Impact of Direct İncorporation of Organic Waste on Soil Properties and Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Duch.) Growth

Impact of Direct İncorporation of Organic Waste on Soil Properties and Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Duch.) 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Growth Mohammed GAMAL, Rania A ElFEEL, Ri-zhao CHEN, Rıdvan KIZILKAYA, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4588370/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Aims This study delves into the impact of incorporating diverse organic waste materials on soil biological and chemical attributes within the rhizosphere of Albion strawberry plants (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Methods Eight organic waste types, including Cow Manure (CM), Poultry Manure (PM), Sheep Manure (SM), Vermicompost (VC), Rice Husk (RH), Wheat Straw (WS), Tea Waste (TW), and Hazelnut Husk (HH), were directly applied before strawberry transplantation. Effects on plant growth, soil chemical, and biological characteristics were assessed. In a controlled greenhouse, animal and plant waste impacts on rhizosphere and strawberry growth were examined. After applying organic waste (5% of pot weight), strawberries were transplanted. Soil moisture was monitored and maintained near field capacity. Employing a 61-day completely randomized design, soil samples were collected, analyzing microbial biomass C, basal soil respiration, dehydrogenase, and catalase. Results Findings revealed TW pronounced influence on basal soil respiration compared to controls, while WS significantly impacted microbial biomass carbon (MBC). SM notably affected DHA, while PM most influenced CA. All treatments augmented OM. SM, CM, and VC increased total N; conversely, TW, RH, WS, HH, and PM decreased it. Conclusions These findings highlight the ability of diverse organic waste to improve soil health and plant development within the rhizosphere of Albion strawberry plants. In addition to adds to our understanding of sustainable farming practices and provides useful information for farmers and policymakers who want to maximize organic waste usage in agricultural systems. More research and field experiments are needed to investigate the long-term impacts of these organic waste additions in real-world agricultural contexts. Agronomy Organic waste Albion strawberry soil properties plant growth microbial activity sustainable agriculture Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Introduction Strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) are esteemed for their exquisite flavor and alluring form, elevating them to a preeminent position among small fruit species. Their popularity is augmented by the presence of bioactive constituents, endowing them with noteworthy significance (Dzhanfezova et al., 2020 ). Optimal yields and superior quality in strawberries are substantially influenced by soil fertility, mineral fertilization, mineral ratios, and climatic conditions (Tohidloo et al., 2018 ). Attaining abundant, high-quality fruit necessitates the provision of adequate nutrients to ensure optimal plant nourishment (Agehara and Nunes, 2021 ). Strawberries exhibit low caloric content and a rich supply of fiber, vitamin C, folic acid, and bioactive compounds like anthocyanins, flavonoids, and antioxidants (Kobi et al., 2018 ). These bioactive constituents have been associated with the mitigation and recovery from chronic degenerative ailments, including diverse forms of cancer such as breast, lung, hepatic, colon, and colorectal cancers (Afrin et al., 2017 ; Amatori, 2016; Cao et al., 2019 ; Chen et al., 2019 ; Giampieri et al., 2018 ). Soil microorganisms wield a pivotal role within the soil ecosystem, participating in humus formation, organic matter decomposition, and nutrient cycling (Baldock and Skjemstad, 2000 ). Previous investigations have demonstrated that the application of organic waste fosters an ameliorated micro-ecological milieu in the soil, fostering crop growth (Zhang et al., 2019 ). Organic waste embodies minerals and other constituents that augment soil fertility and invigorate crop development (Meng et al., 2020 ). The incorporation of organic waste stands as a vital practice to preserve soil organic matter and amplify crop productivity, culminating in escalated nitrate levels, augmented soil enzyme activity, and heightened metabolic quantities, thereby enhancing soil fertility (Piotrowska-Długosz et al., 2022 ). Furthermore, the utilization of organic waste reinforces plant resilience against nutrient insufficiencies by modulating physiological processes, such as abating lipid peroxidation, refining osmotic regulation, and amplifying antioxidant enzyme activity (Anwar et al., 2018 ). Poultry manure (PM), cow manure (CM), compost (CO), and vermicompost (VC) stand as exemplary organic waste substances, furnishing soil amendments that supply nutrients for crop growth and concurrently enhancing soil quality upon judicious application. Poultry manure enhances soil structure, refining aeration, water retention, nutrient sequestration, and infiltration (Sharma and Negi, 2019 ). Sheep manure (SM) boasts commendable attributes, encompassing desirable texture and heightened organic compound content, rendering