Investigation and CFD Optimization of Wind Environment in Large-Scale Gymnasiums Located in Cold Regions

Investigation and CFD Optimization of Wind Environment in Large-Scale Gymnasiums Located in Cold Regions | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Investigation and CFD Optimization of Wind Environment in Large-Scale Gymnasiums Located in Cold Regions Minghui Sun, Kai Nan, Jingjing Liu, Weijie Xia, Xiao Yang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7224975/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Large-scale gymnasium buildings are characterized by spacious interiors and high occupant density, requiring a design that balances spectator comfort and health standards while achieving precise control of wind speed, humidity, and temperature in the competition area. This study focuses on a large university gymnasium in Xi’an, using the CFD software PHOENICS to simulate its indoor wind environment under typical summer conditions. The analysis examines temperature, wind speed, and air age variations across temporal (6:00–18:00) and spatial (different architectural forms) scales. Results indicate that high-set ventilation windows lead to poor ventilation, with wind speeds below 1 m/s, temperatures exceeding 34°C, and air age over 300 s at 1.5 m height. Simulations show that increasing window openings and optimizing their placement improve ventilation efficiency. Square gymnasiums exhibit higher wind speeds but elevated temperature and air age, while circular ones have the highest air age. Recommendations include adding low-level ventilation windows, mechanical ventilation in weak areas, optimizing window-to-wall ratios, and refining roof forms to enhance natural ventilation, offering theoretical and technical insights for low-energy designs of large-space buildings in cold regions. Physical sciences/Energy science and technology Physical sciences/Engineering Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Cold region Large space Gymnasium Passive ventilation strategies Numerical simulation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7224975","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":506391002,"identity":"9002f248-4e16-4980-a662-9550c8d4c605","order_by":0,"name":"Minghui Sun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hebei University of Architecture","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Minghui","middleName":"","lastName":"Sun","suffix":""},{"id":506391003,"identity":"e5cba23a-81dc-4df9-9f26-8c38964a8e5e","order_by":1,"name":"Kai Nan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCAxCCh5+BIQHEZGwgWotkA0NiA0laGAwOQFQT1sJ3++zBzwVn7GSMbyQ8f8zDYCO74QDzswf4tEiey0uWnnEjmcfszIHEZh6GNOMNB9jMDfBpMTjDYyDN84GZx+x4A0jL4cQNB3jYJAhoMf7N86Gex7iZAaTlP1FazKR5bhzmMWAH23KAsBZJoBZrnjPHeSSAfpk5xyDZeOZhNjO8WviADrvNc6zann9GTsKHNxV2sn3Hm5/h1YIEeBKA7gTSzESqBwL2A8SrHQWjYBSMghEFAL+uShJKDju2AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kai","middleName":"","lastName":"Nan","suffix":""},{"id":506391004,"identity":"ab673c98-4dc9-4c39-9bc0-4de2400911bb","order_by":2,"name":"Jingjing Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hebei University of Architecture","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jingjing","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":506391005,"identity":"f85088cc-1ed7-483f-afc0-003079487f14","order_by":3,"name":"Weijie Xia","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hebei University of Architecture","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Weijie","middleName":"","lastName":"Xia","suffix":""},{"id":506391006,"identity":"abf74063-6198-4867-b7e4-06f2f8520a62","order_by":4,"name":"Xiao Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiao","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-27 08:23:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7224975/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7224975/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":94993072,"identity":"c40ee9ca-c56d-4f3a-b8da-00d3ded7f55b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 07:23:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1277679,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7224975/v1_covered_921e5db1-9b32-40d0-9fdd-4f20125eee43.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Investigation and CFD Optimization of Wind Environment in Large-Scale Gymnasiums Located in Cold Regions","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cold region, Large space, Gymnasium, Passive ventilation strategies, Numerical simulation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7224975/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7224975/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eLarge-scale gymnasium buildings are characterized by spacious interiors and high occupant density, requiring a design that balances spectator comfort and health standards while achieving precise control of wind speed, humidity, and temperature in the competition area. This study focuses on a large university gymnasium in Xi\u0026rsquo;an, using the CFD software PHOENICS to simulate its indoor wind environment under typical summer conditions. The analysis examines temperature, wind speed, and air age variations across temporal (6:00\u0026ndash;18:00) and spatial (different architectural forms) scales. Results indicate that high-set ventilation windows lead to poor ventilation, with wind speeds below 1 m/s, temperatures exceeding 34\u0026deg;C, and air age over 300 s at 1.5 m height. Simulations show that increasing window openings and optimizing their placement improve ventilation efficiency. Square gymnasiums exhibit higher wind speeds but elevated temperature and air age, while circular ones have the highest air age. Recommendations include adding low-level ventilation windows, mechanical ventilation in weak areas, optimizing window-to-wall ratios, and refining roof forms to enhance natural ventilation, offering theoretical and technical insights for low-energy designs of large-space buildings in cold regions.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Investigation and CFD Optimization of Wind Environment in Large-Scale Gymnasiums Located in Cold Regions","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-01 04:00:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7224975/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9718a572-ae6b-4832-ba5c-3780826c31b7","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":53788074,"name":"Physical sciences/Energy science and technology"},{"id":53788075,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":53788076,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-03T07:22:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-01 04:00:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7224975","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7224975","identity":"rs-7224975","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}