectively with the fabric and prevent bleeding during the fixation process[ 25 , 26 ]. The rheological properties of the thickening agent significantly influence the printing outcome, including color yield, pattern sharpness, and overall fabric feel [ 27 – 29 ]. These properties are particularly important in reactive dye printing, where dyes form a covalent bond with the fiber, resulting in highly durable prints with good fastness properties[ 30 , 31 ]. 2.2. Environmental Concerns with Synthetic Thickeners In recent years, there has been growing concern over the environmental impact of synthetic thickeners commonly used in textile printing. Synthetic polymers, while effective, often have harmful ecological effects due to their non-biodegradable nature and potential to release toxic by-products during manufacturing and after disposal [ 32 , 33 ]. The shift towards eco-friendly alternatives is driven by the textile industry’s increased awareness of sustainability and the need for safer, renewable materials [ 8 , 34 ]. Natural thickeners, derived from plant-based sources, offer a promising alternative due to their biodegradable, non-toxic properties. Starches, in particular, have gained attention because of their ability to dissolve in water or absorb moisture to form viscous solutions, a key requirement for textile printing[ 8 , 10 , 21 , 26 , 29 , 32 , 33 ]. As a result, researchers have been exploring various starches, including those from corn, potato, and cassava, as potential substitutes for synthetic thickeners[ 12 , 35 , 36 ]. 2.3. Cassava Starch as a Thickening Agent Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a root crop widely grown in tropical regions and recognized for its high starch content. Cassava starch is known for its biodegradable, non-toxic, and renewable characteristics, making it a highly suitable candidate for eco-friendly applications [ 15 – 18 , 24 ]. As a thickening agent in textile printing, cassava starch offers several advantages: it is abundant, inexpensive, and capable of forming viscous solutions that can effectively control dye flow on fabrics[ 15 – 18 , 24 ]. Several studies have highlighted the potential of cassava starch in textile applications. For instance, [ 37 ] investigated the rheological behavior of cassava starch and found it to have excellent film-forming and thickening properties, making it a viable alternative to synthetic thickeners. Additionally, cassava starch has been shown to provide good color yield and fastness properties when used in reactive dye printing on cotton fabric, comparable to other natural starches like corn and potato [ 37 – 39 ]. 2.4. Challenges and Innovations in Natural Thickening Agents Despite the environmental benefits, there are challenges associated with the use of natural starches as thickeners in textile printing. One common issue is the tendency of natural starches to retrograde or lose their viscosity under certain conditions, leading to print defects[ 40 ]. However, modifications to natural starches, such as esterification or oxidation, can enhance their performance, making them more stable and suitable for industrial use [ 41 , 42 ] Recent innovations in starch modification have focused on improving the rheological properties of cassava starch, enabling it to compete more effectively with synthetic alternatives. Studies have explored the use of chemical and enzymatic treatments to modify the structure of cassava starch, resulting in enhanced viscosity, stability, and printing performance [ 43 – 45 ]. These advances underscore the growing potential of cassava starch as a sustainable, high-performance thickening agent in textile printing. While significant progress has been made in understanding the application of natural thickeners, including cassava starch, there remains a gap in the comprehensive evaluation of cassava root starch as a thickening agent in reactive dye printing on cotton fabric. Most studies have focused on the performance of cassava starch in food and other industries [ 46 ], leaving its full potential in textile applications underexplored[ 47 ]. This study aims to bridge this gap by investigating the application and characterization of cassava root starch in reactive dye printing, with a focus on its impact on print quality, color yield, and fastness properties. 3. Materials and Methods 3.1. Materials Full bleached cotton fabric, sodium bicarbonate, reactive dye, urea, and a non-ionic soaping agent were sourced from Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology Laboratory, Bahir Dar University. The fabric featured a plain weave whish was ready for the printing process and was thoroughly washed, rinsed with tap water, and air-dried at room temperature. Cassava Root Flour The cassava root flour used in this research was collected from Hawassa, Ethiopia. Prepared screens were rinsed with water and dried. 3.2. Preparation of Thickener Paste: The cassava root flour was sieved to remove lumps and unwanted substances. Then the refined flour was mixed with water to form a paste, which was then heated until a thick, grey-transparent paste was achieved. 3.3. Preparation of Printing Paste: The printing paste was prepared by dissolving reactive dye in water along with urea. Then the mixture was stirred to achieve homogeneity before being combined with the thickener paste. Sodium bicarbonate was added, and the entire mixture was thoroughly stirred. Thereafter, the total weight of the resulting paste was adjusted to one kilogram by adding the required amount of water. 3.4. Optimization of Thickener Concentration Different printing pastes were prepared using varying amounts of the thickener while keeping other ingredients constant. Samples were printed with these pastes using a screen and were subjected to physical testing and visual evaluation to select the optimal thickener concentration. Printing Recipe The printing of reactive dye was executed in a direct style on cotton fabric. The printing paste recipe was as follows Ingredients Amount Water 50 ml Urea 5 g Sodium Bicarbonate 1 g Binder 1 g Reactive Dye (Red) 1 g Sodium Alginate 3 g 3.5. Printing Procedures All prepared printing pastes were applied to the prepared cotton fabric using the conventional screen-printing technique. Then the printed cotton fabric samples were dried at 80°C for 5 minutes. Following drying, the samples were steam-fixed at 110°C for 30 minutes to ensure proper dye bonding. After steam fixation, the printed samples were rinsed thoroughly with both cold and warm water to remove any unfixed dye. The samples were then soaped in a solution of 2 g/L non-ionic soaping agent at 50°C for 10 minutes to further remove unfixed dyes. The samples were rinsed again with warm and cold water to ensure all residues were eliminated. Finally, the samples were air-dried at room temperature. 3.6. Testing and Characterization The printed fabric samples were evaluated for their physical properties and color fastness to ensure they meet the intended purpose. The physical properties including bending length, crease recovery, drape, tensile strength and pilling resistance were tested and characterized. The fabric stiffness was measured to evaluate the flexibility and handle of the printed fabric. The stiffness of the fabric was determined by measuring the bending length using the ASTM D1388-96 standard (Cantilever Test Method)[48]. The fabric sample was mounted horizontally and allowed to bend under its own weight. The bending length was measured, and the stiffness was calculated based on the length at which the fabric bends at a 45° angle [48, 49]. 3.6.1. Color Fastness Since Color fastness is crucial for consumer satisfaction and color strength and fastness to washing assessments were performed. The color strength was characterized by measuring K/S values, chromatic coordinates, and CIE Lab* values using a spectrophotometer with an illuminant D65 and a 10° observer[50]. The color fastness to washing was assessed following the ISO 105-C10:2006 method[51]. This evaluation is vital as consumers frequently launder their fabrics, and any color change or staining on other garments can significantly impact user satisfaction. 3.6.2. Fastness to Rubbing (Crocking) The rubbing fastness, also known as crocking, evaluates the likelihood of color transfer when the printed fabric rubs against another material. This test ensures that the dye is well-fixed and doesn’t rub off easily. The assessment was carried out using a crock meter according to the ISO 105-X12 standard[52]. The test was performed for both dry and wet conditions. The dry rubbing was performed on a dry cotton fabric rubbed against the surface of the printed fabric under controlled pressure for a specified number of rubs. On the other hand, the Wet rubbing was performed with the cotton fabric soaked in water, squeezed to 100% pickup, and then rubbed against the printed fabric. After rubbing, the degree of color transfer to the rubbing fabric was evaluated using a grayscale for staining. Ratings range from 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent), where a higher rating indicates better fastness and less color transfer. 3.6.3. Crease Recovery The crease-recovery angle was measured to evaluate the fabric's resistance to wrinkling after creasing. The test was performed according to the ISO 2313 method[53]. A rectangular sample of the printed fabric was creased under a specified load for a set time period and then released. The recovery angle, the angle to which the fabric returns after the load is removed, was measured using a crease-recovery tester. 3.6.4. Viscosity of the Printing Paste The rheological properties of the printing pastes were measured to assess their suitability for printing. The viscosity of the cassava starch and synthetic thickener pastes was measured at 25°C using a Brookfield viscometer. A spindle was immersed in the paste, and the viscosity (in centipoise, cP) was recorded at different shear rates. Viscosity values were compared between the cassava starch and synthetic thickeners to assess their performance. 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Analysis of the Extraction Process The over extraction process of the cassava powder was performed based on the provided diagram (Fig. 2) detailing the extraction of cassava flour. The initial step (01) was harvesting the cassava root which is crucial as the quality of the roots directly affects the flour's final quality. Then the cassava roots were peeled (02) to remove the outer bark for preparing the roots for further processing and minimizing impurities. After peeling, the cassava was dried (03) to reduce moisture content, preventing spoilage and enhancing the flour's shelf life. The dried cassava was then crushed (04) into smaller pieces and prepared the material for grinding into flour. Finally, the crushed cassava was ground into fine flour (05). This was the final product that was used further as a thickening agent. 