it a neutral fertilizer apt for sandy and clayey soils (Li et al., 2020 ). Farm manure, replete with macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, has enjoyed prolonged deployment in agricultural production as a valuable source of plant nutrition (Apriyani et al., 2021 ). Vermicompost, characterized by its porous architecture, bolsters soil aeration, augments water retention capacity, furnishes abundant plant nutrients, sustains low carbon levels, and potentiates microbial activity on the soil surface by progressively dispensing nutrients to plants, thereby facilitating more efficacious nutrient uptake (Pierre-Louis et al., 2021 ). Organic waste inputs assume a critical role in conserving soil organic matter and enhancing crop production (GAMAL and KIZILKAYA, 2022 ). The infusion of organic waste augments soil organic matter, ameliorates soil pH, and eases the assimilation of macro and micronutrients by plants (Apriyani et al., 2021 ). Tea waste (TW) occupies a prominent position in agriculture across diverse regions due to its demonstrated ability to enhance soil aggregate stability in degraded soil (Turgut and Kose, 2016 ). Moreover, the composition of TW harbors phenols and amino acids capable of modulating the alkaline pH of saline soil, thereby engendering heightened soil microbial activity. Hazelnut orchards have evinced augmented soluble nutrient content in the soil through organic matter mineralization, culminating in enhanced soil physical properties (Gülser et al., 2015 ). Wheat straw (WS) has shown promise in augmenting crop yield, bolstering soil structure, and amplifying soil organic carbon (Kalkhajeh et al., 2021 ). The incorporation of organic matter into the soil, including constituents like rice husk (RH), plant remnants, compost, and biochar, engenders heightened soil organic matter content. Rice husk denotes the rigid, desiccated outer shell enveloping the outermost layer of the rice kernel (Aderolu et al., 2007 ). Myriad investigations have scrutinized the feasibility of utilizing agricultural waste materials, microorganisms, and additives for soil stabilization, accentuating their cost-effectiveness and potent cementation reaction (Abdu et al., 2017 ; Adetoro and Dada, 2015 ; Akiije, 2016 ; Alhassan, 2008 ; Basha et al., 2005 ; Chiet et al., 2016 ; DeJong et al., 2010 ; Whiffin et al., 2007 ). This study endeavors to scrutinize the impact of direct incorporation of organic waste prior to strawberry plant transplantation, elucidating its influence on the biological and chemical attributes of the soil within the strawberry plant's rhizosphere. Material and Methods Soil: The experimental soil was procured from an agricultural field situated at Ondokuz Mayıs University in Samsun, Türkiye (41° 21' 49.9" N, 36° 11' 19.7" E). The region experiences a mean annual maximum temperature of 27.7°C, a minimum temperature of 5°C, and a relative humidity of 73%. The annual precipitation for the area is 937.26 mm. Established methodologies were employed to ascertain the physical and chemical attributes of the soil, encompassing particle size distribution [hydrometer method, Bouyoucos ( 1962 )], CaCO 3 content [volumetric method,Martin and Reeve ( 1955 )], pH [1:1 soil-water suspension, pH-meter, Rowell ( 2014 )], electrical conductivity (EC) [1:1 soil-water suspension, EC-meter, Rowell ( 2014 )], organic matter (OM) determined via the Walkley-Black wet oxidation method employing K 2 Cr 2 O 7 (Rowell, 2014 ), and soil nutrient contents such as total nitrogen [Kjeldahl method, Bremner ( 1965 )], as well as exchangeable calcium and magnesium [1N NH 4 OAc extraction, Rowell ( 2014 )]. Strawberry: The selected cultivar for this study was Albion, a day-neutral strawberry cultivar recognized for its sweetness, disease resistance, and rapid growth (Gunness et al., 2009 ). Albion has attained widespread commercial cultivation across diverse climates and cultivation techniques. Organic Wastes: Various organic waste materials were collected from Ondokuz Mayıs University Agricultural Faculty Farms in Samsun, Türkiye. These organic wastes encompassed animal-derived materials [Cow Manure (CM), Poultry Manure (PM), Sheep Manure (SM), Vermicompost (VC)] and plant residues [Wheat Straw (WS), Rice Husk (RH), Tea Waste (TW), Hazelnut Husk (HH)]. Standard protocols were applied to chemically analyze the organic wastes, encompassing pH determination [1:10, w/v, waste-water suspension, pH-meter, Rowell ( 2014 )], electrical conductivity assessment [1:10, w/v, waste-water suspension, EC-meter, Rowell ( 2014 )], ash content determination via dry ashing (Miller et al., 1996 ), and estimation of organic matter content through dry ashing, with subsequent calculation of organic carbon using a conversion factor of 1.724 (Rowell, 2014 ). The total phosphorus content in organic wastes was ascertained using the dry ashing method, while total nitrogen content was determined via the Kjeldahl method (Bremner, 1965 ). Experimental Design: To ensure uniform soil conditions for each treatment, approximately 200 kg of soil was collected, air-dried, pulverized, and sieved through a 4 mm sieve. The experiment featured a total of 27 pots, each containing 3 kg of soil. Albion strawberry plants were transplanted subsequent to