An Analysis of the Psychometric Properties of the Medication Safety Competence Scale in Turkish

An Analysis of the Psychometric Properties of the Medication Safety Competence Scale in Turkish | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article An Analysis of the Psychometric Properties of the Medication Safety Competence Scale in Turkish Ayşe AYDINLI, Kamuran Cerit This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4443059/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Aug, 2024 Read the published version in BMC Nursing → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose Considering the key roles and responsibilities of nurses in ensuring medication safety, it is necessary to understand nurses’ competence in medication safety. Therefore, it was aimed to introduce a scale evaluating the medication safety competence of nurses into Turkish and to contribute to the literature by determining the medication safety competence levels of nurses. Methods A methodological and descriptive research design was utilised. The population consisted of nurses in Turkey, and the sample comprised 523 nurses who volunteered to participate. Results The content validity index of the scale was 0.98, and the scale showed a good fit (χ 2 /df = 3.00, RMSEA = 0.062). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.97, indicating high reliability. The mean score was 4.12, which was considered high. Participants who were 40 years old or above, married, and graduates of health vocational schools or postgraduate programs, along with those who had received medication safety training, had higher medication safety competence scores. Conclusion This study presents strong evidence that the Turkish version of the Medication Safety Competency Scale is valid and reliable when administered to nurses. The participants in this study had high levels of medication safety competence. nurse medication safety medication safety competence reliability and validity Figures Figure 1 1. INTRODUCTION A medication error is defined as a preventable event at any stage of drug therapy that results in incorrect drug use or harms the patient [ 1 ]. According to World Health Organization (WHO) reports, medication errors account for 20% of medical errors [ 2 ]. Medication errors decrease patients’ quality of life and result in high costs for healthcare institutions [ 3 ]. They can also lead to complications, permanent disability, and death [ 1 ]. Globally, concerns about medication errors are increasing, and various reports have emphasised the importance of reducing medication errors and improving patient safety [ 2 , 4 , 5 ]. Patient safety involves ensuring that patients are not harmed while receiving care, and medication safety is among the most important elements of patient safety [ 6 ]. Medication safety can be defined as ensuring that medications have the maximum therapeutic effect while minimising and preventing adverse reactions and accidental injuries during medication use [ 4 ]. Medication safety is a multidisciplinary and multi-stage process. Nurses constitute the majority of the healthcare team and are involved in many stages of the medication administration process; they are at the centre of medication administration and are involved in the most critical stage when any potential errors reach the patient [ 7 ]. Traditional nursing curricula consider the “right principles” as a basic standard for safe medication practices. However, nurses’ role in ensuring medication safety encompasses many other principles [ 3 ]. Limiting nurses’ responsibilities regarding medication safety to the right principles does not address all aspects of errors [ 8 ]. Medication safety requires nurses to use clinical judgment before, during, and after interventions. Nurses’ experience and knowledge are integral components of safe medication management in nursing practice [ 9 ]. Adverse effects caused by improper prescription, administration, or monitoring of medications can be decreased through good nursing practice [ 8 ]. Considering the high prevalence of medication errors and the key role of nurses in ensuring medication safety, the medication safety competence of nurses must be determined [ 4 ]. However, very few studies have assessed nurses’ medication safety competence. Moreover, a Turkish scale to assess nurses’ the of and attitudes towards medication safety competence is needed. Therefore, this study introduced a Turkish version of a scale evaluating the medication safety competence of nurses and administered it to nurses, contributing to the literature by determining the medication safety competence levels of nurses. 2. METHODS This study adapted the Medication Safety Competence Scale (MSCS) developed by Park and Seomun for use in a Turkish context and assessed its validity and reliability; subsequently, the scale was used to determine nurses’ the of medication safety competence. Differences in the of medication safety competence between nurses with varying demographic characteristics were also investigated. 2.1. Study Design and Participants This study was conducted methodologically and descriptively. The population of the study comprised nurses working at various hospitals in Turkey. The sample size was determined to be at least 10 times the number of scale items [10]. The sample consisted of 523 nurses who were native Turkish speakers and voluntarily participated in the study. 2.2. Data Collection A demographic information form was used to determine the demographic characteristics of the nurses, and the MSCS was used to determine their the of medication safety competence. The MSCS was developed by Park and Seomun in 2021. The scale consists of 36 items divided into six subdimensions. The dimensions are patient-centred medication management (PCMM); multidisciplinary collaboration (MC), safety risk management (SRM); management of effecting factors (MEF); improvement of safety problems (ISP); and responsibility in the nursing profession (RNP). The scale is a five-point Likert scale. Data were collected with an online questionnaire between February and March 2023. An informed consent form was added to the first part of the questionnaire, and participation was voluntary. 2.4 Procedure This study was conducted in two stages: methodological and descriptive. 2.4.1. Methodological stage: This stage consisted of translation and psychometric testing. To adapt the scale for use in a Turkish context, permission was obtained from the researchers who developed the original scale. Back translation was used for language validity. The content validity of the Turkish version of the scale was tested. After receiving expert opinions, the scale was translated back into English (supplementary file-1). After the translated version was sent to the researchers who developed the scale and approval was obtained, data collection was started with the Turkish form. Data were then collected for psychometric testing. The validity and reliability of the original scale were tested with data from the 523 participants. 2.4.2. Descriptive Stage: In this stage, nurses’ the of medication safety competence were determined and analysed according to several demographic characteristics. Data from the 523 participants were used in this stage. 2.5 Data Analysis: Data were analysed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v. 26.0, LISREL v. 8.80, and Microsoft Excel. 2.5.1 Descriptive statistics: Means and standard deviations were calculated for continuous data, and percentages were calculated for categorical data. The adequacy of the multivariate normal distribution of the data was assessed using Mardia’s skewness and kurtosis tests. Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used for comparison between groups of nurses with different demographic characteristics. 2.5.2 Item Analysis : To determine whether the scale had an ideal discrimination ability, the total score of the scale was ranked from high to low, and the difference between the first 27% and the last 27% was analysed. Furthermore, item-total score correlation coefficients were calculated. 2.5.3 Validity Analysis: Eleven experts rated the items of the adapted scale from 1 to 4 for content validity (1: not appropriate; 2: partially appropriate, the item needs to be revised; 3: appropriate but minor changes are needed; 4 very appropriate). The item content validity index (I-CVI) and the scale content validity index (S-CVI) were calculated using the method proposed by Davis (1992) [11]. The I-CVI is the ratio of the number of experts who assign each item 1 or 2 points to the total number of experts. The S-CVI is the average I-CVI for all items. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was applied for the construct validity, and fit indices were evaluated. The values of chi-square (χ 2 )/degree of freedom (df), comparative fit index (CFI), root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA), non-normed fit index (NNFI), normed fit index (NFI), parsimony normed fit index (PNFI), parsimonious goodness-of-fit index (PGFI), standardised root mean square residual (SRMR), root mean square residual (RMR), goodness of fit index (GFI), and adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) were examined. Also average variance extracted (AVE) and Construct reliability (CR) were examined for convergent validity. 2.5.4 Reliability analysis: Cronbach’s alpha (α) and split-half reliability were calculated to assess internal consistency. To assess test–retest reliability, intra-class correlation (ICC) was calculated by collecting data from 30 nurses at 2-week intervals. 2.6 Ethical considerations Ethical approval of the study was obtained from the Suleyman Demirel University Institutional Ethics Committee (decision number: 87432956-050.99-423263). Informed consent was obtained from the participating nurses in the first part of the online survey. The study was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. 3. RESULTS Most participants (94.5%) were female, 61.2% were between the ages of 20–29 years, 53.7% were married, 72.7% had a Bachelor’s degree, and 54.9% had 1–5 years of professional experience. Furthermore, 79.2% of the participants reported that they had received training or courses on medication safety, 79.5% reported that medication administration principles were followed in the clinic where they worked, and 76.7% stated that medication administration was performed following the hospital’s medication administration rules and procedures (Table 1). The results of the methodological and descriptive stages of the study are provided in the following two sections. 3.1. Results of the Methodological Stage The scale was translated into Turkish by four translators who were native Turkish speakers and fluent in English. The researchers then combined the four translations into a single form. In the second stage, this form was translated back into English by an expert who was not one of the previous translators. The expert review was conducted by nine instructors and two nurses with master’s degrees. The I-CVI ranged from 0.80 to 1.00, and the S-CVI was 0.98. To assess the face validity of the Turkish form, a preliminary application was performed with 20 nurses. To ensure that they were comprehensible in Turkish, the expression “human factors” in the item “Understanding the role of human factors, such as fatigue, that affect medication safety” was changed to “personal factors”, and the expression “understanding the role” in “Understanding the role of environmental factors such as workflow, ergonomics, and resources, which affect medication safety” was changed to “understanding the effect”. With these adjustments, the scale form adapted to Turkish was finalised. The results of CFA are shown in Table 2. The fitness indices of the original scale (model 1) (χ 2 /df = 1921.97/579 = 3.32, RMSEA = 0.067, CFI = 0.98) were determined to be at an acceptable level. However, modification indices were examined, and the original scale was modified sequentially as follows: item 28 and item 31, item 25 and item 31, item 10 and item 11, respectively. The fitness indices of the final scale (model 2) were as follows: χ 2 /df = 3.00, RMSEA = 0.062, CFI = 0.99, NFI = 0.98, GFI = 0.78, AGFI = 0.74, PGFI = 0.67, and PNFI = 0.89. The standard loadings of the items in the final scale ranged from 0.46 to 0.83. The squared multiple correlations (SMC-R 2 ) ranged from 0.21 to 0.68 (Table 3). The modification of model 2 was achieved by freeing the error terms (permitting correlated errors) of the items without excluding any items. Furthermore, the fit indices attained in both models were acceptable. Nevertheless, model 2 exhibited superior χ2/df and RMSEA values, indicating that it outperformed model 1. For convergent validity, the CRs ranged from 0.68 to 0.79 and were higher than the AVE values (0.40 to 0.60). The correlation between factors ranged from 0.687 to 0.868 (Table 4). Item analyses revealed that the item-total correlations were between 0.46 and 0.77 (Table 3). A statistically significant difference (t: −30.601, p < 0.001) was observed between the mean scores of the groups with the lowest 27% of scores and the highest 27% of scores. As shown in Table 4, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.97. The split-half reliability was 0.912, and the test–retest reliability (ICC) was 0.939. 