Malonyl-Proteome Profiles of Staphylococcus Aureus Reveal Lysine Malonylation Modification in Enzymes Involved in Energy Metabolism

Abstract BackgroundProtein lysine malonylation, a novel post-translational modification (PTM), has been recently linked with energy metabolism in bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus is the third most important foodborne pathogen worldwide. Nonetheless, substrates and biological roles of malonylation are still poorly understood in this pathogen. ResultsUsing anti-malonyl-lysine antibody enrichment and high-resolution LC-MS/MS analysis, 440 lysine-malonylated sites were identified in 281 proteins of S. aureus strain. The frequency of valine in position -1 and alanine at +2 and +4 position was high. KEGG pathway analysis showed that six categories were highly enriched: ribosome, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), valine, leucine, isoleucine degradation, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. In total, 31 malonylated sites in S. aureus shared homology with lysine-malonylated sites previously identified in E. coli, indicating malonylated proteins are highly conserved among bacteria. Key rate-limiting enzymes in central carbon metabolic pathways were also found to be malonylated in S. aureus, namely pyruvate kinase (PYK), 6-phosphofructokinase, phosphoglycerate kinase, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, and F1F0-ATP synthase. Notably, malonylation sites were found at or near protein active sites, including KH domain, thioredoxin, alanine dehydrogenase (ALD), dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (LpdA), pyruvate oxidase CidC and catabolite control protein A (CcpA), thus suggesting that lysine malonylation may affect the activity of such enzymes. ConclusionsData presented herein expand the current knowledge on lysine malonylation in prokaryotes and indicate potential roles of protein malonylation in bacterial physiology and metabolism.