4.2. The FT-IR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analysis The FT-IR spectrum (Fig. 3) confirms the structural features of cassava starch, including hydroxyl groups, glycosidic linkages, and absorbed water, all of which are typical characteristics of starch molecules. The hydroxyl groups (-OH) found in starch molecules are represented by 3279 cm⁻¹ (Broad -OH Stretching) broad peak. Because of its polysaccharide composition, starch is known to exhibit strong hydrogen bonds[54]. The presence of methylene (-CH2) groups in the starch structure is confirmed by the C-H bonds in the glucose units of starch, which are linked to the peak 2925–2930 cm⁻¹ (C-H Stretching)[55, 56]. The bending vibrations of water molecules absorbed in the starch are represented by a peak 1640–1650 cm⁻¹ (Water Absorption) This suggests that the sample contains moisture, which is typical for starches. Furthermore the region between 1150 and 1200 cm⁻¹ (C-O-C Glycosidic Bond Stretching) confirms the presence of polysaccharide composition by reflecting the glycosidic bonds that bind the glucose units in starch[57]. In general, the FT-IR spectrum of cassava starch confirms its typical molecular structure, characterized by key functional groups. The band at 3279 cm⁻¹ signifies the presence of numerous hydroxyl groups (-OH), of starch. Peaks at 2925–2930 cm⁻¹ reveal the C-H bonds in the glucose units, while the C-O-C stretching in the 1150–1200 cm⁻¹ region highlights the glycosidic linkages connecting these glucose units. The peak at 1640–1650 cm⁻¹ indicates the presence of absorbed water, common due to starch's hygroscopic nature. Together, these peaks verify the integrity and functionality of cassava starch, supporting its potential use as a thickening agent in applications of reactive dye printing on cotton fabric. 4.3. The PH of the thickener The pH of the cassava starch thickener was measured and was almost neutral (5–7), indicating that it is suitable for textile applications reactive dye printing on cotton fabrics. A neutral pH ensures minimal interference with the dyeing process, as reactive dyes typically require a near-neutral environment for optimal performance. This pH range helps maintain the integrity of both the dye and the fabric, reducing the risk of unwanted reactions that could affect the color yield quality. 4.4. Viscosity of the Printing Paste The effects of concentration, MLR, time, and temperature on the viscosity of cassava starch was analyzed by DOE and the result confirms that these factors play crucial roles in determining the thickening efficiency of the starch. Accordingly, concentration and MLR are the most significant factors influencing viscosity, with higher starch concentrations and lower material-to-liquid ratios leading to increased viscosity. On the other hand, temperature affects viscosity inversely, with higher temperatures generally reducing viscosity due to the breakdown of starch structure, though there may be an optimal temperature range for achieving maximum viscosity. Overall, this study demonstrates that cassava starch can be effectively used as a thickener in textile applications with reactive dye printing on cotton fabric, and the viscosity can be tailored by adjusting the key variables. This provides valuable insight for optimizing the dyeing process for consistent and high-quality results. 4.5. Analysis of the Printing Process The printing process ( Error! Reference source not found. ) involves preparing the thickener that was mixed with dye to create a paste suitable for printing on fabric to ensures that the dye adheres well and reduces bleeding during application. Then, the thickener was combined with dye to form a paste that has the desired viscosity for printing. The paste was used to transfer the dye onto the fabric. The printing paste was applied to the fabric, that involved a squeezing technique. The method helps to ensure even application and distribution of the dye onto the fabric surface. After the paste was applied, the fabric was cured to fixes the dye to the fabric enhancing wash fastness, preventing color loss over time. Finally, the printed fabric undergoes fastness testing to evaluate how well the dye adheres under various conditions for ensuring the quality and longevity of the print. When comparing the printed samples (Fig. 5) shows distinct differences in how sodium alginate and cassava thickener influence the final printed fabric. Sodium alginate tends to provide sharper, more vibrant prints with better fastness properties, while cassava thickener offers a unique texture and a potentially more sustainable approach but may affect the clarity and durability of the prints. 4.6. Wash Fastness, Crocking Fastness, and Crease Recovery The performance of cassava root starch as a thickening agent was compared with sodium alginate in terms of wash fastness, crocking fastness, and crease recovery of printed cotton fabrics. The results, based on various concentrations of cassava starch (ranging from 1g to 11g). 4.6.1. Wash Fastness The wash fastness ratings indicate that cassava starch concentrations of 4g to 6g performed the best, showing values of 3/4 and 4 on the gray scale, which is comparable to sodium alginate (4/5). This suggests that these concentrations provide better dye fixation, reducing color loss during washing. The reduced performance at lower or higher concentrations might be due to inadequate or excessive starch content, which either fails to properly hold the dye or leads to uneven dye penetration. These findings align with the notion that starch’s film-forming capacity plays a critical role in retaining the dye during washing. 4.6.2. Crocking/Rubbing Fastness The crocking fastness results show that the dry rub fastness was generally better than wet rub fastness. Concentrations of 4g- 6g of cassava starch showed strong results, with dry rub fastness ratings of 4 and wet rub fastness ratings of 4/5 and 3/4, similar to sodium alginate. The fact that higher concentrations (4g-6g) exhibit better rub fastness can be attributed to improved binding between the fabric and the dye. Wet rubbing always tends to show more staining compared to dry rubbing due to the softer fabric surface and more mobile dye particles in wet conditions. Lower concentrations of cassava starch (1g and 2g) showed poorer performance, likely because the paste at these levels was not viscous enough to hold the dye properly. 4.6.3. Crease Recovery The crease recovery angle increased with higher concentrations of cassava starch, peaking at 740° in the warp direction and 780° in the weft direction at 6g of starch. Sodium alginate displayed superior recovery angles of 900° (warp) and 1000° (weft). The lower crease recovery of cassava starch compared to sodium alginate indicates that cassava starch increases the fabric stiffness, which is less desirable for applications where flexibility and recovery from wrinkles are critical, such as in apparel. The higher concentrations (4g-6g) produced fabrics that had better recovery than lower or higher concentrations, suggesting that an optimal balance of starch allows for some degree of flexibility. However, as the concentration increases (above 7g), the fabric becomes too stiff, reducing its ability to recover from creases effectively. 1. Tensile Strength vs Thickener Concentration The tensile strength in the warp direction initially increases, peaking around 6 g of thickener concentration (373 N), before beginning to decline. This indicates that moderate amounts of cassava starch thickener enhance the fabric's tensile strength. Beyond this point, the fabric weakens as more thickener is added. A similar trend is observed in the weft direction, but the peak strength occurs earlier at 4 g (269 N). The tensile strength in the weft decreases more sharply beyond 4–6 g. This suggests that higher thickener concentrations reduce the fiber cohesion or flexibility in the weft direction. Therefore, moderate concentrations of thickener (around 4–6 g) seem to strengthen the fabric in both warp and weft directions. However, excessive thickener concentrations (8 g and above) make the fabric less robust, likely because the starch thickener interferes with fiber binding or causes the fabric to become weak in strength. 2. Elongation vs Thickener Concentration Elongation in the warp direction decreases as the thickener concentration increases, suggesting a reduction in fabric stretchability. This shows that while low to moderate concentrations reduce elasticity, higher concentrations restore and even enhance the fabric's ability to stretch. In the weft direction, elongation follows a similar trend, with a gradual decrease. As a result, the increase in thickener concentration reduces the fabric’s elongation, likely due to the stiffening effect of cassava starch. This effect is more noticeable in the weft direction than in the warp. 3. Bending Length vs Thickener Concentration Bending length (a measure of stiffness) in the warp direction steadily increases with thickener concentration. The fabric becomes stiffer as more cassava starch is applied, with bending length increasing from 1.7 cm at 1 g to 4.9 cm at 11 g. The weft direction also shows increasing stiffness, though at a slightly lower rate compared to the warp. The bending length increases from 1.3 cm at 1 g to 4.0 cm at 11 g. The increasing bending length across both directions shows that the fabric becomes stiffer with rising thickener concentration. Cassava starch has a clear stiffening effect on the fabric, reducing flexibility as more thickener is applied. This is likely due to the thickening agent forming a layer on the fabric that increases rigidity. The warp direction shows greater stiffness than the weft, which is common due to the structural differences in the fibers' orientation. In general, for moderate Concentrations of 4–6 g, the fabric exhibits optimal tensile strength, showing a balance between strength and flexibility. The starch thickener enhances fabric performance, making it suitable for use where durability is needed without significant loss of elasticity. For higher the Concentrations (8–11 g), tensile strength declines, and the fabric becomes less elastic (especially in the weft direction). It also becomes stiffer, as indicated by the increasing bending length. This suggests that the fabric become more stiffer, it gain some structural integrity, making it more rigid. For applications in reactive dye printing, where both fabric strength and flexibility are critical, using cassava starch thickener in the 4–6 g range seems to be optimal. Higher concentrations, might reduce the fabric's durability and affect its drape due to excessive stiffness. This analysis provides insights into the impact of cassava starch concentration on fabric properties, guiding decisions on the right balance between strength, elasticity, and stiffness in dye printing. 