3.2. Descriptive Phase Results The mean MSCS score was 4.106 ± 0.59, indicating a high level of medication safety competence. Among the subdimensions, the lowest score was obtained in the RNP dimension (3.959 ± 0.68 points) and the highest score was obtained in the PCMM dimension (4.246 ± 0.57 points) (Table 4). Table 5 presents the comparison of participants’ the of medication safety competence according to their demographic characteristics. No differences were observed in the participants’ the of medication safety competence according to gender and the type of clinic they worked in. However, significant differences were found according to age, marital status, educational level, professional experience, and the type of hospital in which the nurses worked. Participants aged 40 years and older had higher the of medication safety competence than those aged 20–29 years; married participants had higher than single participants; and those with health vocational school and postgraduate degrees had higher than those with undergraduate degrees. In addition, nurses who received training or courses on medication safety, those who thought that the principles of medication administration were followed in the clinic where they worked, and those who thought that medication administration was performed following the hospital’s medication administration rules and procedures had higher the of medication safety competence (p < 0.05). 4. DISCUSSION 4.1 Discussion of the Methodological Phase This study was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of a Turkish version of the MSCS. This study found that the Turkish version of the MSC scale meets the criteria of language validity, content validity, construct validity, and reliability. The validity and reliability of the scale have also been confirmed in Chinese and Persian [ 4 , 6 ]. In this study, the Turkish version of the scale was created using the back translation method for language validity. Then the content validity of the scale was evaluated according to Davis’s (1992) technique [ 11 ]. Because the CVI values of all items were above 0.80, no items were removed at this stage. CFA was performed to verify construct validity. Two models were analysed: the original scale (model 1) and the final scale (model 2). According to the factor loadings and modification indices of model 1 and model 2, the measurement validity of the Turkish version of the MSCS was confirmed. Thus, no items were removed from the scale at this stage. The χ 2 /df of the final scale was 3.00; this value is considered acceptable, as it is less than 5 [ 12 ]. The RMSEA value of 0.062 is an important indicator of the acceptable fit of the final scale. The RMR (0.042) and SRMR (0.057) values showed perfect and acceptable fit, respectively [ 13 ]. The CFI was above 0.95, indicating perfect fit [ 14 ]. The NFI and NNFI were also above 0.95, indicating perfect fit [ 15 – 16 ]. In CFA, it is recommended that the factor loadings of the items factors should be above 0.50 [ 10 ]. In this study, the factor loadings of the items were between 0.68 and 0.79. Thus, the fit indices and item factor loadings confirmed the construct validity of the final scale. The AVEs of the factors were higher than 0.50 in all subdimensions except for RNP and MEF. Moreover, the CRs were between 0.77 and 0.91, higher than the recommended value of 0.70 and the AVE values. These results confirmed the scale’s convergent validity. Finally, item analyses showed that the items in the scale had good discrimination. Similarly, the Chinese version [ 4 ], the original scale [ 5 ] and the Persian version [ 6 ] also reported high factor loadings, acceptable fit indices and CRs above 0.70. In line with these results, it can be said that the scale provides an adequate level of validity. Reliability The reliability of the scale was evaluated by calculating split-half reliability, Cronbach’s alpha, CR and ICC. Cronbach's alpha value should be at least 0.70 [ 10 , 17 ]. In the present study, Cronbach’s alpha was 0.97, whereas it was 0.94 in the Chinese version [ 4 ], 0.94 in the original scale [ 5 ], and 0.96 in the Persian version [ 6 ]. The CR values reported as more appropriate reliability measures for CFA-based studies [ 10 ] are higher than the proposed value of 0.70. These results show that the scale has good internal reliability in samples from different cultures. In this study, the split-half reliability of the scale was 0.912, and the test–retest reliability was 0.939. The split-half reliability of the Chinese version of the scale was 0.671, and the test–retest reliability was 0.703 [ 4 ]. For the Persian version, the test–retest reliability was also 0.90 [ 6 ]. These values indicate the stability of the various versions of the scale [ 18 ]. Discussion of the descriptive phase To date, nurses’ medication safety competency has generally been examined within the framework of the right principles [ 19 , 20 ] or reporting medication errors [ 21 , 22 ]. However, medication safety is a concept that transcends the right principles [ 3 , 8 ], and previous studies measuring nurses’ medication safety competency have been insufficient. The medication safety competence scores of the nurses in this study were high. These results may be explained by the fact that most of the nurses in the study received training or courses on medication safety. Moreover, in recent years, in Turkey and other countries, patient and medication safety issues have been important issues of health policies and hospitals in Turkey. Although the issue is important, a study conducted in Turkey found that almost half of the nurses reported that no institutional procedures were in place for medication safety in hospitals [ 23 ]. Nurses’ the of medication safety competence differ according to age, marital status, education level, professional experience, hospital type, and the types of training or courses on medication safety the nurses have received. More studies investigating nurses’ the of medication safety competence are warranted, along with studies assessing differences in the of medication safety competence between nurses with varying demographic characteristics. 5. CONCLUSIONS This study presents strong evidence that the Turkish version of the MSCS is valid and reliable among nurses. The medication safety competency levels of the nurses participating in this study were high. The assessment results of the scale provide a reference for nursing administrators to help them formulate educational plans improve the medication safety competence of nurses. LIMITATIONS One of the strengths of this study is its application of the scale to a large sample. Although the methodological results are important, the adapted scale is specific to nurses in Turkey. However, the results regarding nurses’ medication safety competence obtained in the study's second phase provide a substantial contribution to the literature. Declarations Ethical considerations Ethical approval of the study was obtained from the Suleyman Demirel University Institutional Ethics Committee (decision number: 87432956-050.99-423263). Informed consent was obtained from the participating nurses in the first part of the online survey. The study was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Data Availability Statement The data supporting this study's findings are available on re-quest from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions Declarations of interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this study were reported. Funding source No funding has been received. Author's contributions AA and KC contributed to the study aim, research design, and overall structure of the manuscript. AA collected the data. KC conducted all the statistical analyses and drafted the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Acknowledgment We thank the nurses who participated in this study and the experts who suggested content validity. Consent for publication Not applicable References Mendes JR, Lopes MCBT, Vancini-Campanharo CR, Okuno MFP, Batista REA. Types and frequency of errors in the preparation and administration of drugs. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2018;16(3):eAO4146. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-45082018AO4146 . WHO. WHO launches global effort to halve medication-related errors in 5 years; 2017 [cited Mary 17, 2023]. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2017/medication-related-errors/en/ . Choo J, Hutchinson A, Bucknall T. Nurses' role in medication safety. 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Tables Table 1: The Distribution of Demographic Characteristics of Participants Socio-Demographic Characteristics N % Gender Female Male 494 29 94.5 5.5 Age 20-29 years 30-39 years 40 years and above 320 144 59 61.2 27.5 11.3 Marital status Married Single 281 242 53.7 46.3 Education status Health Vocational High School (HVHS) Associate degree Bachelor’s degree Postgraduate 34 40 380 69 6.5 7.6 72.7 13.2 Professional experience 1-5 Years 6-10 Years 11-15 Years 16 Years and above 287 100 68 68 54.9 19.1 13.0 13.0 Hospital Type Research and university Government City Private and other 183 180 83 77 35.0 34.4 15.9 14.7 Clinic (N: 487) Internal units Surgical units Intensive care Emergency Pediatrics and obstetrics Privileged units* 132 91 124 52 53 35 27.1 18.7 25.5 10.7 10.9 7.2 Have you received training or courses on medication safety? Yes No 414 109 79.2 20.8 Do you think that the principles of medication administration are followed in the clinic where you work? Yes No 416 107 79.5 20.5 Do you think medication administration in the clinic where you work is carried out according to the hospital's medication administration rules and procedures? Yes No 401 122 76.7 23.3 *Endoscopy, chemotherapy, management, etc. Table 2. CFA Results of Model I and Model II: Fit Indices Indices Perfect Fit Criterion Acceptable Fit Criterion Results of Model 1 Results of Model 2 c 2 /df (p) 0-3 3-5 1921.97/579: 3.32 (p= 0.00) 1729.14 /575: 3.00 (p= 0.00) RMSEA .00 ≤ RMSEA ≤ .05 .05 ≤RMSEA ≤ .10 0.067 0.062 CFI .95 ≤CFI ≤ 1.00 .90 ≤CFI ≤ .95 0.098 0.99 NFI .95 ≤NFI ≤ 1.00 .90 ≤NFI ≤ .95 0.98 0.98 NNFI .95 ≤NNFI ≤ 1.00 .90 ≤NNFI ≤ .95 0.098 0.98 RMR .00 ≤ RMR ≤ .05 .05 ≤ RMR ≤ .08 0.045 0.042 SRMR .00 ≤ SRMR ≤ .05 .05 ≤SRMR ≤ .08 0.060 0.057 GFI .95 ≤GFI ≤ 1.00 .90 ≤GFI ≤ .95 0.76 0.78 AGFI .90 ≤AGFI ≤ 1.00 .85 ≤AGFI ≤ .90 0.72 0.74 PGFI 0.67 PNFI 0.89 Table 3. CFA and Item Analysis Results of the Model II Factor Item Parameter significance estimation Factor Reliability Item Analysis PCMM Std. Estimate Unstd. Estimate *SMC (R 2 ) Item total score correlation 1- Planning care in the medication process... .66 .49 .43 .606 4- Detecting adverse reactions in medication.... .70 .59 .49 .663 5- Giving confidence to patients and caregivers in the medication process.... .76 .55 .58 .659 6- Giving a sense of stability through clear and consistent communication with patient… .76 .52 .58 .653 7- Evaluating my nursing practice in the medication process... .83 .57 .68 .735 8- Documentation of assessment, planning, administration of medication, and evaluation of outcomes.... .75 .55 .57 .688 13- Communicating individually according to patients' condition and level in the medication process...... .78 .54 .61 .711 24- Practicing medication care with responsibility for the safety of patients... .63 .48 .39 .599 26- Effective patient training to help patients speak of the symptoms of adverse effects… .66 .62 .44 .716 ISP 10- Having a questioning attitude and speaking up when you see something that may be unsafe…. .55 .41 .30 .583 19- Establish prevention measures when medication errors or near-misses occur.... .77 .63 .60 .755 22- Trying to create a supportive environment that encourages people to talk about problems when medication errors or near-misses occur.... .77 .69 .59 .746 29- Improving the complex and vulnerable way of medication safety (e.g., incorrect administration practices)… .78 .63 .61 .738 31- Reporting to a nursing manager or supervisor when medication errors or near-misses occur..... .76 .75 .58 .728 32- Analyzing the case to find the root cause of the medication error...... .76 .68 .58 .702 34- Establishing prevention measures when adverse drug events occur... .81 .63 .65 .769 35- Identifying the root cause rather than blaming the individual when medication errors or near-misses occur.... .75 .60 .56 .694 MEF 3- Administration according to the right way (patient, drug, dose, route, and time)... .67 .43 .45 .631 9-Understanding the role of human factors, such as fatigue, that affect medication safety... .65 .50 .42 .619 11-Describing prevention activities for medication safety...... .69 .52 .48 .693 12- Finding information about medication from different sources (e.g., drug information management system, hospital pharmacies, literature information, etc.) ...... .67 .56 .45 .652 14- Using information technology and computerized systems (e.g., barcodes, electronic medical records) for medication safety...... .67 .56 .45 .656 18- Understanding the role of environmental factors such as workflow, ergonomics, and resources, which effect medication safety.... .67 .60 .45 .684 SRM 2-Assess the need for medication by checking patients' condition and examination results prior to administration… .57 .47 0.32 .581 15-Managing the medicine according to the hospital's medication management guidelines (e.g., high-risk medication guidelines) .... .71 .61 .51 .709 16- Coping quickly according to hospital protocol when adverse drug events occur...... .77 .70 .59 .732 21- Coping quickly according to hospital protocol when medication errors or near-misses occur...... .82 .77 .67 .770 25- Reporting the