Magnitude of undiagnosed and inadequately treated hypertension among stroke patients at the teaching hospital in Ethiopia

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Undiagnosed hypertension is frequent in Ethiopia, however, its magnitude among stroke remains investigated. We aimed to determine the magnitude of undiagnosed and inadequately treated Hypertension among Stroke patients in Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College. Methods This is an institutional cross-sectional study using hospitalized stroke patients' medical data from February 1, 2021, to August 6, 2023. Data was collected using a standardized abstraction sheet using the Kobo collect tool. We analyzed data using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyze most of the data at 95% CI. Result W included a total of 523 stroke patients a mean age (SD) was 61.34 ± 16.82 years and nearly half, 263 (50.3%) were males. More than two-thirds, 344 (65.8%) of the patients had ischemic stroke and 156 (29.8%) had an intra-cerebral hemorrhage. The prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was 79 (15.1%). Nearly half, 271(51.2%) had a hypertension history with 33.6% of them having poor adherence to their medication and 24.4% didn’t start anti-hypertensive medication. In-hospital mortality in this study was 90 (17.2%). Being male was found independently associated with undiagnosed hypertension among stroke patients (AOR,1.72 (1.05,2.82), P = 0.03) Conclusions Inadequately treated and undiagnosed hypertension is found high among stroke patients. This indicates an urgent need to screen and promptly diagnose hypertension and educate undiagnosed and poorly controlled hypertensive patients with an emphasis on follow-up and adherence to antihypertensive medications. undiagnosed hypertension stroke Ethiopia Background Over the last four decades, stroke incidence in low- and middle-income countries has more than doubled, accounting for 70% of all strokes occurring globally[1]. According to the GBD 2016 result, 87·9% of ischemic strokes and 89·5% of hemorrhagic strokes were due to potentially modifiable risk factors [2]. According to WHO, effective stroke prevention strategies include reducing the risk associated with hypertension, elevated lipids, diabetes smoking, low physical activity, unhealthy diet, and abdominal obesity[3] and HTN is the most common risk factor for stroke accounting for approximately two-thirds of strokes globally (1). HTN may remain for prolonged periods without being diagnosed and for those on antihypertensive agents, almost two-thirds of hypertensive patients have poorly controlled [4]. There are significant gaps in HPN diagnosis, treatment, and control strategies in low-income regions mainly in Sub-Saharan African countries. The pooled prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was estimated to be 30%. Of those with hypertension, about 73% were unaware of their hypertensive status, 82% were not receiving treatment, and 93% did not control their blood pressure [5]. A large proportion of these result in premature deaths and serious health complications such as heart failure, renal failure, stroke, and myocardial infarction [6]. Hypertension affects more than 20% of adults in the country making it a major public health concern [7]and in some rural areas of the country, the prevalence of hypertension can reach up to 25.3%[8] Prevention, early screening and control of hypertension continue to be a major public health challenge in Ethiopia [9]. In a recently conducted meta-analysis including community-based studies with a large number of adult individuals included, the pooled prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was 21% [10]. In Ethiopia, only one out of every 67 hypertensive adults has their blood pressure (BP) under control, making it a difficult task [11]. However, it remains unclear how, and the extent to which, undetected or poorly controlled HPN relates to stroke risk in Ethiopia. Identification of these underlying risk factors may provide insights into the natural history of the etiology of stroke and help future healthcare planning on the prevention and treatment of stroke in the country. It is also important to enhance community awareness about undiagnosed and inadequately treated hypertension. Methods Study setting, design, and periods This is a retrospective record review study conducted in Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The hospital is a referral hospital that has more than 21 departments. The hospital has more than 500 beds, offering diagnosis and treatment for approximately 370,904 in-patient and outpatient services every year for patients from Addis Ababa and its surroundings. The hospital has separate wards for stroke patient care and management. The study included stroke patient data treated at the study hospital from February 1, 2021, to August 6, 2023. Population, sample size, and study variables All Adult stroke patients who had completed medical records were included. The data was collected from the electronic medical records using a data abstraction sheet. We collected data about hypertension history ( Known, newly diagnosed HPN), HPN treatment adherence, sociodemographic variables such as age, sex, urban/rural, marital status, other co-morbid conditions such as diabetes, stroke types, medication history, family history of stroke, brain imaging results and outcomes. The patient data was excluded if the data missed HPN history. Data collection procedure and data quality Data abstraction sheets were collected using the Kobo collect tool. The variables were adopted from previous studies and protocols and modifications were done accordingly. The data were collected by trained General practitioners. Data completeness was checked and compiled by the investigator daily. Before analysis, completeness of the data for each patient record was ascertained and incomplete data was excluded from the list. Data analysis and statistics The data collected was taken to Excel format and then imported to SPSS version 20 and all cleaning, categorization, and recoding were completed on SPSS. Bivariate analysis was done and variables with a P value less than 0.2 were entered into the multivariate regression. In mutivatalte analysis, a significant association was determined at 95% CI and p-value less than 0.05 Operational definitions: Undiagnosed hypertension patients who do not have diagnosed hypertension but have BP ≥ 140/90 mm/hg at presentation or evidence of end-organ damage such as hypertensive retinopathy or nephropathy or LVH with diastolic dysfunction. Inadequately treated hypertension the patient was told to have hypertension but didn’t start pharmacological medication or started treatment but discontinued it before the onset of stroke or was unable to achieve target BP as told by his health care provider during follow-up (< 140/90 mm/hg with anti-hypertensive). Results Demographic characteristics of participants A total of 523 stroke subjects were admitted during the study period. The mean age (SD) was 61.34 (+ 16.82) years with an age range from 19 to 99 years. About, 135 (25.8%) of the study subjects were less than 50 years. The sex proportion is nearly equal with 263 (50.3%) being male. About two-thirds (61%) of the study participants were married. The majority, 453 (86.6%) of the study participants lived in urban areas. The majority, 305(58.3%) of the study participants had a