5. Conclusion This research investigated the potential of cassava root starch as a thickening agent for reactive dye printing on cotton fabrics, comparing its performance to the conventional sodium alginate thickener. Through a series of tests, including tensile strength, elongation, bending length, wash and crocking fastness, and crease recovery, the impact of cassava starch on fabric properties was carefully analyzed. Key findings revealed that cassava starch shows promising results as a thickener, particularly at concentrations between 4–6 g. At these levels, cassava starch offered optimal performance, with notable tensile strength (373 N in the warp direction) and elongation percentages. It also exhibited adequate fastness properties, where wash and crocking fastness were comparable to those achieved with sodium alginate. Crease recovery, although lower than sodium alginate, was still satisfactory within this concentration range. However, at higher concentrations (above 6 g), the fabric became stiffer and less elastic, as evidenced by the increased bending length and reduced tensile strength. This suggests that excessive starch hinders fiber cohesion, making the fabric brittle and more prone to breaking. From a sustainability perspective, cassava starch presents a viable, eco-friendly alternative to synthetic thickeners like sodium alginate. Its natural composition and biodegradability make it an attractive option for textile manufacturers seeking to reduce environmental impact. Despite the promising results, certain limitations of cassava starch were noted, particularly its tendency to reduce print clarity and durability when used in high concentrations. Furthermore, its lower fastness properties compared to sodium alginate in some instances indicate that cassava starch may not be suitable for all textile applications without further modification or optimization. In conclusion, cassava root starch can be successfully utilized as a thickening agent in reactive dye printing on cotton fabrics. When used at moderate concentrations, it offers a balance between strength, flexibility, and sustainability, making it a compelling alternative to synthetic options. However, future research should focus on refining the cassava starch formulation to improve its print quality and durability for broader textile applications. Declarations Conflict of Interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. Funding No specific funding was received for conducting this research. Author Contribution AdDis Dodi, Bedliu Endale Berihun and Dereje Eyi Hordofa: Conceptualization of the research, experimental design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation of results. Primary authors of the manuscript.Belete Baye Gelaw: Provided critical feedback on the research design and manuscript, contributing expertise in polymer science. Advisor and coach, Corresponding author of the manuscript.Anteneh Tilahun Awoke: Assisted with data interpretation and provided insights into the implications of the findings for the field of cotton fabric printing and reactive dyeing. References Ragab, M.M., H. Othman, and A. Hassabo, An overview of printing textile techniques. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 2022. 65(8): p. 749-761. Holme, I., Coloration of technical textiles, in Handbook of technical textiles. 2016, Elsevier. p. 231-284. Zollinger, H., Color chemistry: syntheses, properties, and applications of organic dyes and pigments. 2003: John Wiley & Sons. Tkalec, M., et al. The Complexity of Colour/Textile Interaction in Digital Printing as an Integral Part of Environmental Design. in Arts. 2024. MDPI. Asaduzzaman, M.F.H., M. Kamruzzaman, and M.R. MIAH, Effects of Binder and Thickeners of Pigment Printing Paste on fastness properties of printed fabric. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 2016. 7(9): p. 710-719. Dessie, A. and B. Eshetu, The role of binders and its chemistry in textile pigment printing. Journal of Textile Science & Engineering, 2021. 11(1): p. 1-6. Repon, M.R., et al., Natural dyes in textile printing: parameters, methods, and performance. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2024. 31(35): p. 47552-47583. Ebrahim, S.A., A.G. Hassabo, and H. Othman, Natural thickener in textile printing (a mini review). Journal of Textiles, Coloration and Polymer Science, 2021. 18(1): p. 55-64. Kelly, A., An investigation into colour accuracy and colour management issues in digitally printed textiles for Higher Education. 2014: The University of Manchester (United Kingdom). Hamdy, D., A.G. Hassabo, and H. Othman, Recent use of natural thickeners in the printing process. Journal of Textiles, Coloration and Polymer Science, 2021. 18(2): p. 75-81. Hassabo, A.G., A. El-Aty, and H. Othman, A critique on synthetic thickeners in textile printing. Journal of Textiles, Coloration and Polymer Science, 2022. 19(1): p. 99-109. Himashree, P., A.S. Sengar, and C. Sunil, Food thickening agents: Sources, chemistry, properties and applications-A review. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 2022. 27: p. 100468. Chakraborty, R., P. Kalita, and S. Sen, Natural starch in biomedical and food industry: perception and overview. Current drug discovery technologies, 2019. 16(4): p. 355-367. Das, S., et al., Efficacy of Cassava Starch in the Design of Drug Delivery Platforms: From Roots to Polymers. 2023. Panghal, A., et al., Cassava toxicity, detoxification and its food applications: a review. Toxin Reviews, 2021. Admase, A.T., D.A. Mersha, and A.Y. Kebede, Cassava starch-based hot melt adhesive for textile industries. Scientific Reports, 2024. 14(1): p. 20927. Shittu, T.A., et al., Cassava flour and starch: Processing technology and utilization. Tropical roots and tubers: Production, processing and technology, 2016: p. 415-450. Nassar, N.M., Cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, genetic resources: their collection, evaluation, and manipulation. Advances in Agronomy, 1999. 69: p. 179-230. Feyisa, A., Current Status, Opportunities, and Constraints of Cassava Production in Ethiopia-A Review. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 2021. 11: p. 51. Parmar, A., et al., Post-harvest management and associated food losses and by-products of cassava in southern Ethiopia. Food security, 2018. 10: p. 419-435. Bayata, A., Review on nutritional value of cassava for use as a staple food. Sci J Anal Chem, 2019. 7(4): p. 83-91. Kebede, A., et al., Detoxification and consumption of cassava based foods in South West Ethiopia. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2012. 11(3): p. 237. Obele, C.M., et al., Carboxymethyl cellulose and cellulose nanocrystals from cassava stem as thickeners in reactive printing of cotton. Cellulose, 2021. 28: p. 2615-2633. Braide, O. and S. Adetoro, Cassava flour as a resin printing paste for textile patterns, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Transnational Journal of Science and Technology, 2013. 3(8): p. 15-28. Kumbasar, E.P.A. and M. Bide, Reactive dye printing with mixed thickeners on viscose. Dyes and pigments, 2000. 47(1-2): p. 189-199. Schneider, R. and S. Šostar-Turk, Good quality printing with reactive dyes using guar gum and biodegradable additives. Dyes and pigments, 2003. 57(1): p. 7-14. Islam, M.T., S.H. Khan, and M.M. Hasan, Aloe vera gel: a new thickening agent for pigment printing. Coloration Technology, 2016. 132(3): p. 255-264. Koocheki, A., et al., Rheological properties of mucilage extracted from Alyssum homolocarpum seed as a new source of thickening agent. Journal of food engineering, 2009. 91(3): p. 490-496. Islam, S., et al., Effect of natural thickener on printing performance over cotton woven fabric. Heliyon, 2024. 10(10). Fijan, R., et al., Rheological properties of printing pastes and their influence on quality-determining parameters in screen printing of cotton with reactive dyes using recycled polysaccharide thickeners. Carbohydrate polymers, 2009. 78(1): p. 25-35. Wang, L., F. Zhu, and D. Lu, Rheological properties of sodium alginate and xanthan pastes on cotton with reactive dye in screen printing. Textile Research Journal, 2013. 83(17): p. 1873-1884. Ibrahim*, N., et al., Environmentally sound pigment printing using synthetic thickening agents. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 2005. 44(1): p. 111-132. Abdelrahman, M.S., et al., Polymerization products of lactic acid as synthetic thickening agents for textile printing. Journal of Molecular structure, 2020. 1203: p. 127421. Wu, L.-Q., et al., Utilizing renewable resources to create functional polymers: chitosan-based associative thickener. Environmental science & technology, 2002. 36(15): p. 3446-3454. Vilpoux, O.F. and J.F.S.S. Junior, Global production and use of starch, in Starchy crops morphology, extraction, properties and applications. 2023, Elsevier. p. 43-66. Fernando, N., et al., Sustainable biorefinery approach for cassava: A Review. Engineer: Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka, 2022. 55(2). Leite, T.D., et al., Effect of addition of different hydrocolloids on pasting, thermal, and rheological properties of cassava starch. Food Science and Technology, 2012. 32: p. 579-587. Che, L.-m., et al., Rheological properties of dilute aqueous solutions of cassava starch. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2008. 74(3): p. 385-389. Wang, Z., et al., Cassava starch: Chemical modification and its impact on functional properties and digestibility, a review. Food Hydrocolloids, 2022. 129: p. 107542. Prabakaran, R., et al., An overview of the state of the art and challenges in the use of gelling and thickening agents to create stable thermal energy storage materials. Energies, 2023. 16(8): p. 3306. Gałkowska, D., K. Kapuśniak, and L. Juszczak, Chemically modified starches as food additives. Molecules, 2023. 28(22): p. 7543. Lehmann, A., et al., Starch based thickening agents for personal care and surfactant systems. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2008. 331(1-2): p. 150-154. Ashogbon, A.O. and E.T. Akintayo, Recent trend in the physical and chemical modification of starches from different botanical sources: A review. Starch‐Stärke, 2014. 66(1-2): p. 41-57. Wang, S., et al., Recent advances and future challenges of the starch-based bio-composites for engineering applications. Carbohydrate polymers, 2023. 307: p. 120627. Yang, Y., et al., A review and evidence based recommendations on starch-and gum-based thickeners for dysphagic patients: Proper thickeners for dysphagic patients. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 2022. 16(4): p. 3140-3152. Breuninger, W.F., K. Piyachomkwan, and K. Sriroth, Tapioca/cassava starch: production and use, in Starch. 2009, Elsevier. p. 541-568. Li, S., et al., The industrial applications of cassava: current status, opportunities and prospects. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2017. 97(8): p. 2282-2290. Moghassem, A., A new approach for numerical identification of bending behavior of plain woven fabric. Fibers and Polymers, 2012. 13(2): p. 237-243. Fridrichová, L., A new method of measuring the bending rigidity of fabrics and its application to the determination of the their anisotropy. Textile Research Journal, 2013. 83(9): p. 883-892. Samanta, A.K., Colorimetric Evaluations and Characterization of Natural and Synthetic Dyes/Pigments and Dyed Textiles and Related Products. Colorimetry, 2022: p. 3. Aina, B., et al., Color fastness of dyed raw linen cloth modified with enzymes. Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 2014. 8(7). Lilić, A., N. Kašiković, and N. Miketić. Rubbing Fastness Of Green Ink Printed On Textile Using Screen Printing Transfer Technique. in Proceedings–The Ninth International Symposium GRID. 2018. Wang, L. and W. Gao, Comprehensive evaluation of the fabric crease recovery property by the whole recovery process. Textile Research Journal, 2020. 