the application of organic waste at a rate of 5% of the pot weight (equating to 150 grams per pot), followed by watering with rainwater. Soil moisture content was closely monitored and adjusted to maintain proximity to field capacity. Insecticides were administered twice during the experiment according to recommendations from the Plant Protection Department at Ondokuz Mayıs University. The experiment extended over a duration of 61 days, executed within a controlled environmental setting, featuring regulated temperature conditions. Laboratory Analysis: Throughout distinct stages of plant growth, data were garnered for metrics including plant height (cm), number of runners, number of leaves, number of flowers, fresh weight (g), and dry weight (g). Following the harvest of strawberry plants, two soil samples were procured from each pot: one was subjected to air-drying and employed for chemical and physical analyses, while the other, maintained as a moist sample at 4°C, served for the assessment of soil biological characteristics. Laboratory analyses encompassed soil pH [1:1 soil-water suspension, pH-meter, (Rowell, 2014 )], electrical conductivity [1:1 soil-water suspension, EC-meter,(Rowell, 2014 )], soil organic matter (OM) measured using the Walkley-Black wet oxidation method with K2Cr 2 O 7 (Rowell, 2014 ), total nitrogen content determined via the Kjeldahl method (Bremner, 1965 ), calculation of the C/N ratio (Rowell, 2014 ). Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was quantified using the substrate-induced respiration method (Anderson and Domsch, 1978 ), basal soil respiration (BSR) was assessed utilizing the alkali absorption method (Anderson, 1982 ), dehydrogenase enzyme activity (DHA) was measured based on the reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) (Pepper et al., 1995 ), and catalase activity (CA) was quantified based on hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) decomposition (Beck, 1971 ). Statistical Analyses: Mean values were computed to ascertain significant differences between treatments, with statistical analyses conducted using the least significant difference (LSD) test. CoStat 6.400, a statistical analysis software, was employed for the analysis. Microsoft Excel 365 was used to create the graph. RESULTS and DISCUSSION Properties of Soil and Organic Wastes The analysis of both soil and organic waste materials has yielded valuable insights into their respective characteristics. Table 1 presents the results of the soil analysis, revealing several significant attributes. The electrical conductivity (EC) values indicated a non-saline soil environment, while the pH value suggested a slightly acidic soil condition. The lime content (CaCO 3 ) was found to be low, and the organic matter (OM) content exhibited a moderate level. The chemical analysis of the organic wastes, including Cow Manure (CM), Poultry Manure (PM), Sheep Manure (SM), Vermicompost (VC), Rice Husk (RH), Wheat Straw (WS), Tea Waste (TW), and Hazelnut Husk (HH), is presented in Table 2 . This analysis encompassed various parameters, such as the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, organic carbon (OC) content, ash content, phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) levels, pH, and EC. The pH values of the organic waste samples ranged from 4.78 to 9.11, with VC demonstrating the highest alkalinity and TW exhibiting the most acidity. Likewise, the EC values spanned from 1093 to 5662 µs cm − 1 . The samples showed variations in OM, OC, and ash percentages, with RH presenting the highest levels of OM and ash. Furthermore, notable differences were observed in the amounts of P and N across the samples, with CM displaying the highest P content and WS having the highest C/N ratio. This comprehensive dataset provides essential information concerning the nutrient content and potential applicability of these organic wastes for soil amendments or composting. Table 1 Physical and chemical analysis for pre-treated soil Soil Properties Results pH 6.89 EC 552.67 µs cm − 1 Soil Texture % Silt % Sand % Clay Clay Soil 21.68% 29.91% 48.41% OM 2.176% OC 1.26% Lime (CaCO 3 ) Content 1.79% Exchangeable Cations Ca Mg 46.85 meq 100g − 1 13.49 meq 100g − 1 N 12.726 mg 100g − 1 C/ N ratio 9.92 Table 2 Chemical properties of organic wastes Organic waste pH EC, µS cm − 1 OM, % OC, % Ash, % P, mg kg − 1 N, % C/N Cow Manure 7.94 2141 57.62 33.42 42.38 5663 1.56 21.42 Poultry Manure 7.53 5441 65.53 38.01 34.47 4615 5.22 7.28 Sheep Manure 8.88 1244 60.03 34.82 39.97 3515 2.03 17.15 Vermicompost 9.11 5662 59.25 34.37 40.75 5361 2.17 15.84 Rice Husk 6.72 1093 82.04 47.58 17.96 905 0.40 118.96 Wheat Straw 6.80 1509 70.30 40.77 29.7 71 0.33 123.56 Tea Waste 4.78 3018 43.62 25.30 56.38 852 1.19 21.26 Hazelnut Husk 7.26 2024 80.51 46.70 19.49 1757 0.78 59.87 Effect of Organic Wastes on Strawberry Properties The influence of various treatments on strawberry plant height in comparison to the control is depicted in Fig. 1 . The application of CM, SM, VC, and TW led to an increase in plant height, whereas RH, PM, WS, and HH treatments resulted in a decrease. Notably, the treatments of CM, SM, VC, and TW exhibited the tallest plants, measuring 34.17 cm, 33.67 cm, 33.50 cm, and 31.67 cm, respectively. The