not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown HUMAN-TIGER CONFLICT IN AND AROUND CHITWAN-PARSA NATIONAL PARKS: STATUS, TRENDS, CONTRIBUTING FACTORS, MITIGATION STRATEGIES, AND COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown HUMAN-TIGER CONFLICT IN AND AROUND CHITWAN-PARSA NATIONAL PARKS: STATUS, TRENDS, CONTRIBUTING FACTORS, MITIGATION STRATEGIES, AND COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS | Authorea try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'G-8VDV14Y67G']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 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Data may be preliminary. 17 December 2025 V1 Latest version Share on not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown HUMAN-TIGER CONFLICT IN AND AROUND CHITWAN-PARSA NATIONAL PARKS: STATUS, TRENDS, CONTRIBUTING FACTORS, MITIGATION STRATEGIES, AND COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS Authors : Aayush Shrestha 0000-0002-5822-853X [email protected] , Narendra Pradhan , Naresh Subedi , Bikram Shrestha , Divesh Shrestha , Mahesh Neupane , and Krishna Dahal Authors Info & Affiliations https://doi.org/10.22541/au.176599817.76019995/v1 251 views 160 downloads Contents Abstract Supplementary Material Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Human casualties represent the most severe consequence of Human-Tiger Conflict, and recent studies in Nepal show a rising trend, particularly across national parks inhabited by tigers. This decade-long study (2014/15–2023/24 A.D.) examines the status, trends, factors associated, conflict patterns, and mitigation strategies related to HTC in the Chitwan-Parsa National Parks and surrounding forests of Parsa, Bara, Makawanpur, Chitwan, and Nawalpur districts. Primary data were collected through semi-structured household interviews with all reported victims. Analyses were performed using correlation, Chi-square tests, Friedman ANOVA, and hotspot mapping using MS Excel, SPSS, and ArcGIS. A total of 80 tiger attacks were recorded, with fatalities and injuries occurring in almost equal proportion. Chitwan National Park accounted for the majority of cases (59). Males made up over three-fourths of the victims, mostly due to their participation in high-risk activities. Casualty rates showed an increasing trend, correlating with tiger populations nearing the ecological carrying capacity, intensifying human-wildlife encounters. Hotspot analysis identified Budhirapti BZUC, Madi Valley, and adjacent areas as the most affected, driven by habitat suitability and human-tiger interactions. Conflicts peaked during the monsoon and spring seasons, with solitary individuals more vulnerable than those in groups. Most attacks involved older, injured, and sub-adult tigers. Awareness and training were identified as the most favored mitigation strategies. Despite rising risks, communities maintain a positive attitude toward tiger conservation. The study underscores the urgent need for targeted conflict mitigation, such as physical barriers, translocation of problem tigers, and the use of rear face masks to ensure safety while promoting coexistence. Keywords: spatio-temporal patterns, hotspot mapping, ecological carrying capacity, mitigation measures, awareness and training, rear face masks Supplementary Material File (manuscript_aayush_shrestha_htc.docx) Download 2.31 MB Information & Authors Information Version history V1 Version 1 17 December 2025 Copyright This work is licensed under a Non Exclusive No Reuse License. Keywords description ecosystem ecosystem ecology terrestrial theoretical vertebrate Authors Affiliations Aayush Shrestha 0000-0002-5822-853X [email protected] Tribhuvan University Institute of Forestry View all articles by this author Narendra Pradhan International Union for Conservation of Nature Nepal Country Office View all articles by this author Naresh Subedi National Trust for Nature Conservation View all articles by this author Bikram Shrestha Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences View all articles by this author Divesh Shrestha Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation View all articles by this author Mahesh Neupane Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation View all articles by this author Krishna Dahal 1Institute of Forestry Hetauda Campus, Tribhuvan University View all articles by this author Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 251 views 160 downloads .FvxKWukQNSOunydq8rnd { width: 100px; } Citations Download citation Aayush Shrestha, Narendra Pradhan, Naresh Subedi, et al. not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown HUMAN-TIGER CONFLICT IN AND AROUND CHITWAN-PARSA NATIONAL PARKS: STATUS, TRENDS, CONTRIBUTING FACTORS, MITIGATION STRATEGIES, AND COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS. Authorea . 17 December 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.176599817.76019995/v1 If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download. For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu . Format Please select one from the list RIS (ProCite, Reference Manager) EndNote BibTex Medlars RefWorks Direct import Tips for downloading citations document.getElementById('citMgrHelpLink').addEventListener('click', function() { popupHelp(this.href); return false; }); $(".js__slcInclude").on("change", function(e){ if ($(this).val() == 'refworks') $('#direct').prop("checked", false); $('#direct').prop("disabled", ($(this).val() == 'refworks')); }); View Options View options PDF View PDF Figures Tables Media Share Share Share article link Copy Link Copied! Copying failed. 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