BMI between (26.6 to 30) followed by a normal BMI (18.5 to 22.5), 28.1% (Table 1 ). Table 1 Demographic characteristics of stroke patients (n = 523) at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College from February 1, 2021 to August 6, 2023 Variables Frequency Percentage Sex Male 263 50.3 Female 260 49.7 Age =66 219 41.9 Residence Urban 453 86.6 Rural 70 13.4 Region Addis Ababa 427 81.6 Oromia 75 14.3 Amhara 8 1.5 Othres 13 2.5 Marital status Single 52 9.9 Married 319 61.0 Widowed 20 3.8 Divorced 16 3.1 Not recorded 116 22.2 BMI(n = 448) 30 24 4.6 Hypertension history stroke patients Out of the total participants, about half, 271 (51.8%) were known hypertensive patients with about two-thirds, 162 (59.8%) were hypertension for less than 5 years. The median years (IQR) for the duration from hypertension diagnosis to stroke incidents among known patients was 4 (2–10) years. Of the known hypertensive, nearly three-fourths, 205 (75.6%), were on antihypertensive. About one-third, 91 (33.6%) of these patients had poor adherence to anti-hypertensive medication. Thirty patients had a family history of hypertension. Undiagnosed hypertension was diagnosed among 113 (21.6%) and 58 (51.3%) of them had Echocardiography evidence of chronic hypertension. The mean (± SD) systolic and diastolic admission BP in mmHg was 143.73 ± 28.44, and 84.11 ± 17.13 respectively. On the initial visit to the adult emergency OPD, 307(58.7%) had a BP record above 140/90 with 177(33.8%) having above 160/100. Table 2 Hypertensive history and treatment of stroke patients (n = 523) at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College from February 1, 2021 to August 6, 2023 Blood pressure record at AEOPD Frequency Percentage 160/100 177 33.8 History of HPN Yes 271 51.8 No 252 48.2 Duration of HPN(n = 271) ≤ 5 year 162 59.8 >5 year 109 40.2 HPN treatment( n = 271) Yes 205 75.6 Not 66 24.4 Adherence to Anti-HPN(n = 271) Good adherence 84 31.0 Poor adherence 91 33.6 Not documented 96 35.4 Clinical characteristics of stroke patients In the majority of, 242 (46.2%) patients, stroke occurred during activity followed by early morning in 84 (16.1%) patients. The median (IQR) duration between stroke occurrence to the first visits to the hospital was 24 hrs (4–72) and only 143(27.33%) arrived in less than 4.5 hours. Among the ischemic stroke patients, only one-fifth, 75 (21.5%) arrived within 4.5 hrs and the majority 140(40.7%) arrived after 24hrs. At the initial emergency visit, nearly two-thirds (59.3%) had at least thirteen GCS scores, 405 (77.4%) had a regular pulse rate, 40(16.5%) had DM and 47 (9.0%) used alcohol. Two patients had a family history of stroke. Table 3 Clinical characteristics and lifestyle among stroke patients (N = 523) at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College from February 1, 2021 to August 6, 2023 Variables Frequency Percentage Time of stroke During sleep 40 7.6 Early morning 84 16.1 During activity 242 46.3 Others 157 30.0 Duration of all stroke (hrs) patients ≤ 4.5 143 27.3 4.6–12 104 19.9 13–24 99 18.9 >24hr 177 33.8 Duration of ischemic stroke (n = 344) 24hr 140 40.7 GCS at AEOPD < 8 50 9.6 8–13 163 31.2 ≥ 13 310 59.3 Pulse rate characteristics Regular 405 77.4 Irregular 38 7.3 Not characterized 80 15.3 At least one comorbidities DM 84 16.1 Hypertension 271 51.8 Others 26 5.0 Medication History (n = 326) ASA 87 16.6 Statin 101 19.3 Antihypertensive 205 16.6 Substance use (n = 66) Alcohol 47 9.0 Chat use 6 1.1 Smoking 16 3.1 Multiple substances 17 3.3 Stroke type, clinical findings, and outcomes Of the total participants, 495(96.4%) had a documented imaging finding of the type of stroke, and for the remaining, 28 (3.6%) patients, imaging was neither done nor documented. More than two-thirds, 344 (65.8) of the patients had ischemic stroke and 156 (29.8%) had intracerebral hemorrhage. The majority, 241(46.1%) and 235 (45.3%) patients had left and right-sided body weakness. Aspiration pneumonia was diagnosed among 122 (23.3%) and 28 (5.4%) had seizures. Nearly eight percent (79.3%) of the patients were discharged with improvement and 90 (17.2%) died in the hospital. Table 4 Type, clinical findings, and outcomes of stroke patients ( N = 523 ) at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College from February 1, 2021 to August 6, 2023 Variables Frequency Percentage Stroke type Ischemic stroke 344 65.8 Intracerebral Hemorrhagic 156 29.8 Subarachnoid hemorrhage 10 1.9 Not_documented 13 2.5 Clinical findings Left side weakness 241 46.1 Right side weakness 235 45.3 Paraplegia/ weakness 15 2.9 Monoplegia 9 1.7 Cranial nerve involvement 69 13.2 Outcome Dead 90 17.2 Improved 415 79.3 LAMA 10 1.9 Referred 8 1.5 Risk factors for undiagnosed hypertension In the bivariate logistic regression, only the male sex and rural residence had a p-value of 0.2 or less which fulfills the screening for multivariate regression. These factors were entered into the multivariable logistic regression. Male stroke patients were about 1.72 times more likely to have undiagnosed Hypertension compared to females (AOR, 1.72, 95%CI, (1.05,2.82), P = 0.03). No other variables were independently significantly associated with undiagnosed hypertension in multivariable logistic regression analysis (Table 5 ). Table 5 Risk factors for Undiagnosed hypertension ( N = 523 ) at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College from February 1, 2021 to August 6, 2023 Variables Undiagnosed HPN COR (95%CI) AOR (95%CI) P-value Yes No Sex Male 66 196 1.53 (1.006,2.34) 1.72(1.05,2.82) 0.03 Female 47 214 1 1 Age =66 43 176 1 Residence Urban 102 351 1.56 (0.79,3.07) 1.49 (0.75,2.95) 0.56 Rural 11 59 1 Marital status Single 38 14 1 Currently Married 255 64 0.68 (0.35,1.33) + 0.65(0.32.1.30) 0.22 Ever married 26 10 1.04 (0.40,2.70) 1.09(0.40,3.00) 0.85 BMI (n = 448) ≤ 18.5 13 2.5 1 18.5–22.5 147 28.1 1.45 (0.4,5.25) 1.47(0.30,7.14) 0.63 22.6–30 305 58.3 1.67 (0.47,5.83) 1.46(0.31,6.85) 0.63 >30 22 4.2 1.49 (0.31,7.19) 1.59(0.24,10.48) 0.63 Discussion Our study was conducted to determine the magnitude, clinical presentations, treatment adherence, undiagnosed hypertension, and outcome of stroke among admitted patients in tertiary hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was 79 (15.1%). Nearly half, 271(51.2%) had a hypertension history with 33.6% of them having poor adherence to their medication and 24.4% didn’t start anti-hypertensive medication. In-hospital mortality in this study was 90 (17.2%). Being male was found independently associated with undiagnosed hypertension among stroke patients. In the current study, more than two-thirds, (65.8%) of the patients had an ischemic stroke, and (29.8%) had intracerebral hemorrhage. This is consistent to the study conducted in Shashemenie(65.8%) [12],Bahirdar (59.4%) [13], and Ayder compressive hospital(55.6%) [14]. On the contrary, hemorrhagic stroke was the most common cause of stroke accounting for 57% of all patients according to the study conducted in Black Lion Hospital. This difference in the type of stroke might be related to the study setting.Black Lion Hospital is the country referral center where neurosurgical procedures are commonly conducted. So, most critical patients with hemorrhagic stroke might be referred to this hospital. The standard treatment for ischemic stroke is the administration of thrombolysis within 4.5 hours of the occurrence of stroke. However, in our study, only 27.3% of the patients