90(15-16): p. 1661-1670. Fu, Y., et al., Physicochemical characteristics and biological activities of polysaccharides from the leaves of different loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) cultivars. International journal of biological macromolecules, 2019. 135: p. 274-281. Chhatariya, H.F., et al., Corn starch biofilm reinforced with orange peel powder: Characterization of physicochemical and mechanical properties. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2022. 59: p. 884-892. Gautam, V., et al., Vibrational and gravimetric analysis of polyaniline/polysaccharide composite materials. Polymer Science Series A, 2016. 58: p. 206-219. Wiercigroch, E., et al., Raman and infrared spectroscopy of carbohydrates: A review. Spectrochimica acta part a: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2017. 185: p. 317-335 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5322957","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":370408982,"identity":"59cef7a1-ae80-454b-9bba-504fe321f8e0","order_by":0,"name":"Belete Baye Gelaw","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNCCAjY5fhCdUECUcmYgNuAzlmwAaTEgXotc4oYDIA4xWvj7zx/8zGNglrj5/OrEDw8MGOT5xQ7g1yJxI5lZmscgzXjbjbebJYAOM5w5O4GANTeYGaRzDI7JbrtxdgNIS4LBbQJa5M8fZv6dY/CfcfOMs5t/EKXF4EAyG9AWNsUN/L3biLPF8EaymfUfAzZjiRu82ywSDCQI+0Xu/MHHN2dUAKOy/+zmmz8qbOT5pQloQQAJsEoJYpWDAP8BUlSPglEwCkbBSAIADNdCtSdN3YEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Belete","middleName":"Baye","lastName":"Gelaw","suffix":""},{"id":370408984,"identity":"ddd8b385-3cfb-44bf-9feb-0d8d260aa94b","order_by":1,"name":"Addis Dodi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Addis","middleName":"","lastName":"Dodi","suffix":""},{"id":370408985,"identity":"24ade369-bc0d-4522-8c5e-ec65f66c4736","order_by":2,"name":"Bedlu Endale Berihun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bedlu","middleName":"Endale","lastName":"Berihun","suffix":""},{"id":370408986,"identity":"f5f05fcb-f178-4f14-8357-4113f0ca8b08","order_by":3,"name":"Dereje Eyi Hordofa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dereje","middleName":"Eyi","lastName":"Hordofa","suffix":""},{"id":370408987,"identity":"be2f066e-c93c-4999-9573-b6c95809a252","order_by":4,"name":"Anteneh Tilahun Awoke","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anteneh","middleName":"Tilahun","lastName":"Awoke","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-10-24 05:53:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5322957/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5322957/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":68273111,"identity":"aef27f5d-ff45-4938-abad-1fc8522ba39d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-05 14:08:47","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":42236,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eoverall workflow of the study\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5322957/v1/779227fd79aac82090d39959.png"},{"id":68271418,"identity":"605218ca-5dbc-4213-ab8d-a97f0b35841f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-05 13:52:47","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":176387,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExtraction procedures for Cassava flour\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5322957/v1/d01eaaae70ccaedcc2ae3939.png"},{"id":68271420,"identity":"80103c3b-d7e4-4259-aee5-815b0b09623c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-05 13:52:47","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28057,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCharacterization of Thickener under FTIR\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5322957/v1/21f810c84426b0ce1f2751ca.png"},{"id":68271423,"identity":"bead524e-a24f-49b4-a6fc-a874fdf42d37","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-05 13:52:47","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":302423,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ethe printing procedure\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5322957/v1/268b13cd942e9d3ff3b5a3e5.png"},{"id":68272421,"identity":"df97ce65-cd3f-4ab1-b89a-64ecb6fa3e62","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-05 14:00:47","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":424435,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ecomparisons of printed fabrics with Sodium alginate and Cassava Starch thickener\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5322957/v1/8d601e504bf4c15685ecc83d.png"},{"id":68272423,"identity":"30bdd784-bc05-4232-8483-0a53ff2ead96","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-05 14:00:47","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":110422,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eexperimental data on tensile strength, elongation, and bending length for different thickener concentrations (cassava starch)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5322957/v1/ab8dfc851b5744077debd269.png"},{"id":72684575,"identity":"7fd69b58-044b-47bd-bef4-ff68d26f4a9e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-31 08:01:58","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1842825,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5322957/v1/8f7b89f1-c011-4c69-ade2-eda6b75902f2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eUtilization and Characterization of Cassava Starch as a Natural Thickening Agent for Reactive Dye Printing on Cotton Fabric\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eTextile printing is a crucial component of the textile wet processing industry and has become an increasingly popular technique for various fibers, fabrics, and garments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In this process, color is applied to the fabric using a thickening agent, which helps confine the dye to the desired design areas [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. For a successful print, factors such as accurate color reproduction, sharpness of the print, evenness, fabric feel (hand), and efficient dye use must all be considered[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The type of thickener used significantly influences these factors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe primary role of the thickener in textile printing is to act as a medium for transferring the dye onto the fabric [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Through its viscosity and adhesive properties, the thickener prevents the dye from spreading beyond the design limits, ensuring sharpness and precision. During steaming, the adhesive nature of the thickener holds the dye particles in place while the fabric absorbs steam, allowing the necessary chemical reactions to occur. This process enhances the colorfastness of the dye on the fabric [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Thickeners, particularly starches, have traditionally been key ingredients in textile printing pastes. Starch is often used in the printing of cotton with reactive dyes, where a higher starch concentration generally results in richer color yields and more vibrant prints [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAchieving a successful print in textile printing requires accurate color reproduction, sharply defined edges, even distribution of the print paste, and efficient use of dyes[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. These factors are largely influenced by the type of thickening agent used and the properties of the resultant print paste. In the case of reactive dye printing on cellulosic textiles, the thickening agent is a crucial component of the print paste, providing plasticity and stickiness, which allow for precise design application without bleeding [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, the thickening agent plays a vital role in ensuring sharp, clean patterns by modulating the rheological properties of the paste.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThickeners can be derived from natural or synthetic polymers. However, the use of synthetic thickeners in the textile printing industry has been associated with significant environmental impacts, including pollution and health hazards ([\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. These concerns can be mitigated by replacing synthetic thickeners with eco-friendly, natural alternatives[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Natural thickeners are readily available throughout the plant kingdom and offer environmental benefits, such as being non-allergenic, non-toxic, and posing no health hazards [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, natural thickeners meet the essential requirement for textile printing: they must either dissolve in water or absorb water to form a viscous solution, which they do effectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCassava root is widely recognized as a rich source of starch and is known for its nontoxic, biodegradable, biocompatible, and renewable properties[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, it is low-cost and abundantly available. This study investigates the use of cassava root starch as a thickening agent in reactive dye printing on cotton fabric, revealing its potential as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic thickeners[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], known primarily as an energy source and widely used in animal feed in many countries, is less frequently utilized as a food source in Ethiopia[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR20 CR21\" citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. However, cassava also presents potential as a thickening agent in textile printing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. This study focuses on the application and characterization of cassava root starch as a viable thickening agent for textile printing, particularly in its use with reactive dyes on cotton fabric.