enhancement in plant height by CM, SM, and VC can be attributed to their elevated phosphorus content. In the case of tea waste, the rise in plant height may be attributed to its acidic pH, facilitating nutrient availability for plant uptake. These findings corroborate previous research that has highlighted the beneficial impact of organic fertilizers, such as cow manure and vermicompost, on strawberry growth (Blouin et al., 2019 ; Rahman et al., 2018 ). Specifically, cow manure has been shown to significantly increase strawberry plant height, while vermicompost positively affects various growth parameters during the flowering phase (Zuo et al., 2018 ). Conversely, treatments with RH, PM, WS, and HH resulted in decreased strawberry height, with mean values of 27 cm, 20 cm, 18 cm, and 17.13 cm, respectively. This decrease can be attributed to the lower nutrient content of rice husk, wheat straw, and hazelnut husk, as well as their higher C:N ratios, which require pre-application decomposition to benefit plant growth. These findings suggest that direct application of these plant wastes before planting is not suitable. Differential effects of various treatments on strawberry plant fresh weight were observed. SM, CM, and VC treatments led to increased fresh weight, while TW, RH, WS, HH, and PM treatments resulted in decreased fresh weight. Notably, SM, CM, and VC treatments yielded the highest mean fresh weights of 34.08 g, 31.73 g, and 29.74 g, respectively, significantly surpassing the control's fresh weight of 28.61 g (Fig. 2). Similarly, the dry weight of the plants was influenced by different treatments. SM, CM, and VC treatments caused an increase in dry weight, while TW, RH, WS, HH, and PM treatments decreased dry weight (Fig. 3 ). SM, CM, and VC treatments exhibited the highest mean dry weights of 6.21 g, 5.76 g, and 5.42 g, respectively, significantly higher than the control's dry weight of 5.35 g. This observed increase in fresh and dry weight can be attributed to the growth in plant height observed in the prior treatments. These outcomes underscore the significant impact of organic fertilizer types on plant growth and yield. Prior research has similarly highlighted the ability of organic fertilizers, such as composted materials and vermicompost, to enhance fresh and dry weights of strawberry plants (Alvarado-Raya et al., 2021 ; Mufty and Taha, 2021 ). Figure 2. Effects of the organic wastes on the strawberry fresh weight. The number of leaves produced by strawberry plants varied among treatments. Treatments with SM and CM increased leaf production, whereas treatments involving VC, PM, TW, HH, RH, and WS decreased it (Fig. 4 ). Statistical analysis and treatment mean comparison revealed that SM and CM treatments yielded the highest mean number of leaves, with 6.67 and 6.00 leaves, respectively, significantly surpassing the control. This rise in leaf count in SM and CM treatments could be attributed to the reduced salt content in cow manure and sheep manure compared to poultry manure and vermicompost. Earlier studies have demonstrated that organic fertilizers, like farm manure and vermicompost, enhance soil properties, yield, and quality of strawberries (Zuo et al., 2018 ), potentially leading to increased leaf numbers in strawberry plants. The treatments involving TW, VC, SM, CM, and RH positively impacted the production of runners in strawberry plants, resulting in an increase in their numbers. Conversely, PM, WS, and HH treatments led to a decrease in runner production (Fig. 5 ). The treatments TW, VC, SM, CM, and RH displayed the highest mean number of runners, each with a value of 2 runners. Figure 6 illustrates the influence of different treatments on the number of strawberry flowers. The application of CM resulted in an increase in flower numbers, whereas treatments involving RH, SM, VC, TW, PM, WS, and HH led to a reduction in flower numbers compared to the control. The CM treatment exhibited the highest mean value of 5.33 for flower numbers, indicating a significant increase. This could potentially be attributed to the higher phosphorus content in CM compared to other treatments. Conversely, the PM, WS, and HH treatments yielded the lowest values of 0, signifying an absence of flowers. The mean values for RH, SM, VC, and TW treatments were 3.67, 3.33, 3, and 1.67, respectively, and these values were significantly distinct from each other. In summary, the results underscore that the use of CM as a treatment positively influences flower production in strawberry plants. It's important to note that the number of flowers produced by strawberry plants is primarily influenced by genetic factors (Renfiyeni et al., 2020 ). Thus, while CM may enhance overall plant growth, it may not necessarily augment flower numbers. Research indicates that tea waste, especially dry waste from red tea leaves and rose petals, can confer salinity stress tolerance to strawberry plants. Furthermore, it has been found to positively influence growth and physiological aspects of these plants (Alluqmani and Alabdallah, 2022 ). Additionally, tea seed powder, a saponin-rich waste product from tea seeds, has demonstrated plant growth regulatory effects (Andresen and Cedergreen, 2010 ). These findings suggest that TW can enhance