presented to the hospital within this time frame. Similarly, only 3.6% of patients arrived at the hospital within 3 hours of the onset of clinical symptoms in a study conducted in Bahardare [13]. Despite this, drugs are not available in many public hospitals of the country and even if it’s available in a few centers, the delayed presentation of stroke patients hinders its use. In our study, among the known hypertensive patients, 33.6% of patients had poor treatment adherence and 24.4% were not started on antihypertensive. This is similar to the study conducted in Black Lion Hospital where 38.3% of patients had poor adherence and 28.9% had not started antihypertensive [15]. Another retrospective study in Felege-Hiwot Referral Hospital in Bahir Dar showed that 56% of the known hypertensive patients had discontinued antihypertensive medications [16]. Undiagnosed hypertension was 15.5% among all the stroke patients in our study. This is consistent with the study conducted in Bangladesh study (15.8%) [16]and India King George's Medical University Hospital indicated that 24.39%[17]. On the other hand, our study is less than the study conducted in China ( 55.6%) and another study in Mexico where about one-third of the patients had undetected hypertension [18]. Lastly, in our study, male stroke patients had a significantly higher risk of undiagnosed hypertension. In a community-based cross-sectional, undiagnosed hypertension was significantly higher among males in Mizan-Aman Town, Bench Sheko Zone, Southwest Ethiopia[19] in another study Among Adults in Hawela Tula Sub-City, Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia [20].The higher number of undiagnosed hypertension in the community increases the incidence of stroke related to diagnosed hypertension in health institutions. In our study, 17.2% of stroke patients died in the hospital. The study conducted in different parts of the country revealed different findings. The study conducted in Bahirdare revealed an 11% in-hospital mortality rate[21], 12.0% in-hospital mortality in Ayder a comprehensive tertiary referral Hospital [22], and 14.7% in-hospital stroke mortality in Hawassa[23] showed a lower mortality rate compared to our finding. On the other hand, a significantly higher (44.5%) in-hospital mortality rate was reported in Tikur Anbessa tertiary referral Hospital[24]. This variation across the studies might be related to the patient profile, the study setting, and the care provided to the patients. The study had the following limitations: We cannot directly assess the influence of undiagnosed or inadequately managed hypertension on the incidence of stroke. There is incomplete data due to the retrospective nature of the study. The study is single-centred which challenges generalizing the findings to the other institutions. The time frame of stroke presentation in our study indicated only from the disease presentation to the hospital visit. However, this time frame should include the time for imaging which is important for management decisions.The study used a relatively large sample size. It tried to assess the most important but not well-investigated problem. The study included compressive data including clinical presentation, the most important risk factors, and patient outcomes. Conclusion Undiagnosed and inadequately treated hypertension cases were high among stroke patients in this study. This indicates that Poor adherence and undiagnosed hypertension among stroke patients indicate that the patients were not in routine care for hypertension and proper treatment follow-up. There is an urgent need to raise the level of knowledge regarding screening for hypertension and the importance of BP control among hypertensive patients in the city. This can be done through regular health campaigns and strengthening home screening through urban health extension programs. There i s also a need for larger studies with a longitudinal design to identify the impact of undiagnosed hypertension on stroke incidence and mortality. Abbreviations BP- Blood pressure EMR - Medical Record Number FMOH - Federal Minster of Health HMIS - Health Management Information System HTN - Hypertension LAMA - Left against medical advice LVH - Left ventricular hypertrophy MRN – Medical record number WHO - World Health Organization Y12HMC- Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College Declarations Ethical considerations and consent participation: This study was approved by the ethical committee of Yekatit-12 Hospital Medical College and was conducted according to the declaration. Consent for publication: Not applicable Availability of data and materials: Supporting data is available with the corresponding author and it will be accessible upon reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding: No funding organization was involved in this study. Authors’ Contribution: AS involved in conceptualization, formal analysis, and writing of original manuscript draft; BA participated in data curation, methodology, analysis, validation, writing of orginal draft; GS:methodology, analysis, and writing of original draft, KD: data curation, analysis, and writing of orginal draft; DM: data curation, and methodology; GC: data curation, and methodology; BD: data curation, and methodology; YM: data curation, and methodology; GE involved in conceptualization, supervision of overall study, writing, reviewing and editing of the manuscript. Acknowledgement : I am grateful to Yekatit 12 hospital medical collage Department of Public Health, research, and Publications Office for making the necessary arrangements to do clinical research in our hospital. Furthermore, I express my gratitude to all my friends working in Y12HMC who have been contributing to this research project in different ways References Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, et al. Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet . 2014;383:245–55. Lin Q, Ye T, Ye P, et al. Hypertension in stroke survivors and associations with national premature stroke mortality: data for 2·5 million participants from multinational screening campaigns. Lancet Glob Health . 2022;10:e1141–9. Feigin VL, Stark BA, Johnson CO, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol . 2021;20:1–26. Borghi C, Santi F. Fixed combination of lercanidipine and enalapril in the management of hypertension: focus on patient preference and adherence. Patient Prefer Adherence . 2012;6:449–55. 