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Literature Review","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Textile Printing and the Role of Thickeners\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTextile printing is a well-established method for imparting designs and colors onto fabrics. The process relies on the precise control of dye application to achieve accurate color reproduction, sharp edges, and even distribution of the print paste[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Among the essential components of a printing paste, thickeners play a critical role[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. They control the flow properties of the paste and prevent the dye from spreading beyond the designated design area, ensuring that the fabric retains clean, sharp lines after printing and subsequent processes[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThickeners can be derived from both natural and synthetic sources, each offering distinct properties[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. In reactive dye printing on cotton and other cellulosic fibers, thickeners such as starches are commonly used due to their ability to bind effectively with the fabric and prevent bleeding during the fixation process[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. The rheological properties of the thickening agent significantly influence the printing outcome, including color yield, pattern sharpness, and overall fabric feel [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR28\" citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. These properties are particularly important in reactive dye printing, where dyes form a covalent bond with the fiber, resulting in highly durable prints with good fastness properties[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Environmental Concerns with Synthetic Thickeners\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn recent years, there has been growing concern over the environmental impact of synthetic thickeners commonly used in textile printing. Synthetic polymers, while effective, often have harmful ecological effects due to their non-biodegradable nature and potential to release toxic by-products during manufacturing and after disposal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. The shift towards eco-friendly alternatives is driven by the textile industry\u0026rsquo;s increased awareness of sustainability and the need for safer, renewable materials [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural thickeners, derived from plant-based sources, offer a promising alternative due to their biodegradable, non-toxic properties. Starches, in particular, have gained attention because of their ability to dissolve in water or absorb moisture to form viscous solutions, a key requirement for textile printing[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. As a result, researchers have been exploring various starches, including those from corn, potato, and cassava, as potential substitutes for synthetic thickeners[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Cassava Starch as a Thickening Agent\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a root crop widely grown in tropical regions and recognized for its high starch content. Cassava starch is known for its biodegradable, non-toxic, and renewable characteristics, making it a highly suitable candidate for eco-friendly applications [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. As a thickening agent in textile printing, cassava starch offers several advantages: it is abundant, inexpensive, and capable of forming viscous solutions that can effectively control dye flow on fabrics[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral studies have highlighted the potential of cassava starch in textile applications. For instance, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e] investigated the rheological behavior of cassava starch and found it to have excellent film-forming and thickening properties, making it a viable alternative to synthetic thickeners. Additionally, cassava starch has been shown to provide good color yield and fastness properties when used in reactive dye printing on cotton fabric, comparable to other natural starches like corn and potato [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR38\" citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Challenges and Innovations in Natural Thickening Agents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the environmental benefits, there are challenges associated with the use of natural starches as thickeners in textile printing. One common issue is the tendency of natural starches to retrograde or lose their viscosity under certain conditions, leading to print defects[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. However, modifications to natural starches, such as esterification or oxidation, can enhance their performance, making them more stable and suitable for industrial use [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecent innovations in starch modification have focused on improving the rheological properties of cassava starch, enabling it to compete more effectively with synthetic alternatives. Studies have explored the use of chemical and enzymatic treatments to modify the structure of cassava starch, resulting in enhanced viscosity, stability, and printing performance [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR44\" citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. These advances underscore the growing potential of cassava starch as a sustainable, high-performance thickening agent in textile printing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile significant progress has been made in understanding the application of natural thickeners, including cassava starch, there remains a gap in the comprehensive evaluation of cassava root starch as a thickening agent in reactive dye printing on cotton fabric. Most studies have focused on the performance of cassava starch in food and other industries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e], leaving its full potential in textile applications underexplored[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. This study aims to bridge this gap by investigating the application and characterization of cassava root starch in reactive dye printing, with a focus on its impact on print quality, color yield, and fastness properties.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Materials\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFull bleached cotton fabric, sodium bicarbonate, reactive dye, urea, and a non-ionic soaping agent were sourced from Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology Laboratory, Bahir Dar University. The fabric featured a plain weave whish was ready for the printing process and was thoroughly washed, rinsed with tap water, and air-dried at room temperature.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCassava Root Flour\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe cassava root flour used in this research was collected from Hawassa, Ethiopia. Prepared screens were rinsed with water and dried.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Preparation of Thickener Paste:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe cassava root flour was sieved to remove lumps and unwanted substances. Then the refined flour was mixed with water to form a paste, which was then heated until a thick, grey-transparent paste was achieved.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Preparation of Printing Paste:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe printing paste was prepared by dissolving reactive dye in water along with urea. Then the mixture was stirred to achieve homogeneity before being combined with the thickener paste. Sodium bicarbonate was added, and the entire mixture was thoroughly stirred. Thereafter, the total weight of the resulting paste was adjusted to one kilogram by adding the required amount of water.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Optimization of Thickener Concentration\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifferent printing pastes were prepared using varying amounts of the thickener while keeping other ingredients constant. Samples were printed with these pastes using a screen and were subjected to physical testing and visual evaluation to select the optimal thickener concentration.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrinting Recipe\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe printing of reactive dye was executed in a direct style on cotton fabric. The printing paste recipe was as follows\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIngredients\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmount\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 ml\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSodium Bicarbonate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBinder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReactive Dye (Red)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSodium Alginate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.5. Printing Procedures\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll prepared printing pastes were applied to the prepared cotton fabric using the conventional screen-printing technique. Then the printed cotton fabric samples were dried at 80\u0026deg;C for 5 minutes. Following drying, the samples were steam-fixed at 110\u0026deg;C for 30 minutes to ensure proper dye bonding. After steam fixation, the printed samples were rinsed thoroughly with both cold and warm water to remove any unfixed dye. The samples were then soaped in a solution of 2 g/L non-ionic soaping agent at 50\u0026deg;C for 10 minutes to further remove unfixed dyes. The samples were rinsed again with warm and cold water to ensure all residues were eliminated. Finally, the samples were air-dried at room temperature.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.6. Testing and Characterization\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe printed fabric samples were evaluated for their physical properties and color fastness to ensure they meet the intended purpose.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe physical properties including bending length, crease recovery, drape, tensile strength and pilling resistance were tested and characterized. The fabric stiffness was measured to evaluate the flexibility and handle of the printed fabric. The stiffness of the fabric was determined by measuring the bending length using the ASTM D1388-96 standard (Cantilever Test Method)[48]. The fabric sample was mounted horizontally and allowed to bend under its own weight. The bending length was measured, and the stiffness was calculated based on the length at which the fabric bends at a 45\u0026deg; angle [48, 49].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.6.1. Color Fastness\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSince Color fastness is crucial for consumer satisfaction and color strength and fastness to washing assessments were performed. The color strength was characterized by measuring K/S values, chromatic coordinates, and CIE Lab* values using a spectrophotometer with an illuminant D65 and a 10\u0026deg; observer[50]. The color fastness to washing was assessed following the ISO 105-C10:2006 method[51]. This evaluation is vital as consumers frequently launder their fabrics, and any color change or staining on other garments can significantly impact user satisfaction.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.6.2. Fastness to Rubbing (Crocking)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe rubbing fastness, also known as crocking, evaluates the likelihood of color transfer when the printed fabric rubs against another material. This test ensures that the dye is well-fixed and doesn\u0026rsquo;t rub off easily. The assessment was carried out using a crock meter according to the ISO 105-X12 standard[52]. The test was performed for both dry and wet conditions. The dry rubbing was performed on a dry cotton fabric rubbed against the surface of the printed fabric under controlled pressure for a specified number of rubs. On the other hand, the Wet rubbing was performed with the cotton fabric soaked in water, squeezed to 100% pickup, and then rubbed against the printed fabric. After rubbing, the degree of color transfer to the rubbing fabric was evaluated using a grayscale for staining. Ratings range from 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent), where a higher rating indicates better fastness and less color transfer.