adverse drug events according to the reporting system... .77 .80 .60 .731 28- Reporting to a nursing manager or supervisor when medication errors or near-misses occur… .75 .73 .56 .712 MC 20- Communicating effectively between multidisciplinary members to address medication safety issues... .75 .71 .56 .698 27- Collaborating with other departments (e.g., medicine department, laboratory, another ward, etc.) for medication safety... .73 .71 .53 .671 30-Sharing decision-making between multidisciplinary to address medication safety issues…. .81 .70 .65 .742 33- Collaborating with multidisciplinary professionals to address medication safety issues... .80 .73 .64 .728 RNP 17- Receiving regular medication safety training…. .46 .55 .21 .459 23- Evaluating regularly my knowledge of medication safety...... .74 .60 .55 .746 36- Performing medication care with alertness as a professional... .67 .46 .45 .647 Note: * Square of Multiple coefficient (R 2 ) Table 4. Convergent Validity and Internal Consistency Results of the Model II and Mean Scores of the Participants Scale and Sub-Scale m sd Correlation coefficients between factors (Discriminant Validity) Convergent Validity Internal consistency PCMM ISP MEF SRM MC RNP CR AVE α MSCS 4.11 .59 0.914 0.941 0.916 0.932 0.868 0.812 .970 PCMM 4.25 .57 1.00 0.76 0.53 .903 ISP 4.07 .66 0.792 1.00 0.77 0.56 .907 MEF 4.21 .59 0.868 0.816 1.00 0.71 0.45 .831 SRM 4.00 .73 0.806 0.858 0.813 1.00 0.76 0.54 .872 MC 3.98 .78 0.701 0.845 0.700 0.796 1.00 0.79 0.60 .860 RNP 3.96 .69 0.687 0.723 0.738 0.731 0.687 1.00 0.68 0.40 .601 Note: m (mean), sd (standard deviation), CR (Construct Reliability), AVE (Average Variance Extracted), α (Cronbach’s alpha) Table 5. Comparison of participants’ of medication safety competence according to demographic characteristics Demographic Characteristics Groups N m ± sd Mean rank Test Value P Difference Gender* Female Male 494 29 4.11±.59 3.98±.57 264.11 225.98 Z= -1.321 .187 Ø Age** 20-29 years 30-39 years 40 years and above 320 144 59 4.07±.55 4.15±.61 4.20±.72 248.80273.94 304.42 c 2 = 7.991 .018 40 and over>20-29 years Marital Status* Single Married 281 242 4.06±.52 4.15±.66 243.75283.19 Z= -2.976 .003 Married> Single Education Level** HVHS Associate degree Bachelor’s degree Postgraduate 34 40 380 69 4.35±.40 4.18±.56 4.05±.58 4.26±.68 328.43 287.10245.31306.62 c 2 = 18.332 .000 HVHS> Bachelor’s degree Postgraduate>Bachelor’s degree Professional experience ** 1-5 Years 6-10 Years 11-15 Years 16 Years and above 287 100 68 68 4.02±.54 4.16±.56 4.22±.65 4.25±.71 236.55 276.18294.16316.42 c 2 = 20.932 .000 6-10 years = 11-15 years = 16 years and above >1-5 years Hospital Type ** Research and university Government City Private and other 183 180 83 77 4.14±.54 4.00±.64 4.16±.50 4.23±.65 264.29236.39275.14302.24 c 2 = 11.303 .010 Private and other>Govern. Clinic (n= 487) ** Internal units Surgical units Intensive care Emergency Pediatrics and obstetrics Privileged units* 132 91 124 52 53 35 4.15±.49 4.09±.60 4.12±.53 3.97±.71 4.25±.69 4.02±.67 252.19232.19241.87212.58284.75236.34 c 2 = 8.261 .142 Ø Have you received training or courses on medication safety? Yes No 414 109 4.15±.57 3.93±.64 273.55218.15 Z= -3.406 .001 Yes> No Do you think that the principles of medication administration are followed in the clinic where you work? Yes No 416 107 4.17±.59 3.86±.54 280.41190.41 Z= -5.496 .000 Yes > No Do you think that medication administration in the clinic where you work is carried out in accordance with the hospital's medication administration rules and procedures? Yes No 401 122 4.17±.57 3.91±.61 278.84206.66 Z= -4.620 .000 Yes > No Note: m Mean, sd Standard Deviation, * Mann Whitney U Test **Kruskal Wallis Test Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files supplementaryfile1MedicationSafetyCompetenceScaleforNurses.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Aug, 2024 Read the published version in BMC Nursing → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 18 Jul, 2024 Reviews received at journal 15 Jul, 2024 Reviews received at journal 01 Jul, 2024 Reviews received at journal 24 Jun, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Jun, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Jun, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Jun, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 18 Jun, 2024 Editor invited by journal 27 May, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 27 May, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 27 May, 2024 First submitted to journal 19 May, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4443059","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":309220541,"identity":"5fb1fd2b-f3fa-4703-bea4-c3d07d0a7d40","order_by":0,"name":"Ayşe AYDINLI","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHAD9oMPPgApNnbitfAkG84AaWEmwRozaR4QRUgL/4z0hw9/VBzO45duSDa2+bVNno+ZgfHDxxzcWiRu5BgbSJw5XCw55+DBx7l9tw3bmBmYJWduw2PNjRw2CcO2w4kbbiQkG+f23GYEamFj5sWjRf5G+vMfif8OJ+6/kWAmbdlz256gFgOgSoaDDUBbJIBaGH7cTiSoxfDMG2PJhmPpiTPunEk27G24ndzGzNiM1y9yx9MffvxRY53YP7v94IMff27bzm9vPvjhIz7vCySAyGZg2AEpxjYQh7EBj3og4D8AIusgWhj+4Fc8CkbBKBgFIxMAAPSDWE6xE0lPAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Süleyman Demirel University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ayşe","middleName":"","lastName":"AYDINLI","suffix":""},{"id":309220542,"identity":"472e3799-a13e-4b26-9bc5-15bb799d397b","order_by":1,"name":"Kamuran Cerit","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Süleyman Demirel University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kamuran","middleName":"","lastName":"Cerit","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-19 05:38:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4443059/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4443059/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-02240-0","type":"published","date":"2024-08-21T15:57:06+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":58223758,"identity":"ee979d76-9bab-4713-8cf8-0e332ecdc24f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-12 17:25:52","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":37914,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCFA Results of Model I: Standard Loadings and Error Variances\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4443059/v1/3ea302eea6acdaf7b079ea85.png"},{"id":63300574,"identity":"f3c5b1c1-5fe1-4cdb-9cde-f92e5ca93dbb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-26 16:15:07","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1165704,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4443059/v1/1380e0d9-40f8-496a-bbfa-19f787b2e778.pdf"},{"id":58223759,"identity":"49e65a10-e8da-4bf7-9a1d-2fd82a001888","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-12 17:25:52","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":231396,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"supplementaryfile1MedicationSafetyCompetenceScaleforNurses.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4443059/v1/fc2acba7f6aa204d897c637c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eAn Analysis of the Psychometric Properties of the Medication Safety Competence Scale in Turkish\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eA medication error is defined as a preventable event at any stage of drug therapy that results in incorrect drug use or harms the patient [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. According to World Health Organization (WHO) reports, medication errors account for 20% of medical errors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Medication errors decrease patients\u0026rsquo; quality of life and result in high costs for healthcare institutions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. They can also lead to complications, permanent disability, and death [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Globally, concerns about medication errors are increasing, and various reports have emphasised the importance of reducing medication errors and improving patient safety [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient safety involves ensuring that patients are not harmed while receiving care, and medication safety is among the most important elements of patient safety [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Medication safety can be defined as ensuring that medications have the maximum therapeutic effect while minimising and preventing adverse reactions and accidental injuries during medication use [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Medication safety is a multidisciplinary and multi-stage process. Nurses constitute the majority of the healthcare team and are involved in many stages of the medication administration process; they are at the centre of medication administration and are involved in the most critical stage when any potential errors reach the patient [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional nursing curricula consider the \u0026ldquo;right principles\u0026rdquo; as a basic standard for safe medication practices. However, nurses\u0026rsquo; role in ensuring medication safety encompasses many other principles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Limiting nurses\u0026rsquo; responsibilities regarding medication safety to the right principles does not address all aspects of errors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Medication safety requires nurses to use clinical judgment before, during, and after interventions. Nurses\u0026rsquo; experience and knowledge are integral components of safe medication management in nursing practice [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Adverse effects caused by improper prescription, administration, or monitoring of medications can be decreased through good nursing practice [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering the high prevalence of medication errors and the key role of nurses in ensuring medication safety, the medication safety competence of nurses must be determined [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. However, very few studies have assessed nurses\u0026rsquo; medication safety competence. Moreover, a Turkish scale to assess nurses\u0026rsquo; the of and attitudes towards medication safety competence is needed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, this study introduced a Turkish version of a scale evaluating the medication safety competence of nurses and administered it to nurses, contributing to the literature by determining the medication safety competence levels of nurses.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study adapted the Medication Safety Competence Scale (MSCS) developed by Park and Seomun for use in a Turkish context and assessed its validity and reliability; subsequently, the scale was used to determine nurses\u0026rsquo; the of medication safety competence. Differences in the of medication safety competence between nurses with varying demographic characteristics were also investigated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1. Study Design and Participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted methodologically and descriptively. The population of the study comprised nurses working at various hospitals in Turkey. The sample size was determined to be at least 10 times the number of scale items [10]. The sample consisted of 523 nurses who were native Turkish speakers and voluntarily participated in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2. Data Collection\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA demographic information form was used to determine the demographic characteristics of the nurses, and the MSCS was used to determine their the of medication safety competence. The MSCS\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ewas developed by Park and Seomun in 2021. The scale consists of 36 items divided into six subdimensions. The dimensions are patient-centred medication management (PCMM); multidisciplinary collaboration (MC), safety risk management (SRM); management of effecting factors (MEF); improvement of safety problems (ISP); and responsibility in the nursing profession (RNP). The scale is a five-point Likert scale.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were collected with an online questionnaire between February and March 2023. An informed consent form was added to the first part of the questionnaire, and participation was voluntary.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4 Procedure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in two stages: methodological and descriptive.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4.1. Methodological stage:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis stage consisted of translation and psychometric testing. To adapt the scale for use in a Turkish context, permission was obtained from the researchers who developed the original scale. Back translation was used for language validity. The content validity of the Turkish version of the scale was tested. After receiving expert opinions, the scale was translated back into English (supplementary file-1). After the translated version was sent to the researchers who developed the scale and approval was obtained, data collection was started with the Turkish form. Data were then collected for psychometric testing. The validity and reliability of the original scale were tested with data from the 523 participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4.2. Descriptive Stage:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eIn this stage, nurses\u0026rsquo; the of medication safety competence were determined and analysed according to several demographic characteristics. Data from the 523 participants were used in this stage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5 Data Analysis:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eData were analysed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v. 26.0, LISREL v. 8.80, and Microsoft Excel.