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Characteristics and outcomes of stroke at Tikur Anbessa Teaching Hospital, Ethiopia - PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16523645/ (accessed 29 March 2024) Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4249096","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":290858941,"identity":"9cf160bf-945f-46f0-9da1-1c1ef4ef4517","order_by":0,"name":"Alazar 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College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Getabalew","middleName":"","lastName":"Endazena","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-10 19:59:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4249096/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4249096/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":92591642,"identity":"51c802ac-8d00-4ebc-b660-81ff5caf23e2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 12:02:09","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1093071,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4249096/v1/959dcccf-2729-4a83-a4b6-854a7e7a29f8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Magnitude of undiagnosed and inadequately treated hypertension among stroke patients at the teaching hospital in Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eOver the last four decades, stroke incidence in low- and middle-income countries has more than doubled, accounting for 70% of all strokes occurring globally[1]. According to the GBD 2016 result, 87\u0026middot;9% of ischemic strokes and 89\u0026middot;5% of hemorrhagic strokes were due to potentially modifiable risk factors [2]. According to WHO, effective stroke prevention strategies include reducing the risk associated with hypertension, elevated lipids, diabetes smoking, low physical activity, unhealthy diet, and abdominal obesity[3] and HTN is the most common risk factor for stroke accounting for approximately two-thirds of strokes globally (1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHTN may remain for prolonged periods without being diagnosed and for those on antihypertensive agents, almost two-thirds of hypertensive patients have poorly controlled [4]. There are significant gaps in HPN diagnosis, treatment, and control strategies in low-income regions mainly in Sub-Saharan African countries. The pooled prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was estimated to be 30%. Of those with hypertension, about 73% were unaware of their hypertensive status, 82% were not receiving treatment, and 93% did not control their blood pressure [5]. A large proportion of these result in premature deaths and serious health complications such as heart failure, renal failure, stroke, and myocardial infarction [6].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypertension affects more than 20% of adults in the country making it a major public health concern [7]and in some rural areas of the country, the prevalence of hypertension can reach up to 25.3%[8] Prevention, early screening and control of hypertension continue to be a major public health challenge in Ethiopia [9]. In a recently conducted meta-analysis including community-based studies with a large number of adult individuals included, the pooled prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was 21% [10]. In Ethiopia, only one out of every 67 hypertensive adults has their blood pressure (BP) under control, making it a difficult task [11]. However, it remains unclear how, and the extent to which, undetected or poorly controlled HPN relates to stroke risk in Ethiopia. Identification of these underlying risk factors may provide insights into the natural history of the etiology of stroke and help future healthcare planning on the prevention and treatment of stroke in the country. It is also important to enhance community awareness about undiagnosed and inadequately treated hypertension.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy setting, design, and periods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e This is a retrospective record review study conducted in Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The hospital is a referral hospital that has more than 21 departments. The hospital has more than 500 beds, offering diagnosis and treatment for approximately 370,904 in-patient and outpatient services every year for patients from Addis Ababa and its surroundings. The hospital has separate wards for stroke patient care and management. The study included stroke patient data treated at the study hospital from February 1, 2021, to August 6, 2023.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePopulation, sample size, and study variables\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll Adult stroke patients who had completed medical records were included. The data was collected from the electronic medical records using a data abstraction sheet. We collected data about hypertension history ( Known, newly diagnosed HPN), HPN treatment adherence, sociodemographic variables such as age, sex, urban/rural, marital status, other co-morbid conditions such as diabetes, stroke types, medication history, family history of stroke, brain imaging results and outcomes. The patient data was excluded if the data missed HPN history.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection procedure and data quality\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData abstraction sheets were collected using the Kobo collect tool. The variables were adopted from previous studies and protocols and modifications were done accordingly. The data were collected by trained General practitioners. Data completeness was checked and compiled by the investigator daily. Before analysis, completeness of the data for each patient record was ascertained and incomplete data was excluded from the list.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData analysis and statistics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data collected was taken to Excel format and then imported to SPSS version 20 and all cleaning, categorization, and recoding were completed on SPSS. Bivariate analysis was done and variables with a P value less than 0.2 were entered into the multivariate regression. In mutivatalte analysis, a significant association was determined at 95% CI and p-value less than 0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOperational definitions:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eUndiagnosed hypertension\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003epatients who do not have diagnosed hypertension but have BP\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026ge;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;140/90 mm/hg at presentation or evidence of end-organ damage such as hypertensive retinopathy or nephropathy or LVH with diastolic dysfunction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eInadequately treated hypertension\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003ethe patient was told to have hypertension but didn\u0026rsquo;t start pharmacological medication or started treatment but discontinued it before the onset of stroke or was unable to achieve target BP as told by his health care provider during follow-up (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;140/90 mm/hg with anti-hypertensive).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDemographic characteristics of participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 523 stroke subjects were admitted during the study period. The mean age (SD) was 61.34 \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e(+\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;16.82) years with an age range from 19 to 99 years. About, 135 (25.8%) of the study subjects were less than 50 years. The sex proportion is nearly equal with 263 (50.3%) being male. About two-thirds (61%) of the study participants were married. The majority, 453 (86.6%) of the study participants lived in urban areas. The majority, 305(58.3%) of the study participants had a BMI between (26.6 to 30) followed by a normal BMI (18.5 to 22.5), 28.1% (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics of stroke patients (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;523) at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College from February 1, 2021 to August 6, 2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;=45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;=66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResidence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e453\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRegion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddis Ababa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e427\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOromia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmhara\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthres\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e319\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot recorded\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;448)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u0026ndash;22.