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.6.3. Crease Recovery\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe crease-recovery angle was measured to evaluate the fabric\u0026apos;s resistance to wrinkling after creasing. The test was performed according to the ISO 2313 method[53]. A rectangular sample of the printed fabric was creased under a specified load for a set time period and then released. The recovery angle, the angle to which the fabric returns after the load is removed, was measured using a crease-recovery tester.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.6.4. Viscosity of the Printing Paste\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe rheological properties of the printing pastes were measured to assess their suitability for printing. The viscosity of the cassava starch and synthetic thickener pastes was measured at 25\u0026deg;C using a Brookfield viscometer. A spindle was immersed in the paste, and the viscosity (in centipoise, cP) was recorded at different shear rates. Viscosity values were compared between the cassava starch and synthetic thickeners to assess their performance.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.1. Analysis of the Extraction Process\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe over extraction process of the cassava powder was performed based on the provided diagram (Fig. 2) detailing the extraction of cassava flour. The initial step (01) was harvesting the cassava root which is crucial as the quality of the roots directly affects the flour\u0026apos;s final quality. Then the cassava roots were peeled (02) to remove the outer bark for preparing the roots for further processing and minimizing impurities. After peeling, the cassava was dried (03) to reduce moisture content, preventing spoilage and enhancing the flour\u0026apos;s shelf life. The dried cassava was then crushed (04) into smaller pieces and prepared the material for grinding into flour. Finally, the crushed cassava was ground into fine flour (05). This was the final product that was used further as a thickening agent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.2. The FT-IR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe FT-IR spectrum (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3) confirms the structural features of cassava starch, including hydroxyl groups, glycosidic linkages, and absorbed water, all of which are typical characteristics of starch molecules.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe hydroxyl groups (-OH) found in starch molecules are represented by 3279 cm⁻\u0026sup1; (Broad -OH Stretching) broad peak. Because of its polysaccharide composition, starch is known to exhibit strong hydrogen bonds[54].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe presence of methylene (-CH2) groups in the starch structure is confirmed by the C-H bonds in the glucose units of starch, which are linked to the peak 2925\u0026ndash;2930 cm⁻\u0026sup1; (C-H Stretching)[55, 56].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe bending vibrations of water molecules absorbed in the starch are represented by a peak 1640\u0026ndash;1650 cm⁻\u0026sup1; (Water Absorption) This suggests that the sample contains moisture, which is typical for starches. Furthermore the region between 1150 and 1200 cm⁻\u0026sup1; (C-O-C Glycosidic Bond Stretching) confirms the presence of polysaccharide composition by reflecting the glycosidic bonds that bind the glucose units in starch[57].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn general, the FT-IR spectrum of cassava starch confirms its typical molecular structure, characterized by key functional groups. The band at 3279 cm⁻\u0026sup1; signifies the presence of numerous hydroxyl groups (-OH), of starch. Peaks at 2925\u0026ndash;2930 cm⁻\u0026sup1; reveal the C-H bonds in the glucose units, while the C-O-C stretching in the 1150\u0026ndash;1200 cm⁻\u0026sup1; region highlights the glycosidic linkages connecting these glucose units. The peak at 1640\u0026ndash;1650 cm⁻\u0026sup1; indicates the presence of absorbed water, common due to starch\u0026apos;s hygroscopic nature. Together, these peaks verify the integrity and functionality of cassava starch, supporting its potential use as a thickening agent in applications of reactive dye printing on cotton fabric.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.3. The PH of the thickener\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe pH of the cassava starch thickener was measured and was almost neutral (5\u0026ndash;7), indicating that it is suitable for textile applications reactive dye printing on cotton fabrics. A neutral pH ensures minimal interference with the dyeing process, as reactive dyes typically require a near-neutral environment for optimal performance. This pH range helps maintain the integrity of both the dye and the fabric, reducing the risk of unwanted reactions that could affect the color yield quality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.4. Viscosity of the Printing Paste\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe effects of concentration, MLR, time, and temperature on the viscosity of cassava starch was analyzed by DOE and the result confirms that these factors play crucial roles in determining the thickening efficiency of the starch.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccordingly, concentration and MLR are the most significant factors influencing viscosity, with higher starch concentrations and lower material-to-liquid ratios leading to increased viscosity. On the other hand, temperature affects viscosity inversely, with higher temperatures generally reducing viscosity due to the breakdown of starch structure, though there may be an optimal temperature range for achieving maximum viscosity.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall, this study demonstrates that cassava starch can be effectively used as a thickener in textile applications with reactive dye printing on cotton fabric, and the viscosity can be tailored by adjusting the key variables. This provides valuable insight for optimizing the dyeing process for consistent and high-quality results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.5. Analysis of the Printing Process\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe printing process (\u003cstrong\u003eError! Reference source not found.\u003c/strong\u003e) involves preparing the thickener that was mixed with dye to create a paste suitable for printing on fabric to ensures that the dye adheres well and reduces bleeding during application. Then, the thickener was combined with dye to form a paste that has the desired viscosity for printing. The paste was used to transfer the dye onto the fabric. The printing paste was applied to the fabric, that involved a squeezing technique. The method helps to ensure even application and distribution of the dye onto the fabric surface. After the paste was applied, the fabric was cured to fixes the dye to the fabric enhancing wash fastness, preventing color loss over time. Finally, the printed fabric undergoes fastness testing to evaluate how well the dye adheres under various conditions for ensuring the quality and longevity of the print.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhen comparing the printed samples (Fig. 5) shows distinct differences in how sodium alginate and cassava thickener influence the final printed fabric. Sodium alginate tends to provide sharper, more vibrant prints with better fastness properties, while cassava thickener offers a unique texture and a potentially more sustainable approach but may affect the clarity and durability of the prints.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.6. Wash Fastness, Crocking Fastness, and Crease Recovery\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe performance of cassava root starch as a thickening agent was compared with sodium alginate in terms of wash fastness, crocking fastness, and crease recovery of printed cotton fabrics. The results, based on various concentrations of cassava starch (ranging from 1g to 11g).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.6.1. Wash Fastness\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe wash fastness ratings indicate that cassava starch concentrations of 4g to 6g performed the best, showing values of 3/4 and 4 on the gray scale, which is comparable to sodium alginate (4/5). This suggests that these concentrations provide better dye fixation, reducing color loss during washing. The reduced performance at lower or higher concentrations might be due to inadequate or excessive starch content, which either fails to properly hold the dye or leads to uneven dye penetration. These findings align with the notion that starch\u0026rsquo;s film-forming capacity plays a critical role in retaining the dye during washing.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.6.2. Crocking/Rubbing Fastness\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe crocking fastness results show that the dry rub fastness was generally better than wet rub fastness. Concentrations of 4g- 6g of cassava starch showed strong results, with dry rub fastness ratings of 4 and wet rub fastness ratings of 4/5 and 3/4, similar to sodium alginate. The fact that higher concentrations (4g-6g) exhibit better rub fastness can be attributed to improved binding between the fabric and the dye. Wet rubbing always tends to show more staining compared to dry rubbing due to the softer fabric surface and more mobile dye particles in wet conditions. Lower concentrations of cassava starch (1g and 2g) showed poorer performance, likely because the paste at these levels was not viscous enough to hold the dye properly.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.6.3. Crease Recovery\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe crease recovery angle increased with higher concentrations of cassava starch, peaking at 740\u0026deg; in the warp direction and 780\u0026deg; in the weft direction at 6g of starch. Sodium alginate displayed superior recovery angles of 900\u0026deg; (warp) and 1000\u0026deg; (weft). The lower crease recovery of cassava starch compared to sodium alginate indicates that cassava starch increases the fabric stiffness, which is less desirable for applications where flexibility and recovery from wrinkles are critical, such as in apparel. The higher concentrations (4g-6g) produced fabrics that had better recovery than lower or higher concentrations, suggesting that an optimal balance of starch allows for some degree of flexibility. However, as the concentration increases (above 7g), the fabric becomes too stiff, reducing its ability to recover from creases effectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1. Tensile Strength vs Thickener Concentration\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe tensile strength in the warp direction initially increases, peaking around 6 g of thickener concentration (373 N), before beginning to decline. This indicates that moderate amounts of cassava starch thickener enhance the fabric\u0026apos;s tensile strength. Beyond this point, the fabric weakens as more thickener is added. A similar trend is observed in the weft direction, but the peak strength occurs earlier at 4 g (269 N). The tensile strength in the weft decreases more sharply beyond 4\u0026ndash;6 g. This suggests that higher thickener concentrations reduce the fiber cohesion or flexibility in the weft direction. Therefore, moderate concentrations of thickener (around 4\u0026ndash;6 g) seem to strengthen the fabric in both warp and weft directions. However, excessive thickener concentrations (8 g and above) make the fabric less robust, likely because the starch thickener interferes with fiber binding or causes the fabric to become weak in strength.