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5.1 Descriptive statistics:\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eMeans and standard deviations were calculated for continuous data, and percentages were calculated for categorical data. The adequacy of the multivariate normal distribution of the data was assessed using Mardia\u0026rsquo;s skewness and kurtosis tests. Mann\u0026ndash;Whitney U and Kruskal\u0026ndash;Wallis tests were used for comparison between groups of nurses with different demographic characteristics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5.2 Item Analysis\u003cem\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eTo determine whether the scale had an ideal discrimination ability, the total score of the scale was ranked from high to low, and the difference between the first 27% and the last 27% was analysed. Furthermore, item-total score correlation coefficients were calculated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5.3 Validity Analysis:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEleven experts rated the items of the adapted scale from 1 to 4 for content validity (1: not appropriate; 2: partially appropriate, the item needs to be revised; 3: appropriate but minor changes are needed; 4 very appropriate). The item content validity index (I-CVI) and the scale content validity index (S-CVI) were calculated using the method proposed by Davis (1992) [11]. The I-CVI is the ratio of the number of experts who assign each item 1 or 2 points to the total number of experts. The S-CVI is the average I-CVI for all items.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConfirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was applied for the construct validity, and fit indices were evaluated. The values of chi-square (\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)/degree of freedom (df), comparative fit index (CFI), root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA), non-normed fit index (NNFI), normed fit index (NFI), parsimony normed fit index (PNFI), parsimonious goodness-of-fit index (PGFI), standardised root mean square residual (SRMR), root mean square residual (RMR), goodness of fit index (GFI), and adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) were examined. Also average variance extracted (AVE) and Construct reliability (CR) \u0026nbsp;were examined for convergent validity.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5.4 Reliability analysis:\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eCronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha (\u0026alpha;) and split-half reliability were calculated to assess internal consistency. To assess test\u0026ndash;retest reliability, intra-class correlation (ICC) was calculated by collecting data from 30 nurses at 2-week intervals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.6 Ethical considerations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval of the study was obtained from the Suleyman Demirel University Institutional Ethics Committee (decision number: 87432956-050.99-423263). Informed consent was obtained from the participating nurses in the first part of the online survey. The study was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eMost participants (94.5%) were female, 61.2% were between the ages of 20\u0026ndash;29 years, 53.7% were married, 72.7% had a Bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree, and 54.9% had 1\u0026ndash;5 years of professional experience. Furthermore, 79.2% of the participants reported that they had received training or courses on medication safety, 79.5% reported that medication administration principles were followed in the clinic where they worked, and 76.7% stated that medication administration was performed following the hospital\u0026rsquo;s medication administration rules and procedures (Table 1). The results of the methodological and descriptive stages of the study are provided in the following two sections.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1. Results of the Methodological Stage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe scale was translated into Turkish by four translators who were native Turkish speakers and fluent in English. The researchers then combined the four translations into a single form. In the second stage, this form was translated back into English by an expert who was not one of the previous translators.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe expert review was conducted by nine instructors and two nurses with master\u0026rsquo;s degrees. The I-CVI ranged from 0.80 to 1.00, and the S-CVI was 0.98. To assess the face validity of the Turkish form, a preliminary application was performed with 20 nurses. To ensure that they were comprehensible in Turkish, the expression \u0026ldquo;human factors\u0026rdquo; in the item \u0026ldquo;Understanding the role of human factors, such as fatigue, that affect medication safety\u0026rdquo; was changed to \u0026ldquo;personal factors\u0026rdquo;, and the expression \u0026ldquo;understanding the role\u0026rdquo; in \u0026ldquo;Understanding the role of environmental factors such as workflow, ergonomics, and resources, which affect medication safety\u0026rdquo; was changed to \u0026ldquo;understanding the effect\u0026rdquo;. With these adjustments, the scale form adapted to Turkish was finalised.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of CFA are shown in Table 2. The fitness indices of the original scale (model 1) (\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/df = 1921.97/579 = 3.32, RMSEA = 0.067, CFI = 0.98) were determined to be at an acceptable level. However, modification indices were examined, and the original scale was modified sequentially as follows: item 28 and item 31, item 25 and item 31, item 10 and item 11, respectively. The fitness indices of the final scale (model 2) were as follows: \u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/df = 3.00, RMSEA = 0.062, CFI = 0.99, NFI = 0.98,\u0026nbsp;GFI = 0.78, AGFI = 0.74, PGFI = 0.67, and PNFI = 0.89. The standard loadings of the items in the final scale ranged from 0.46 to 0.83. The squared multiple correlations (SMC-R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) ranged from 0.21 to 0.68 (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe modification of model 2 was achieved by freeing the error terms (permitting correlated errors) of the items without excluding any items. Furthermore, the fit indices attained in both models were acceptable. Nevertheless, model 2 exhibited superior \u0026chi;2/df and RMSEA values, indicating that it outperformed model 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor convergent validity, the CRs ranged from 0.68 to 0.79 and were higher than the AVE values (0.40 to 0.60). The correlation between factors ranged from 0.687 to 0.868 (Table 4). Item analyses revealed that the item-total correlations were between 0.46 and 0.77 (Table 3). A statistically significant difference (t: \u0026minus;30.601, p \u0026lt; 0.001) was observed between the mean scores of the groups with the lowest 27% of scores and the highest 27% of scores.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table 4, the Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.97. The split-half reliability was 0.912, and the test\u0026ndash;retest reliability (ICC) was 0.939.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2. Descriptive Phase Results\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean MSCS score was 4.106 \u0026plusmn; 0.59, indicating a high level of medication safety competence. Among the subdimensions, the lowest score was obtained in the RNP dimension (3.959 \u0026plusmn; 0.68 points) and the highest score was obtained in the PCMM dimension (4.246 \u0026plusmn; 0.57 points) (Table 4). Table 5 presents the comparison of participants\u0026rsquo; the of medication safety competence according to their demographic characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo differences were observed in the participants\u0026rsquo; the of medication safety competence according to gender and the type of clinic they worked in. However, significant differences were found according to age, marital status, educational level, professional experience, and the type of hospital in which the nurses worked. Participants aged 40 years and older had higher the of medication safety competence than those aged 20\u0026ndash;29 years; married participants had higher than single participants; and those with health vocational school and postgraduate degrees had higher than those with undergraduate degrees. In addition, nurses who received training or courses on medication safety, those who thought that the principles of medication administration were followed in the clinic where they worked, and those who thought that medication administration was performed following the hospital\u0026rsquo;s medication administration rules and procedures had higher the of medication safety competence (p \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Discussion of the Methodological Phase\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of a Turkish version of the MSCS. This study found that the Turkish version of the MSC scale meets the criteria of language validity, content validity, construct validity, and reliability. The validity and reliability of the scale have also been confirmed in Chinese and Persian [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, the Turkish version of the scale was created using the back translation method for language validity. Then the content validity of the scale was evaluated according to Davis\u0026rsquo;s (1992) technique [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Because the CVI values of all items were above 0.80, no items were removed at this stage. CFA was performed to verify construct validity. Two models were analysed: the original scale (model 1) and the final scale (model 2). According to the factor loadings and modification indices of model 1 and model 2, the measurement validity of the Turkish version of the MSCS was confirmed. Thus, no items were removed from the scale at this stage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/df of the final scale was 3.00; this value is considered acceptable, as it is less than 5 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. The RMSEA value of 0.062 is an important indicator of the acceptable fit of the final scale. The RMR (0.042) and SRMR (0.057) values showed perfect and acceptable fit, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. The CFI was above 0.95, indicating perfect fit [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. The NFI and NNFI were also above 0.95, indicating perfect fit [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. In CFA, it is recommended that the factor loadings of the items factors should be above 0.50 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, the factor loadings of the items were between 0.68 and 0.79. Thus, the fit indices and item factor loadings confirmed the construct validity of the final scale. The AVEs of the factors were higher than 0.50 in all subdimensions except for RNP and MEF. Moreover, the CRs were between 0.77 and 0.91, higher than the recommended value of 0.70 and the AVE values. These results confirmed the scale\u0026rsquo;s convergent validity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, item analyses showed that the items in the scale had good discrimination. Similarly, the Chinese version [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], the original scale [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] and the Persian version [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] also reported high factor loadings, acceptable fit indices and CRs above 0.70. In line with these results, it can be said that the scale provides an adequate level of validity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eReliability\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe reliability of the scale was evaluated by calculating split-half reliability, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha, CR and ICC. Cronbach's alpha value should be at least 0.70 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. In the present study, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha was 0.97, whereas it was 0.94 in the Chinese version [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], 0.94 in the original scale [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], and 0.96 in the Persian version [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The CR values reported as more appropriate reliability measures for CFA-based studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] are higher than the proposed value of 0.70. These results show that the scale has good internal reliability in samples from different cultures. In this study, the split-half reliability of the scale was 0.912, and the