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e322\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHypertension history stroke patients\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOut of the total participants, about half, 271 (51.8%) were known hypertensive patients with about two-thirds, 162 (59.8%) were hypertension for less than 5 years. The median years (IQR) for the duration from hypertension diagnosis to stroke incidents among known patients was 4 (2\u0026ndash;10) years. Of the known hypertensive, nearly three-fourths, 205 (75.6%), were on antihypertensive. About one-third, 91 (33.6%) of these patients had poor adherence to anti-hypertensive medication. Thirty patients had a family history of hypertension. Undiagnosed hypertension was diagnosed among 113 (21.6%) and 58 (51.3%) of them had Echocardiography evidence of chronic hypertension. The mean (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD) systolic and diastolic admission BP in mmHg was 143.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28.44, and 84.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.13 respectively. On the initial visit to the adult emergency OPD, 307(58.7%) had a BP record above 140/90 with 177(33.8%) having above 160/100.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypertensive history and treatment of stroke patients (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;523) at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College from February 1, 2021 to August 6, 2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood pressure record at AEOPD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;120/80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u0026ndash;139/80\u0026ndash;89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u0026ndash;159/90\u0026ndash;99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;160/100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory of HPN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e271\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration of HPN(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;271)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026le;\u003c/span\u003e5 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHPN treatment( n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;271)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdherence to Anti-HPN(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;271)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood adherence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor adherence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot documented\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eClinical characteristics of stroke patients\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the majority of, 242 (46.2%) patients, stroke occurred during activity followed by early morning in 84 (16.1%) patients. The median (IQR) duration between stroke occurrence to the first visits to the hospital was 24 hrs (4\u0026ndash;72) and only 143(27.33%) arrived in less than 4.5 hours. Among the ischemic stroke patients, only one-fifth, 75 (21.5%) arrived within 4.5 hrs and the majority 140(40.7%) arrived after 24hrs. At the initial emergency visit, nearly two-thirds (59.3%) had at least thirteen GCS scores, 405 (77.4%) had a regular pulse rate, 40(16.5%) had DM and 47 (9.0%) used alcohol. Two patients had a family history of stroke.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical characteristics and lifestyle among stroke patients (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;523) at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College from February 1, 2021 to August 6, 2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime of stroke\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring sleep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly morning\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e242\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration of all stroke (hrs) patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026le;\u003c/span\u003e 4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u0026ndash;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;24hr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration of ischemic stroke (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;344)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u0026ndash;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;24hr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGCS at AEOPD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026ge;\u003c/span\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulse rate characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e405\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot characterized\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt least one comorbidities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e271\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedication History (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;326)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eASA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntihypertensive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstance use (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;66)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlcohol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChat use\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmoking\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple substances\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStroke type, clinical findings, and outcomes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf the total participants, 495(96.4%) had a documented imaging finding of the type of stroke, and for the remaining, 28 (3.6%) patients, imaging was neither done nor documented. More than two-thirds, 344 (65.8) of the patients had ischemic stroke and 156 (29.8%) had intracerebral hemorrhage. The majority, 241(46.1%) and 235 (45.3%) patients had left and right-sided body weakness. Aspiration pneumonia was diagnosed among 122 (23.3%) and 28 (5.4%) had seizures. Nearly eight percent (79.3%) of the patients were discharged with improvement and 90 (17.2%) died in the hospital.