Inverse-designed ultra-compact passive phase shifters for high-performance beam steering

Inverse-designed ultra-compact passive phase shifters for high-performance beam steering | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Inverse-designed ultra-compact passive phase shifters for high-performance beam steering Tianyang Fu, Mengfan Chu, Xin Yan, Xueguang Yuan, Yang’An Zhang, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4606138/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Ultra-compact passive phase shifters are inversely designed by the multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm. The wavelength-dependent phase difference between two output beams is originated from the different distance of the input light passing through the 4 µm×3.2 µm rectangular waveguide with random-distributed air-hole arrays. As the wavelength changes from 1535 to 1565 nm, a phase difference tuning range of 6.26 rad and 6.95 rad is obtained for TE and TM mode, respectively. Compared with the array waveguide grating counterpart, the phase shifters exhibit higher transmission and lower excess loss, with a much smaller footprint. By combining the inverse-designed phase shifter and random-grating emitter together, integrated beam steering structures are built, which show a large scanning range of ± 25.47° and ± 27.85° in lateral direction for TE and TM mode, respectively. This work may pave the way for the development of ultra-compact high-performance optical phased array LiDARs. Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical materials and structures Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Other photonics Inverse design phase shifter beam steering Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4606138","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":327194823,"identity":"1314e875-2849-422b-9859-f825552d81c9","order_by":0,"name":"Tianyang Fu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tianyang","middleName":"","lastName":"Fu","suffix":""},{"id":327194824,"identity":"d2b60b01-fedc-4e4b-9897-71fa664bf3b2","order_by":1,"name":"Mengfan Chu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mengfan","middleName":"","lastName":"Chu","suffix":""},{"id":327194825,"identity":"eb3a1e19-8d13-4755-9272-efa31533b4eb","order_by":2,"name":"Xin Yan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xin","middleName":"","lastName":"Yan","suffix":""},{"id":327194826,"identity":"79d6ff0e-f051-4a19-992c-64817d0ddd6a","order_by":3,"name":"Xueguang Yuan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xueguang","middleName":"","lastName":"Yuan","suffix":""},{"id":327194827,"identity":"da7e901a-4dc8-47ff-9194-60bb464ff8c5","order_by":4,"name":"Yang’An Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yang’An","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":327194828,"identity":"c2dfa8f5-7741-4028-9a9e-fc9f9885b812","order_by":5,"name":"Jinnan Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jinnan","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":327194829,"identity":"5a6dc5c5-81bf-4a06-ba0d-fac74792d294","order_by":6,"name":"Xia Zhang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHhBhkwDhsBGvJQ2ohZk0LYdJ0GJw/uzBzwW/zucZ3O4/wPCh7DAD/+wG/FokG84lS8/su11scOcwA+OMc4cZJO4cwK+Fn7HHQJq353bihhvJDMy8bYcZDCQS8GthY+Yx/s3bcw6i5S8xWvjZeMykeX4cgGhhJEaLZA+PmTVvQ3Kx5J3DBgd7zqXzSNwgoMXg/Bnj2zx/7PL4bjc+fPCjzFqOfwYBLWDA2AYkJBgYDjBAo4kI8AeiZRSMglEwCkYBVgAAZ1BC84QG+4UAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xia","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-19 13:14:26","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4606138/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4606138/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":63073488,"identity":"130faf9d-1c49-4a62-ba8a-b5fa6bf3e0c1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-22 20:22:01","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":820858,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4606138/v1_covered_6e1118b5-d4e0-4514-8006-808713b9301e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Inverse-designed ultra-compact passive phase shifters for high-performance beam steering","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Inverse design, phase shifter, beam steering","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4606138/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4606138/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eUltra-compact passive phase shifters are inversely designed by the multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm. The wavelength-dependent phase difference between two output beams is originated from the different distance of the input light passing through the 4 \u0026micro;m\u0026times;3.2 \u0026micro;m rectangular waveguide with random-distributed air-hole arrays. As the wavelength changes from 1535 to 1565 nm, a phase difference tuning range of 6.26 rad and 6.95 rad is obtained for TE and TM mode, respectively. Compared with the array waveguide grating counterpart, the phase shifters exhibit higher transmission and lower excess loss, with a much smaller footprint. By combining the inverse-designed phase shifter and random-grating emitter together, integrated beam steering structures are built, which show a large scanning range of \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25.47\u0026deg; and \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.85\u0026deg; in lateral direction for TE and TM mode, respectively. This work may pave the way for the development of ultra-compact high-performance optical phased array LiDARs.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Inverse-designed ultra-compact passive phase shifters for high-performance beam steering","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-17 02:38:25","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4606138/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"84de5b65-d9e9-48b3-a14d-9cf55c66d34a","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 17th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":34626840,"name":"Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical materials and structures"},{"id":34626841,"name":"Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Other photonics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-08-22T20:13:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-17 02:38:25","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4606138","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4606138","identity":"rs-4606138","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}