test\u0026ndash;retest reliability was 0.939. The split-half reliability of the Chinese version of the scale was 0.671, and the test\u0026ndash;retest reliability was 0.703 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. For the Persian version, the test\u0026ndash;retest reliability was also 0.90 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. These values indicate the stability of the various versions of the scale [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDiscussion of the descriptive phase\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo date, nurses\u0026rsquo; medication safety competency has generally been examined within the framework of the right principles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] or reporting medication errors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. However, medication safety is a concept that transcends the right principles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], and previous studies measuring nurses\u0026rsquo; medication safety competency have been insufficient. The medication safety competence scores of the nurses in this study were high. These results may be explained by the fact that most of the nurses in the study received training or courses on medication safety. Moreover, in recent years, in Turkey and other countries, patient and medication safety issues have been important issues of health policies and hospitals in Turkey. Although the issue is important, a study conducted in Turkey found that almost half of the nurses reported that no institutional procedures were in place for medication safety in hospitals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Nurses\u0026rsquo; the of medication safety competence differ according to age, marital status, education level, professional experience, hospital type, and the types of training or courses on medication safety the nurses have received. More studies investigating nurses\u0026rsquo; the of medication safety competence are warranted, along with studies assessing differences in the of medication safety competence between nurses with varying demographic characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. CONCLUSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study presents strong evidence that the Turkish version of the MSCS is valid and reliable among nurses. The medication safety competency levels of the nurses participating in this study were high. The assessment results of the scale provide a reference for nursing administrators to help them formulate educational plans improve the medication safety competence of nurses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLIMITATIONS\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the strengths of this study is its application of the scale to a large sample. Although the methodological results are important, the adapted scale is specific to nurses in Turkey. However, the results regarding nurses\u0026rsquo; medication safety competence obtained in the study's second phase provide a substantial contribution to the literature.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical considerations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval of the study was obtained from the\u0026nbsp;Suleyman Demirel University Institutional\u0026nbsp;Ethics Committee (decision number: 87432956-050.99-423263). Informed consent was obtained from the participating nurses in the first part of the online survey. The study was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data supporting this study\u0026apos;s findings are available on re-quest from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclarations of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this study were reported.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding source\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding has been received.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u0026apos;s contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAA and KC contributed to the study aim, research design, and overall structure of the manuscript. AA collected the data. KC conducted all the statistical analyses and drafted the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank the nurses who participated in this study and the experts who suggested content validity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMendes JR, Lopes MCBT, Vancini-Campanharo CR, Okuno MFP, Batista REA. Types and frequency of errors in the preparation and administration of drugs. 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J Clin Nurs. 2019;28(5\u0026ndash;6):931\u0026ndash;8. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14716\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/jocn.14716\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHung CC, Chu TP, Lee BO, Hsiao CC. Nurses' attitude and intention of medication administration error reporting. J Clin Nurs. 2016;25(3\u0026ndash;4):445\u0026ndash;53. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13071\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/jocn.13071\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eG\u0026uuml;neş \u0026Uuml;Y, G\u0026uuml;rlek \u0026Ouml;, S\u0026ouml;nmez M. Factors contributing to medication errors in Turkey: nurses' perspectives. J Nurs Manag. 2014;22(3):295\u0026ndash;303. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12216\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/jonm.12216\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1: The Distribution of Demographic Characteristics of Participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"612\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"76.30718954248366%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-Demographic Characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.784313725490197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.908496732026144%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.56209150326797%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.745098039215684%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.784313725490197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e494\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.908496732026144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.56209150326797%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.745098039215684%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-29 years\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-39 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 years and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.784313725490197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.908496732026144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.56209150326797%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.745098039215684%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.784313725490197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e242\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.908496732026144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.56209150326797%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.745098039215684%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth Vocational High School (HVHS)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociate degree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePostgraduate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.784313725490197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.908496732026144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.56209150326797%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProfessional experience\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.745098039215684%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6-10 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11-15 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 Years and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.784313725490197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.908496732026144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.56209150326797%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHospital Type\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.745098039215684%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch and university\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernment \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate and other\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.784313725490197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.908496732026144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.56209150326797%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinic (N: 487)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.745098039215684%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternal units\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgical units\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntensive care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmergency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePediatrics and obstetrics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivileged units*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.784313725490197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.908496732026144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.56209150326797%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHave you received training or courses on medication safety?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.745098039215684%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.784313725490197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e414\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.908496732026144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.56209150326797%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDo you think that the principles of medication administration are followed in the clinic where you work?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.745098039215684%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.784313725490197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e416\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.908496732026144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.56209150326797%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDo you think medication administration in the clinic where you work is carried out according to the hospital\u0026apos;s medication administration rules and procedures?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.745098039215684%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.784313725490197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e401\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.908496732026144%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Endoscopy, chemotherapy, management, etc.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. CFA Results of Model I and Model II: Fit Indices\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"584\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.977701543739279%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndices\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerfect Fit Criterion\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.09777015437393%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcceptable Fit Criterion\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults of Model 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults of Model 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.977701543739279%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ec\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/df (p)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.09777015437393%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1921.97/579: 3.32 (p= 0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1729.14 /575: 3.00 (p= 0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.977701543739279%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRMSEA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.00 \u0026le; RMSEA \u0026le; .05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.09777015437393%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.05 \u0026le;RMSEA \u0026le; .10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.977701543739279%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.95 \u0026le;CFI \u0026le; 1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.09777015437393%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.90 \u0026le;CFI \u0026le; .95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.977701543739279%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.95 \u0026le;NFI \u0026le; 1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.09777015437393%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.90 \u0026le;NFI \u0026le; .95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.977701543739279%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNNFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.95 \u0026le;NNFI \u0026le; 1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.09777015437393%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.90 \u0026le;NNFI \u0026le; .95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.977701543739279%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.00 \u0026le; RMR \u0026le; .05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.09777015437393%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.05 \u0026le; RMR \u0026le; .08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.977701543739279%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSRMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.00 \u0026le; SRMR \u0026le; .05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.09777015437393%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.05 \u0026le;SRMR \u0026le; .08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.977701543739279%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.95 \u0026le;GFI \u0026le; 1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.09777015437393%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.90 \u0026le;GFI \u0026le; .95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.977701543739279%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAGFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.90 \u0026le;AGFI \u0026le; 1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.09777015437393%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.85 \u0026le;AGFI \u0026le; .90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.977701543739279%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePGFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.09777015437393%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.977701543739279%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePNFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.09777015437393%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.641509433962263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. CFA and Item Analysis Results of the Model II\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"631\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.55784469096672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.89381933438986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItem\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.055467511885896%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameter significance estimation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.033280507131538%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReliability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.45958795562599%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItem Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.55784469096672%\" rowspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePCMM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.89381933438986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.448494453248811%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStd.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEstimate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.606973058637084%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnstd.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEstimate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.033280507131538%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*SMC (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.45958795562599%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItem total score correlation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1- Planning care in the medication process...\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.606\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4- Detecting adverse reactions in medication....\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.663\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5- Giving confidence to patients and caregivers in the medication process....\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.659\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6-\u0026nbsp;Giving a sense of stability through clear and consistent communication with patient\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.653\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7- Evaluating my nursing practice in the medication process...\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.735\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8- Documentation of assessment, planning, administration of medication, and evaluation of outcomes....\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.688\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13- Communicating individually according to patients\u0026apos; condition and level in the medication process......\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.711\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24- Practicing medication care with responsibility for the safety of patients...\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.599\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26-\u0026nbsp;Effective patient training to help patients speak of the symptoms of adverse effects\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.716\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.55784469096672%\" rowspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eISP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.89381933438986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-\u0026nbsp;Having a questioning attitude and speaking up when you see something that may be unsafe\u0026hellip;.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.448494453248811%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.606973058637084%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.033280507131538%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.45958795562599%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.583\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19- Establish prevention measures when medication errors or near-misses occur....\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.755 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22- Trying to create a supportive environment that encourages people to talk about problems when medication errors or near-misses occur....\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.746\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29- Improving the complex and vulnerable way of medication safety (e.g., incorrect administration practices)\u0026hellip; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.738\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31- Reporting to a nursing manager or supervisor when medication errors or near-misses occur.....\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.728\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32- Analyzing the case to find the root cause of the medication error......\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.702\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34- Establishing prevention measures when adverse drug events occur...\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.769\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35- Identifying the root cause rather than blaming the individual when medication errors or near-misses occur....\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.694\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.55784469096672%\" rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMEF\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.89381933438986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-\u0026nbsp;Administration according to the right way (patient, drug, dose, route, and time)...\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.448494453248811%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.606973058637084%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.033280507131538%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.45958795562599%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.631\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9-Understanding the role of human factors, such as fatigue, that affect medication safety...\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.619\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11-Describing prevention activities for medication safety......\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.693\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12- Finding information about medication from different sources (e.g., drug information management system, hospital pharmacies, literature information, etc.) ......\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.652\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14- Using information technology and computerized systems (e.g., barcodes, electronic medical records) for medication safety......\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.656\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18- Understanding the role of environmental factors such as workflow, ergonomics, and resources, which effect medication safety....\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.684\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.55784469096672%\" rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSRM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.89381933438986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-Assess the need for medication by checking patients\u0026apos; condition and examination results prior to administration\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.448494453248811%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.606973058637084%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.033280507131538%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.45958795562599%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.581\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15-Managing the medicine according to the hospital\u0026apos;s medication management guidelines (e.g., high-risk medication guidelines) ....\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.709\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16- Coping quickly according to hospital protocol when adverse drug events occur......\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.732\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21- Coping quickly according to hospital protocol when medication errors or near-misses occur......\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.770\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25- Reporting the adverse drug events according to the reporting system...\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.731\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28-\u0026nbsp;Reporting to a nursing manager or supervisor when medication errors or near-misses occur\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.712\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.55784469096672%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.89381933438986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20- Communicating effectively between multidisciplinary members to address medication safety issues...\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.448494453248811%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.606973058637084%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.033280507131538%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.45958795562599%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.698\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27- Collaborating with other departments (e.g., medicine department, laboratory, another ward, etc.) for medication safety...\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.671\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-Sharing decision-making between multidisciplinary to address medication safety issues\u0026hellip;.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.742\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33- Collaborating with multidisciplinary professionals to address medication safety issues...\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.728\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.55784469096672%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRNP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.89381933438986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17-\u0026nbsp;Receiving regular medication safety training\u0026hellip;.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.448494453248811%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.606973058637084%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.033280507131538%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.45958795562599%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.459\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23- Evaluating regularly my knowledge of medication safety......\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.746\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.21837088388215%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36- Performing medication care with alertness as a professional...