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType, clinical findings, and outcomes of stroke patients ( N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;523 ) at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College from February 1, 2021 to August 6, 2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStroke type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIschemic stroke\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e344\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntracerebral Hemorrhagic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubarachnoid hemorrhage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot_documented\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClinical findings\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft side weakness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e241\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight side weakness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParaplegia/ weakness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonoplegia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCranial nerve involvement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOutcome\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDead\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e415\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLAMA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferred\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRisk factors for undiagnosed hypertension\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the bivariate logistic regression, only the male sex and rural residence had a p-value of 0.2 or less which fulfills the screening for multivariate regression. These factors were entered into the multivariable logistic regression. Male stroke patients were about 1.72 times more likely to have undiagnosed Hypertension compared to females (AOR, 1.72, 95%CI, (1.05,2.82), P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03). No other variables were independently significantly associated with undiagnosed hypertension in multivariable logistic regression analysis (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk factors for Undiagnosed hypertension ( N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;523 ) at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College from February 1, 2021 to August 6, 2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUndiagnosed HPN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.53 (1.006,2.34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72(1.05,2.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.03\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e214\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;=45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19 (0.66,2.12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.846(0.41,1.74)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24 (0.78,1.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22(0.71,2.08)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;=66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResidence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e351\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56 (0.79,3.07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49 (0.75,2.95)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrently Married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68 (0.35,1.33)\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65(0.32.1.30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEver married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04 (0.40,2.70)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09(0.40,3.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;448)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026le;\u003c/span\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u0026ndash;22.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45 (0.4,5.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47(0.30,7.14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e305\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67 (0.47,5.83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.46(0.31,6.85)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49 (0.31,7.19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.59(0.24,10.48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur study was conducted to determine the magnitude, clinical presentations, treatment adherence, undiagnosed hypertension, and outcome of stroke among admitted patients in tertiary hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was 79 (15.1%). Nearly half, 271(51.2%) had a hypertension history with 33.6% of them having poor adherence to their medication and 24.4% didn\u0026rsquo;t start anti-hypertensive medication. In-hospital mortality in this study was 90 (17.2%). Being male was found independently associated with undiagnosed hypertension among stroke patients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current study, more than two-thirds, (65.8%) of the patients had an ischemic stroke, and (29.8%) had intracerebral hemorrhage. This is consistent to the study conducted in Shashemenie(65.8%) [12],Bahirdar (59.4%) [13], and Ayder compressive hospital(55.6%) [14]. On the contrary, hemorrhagic stroke was the most common cause of stroke accounting for 57% of all patients according to the study conducted in Black Lion Hospital. This difference in the type of stroke might be related to the study setting.Black Lion Hospital is the country referral center where neurosurgical procedures are commonly conducted. So, most critical patients with hemorrhagic stroke might be referred to this hospital.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe standard treatment for ischemic stroke is the administration of thrombolysis within 4.5 hours of the occurrence of stroke. However, in our study, only 27.3% of the patients presented to the hospital within this time frame. Similarly, only 3.6% of patients arrived at the hospital within 3 hours of the onset of clinical symptoms in a study conducted in Bahardare [13]. Despite this, drugs are not available in many public hospitals of the country and even if it\u0026rsquo;s available in a few centers, the delayed presentation of stroke patients hinders its use.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, among the known hypertensive patients, 33.6% of patients had poor treatment adherence and 24.4% were not started on antihypertensive. This is similar to the study conducted in Black Lion Hospital where 38.3% of patients had poor adherence and 28.9% had not started antihypertensive [15]. Another retrospective study in Felege-Hiwot Referral Hospital in Bahir Dar showed that 56% of the known hypertensive patients had discontinued antihypertensive medications [16].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUndiagnosed hypertension was 15.5% among all the stroke patients in our study. This is consistent with the study conducted in Bangladesh study (15.8%) [16]and India King George's Medical University Hospital indicated that 24.39%[17]. On the other hand, our study is less than the study conducted in China ( 55.6%) and another study in Mexico where about one-third of the patients had undetected hypertension [18].