strawberry plant growth and physiology, particularly in terms of salinity stress tolerance. Moreover, previous studies have highlighted the positive effects of other organic fertilizers, like VC, CM, and SM, in improving soil fertility and promoting plant growth. This underscores the potential of organic waste products and composts in sustainable agricultural practices for enhancing crop growth and overall plant health (Arancon et al., 2004 ; Pathma and Sakthivel, 2012 ). However, further research is warranted to elucidate the specific effects on runner production (Garza-Alonso et al., 2022 ). Impacts of Organic Wastes on Soil Chemical Characteristics With the exception of (WS), the application of organic waste led to an increase in soil electrical conductivity (EC) (Fig. 7 ). The effects of different organic waste types on soil EC exhibit variations. PM, VC, CM, SM, TW, HH, and RH exhibited the highest mean EC values of 5229.33, 2616, 1323.67, 1225.33, 1142, 708.6, and 681.4 µs cm − 1 , respectively, which were significantly elevated in comparison to the control's mean value of 621.9 µs cm − 1 . Conversely, the application of WS resulted in a decrease in EC, with a mean value of 591.47 µs cm − 1 . The observed reduction in soil EC following wheat straw application might be attributed to its lower salt content. Additionally, a slight increase in soil EC was observed with the application of rice husk, suggesting the potential use of wheat straw or rice husk for soil salinity management. Prior studies have indicated that combining PM with inorganic fertilizers can significantly elevate soil EC levels (Rayne and Aula, 2020 ). However, it's important to consider multiple factors, such as nutrient mineralization rates and the chemical, physical, and biological properties of the waste, when evaluating its impact on soil properties and EC levels (Rayne and Aula, 2020 ). Among the treatments, Soil pH experienced an increase due to SM, HH, VC, and CM, while it decreased with WS, RH, TW, and PM treatments (Fig. 8 ). The highest mean pH values were recorded as 7.38, 7.15, 7.14, and 7.09 for SM, HH, VC, and CM, respectively, signifying significant elevation. Conversely, PM treatment yielded the lowest pH value of 6.13.Studies have indicated that the addition of SM and VC can reduce soil pH (Gutierrez-Miceli et al., 2007 ). Alterations in soil pH can be influenced by several factors, including initial soil pH, mean annual precipitation, climate zone (Wang et al., 2023 ), manure type, incubation period (Roy and Kashem, 2014 ), long-term use of organic and chemical fertilizers (Wang et al., 2019 ), and the incorporation of plant residues (Demir and Gülser, 2015 ; Thengane et al., 2020 ). Agricultural residues like HH, WS, RH, and TW can serve to manage soil acidity (Chang and Li, 2019 ). Furthermore, applying raw and torrefied biomass can lead to a reduction in soil pH, with pine shavings exhibiting a more pronounced pH decrease (Thengane et al., 2020 ). Hence, the selection of animal waste and plant residues significantly influences soil pH levels. The application of all organic wastes resulted in an increase in soil organic matter (OM) percentage. WS, RH, HH, TW, CM, PM, VC, and SM exhibited the highest mean OM values of 5.41, 5.38, 5.15, 4.60, 4.27, 3.63, 3.23, and 2.85%, respectively, which were significantly higher compared to the control's mean value of 2.21% (Fig. 9 ). The increase in soil organic matter can be attributed to the rich organic content in the utilized waste, particularly of plant origin. Previous research has demonstrated that the application of organic waste represents a sustainable approach to enhance soil health and crop productivity (Yang et al., 2009 ). CM, PM, SM, VC, RH, WS, TW, and HH are valuable resources for soil management, delivering essential nutrients and organic matter that enhance soil fertility and foster plant growth. Applications of PM, TW, SM, VC, and HH led to increased total nitrogen content, whereas CM, WS, and RH treatments resulted in decreased nitrogen content (Fig. 10 ). The mean values for total nitrogen content were 231.42, 225.77, 212.10, 179.58, and 170.15 N mg 100g − 1 for PM, TW, SM, VC, and HH, respectively, exhibiting a significant increase compared to the control's mean value of 120.19 N mg 100g − 1 soil. Conversely, CM, WS, and RH treatments displayed mean values of 117.36, 113.59, and 113.12 N mg 100g − 1 , respectively, signifying a significant decrease. Existing literature indicates that organic fertilizers possess a higher nitrogen concentration, contributing to improved soil structure and enhanced microbial activity, collectively leading to higher total nitrogen content (Aslam, 2020 ; Jacoby et al., 2017 ). Correct application of animal manure and subsequent decomposition is known to yield nutrients that bolster plant growth (van der Waal et al., 2011 ). These findings underscore the utility of organic fertilizers as a sustainable and effective means of enriching soil fertility and boosting crop production. With the exception of CM, plant residue treatments induced an increase in the C/N ratio, while animal waste treatments led to a decrease (Fig. 11 ). The mean C/N ratio values for WS, RH, CM, HH, and TW were 27.64, 27.61, 21.10, 17.55, and 11.82, respectively, signifying