Study of Fire Dynamic Simulation of Electric Vehicle in Basement Parking

Study of Fire Dynamic Simulation of Electric Vehicle in Basement Parking | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Study of Fire Dynamic Simulation of Electric Vehicle in Basement Parking Ankit Kumar Meena, Jayush Kumar, Aman Kumar, Hrushikesh Borokar, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547032/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The growing use of electric vehicles (EVs) introduces fresh challenges in ensuring fire safety, particularly within confined basement parking facilities. This study employs Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) with Pyro Sim to analyze the thermal, smoke, and toxic gas behavior of an EV fire, focusing on lithium-ion battery thermal runaway. Results indicate that fires involving EVs generate peak heat release rates exceeding 7 MW, with ceiling temperatures surpassing 450°C near the fire source. Rapid smoke accumulation causes visibility loss within two minutes, critically reducing occupant evacuation time. Furthermore, toxic gases disperse quickly, surpassing safe exposure thresholds and posing severe health risks. Vehicle fires reveal that EV fires are more persistent, produce higher energy outputs, and challenge conventional suppression systems. The validated simulation model demonstrates strong alignment with real-world fire data, providing a reliable framework for risk assessment. Findings emphasize the urgent need for enhanced ventilation, early detection, and advanced suppression strategies to safeguard occupants and infrastructure in the context of widespread EV adoption. Electric Vehicle Fires FDS Heat Release Rate Visibility Toxic Gas Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7547032","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":513483300,"identity":"85ea543b-47e0-408f-98f9-b52e33894ea2","order_by":0,"name":"Ankit Kumar Meena","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Fire Service College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ankit","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Meena","suffix":""},{"id":513483302,"identity":"3c6bd188-3969-4709-895c-a3b5b991441b","order_by":1,"name":"Jayush Kumar","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYwkQDmHJD8xyYHZjwgUgvjAQs2PmOwlgTCVoGVMB+oYJNLBJnBgE8Lc/sZM8mfO9IS17affXDgBo9Z+vywww+BttjJ6TbgsKAnx0ya90xO4rYz6QYHZ0ik5W68nWYA1JJsbHYAl5uAWhjbKhK3HUhjOCxhcCx34+wEkJYDQBEcWvrfAB0G0nL+GcPhPwn/0w1np3/Ar2VGjpkEbxvQYTfSGA5IHGBLkJfOIWDLjGfF1rxtacbbbjwDxksDm+EG6ZyCAwkGuP1i2J+88ebPtmTZbefTmD8AtcjLz07f/OFDhZ0cTi0NHAaoIgZglQZY1EKBPAP7AzSRBtyqR8EoGAWjYGQCAJP8axsT+/u+AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"National Fire Service College","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jayush","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":513483303,"identity":"7b22389e-03a7-4886-81ca-29214c1614e6","order_by":2,"name":"Aman Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Fire Service College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aman","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":513483304,"identity":"d8a23dc3-fd0a-43af-8d95-3dec087caa4d","order_by":3,"name":"Hrushikesh Borokar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Fire Service College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hrushikesh","middleName":"","lastName":"Borokar","suffix":""},{"id":513483305,"identity":"02c64d16-79d3-4cce-9085-d0d95b8fd3e8","order_by":4,"name":"Abhishek Sharma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Fire Service College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abhishek","middleName":"","lastName":"Sharma","suffix":""},{"id":513483306,"identity":"aa7f04e1-c9ee-4915-a9b3-8e2eb5d8eb03","order_by":5,"name":"Harsh Rathod","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Fire Service College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Harsh","middleName":"","lastName":"Rathod","suffix":""},{"id":513483307,"identity":"598a3edf-c188-4f4a-a261-eea8b4755d11","order_by":6,"name":"D. 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