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLastly, in our study, male stroke patients had a significantly higher risk of undiagnosed hypertension. In a community-based cross-sectional, undiagnosed hypertension was significantly higher among males in Mizan-Aman Town, Bench Sheko Zone, Southwest Ethiopia[19] in another study Among Adults in Hawela Tula Sub-City, Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia [20].The higher number of undiagnosed hypertension in the community increases the incidence of stroke related to diagnosed hypertension in health institutions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, 17.2% of stroke patients died in the hospital. The study conducted in different parts of the country revealed different findings. The study conducted in Bahirdare revealed an 11% in-hospital mortality rate[21], 12.0% in-hospital mortality in Ayder a comprehensive tertiary referral Hospital [22], and 14.7% in-hospital stroke mortality in Hawassa[23] showed a lower mortality rate compared to our finding. On the other hand, a significantly higher (44.5%) in-hospital mortality rate was reported in Tikur Anbessa tertiary referral Hospital[24]. This variation across the studies might be related to the patient profile, the study setting, and the care provided to the patients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study had the following limitations: We cannot directly assess the influence of undiagnosed or inadequately managed hypertension on the incidence of stroke. There is incomplete data due to the retrospective nature of the study. The study is single-centred which challenges generalizing the findings to the other institutions. The time frame of stroke presentation in our study indicated only from the disease presentation to the hospital visit. However, this time frame should include the time for imaging which is important for management decisions.The study used a relatively large sample size. It tried to assess the most important but not well-investigated problem. The study included compressive data including clinical presentation, the most important risk factors, and patient outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eUndiagnosed and inadequately treated hypertension cases were high among stroke patients in this study. This indicates that Poor adherence and undiagnosed hypertension among stroke patients indicate that the patients were not in routine care for hypertension and proper treatment follow-up. There is an urgent need to raise the level of knowledge regarding screening for hypertension and the importance of BP control among hypertensive patients in the city. This can be done through regular health campaigns and strengthening home screening through urban health extension programs. There i\u003cb\u003es\u003c/b\u003e also a need for larger studies with a longitudinal design to identify the impact of undiagnosed hypertension on stroke incidence and mortality.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eBP- Blood pressure\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEMR - Medical Record Number\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFMOH - Federal Minster of Health\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHMIS - Health Management Information System\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHTN - Hypertension\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLAMA - Left against medical advice\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLVH - Left ventricular hypertrophy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMRN \u0026ndash; Medical record number\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHO - World Health Organization\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eY12HMC- Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical considerations and consent participation:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the\u0026nbsp;ethical committee of Yekatit-12 Hospital Medical College and was conducted according to the declaration.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSupporting data is available with the corresponding author and it will be accessible upon reasonable request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNo funding organization was involved in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; Contribution:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAS involved in conceptualization, formal analysis, and writing of original manuscript draft; BA participated in data curation, methodology, analysis, validation, writing \u0026nbsp;of orginal draft; GS:methodology, analysis, and writing of original draft, KD: data curation, analysis, and writing of orginal draft; DM: data curation, and methodology; GC: data curation, and methodology; BD: data curation, and methodology; YM: data curation, and methodology; GE involved in conceptualization, supervision of overall study, \u0026nbsp;writing, reviewing and editing of the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI am grateful to Yekatit 12 hospital medical collage Department of Public Health, research, and Publications Office for making the necessary arrangements to do clinical research in our hospital. Furthermore, I express my gratitude to all my friends working in Y12HMC who have been contributing to this research project in different ways\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFeigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. \u003cem\u003eLancet\u003c/em\u003e. 2014;383:245\u0026ndash;55.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLin Q, Ye T, Ye P, \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Hypertension in stroke survivors and associations with national premature stroke mortality: data for 2\u0026middot;5 million participants from multinational screening campaigns. \u003cem\u003eLancet Glob Health\u003c/em\u003e. 2022;10:e1141\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFeigin VL, Stark BA, Johnson CO, \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. \u003cem\u003eLancet Neurol\u003c/em\u003e. 2021;20:1\u0026ndash;26.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBorghi C, Santi F. Fixed combination of lercanidipine and enalapril in the management of hypertension: focus on patient preference and adherence. \u003cem\u003ePatient Prefer Adherence\u003c/em\u003e. 2012;6:449\u0026ndash;55.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGuwatudde D, Nankya-Mutyoba J, Kalyesubula R, \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e The burden of hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: a four-country cross sectional study. \u003cem\u003eBMC Public Health\u003c/em\u003e. 2015;15. doi: 10.1186/S12889-015-2546-Z\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChow CK, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. \u003cem\u003eJAMA\u003c/em\u003e. 2013;310:959\u0026ndash;68.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbebe SM, Berhane Y, Worku A, \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Prevalence and Associated Factors of Hypertension: A Crossectional Community Based Study in Northwest Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003ePLoS One\u003c/em\u003e. 2015;10:e0125210.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKebede B, Ayele G, Haftu D, \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e The Prevalence and Associated Factors of Hypertension among Adults in Southern Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eInt J Chronic Dis\u003c/em\u003e. 2020;2020:1\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDemamu H, Abinet A, Hilina G, \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Undiagnosed Hypertension and Its Associated Factors among Adult People Living in Southern Ethiopia: Evidence from Gunchire Woreda of Gurage Zone. \u003cem\u003eJ Hypertens Manag\u003c/em\u003e. 2021;7:063.