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2. Elongation vs Thickener Concentration\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eElongation in the warp direction decreases as the thickener concentration increases, suggesting a reduction in fabric stretchability. This shows that while low to moderate concentrations reduce elasticity, higher concentrations restore and even enhance the fabric\u0026apos;s ability to stretch. In the weft direction, elongation follows a similar trend, with a gradual decrease. As a result, the increase in thickener concentration reduces the fabric\u0026rsquo;s elongation, likely due to the stiffening effect of cassava starch. This effect is more noticeable in the weft direction than in the warp.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3. Bending Length vs Thickener Concentration\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBending length (a measure of stiffness) in the warp direction steadily increases with thickener concentration. The fabric becomes stiffer as more cassava starch is applied, with bending length increasing from 1.7 cm at 1 g to 4.9 cm at 11 g. The weft direction also shows increasing stiffness, though at a slightly lower rate compared to the warp. The bending length increases from 1.3 cm at 1 g to 4.0 cm at 11 g. The increasing bending length across both directions shows that the fabric becomes stiffer with rising thickener concentration. Cassava starch has a clear stiffening effect on the fabric, reducing flexibility as more thickener is applied. This is likely due to the thickening agent forming a layer on the fabric that increases rigidity. The warp direction shows greater stiffness than the weft, which is common due to the structural differences in the fibers\u0026apos; orientation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn general, for moderate Concentrations of 4\u0026ndash;6 g, the fabric exhibits optimal tensile strength, showing a balance between strength and flexibility. The starch thickener enhances fabric performance, making it suitable for use where durability is needed without significant loss of elasticity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor higher the Concentrations (8\u0026ndash;11 g), tensile strength declines, and the fabric becomes less elastic (especially in the weft direction). It also becomes stiffer, as indicated by the increasing bending length. This suggests that the fabric become more stiffer, it gain some structural integrity, making it more rigid. For applications in reactive dye printing, where both fabric strength and flexibility are critical, using cassava starch thickener in the 4\u0026ndash;6 g range seems to be optimal. Higher concentrations, might reduce the fabric\u0026apos;s durability and affect its drape due to excessive stiffness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis analysis provides insights into the impact of cassava starch concentration on fabric properties, guiding decisions on the right balance between strength, elasticity, and stiffness in dye printing.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis research investigated the potential of cassava root starch as a thickening agent for reactive dye printing on cotton fabrics, comparing its performance to the conventional sodium alginate thickener. Through a series of tests, including tensile strength, elongation, bending length, wash and crocking fastness, and crease recovery, the impact of cassava starch on fabric properties was carefully analyzed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey findings revealed that cassava starch shows promising results as a thickener, particularly at concentrations between 4\u0026ndash;6 g. At these levels, cassava starch offered optimal performance, with notable tensile strength (373 N in the warp direction) and elongation percentages. It also exhibited adequate fastness properties, where wash and crocking fastness were comparable to those achieved with sodium alginate. Crease recovery, although lower than sodium alginate, was still satisfactory within this concentration range.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, at higher concentrations (above 6 g), the fabric became stiffer and less elastic, as evidenced by the increased bending length and reduced tensile strength. This suggests that excessive starch hinders fiber cohesion, making the fabric brittle and more prone to breaking.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom a sustainability perspective, cassava starch presents a viable, eco-friendly alternative to synthetic thickeners like sodium alginate. Its natural composition and biodegradability make it an attractive option for textile manufacturers seeking to reduce environmental impact.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the promising results, certain limitations of cassava starch were noted, particularly its tendency to reduce print clarity and durability when used in high concentrations. Furthermore, its lower fastness properties compared to sodium alginate in some instances indicate that cassava starch may not be suitable for all textile applications without further modification or optimization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, cassava root starch can be successfully utilized as a thickening agent in reactive dye printing on cotton fabrics. When used at moderate concentrations, it offers a balance between strength, flexibility, and sustainability, making it a compelling alternative to synthetic options. However, future research should focus on refining the cassava starch formulation to improve its print quality and durability for broader textile applications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo specific funding was received for conducting this research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdDis Dodi, Bedliu Endale Berihun and Dereje Eyi Hordofa: Conceptualization of the research, experimental design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation of results. Primary authors of the manuscript.Belete Baye Gelaw: Provided critical feedback on the research design and manuscript, contributing expertise in polymer science. Advisor and coach, Corresponding author of the manuscript.Anteneh Tilahun Awoke: Assisted with data interpretation and provided insights into the implications of the findings for the field of cotton fabric printing and reactive dyeing.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRagab, M.M., H. Othman, and A. Hassabo, An overview of printing textile techniques. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 2022. 65(8): p. 749-761.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHolme, I., Coloration of technical textiles, in Handbook of technical textiles. 2016, Elsevier. p. 231-284.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZollinger, H., Color chemistry: syntheses, properties, and applications of organic dyes and pigments. 2003: John Wiley \u0026amp; Sons.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTkalec, M., et al. The Complexity of Colour/Textile Interaction in Digital Printing as an Integral Part of Environmental Design. in Arts. 2024. MDPI.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsaduzzaman, M.F.H., M. Kamruzzaman, and M.R. MIAH, Effects of Binder and Thickeners of Pigment Printing Paste on fastness properties of printed fabric. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 2016. 7(9): p. 710-719.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDessie, A. and B. Eshetu, The role of binders and its chemistry in textile pigment printing. Journal of Textile Science \u0026amp; Engineering, 2021. 11(1): p. 1-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRepon, M.R., et al., Natural dyes in textile printing: parameters, methods, and performance. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2024. 31(35): p. 47552-47583.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEbrahim, S.A., A.G. Hassabo, and H. Othman, Natural thickener in textile printing (a mini review). Journal of Textiles, Coloration and Polymer Science, 2021. 18(1): p. 55-64.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKelly, A., An investigation into colour accuracy and colour management issues in digitally printed textiles for Higher Education. 2014: The University of Manchester (United Kingdom).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHamdy, D., A.G. Hassabo, and H. Othman, Recent use of natural thickeners in the printing process. Journal of Textiles, Coloration and Polymer Science, 2021. 18(2): p. 75-81.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHassabo, A.G., A. El-Aty, and H. Othman, A critique on synthetic thickeners in textile printing. Journal of Textiles, Coloration and Polymer Science, 2022. 19(1): p. 99-109.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHimashree, P., A.S. Sengar, and C. Sunil, Food thickening agents: Sources, chemistry, properties and applications-A review. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 2022. 27: p. 100468.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChakraborty, R., P. Kalita, and S. Sen, Natural starch in biomedical and food industry: perception and overview. Current drug discovery technologies, 2019. 16(4): p. 355-367.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDas, S., et al., Efficacy of Cassava Starch in the Design of Drug Delivery Platforms: From Roots to Polymers. 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePanghal, A., et al., Cassava toxicity, detoxification and its food applications: a review. Toxin Reviews, 2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdmase, A.T., D.A. Mersha, and A.Y. Kebede, Cassava starch-based hot melt adhesive for textile industries. Scientific Reports, 2024. 14(1): p. 20927.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShittu, T.A., et al., Cassava flour and starch: Processing technology and utilization. Tropical roots and tubers: Production, processing and technology, 2016: p. 415-450.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNassar, N.M., Cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, genetic resources: their collection, evaluation, and manipulation. Advances in Agronomy, 1999. 69: p. 179-230.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFeyisa, A., Current Status, Opportunities, and Constraints of Cassava Production in Ethiopia-A Review. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 2021. 11: p. 51.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eParmar, A., et al., Post-harvest management and associated food losses and by-products of cassava in southern Ethiopia. Food security, 2018. 10: p. 419-435.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBayata, A., Review on nutritional value of cassava for use as a staple food. Sci J Anal Chem, 2019. 7(4): p. 83-91.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKebede, A., et al., Detoxification and consumption of cassava based foods in South West Ethiopia. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2012. 11(3): p. 237.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eObele, C.M., et al., Carboxymethyl cellulose and cellulose nanocrystals from cassava stem as thickeners in reactive printing of cotton. Cellulose, 2021. 28: p. 2615-2633.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBraide, O. and S. Adetoro, Cassava flour as a resin printing paste for textile patterns, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Transnational Journal of Science and Technology, 2013. 3(8): p. 15-28.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKumbasar, E.P.A. and M. Bide, Reactive dye printing with mixed thickeners on viscose. Dyes and pigments, 2000. 47(1-2): p. 189-199.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchneider, R. and S. \u0026Scaron;ostar-Turk, Good quality printing with reactive dyes using guar gum and biodegradable additives. Dyes and pigments, 2003. 57(1): p. 7-14.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIslam, M.T., S.H. Khan, and M.M. Hasan, Aloe vera gel: a new thickening agent for pigment printing. Coloration Technology, 2016. 132(3): p. 255-264.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKoocheki, A., et al., Rheological properties of mucilage extracted from Alyssum homolocarpum seed as a new source of thickening agent. Journal of food engineering, 2009. 91(3): p. 490-496.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIslam, S., et al., Effect of natural thickener on printing performance over cotton woven fabric. Heliyon, 2024. 10(10).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFijan, R., et al., Rheological properties of printing pastes and their influence on quality-determining parameters in screen printing of cotton with reactive dyes using recycled polysaccharide thickeners. Carbohydrate polymers, 2009. 78(1): p. 25-35.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang, L., F. Zhu, and D. Lu, Rheological properties of sodium alginate and xanthan pastes on cotton with reactive dye in screen printing. Textile Research Journal, 2013. 83(17): p. 1873-1884.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIbrahim*, N., et al., Environmentally sound pigment printing using synthetic thickening agents. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 2005. 44(1): p. 111-132.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdelrahman, M.S., et al., Polymerization products of lactic acid as synthetic thickening agents for textile printing. Journal of Molecular structure, 2020. 1203: p. 127421.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWu, L.-Q., et al., Utilizing renewable resources to create functional polymers: chitosan-based associative thickener. Environmental science \u0026amp; technology, 2002. 36(15): p. 3446-3454.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVilpoux, O.F. and J.F.S.S. Junior, Global production and use of starch, in Starchy crops morphology, extraction, properties and applications. 2023, Elsevier. p. 43-66.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFernando, N., et al., Sustainable biorefinery approach for cassava: A Review. Engineer: Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka, 2022. 55(2).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLeite, T.D., et al., Effect of addition of different hydrocolloids on pasting, thermal, and rheological properties of cassava starch. Food Science and Technology, 2012. 32: p. 579-587.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChe, L.-m., et al., Rheological properties of dilute aqueous solutions of cassava starch. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2008. 74(3): p. 385-389.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang, Z., et al., Cassava starch: Chemical modification and its impact on functional properties and digestibility, a review. Food Hydrocolloids, 2022. 129: p. 107542.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrabakaran, R., et al., An overview of the state of the art and challenges in the use of gelling and thickening agents to create stable thermal energy storage materials. Energies, 2023. 16(8): p. 3306.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGałkowska, D., K. Kapuśniak, and L. Juszczak, Chemically modified starches as food additives. Molecules, 2023. 28(22): p. 7543.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLehmann, A., et al., Starch based thickening agents for personal care and surfactant systems. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2008. 331(1-2): p. 150-154.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAshogbon, A.O. and E.T. Akintayo, Recent trend in the physical and chemical modification of starches from different botanical sources: A review. Starch‐St\u0026auml;rke, 2014. 66(1-2): p. 41-57.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang, S., et al., Recent advances and future challenges of the starch-based bio-composites for engineering applications. Carbohydrate polymers, 2023. 307: p. 120627.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYang, Y., et al., A review and evidence based recommendations on starch-and gum-based thickeners for dysphagic patients: Proper thickeners for dysphagic patients. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 2022. 16(4): p. 3140-3152.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBreuninger, W.F., K. Piyachomkwan, and K. Sriroth, Tapioca/cassava starch: production and use, in Starch. 2009, Elsevier. p. 541-568.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi, S., et al., The industrial applications of cassava: current status, opportunities and prospects. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2017. 97(8): p. 2282-2290.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoghassem, A., A new approach for numerical identification of bending behavior of plain woven fabric. Fibers and Polymers, 2012. 13(2): p. 237-243.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFridrichov\u0026aacute;, L., A new method of measuring the bending rigidity of fabrics and its application to the determination of the their anisotropy. Textile Research Journal, 2013. 83(9): p. 883-892.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSamanta, A.K., Colorimetric Evaluations and Characterization of Natural and Synthetic Dyes/Pigments and Dyed Textiles and Related Products. Colorimetry, 2022: p. 3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAina, B., et al., Color fastness of dyed raw linen cloth modified with enzymes. Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 2014. 8(7).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLilić, A., N. Ka\u0026scaron;iković, and N. Miketić. Rubbing Fastness Of Green Ink Printed On Textile Using Screen Printing Transfer Technique. in Proceedings\u0026ndash;The Ninth International Symposium GRID. 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang, L. and W. Gao, Comprehensive evaluation of the fabric crease recovery property by the whole recovery process. Textile Research Journal, 2020. 90(15-16): p. 1661-1670.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFu, Y., et al., Physicochemical characteristics and biological activities of polysaccharides from the leaves of different loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) cultivars. International journal of biological macromolecules, 2019. 135: p. 274-281.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChhatariya, H.F., et al., Corn starch biofilm reinforced with orange peel powder: Characterization of physicochemical and mechanical properties. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2022. 59: p. 884-892.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGautam, V., et al., Vibrational and gravimetric analysis of polyaniline/polysaccharide composite materials. Polymer Science Series A, 2016. 58: p. 206-219.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWiercigroch, E., et al., Raman and infrared spectroscopy of carbohydrates: A review. Spectrochimica acta part a: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2017. 185: p. 317-335\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cassava starch, Reactive dye printing, Tensile strength, Fabric stiffness, Sodium alginate","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5322957/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5322957/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the use of cassava root starch as a natural thickening agent for reactive dye printing on cotton fabrics, comparing its effectiveness with sodium alginate. Cassava starch was extracted and applied in various concentrations (1 g to 11 g) to examine its impact on fabric properties such as tensile strength, elongation, bending length, wash and crocking fastness, and crease recovery. The findings showed that cassava starch, particularly at concentrations between 4 g and 6 g, provided optimal tensile strength (up to 373 N in the warp direction) and acceptable elongation while maintaining good wash and crocking fastness. Although cassava starch performed comparably to sodium alginate in fastness tests, its crease recovery was slightly lower, indicating increased fabric stiffness at higher concentrations. The bending length, a measure of fabric stiffness, increased with thickener concentration, with higher levels making the fabric less flexible. The study concluded that cassava starch is a viable, sustainable alternative to synthetic thickeners for textile printing, especially when applied in moderate concentrations that balance strength, flexibility, and print quality. However, higher concentrations of cassava starch led to reduced tensile strength and increased fabric stiffness, which may limit its application in areas requiring high flexibility. Future research should explore methods to further improve the durability and clarity of cassava-starch-printed fabrics.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Utilization and Characterization of Cassava Starch as a Natural Thickening Agent for Reactive Dye Printing on Cotton Fabric","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-05 13:52:42","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5322957/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b11fa722-b43d-454b-8f02-93923eabdeb1","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 5th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-31T07:53:48+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-05 13:52:42","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5322957","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5322957","identity":"rs-5322957","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}