\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.145580589254767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.31889081455806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.647\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; * Square of Multiple coefficient (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. Convergent Validity and Internal Consistency Results of the Model II and Mean Scores of the Participants\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"669\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.552238805970148%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScale and Sub-Scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.507462686567164%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.507462686567164%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.014925373134325%\" colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelation coefficients between factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Discriminant Validity)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.71641791044776%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConvergent Validity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.701492537313433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInternal consistency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.441955193482688%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePCMM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.572301425661914%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eISP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.572301425661914%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMEF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.572301425661914%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSRM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.608961303462321%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.183299389002036%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRNP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.016293279022403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.79429735234216%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAVE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.238289205702648%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.566517189835576%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMSCS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.52017937219731%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.52017937219731%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.59\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.865470852017937%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.914\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.025411061285501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.941\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.025411061285501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.916\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.025411061285501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.932\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.52017937219731%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.868\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.473841554559043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.812\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.819133034379671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.922272047832586%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.715994020926756%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.970\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.566517189835576%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCMM\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.52017937219731%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.52017937219731%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.865470852017937%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.025411061285501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.025411061285501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.025411061285501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.52017937219731%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.473841554559043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.819133034379671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.922272047832586%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.715994020926756%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.903\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.566517189835576%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eISP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.52017937219731%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.52017937219731%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.865470852017937%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.792\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.025411061285501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.025411061285501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.025411061285501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.52017937219731%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.473841554559043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.819133034379671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.922272047832586%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.715994020926756%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.907\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.566517189835576%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMEF\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.52017937219731%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.52017937219731%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.865470852017937%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.868\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.025411061285501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.816\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.025411061285501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.025411061285501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.52017937219731%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.473841554559043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.819133034379671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.922272047832586%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.715994020926756%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.831\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.566517189835576%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSRM\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.52017937219731%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.52017937219731%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.865470852017937%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.806\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.025411061285501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.858\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.025411061285501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.813\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.025411061285501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.52017937219731%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.473841554559043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.819133034379671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.922272047832586%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.715994020926756%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.872\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.566517189835576%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMC\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.52017937219731%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.52017937219731%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.865470852017937%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.701\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.025411061285501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.845\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.025411061285501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.025411061285501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.796\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.52017937219731%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.473841554559043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.819133034379671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.922272047832586%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.715994020926756%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.860\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.566517189835576%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRNP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.52017937219731%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.52017937219731%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.865470852017937%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.687\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.025411061285501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.723\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.025411061285501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.738\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.025411061285501%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.731\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.52017937219731%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.687\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.473841554559043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.819133034379671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.922272047832586%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.715994020926756%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.601\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"12\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNote: m (mean), sd (standard deviation), CR (Construct Reliability), AVE (Average Variance Extracted), \u0026alpha; (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5. Comparison of participants\u0026rsquo; of medication safety competence according to demographic characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"681\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.173274596182086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemographic Characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.879588839941263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.985315712187958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em \u0026plusmn; sd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.370044052863436%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean rank\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.223201174743025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.208516886930983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifference\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.173274596182086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender* \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.879588839941263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e494\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.985315712187958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.11\u0026plusmn;.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.98\u0026plusmn;.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.370044052863436%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e264.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e225.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.223201174743025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ=\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.321\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.208516886930983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Oslash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.173274596182086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge** \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.879588839941263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-29 years\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-39 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 years and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.985315712187958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.07\u0026plusmn;.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.15\u0026plusmn;.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.20\u0026plusmn;.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.370044052863436%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e248.80273.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e304.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.223201174743025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ec\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.991\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.018\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.208516886930983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 and over\u0026gt;20-29 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.173274596182086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital Status* \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.879588839941263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e242\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.985315712187958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.06\u0026plusmn;.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.15\u0026plusmn;.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.370044052863436%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243.75283.