a significant elevation over the control's mean value of 10.64. In contrast, VC, PM, and SM treatments yielded significantly lower mean values of 10.43, 9.09, and 7.81, respectively. The C/N ratio serves as an indicator of organic matter decomposition, influenced not only by the ratio itself but also by the presence of resistant materials (Hadas et al., 2004 ). Prior studies have reported variations in the C/N ratio across different plant and animal residues, attributed to their distinct biochemical compositions (Walton et al., 2010 ). Based on these findings, it is recommended to refrain from directly applying plant residues before planting. Instead, these residues should be applied some time before planting or converted into compost to facilitate their decomposition in the soil, thereby benefiting the subsequent plant growth phase. Impacts of Organic Wastes on Soil Biological Characteristics Microbial Biomass Carbon (MBC) Application of organic waste treatments consistently increased MBC values across all treatments (Fig. 12 ). The highest mean MBC values were recorded in WS, SM, TW, PM, HH, VC, RH, and CM treatments, at 6.89, 15.80, 14.50, 13.35, 12.67, 7.42, 7.23, and 4.42 mg CO 2 -C g − 1 24h − 1 , respectively. These values significantly exceeded the control treatment's mean MBC value of 3.65 mg CO 2 -C g − 1 24h − 1 . The marked increase in MBC values, compared to the control treatment, underscores the positive impact of organic waste treatments on soil microbial communities. Incorporating organic waste materials, including manure, compost, and plant residues, creates a nutrient-rich environment conducive to microbial growth. These results underscore the effectiveness of organic amendments as a strategy to enhance soil microbial activity, subsequently improving nutrient availability for plants. It's worth noting that prior research has indicated that manure application in agricultural systems generally amplifies MBC. However, the response of microbial biomass can vary depending on factors like soil types, management practices, and climatic conditions (Lentendu et al., 2014 ). Furthermore, incorporating straw has been shown to enhance soil microorganism abundance, leading to heightened activities of enzymes such as urease, phosphatase, and invertase (Zhang et al., 2016 ). Ren et al. ( 2019 ) suggested that manure amendment could be particularly advantageous in restoring microbial communities within conventionally managed agricultural systems subjected to prolonged and intensive mineral fertilizer applications. In conclusion, the elevation in MBC values across various organic waste treatments indicates a more robust and active microbial community, indicative of improved soil health and functioning. These findings suggest that integrating organic waste materials into the soil can be a valuable management practice for augmenting soil microbial activity and nutrient cycling. However, a comprehensive assessment of these changes should be conducted alongside other pertinent soil properties, accounting for the specific ecosystem requirements and agricultural goals. MBC/OC Ratio With the exception of CM and RH treatments, the MBC/OC ratio decreased between 1.79 and 2.32. Conversely, the remaining treatments exhibited an increased MBC/OC ratio Fig. 13 . Notably, SM, PM, TW, WS, HH, and VC treatments demonstrated substantial increases, with mean ratios of 9.56, 6.36, 5.45, 5.40, 4.24, and 3.97, respectively. These ratios surpassed the MBC/OC ratio observed in the control treatment (2.87). These findings underscore the favorable effects of treatments involving SM, PM, TW, WS, HH, and VC in nurturing a more robust microbial presence in the soil, relative to organic carbon content. This increase in microbial activity likely enhances nutrient cycling and soil vitality. However, the specific treatment applied must be duly considered. The MBC/OC ratio serves as an indicator of the contribution of microbial biomass to organic carbon in the soil, rendering it a valuable index for assessing soil health (Anderson and Domsch, 1989 ). Monitoring and interpreting MBC results in agricultural experiments provide insights into soil health assessments, nutrient management strategies, and carbon sequestration efforts, ultimately contributing to improved agricultural practices and sustainability. Basal Soil Respiration (BSR) Certain treatments, including TW, PM, SM, HH, WS, and RH, led to increased BSR with mean values of 2.04, 1.40, 1.23, 1.57, 1.08, and 0.93 mg CO 2 -C g − 1 24h − 1 , respectively. Conversely, CM and VC treatments yielded reduced BSR, with mean values of 0.81 and 0.69 mg CO 2 -C g − 1 24h − 1 , respectively, relative to the control treatment's mean value of 0.84 mg CO 2 -C g − 1 24h − 1 (Fig. 14 ). These findings emphasize the intricate relationship between soil respiration and various organic waste treatment methods. The heightened BSR observed in several treatments could be attributed to increased microbial activity, which in turn contributes to enhanced decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling. However, the decrease in BSR following CM and VC treatments warrants further investigation into the underlying mechanisms. This highlights the significance of considering broader contextual