The opportunities for CO2 Transportation in South Africa

The opportunities for CO2 Transportation in South Africa | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The opportunities for CO 2 Transportation in South Africa Makhanana Innocent Nkhwashu, lucey Mapula Mavhungu, Oluranti Agboola, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8714802/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract South Africa is a major carbon dioxide emitter due to its coal-dependent power generation. This is making the country to face significant challenges in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage offers a promising solution, but its success depends on the effectiveness of carbon dioxide transportation systems to connect emission sources to storage sites or usage sites. This study explores the opportunities and feasibility of Carbon dioxide transportation in South Africa using PESTLE analysis, focusing on pipeline and modular transport systems (trucks, trains, and ships). Pipeline transportation is identified as the most economical method for large- scale CO2 movement, leveraging South Africa’s experience with gas pipelines, such as the Mozambique-South Africa Gas Pipeline. Modular transport, particularly trucks, provides flexibility for retrofitting existing industrial plants with carbon dioxide capture technologies. The closeness of emission sources to storage or usage sites may face challenges such as high costs, infrastructure development, safety concerns, and the need for substantial investment. Developing carbon dioxide transportation infrastructure could support South Africa’s climate goals and Just Energy Transition. Looking at tax incentives, it is recommended for industries to start investing in retrofitting technologies. More industry dialogue is critical for widespread carbon dioxide capture and transportation adoption. Carbon dioxide transportation retrofitting technology Greenhouse gas modular transport Pipeline transportation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 27 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 17 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 22 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 09 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 20 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Feb, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 18 Feb, 2026 Editor invited by journal 16 Feb, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 12 Feb, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 11 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 11 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8714802","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":594759508,"identity":"610f2de5-b23f-4fda-8efd-2464d1e6317e","order_by":0,"name":"Makhanana Innocent Nkhwashu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABDUlEQVRIie3QMUvDQBTA8XccXJYHXV9ooV/hiUuFSL7KlUAnB8dONVKoS8A1fpuLB7oUurbooAiuBlwKFvGlq57FzeH+SzjIj3vvAGKxf1hPq9K1nF0sklKOOML997fSK33Z1OcTdY0ewA0I0R0gvErmHttbdVMXQjKCgwS8DIbsNG/e7vrtGQ1kMtVuYTYMCTUXQvxo+KEw5JYyGDqdVmCOQjvpbn3mV9yTpiLMyUJfHkKFiOmIZU+88UI+5Zbhk/4AoDxEsCOOPae1lsFQCIGRW3gcIiSkKXlie1gcj5YdwfHipGJbhEi+un953+0ya5LmeT3FLMfE+/V2OjsNkZ/qFuc//B+LxWKxb30Bo8ZUGhFoqt0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Tshwane University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Makhanana","middleName":"Innocent","lastName":"Nkhwashu","suffix":""},{"id":594759509,"identity":"2e9baf5d-6941-49e4-9276-c1b53314e3a1","order_by":1,"name":"lucey Mapula Mavhungu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tshwane University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"lucey","middleName":"Mapula","lastName":"Mavhungu","suffix":""},{"id":594759510,"identity":"5f5b72cd-657e-48f4-8fbe-9b80fa253f3b","order_by":2,"name":"Oluranti Agboola","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Covenant University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Oluranti","middleName":"","lastName":"Agboola","suffix":""},{"id":594759511,"identity":"d56606db-d9b7-4599-9e8e-c372c869fbd2","order_by":3,"name":"Nicholas Mulei Musyoka","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nicholas","middleName":"Mulei","lastName":"Musyoka","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-27 23:38:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8714802/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8714802/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":103504917,"identity":"0b325e12-500b-4fd3-9621-8ca22c7b1842","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-26 13:22:07","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":782481,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Article20261.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8714802/v1_covered_cd25d2f4-431a-431d-a969-53f62ab41391.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eThe opportunities for CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Transportation in South Africa\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-sustainability","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"disu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Sustainability","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Carbon dioxide transportation, retrofitting technology, Greenhouse gas, modular transport, Pipeline transportation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8714802/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8714802/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSouth Africa is a major carbon dioxide emitter due to its coal-dependent power generation. 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