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.223201174743025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ=\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.976\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.003\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.208516886930983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u0026gt; Single\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.173274596182086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation Level**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.879588839941263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHVHS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociate degree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePostgraduate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.985315712187958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.35\u0026plusmn;.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.18\u0026plusmn;.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.05\u0026plusmn;.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.26\u0026plusmn;.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.370044052863436%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e328.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e287.10245.31306.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.223201174743025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ec\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.332\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.208516886930983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHVHS\u0026gt; Bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Postgraduate\u0026gt;Bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.173274596182086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfessional experience\u0026nbsp;**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.879588839941263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6-10 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11-15 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 Years and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.985315712187958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.02\u0026plusmn;.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.16\u0026plusmn;.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.22\u0026plusmn;.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.25\u0026plusmn;.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.370044052863436%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e236.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276.18294.16316.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.223201174743025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ec\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e= 20.932\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.208516886930983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6-10 years = 11-15 years = 16 years and above \u0026gt;1-5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.173274596182086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHospital Type **\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.879588839941263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch and university\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernment \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate and other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.985315712187958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.14\u0026plusmn;.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026plusmn;.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.16\u0026plusmn;.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.23\u0026plusmn;.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.370044052863436%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e264.29236.39275.14302.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.223201174743025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ec\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.303\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.010\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.208516886930983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate and other\u0026gt;Govern.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.173274596182086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClinic (n= 487) **\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.879588839941263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternal units\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgical units\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntensive care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmergency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePediatrics and obstetrics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivileged units*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.985315712187958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.15\u0026plusmn;.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.09\u0026plusmn;.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.12\u0026plusmn;.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.97\u0026plusmn;.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.25\u0026plusmn;.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.02\u0026plusmn;.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.370044052863436%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e252.19232.19241.87212.58284.75236.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.223201174743025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ec\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.261\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.208516886930983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Oslash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.173274596182086%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHave you received training or courses on medication safety?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.879588839941263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e414\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.985315712187958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.15\u0026plusmn;.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.93\u0026plusmn;.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.370044052863436%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e273.55218.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.223201174743025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ=\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.406\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.208516886930983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026gt; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.173274596182086%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you think that the principles of medication administration are followed in the clinic where you work?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.879588839941263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e416\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.985315712187958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.17\u0026plusmn;.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.86\u0026plusmn;.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.370044052863436%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e280.41190.41 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.223201174743025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ=\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.496 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.208516886930983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes \u0026gt; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.173274596182086%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you think that medication administration in the clinic where you work is carried out in accordance with the hospital\u0026apos;s medication administration rules and procedures?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.879588839941263%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e401\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.985315712187958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.17\u0026plusmn;.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.91\u0026plusmn;.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.370044052863436%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e278.84206.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.223201174743025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ=\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.620 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.580029368575624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.208516886930983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes \u0026gt; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNote: m Mean, sd Standard Deviation, * Mann Whitney U Test **Kruskal Wallis Test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nursing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nurs","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nursing](http://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nurs/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nursing","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"nurse, medication safety, medication safety competence, reliability and validity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4443059/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4443059/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003ePurpose\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering the key roles and responsibilities of nurses in ensuring medication safety, it is necessary to understand nurses\u0026rsquo; competence in medication safety. Therefore, it was aimed to introduce a scale evaluating the medication safety competence of nurses into Turkish and to contribute to the literature by determining the medication safety competence levels of nurses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA methodological and descriptive research design was utilised. The population consisted of nurses in Turkey, and the sample comprised 523 nurses who volunteered to participate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe content validity index of the scale was 0.98, and the scale showed a good fit (χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.00, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.062). The Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.97, indicating high reliability. The mean score was 4.12, which was considered high. Participants who were 40 years old or above, married, and graduates of health vocational schools or postgraduate programs, along with those who had received medication safety training, had higher medication safety competence scores.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study presents strong evidence that the Turkish version of the Medication Safety Competency Scale is valid and reliable when administered to nurses. The participants in this study had high levels of medication safety competence.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"An Analysis of the Psychometric Properties of the Medication Safety Competence Scale in Turkish","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-12 17:25:47","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4443059/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-07-18T09:15:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-07-15T11:50:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-07-01T10:29:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-06-24T14:28:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"73022201901457128846203433985317130228","date":"2024-06-24T13:34:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"227708745014772953804244434335133832927","date":"2024-06-23T17:59:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"161683493087645253434536276931205374608","date":"2024-06-21T14:17:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-06-18T08:27:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-05-27T17:27:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-05-27T17:25:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-05-27T17:25:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Nursing","date":"2024-05-19T05:36:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nursing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nurs","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nursing](http://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nurs/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nursing","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f1a5fd47-c595-4a8f-bd5e-9bbd6acafd2e","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 12th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-08-26T16:07:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4443059","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-02240-0","journal":{"identity":"bmc-nursing","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Nursing"},"publishedOn":"2024-08-21 15:57:06","publishedOnDateReadable":"August 21st, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-12 17:25:47","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12912-024-02240-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-02240-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4443059","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4443059","identity":"rs-4443059","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}