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSolbana LK, Chaka EE, Tola DE. Undiagnosed hypertension and its associated factors in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. \u003cem\u003eHealth Sci Rep\u003c/em\u003e. 2023;6. doi: 10.1002/HSR2.1696\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEthiopia sets to improve hypertension prevention and control at primary health care level | OMS | Bureau r\u0026eacute;gional pour l\u0026rsquo;Afrique. https://www.afro.who.int/fr/node/11607#:~:text=Hypertension%20is%20one%20 (accessed 23 March 2024)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCharacteristics and outcomes of stroke at Tikur Anbessa Teaching Hospital, Ethiopia - PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16523645/ (accessed 29 March 2024)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTemesgen TG, Teshome B, Njogu P. Treatment Outcomes and Associated Factors among Hospitalized Stroke Patients at Shashemene Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eStroke Res Treat\u003c/em\u003e. 2018;2018. doi: 10.1155/2018/8079578\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDeresse B, Shaweno D. Epidemiology and in-hospital outcome of stroke in South Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eJ Neurol Sci\u003c/em\u003e. 2015;355:138\u0026ndash;42.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHan TS, Wang HHX, Wei L, \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Impacts of undetected and inadequately treated hypertension on incident stroke in China. \u003cem\u003eBMJ Open\u003c/em\u003e. 2017;7. doi: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2017-016581\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHossain A, Suhel SA, Chowdhury SR, \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Hypertension and undiagnosed hypertension among Bangladeshi adults: Identifying prevalence and associated factors using a nationwide survey. \u003cem\u003eFront Public Health\u003c/em\u003e. 2022;10:1066449.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoy S, Kumar N, Singh V, \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Short- and Long-Term Retentivity of Knowledge by Various Teaching Methods in Medical Education and Perception of Students Towards Them: A Comparative Study in a Medical University Hospital of Northern India. \u003cem\u003eCureus\u003c/em\u003e. 2023;15. doi: 10.7759/CUREUS.48043\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe African Regional Health Report 2014 - The health of the people: what works | WHO | Regional Office for Africa. https://www.afro.who.int/publications/african-regional-health-report-2014-health-people-what-works (accessed 29 March 2024)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eElias S, Dadi TK. Prevalence of Undiagnosed Hypertension and Associated Factors among Adults in Mizan-Aman Town, Bench Sheko Zone, Southwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. \u003cem\u003eAdv Med\u003c/em\u003e. 2023;2023:1\u0026ndash;10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWachamo D, Geleta D, Woldesemayat EM. \u0026lt;p\u0026gt;Undiagnosed Hypertension and Associated Factors Among Adults in Hawela Tula Sub-City, Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study\u0026lt;/p\u0026gt;. \u003cem\u003eRisk Manag Healthc Policy\u003c/em\u003e. 2020;13:2169\u0026ndash;77.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTemesgen TG, Teshome B, Njogu P. Treatment Outcomes and Associated Factors among Hospitalized Stroke Patients at Shashemene Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eStroke Res Treat\u003c/em\u003e. 2018;2018. doi: 10.1155/2018/8079578\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDeresse B, Shaweno D. Epidemiology and in-hospital outcome of stroke in South Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eJ Neurol Sci\u003c/em\u003e. 2015;355:138\u0026ndash;42.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoran A, Forouzanfar M, Sampson U, \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e The epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors 2010 Study. \u003cem\u003eProg Cardiovasc Dis\u003c/em\u003e. 2013;56:234\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCharacteristics and outcomes of stroke at Tikur Anbessa Teaching Hospital, Ethiopia - PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16523645/ (accessed 29 March 2024)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"undiagnosed hypertension, stroke, Ethiopia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4249096/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4249096/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobally, increased blood pressure accounts for almost two-thirds of strokes, with the majority of them caused by undiagnosed, untreated, or insufficiently managed hypertension. Undiagnosed hypertension is frequent in Ethiopia, however, its magnitude among stroke remains investigated. We aimed to determine the magnitude of undiagnosed and inadequately treated Hypertension among Stroke patients in Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis is an institutional cross-sectional study using hospitalized stroke patients' medical data from February 1, 2021, to August 6, 2023. Data was collected using a standardized abstraction sheet using the Kobo collect tool. We analyzed data using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyze most of the data at 95% CI.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResult\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eW included a total of 523 stroke patients a mean age (SD) was 61.34\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;16.82 years and nearly half, 263 (50.3%) were males. More than two-thirds, 344 (65.8%) of the patients had ischemic stroke and 156 (29.8%) had an intra-cerebral hemorrhage. The prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was 79 (15.1%). Nearly half, 271(51.2%) had a hypertension history with 33.6% of them having poor adherence to their medication and 24.4% didn\u0026rsquo;t start anti-hypertensive medication. In-hospital mortality in this study was 90 (17.2%). Being male was found independently associated with undiagnosed hypertension among stroke patients (AOR,1.72 (1.05,2.82), P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInadequately treated and undiagnosed hypertension is found high among stroke patients. This indicates an urgent need to screen and promptly diagnose hypertension and educate undiagnosed and poorly controlled hypertensive patients with an emphasis on follow-up and adherence to antihypertensive medications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Magnitude of undiagnosed and inadequately treated hypertension among stroke patients at the teaching hospital in Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-15 16:51:32","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4249096/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"89df5076-ed60-4468-a6b7-f64c362dd7cc","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 15th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-01T11:53:56+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-15 16:51:32","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4249096","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4249096","identity":"rs-4249096","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}