factors, including soil properties and management practices, when interpreting BSR results. Similar results were found by Wu et al. ( 2021 ), where straw or manure addition increased BSR and microbial activities, while biochar-treated soils notably reduced these parameters. Furthermore, Yu et al. ( 2003 ) reported a close relationship between BSR potential, enzyme activities, soil pH, and the age of tea bushes. Moreover, Iovieno et al. ( 2009 ) demonstrated that compost-treated soils exhibited increased soil respiration and enzyme activities due to enhanced microbial growth, improved resource availability, and shifts in microbial community composition. Dehydrogenase Activity (DHA) All treatments led to an increase in DHA (Fig. 15 ). The highest mean DHA values were observed in PM, SM, TW, VC, CM, WS, HH, and RH treatments, at 135.42, 78.75, 69.13, 64.81, 52.61, 52.21, 51.77, and 49.93 µg TPF g − 1 24h − 1 , respectively. These values significantly exceeded the control treatment's DHA of 37.69 µg TPF g − 1 24h − 1 . These collective findings highlight the stimulating impact of these treatments on soil dehydrogenase enzyme activity. DHA serves as an indicator of soil microbial activity and overall soil health, reflecting the oxidative activity of soil microflora (Skujinš, 1973 ). Various factors, including soil moisture, temperature, nutrient availability, and pollutants or contaminants, influence changes in DHA. Continuous monitoring of DHA offers valuable insights into the effects of diverse management practices, such as organic amendments, fertilization, or soil restoration techniques, on soil health and microbial functioning. The results suggest that incorporating organic wastes can elevate DHA levels in eroded soils, as demonstrated in a study on agricultural areas in Northern Türkiye. The study further indicated the influence of organic waste type and application dose, with tea production waste augmenting DHA across all erosion levels, while bio-solids exhibited varied effects (Yakupoglu et al., 2009 ). Catalase Activity (CA) Catalase activity levels were consistently elevated across all treatments (Fig. 16 ). The highest mean CA values were recorded in PM, SM, TW, VC, CM, WS, HH, and RH treatments, at 251.18, 225.41, 209.41, 131.12, 129.33, 122.27, 105.21, and 97.11 ml O 2 g − 1 3 min − 1 , respectively. These values significantly exceeded the control treatment's CA of 90.51 ml O 2 g − 1 3 min − 1 . Catalase activity is based on oxygen release rates from added hydrogen peroxide and closely correlates with the metabolic activity of aerobic organisms (Kızılkaya et al., 2004 ). The application of various organic waste types, including municipal solid waste, biowaste, food waste, sewage sludge, and manure, has been shown to enhance soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties, often resulting in increased soil microorganism numbers (Sun et al., 2021 ). Lalande et al. ( 1998 ) suggested that the quantity of organic matter incorporated into the soil exerts a greater influence on enzyme activities than the quality of the organic matter. Vermicompost, recommended as an organic fertilizer for long-term nursery substrate production, hosts a variety of beneficial microorganisms (Zhao et al., 2019 ). These findings collectively highlight the potential of organic amendments to enhance soil biological properties and crop yield, reducing the reliance on substantial amounts of mineral nitrogen fertilizer. Notably, the application of vermicompost has been linked to heightened soil enzyme activities, including sulfatase, catalase, phosphodiesterase, phosphomonoesterase, sucrase, and urease (Zuo et al., 2018 ). Conclusion In conclusion, this study investigated the effects of direct incorporation of various organic waste materials on soil and strawberry plant attributes within the strawberry plant's rhizosphere. The findings revealed significant impacts on plant growth, soil chemical characteristics, and soil biological attributes. Plant Growth: The application of different organic waste materials exhibited varied effects on strawberry plant growth. Cow manure (CM), sheep manure (SM), vermicompost (VC), and tea waste (TW) treatments led to increased plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight, while treatments involving rice husk (RH), wheat straw (WS), tea waste (TW), and hazelnut husk (HH) resulted in decreased growth metrics. Notably, CM treatment showed positive effects on flower production. Soil Chemical Characteristics: Organic waste applications led to alterations in soil electrical conductivity (EC), pH, organic matter (OM) content, total nitrogen content, and carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios. Different organic waste types influenced these properties, with notable variations observed. CM, SM, and VC treatments enhanced soil pH, OM content, and total nitrogen, whereas TW, PM, WS, HH, and RH treatments showed contrasting effects. Soil Biological Characteristics: The incorporation of organic waste materials positively influenced soil microbial attributes. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC), MBC/OC ratio, basal soil respiration (BSR), dehydrogenase enzyme activity (DHA), and catalase activity (CA) all exhibited increased values in response to various organic waste treatments. Notably, PM, SM, TW, VC, and CM treatments significantly enhanced soil microbial activity. Overall, the results underscore the potential benefits of incorporating organic waste materials into agricultural systems. Cow manure (CM), sheep manure (SM), vermicompost (VC), and tea waste (TW) emerged as favorable treatments for enhancing strawberry plant growth and improving soil attributes. The study contributes to the understanding of the complex interactions between organic waste materials, soil health, and plant performance, emphasizing the importance of sustainable agricultural practices that harness the benefits of organic waste utilization. Further research is warranted to explore optimal application rates and combinations of organic waste materials to maximize their positive impact on crop production and soil quality. By shedding light on the interactions between organic waste materials, soil properties, and plant growth, this study provides valuable insights for farmers, researchers, and policymakers aiming to enhance agricultural sustainability and productivity. Declarations Acknowledgement We would like to express our gratitude to the support by the European project of Erasmus Mundus Joint master’s degree in Soil science (emiSS) with project number 610528-EPP-1-2019-1-TR-EPPKA1-JMD-MOB and Ondokuz Mayıs University (Project Number, PYO.ZRT.1904.23.009). References Abdu A, Musa K, Arafat Y (2017) Compaction behaviour of lateritic soils stabilized with blends of groundnut shell ash and metakaolin. 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height.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588370/v1/f2921285a8d66c42ab4b6be9.png"},{"id":58663785,"identity":"ed0ae805-f0b6-43ac-aa2f-e571901869d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-19 13:08:42","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":13985,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffects of the organic wastes on the strawberry fresh weight.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588370/v1/e54c99f9a42fb02ece2ca3fc.png"},{"id":58664536,"identity":"22cdd001-82ac-401a-9477-a183e2c80b89","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-19 13:16:42","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14187,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffects of the organic wastes on the strawberry dry weight.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588370/v1/947e90efb3bb61cd5fea3633.png"},{"id":58663787,"identity":"0191f5b2-4539-44a7-83b3-b96a65c3627a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-19 13:08:42","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":16451,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffects of the organic wastes on the number of strawberry leaves.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588370/v1/749d30e6cc680e15d2f1b1d0.png"},{"id":58664538,"identity":"b9bb1c8e-cf94-443b-a4bc-9b76abe58b89","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-19 13:16:42","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14851,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffects of the organic wastes on the number of strawberry runners.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588370/v1/5a3d279cbeb6834bfaf87c94.png"},{"id":58663793,"identity":"a698722d-4149-4343-94b4-0734295ea3c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-19 13:08:42","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":16650,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffects of the organic wastes on the number of strawberry flowers.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588370/v1/a36f57cc8bff522a9da7697d.png"},{"id":58663789,"identity":"eea09c21-c75c-4515-aec9-7e4fa593d300","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-19 13:08:42","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21115,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffects of the organic wastes on the soil electrical conductivity.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588370/v1/2fb37c7132365bdd6f1b7bd7.png"},{"id":58664539,"identity":"13a98b25-75ca-49d7-92cc-c709eb8a7a49","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-19 13:16:42","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":12612,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffects of the organic wastes on the soil pH.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588370/v1/630b033a35d3fa2a69d76d74.png"},{"id":58663796,"identity":"e646616a-8229-41dd-96fd-a4c513b20345","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-19 13:08:42","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15116,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffects of the organic wastes on soil organic matter.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588370/v1/5da6d1959ace2c8d2ec30f18.png"},{"id":58663802,"identity":"fa9980ad-53ed-4cbd-a4c4-96b89dc2ee30","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-19 13:08:43","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15715,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffects of the organic wastes on the total N content of the soil.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588370/v1/56300fcae362447229fc6bde.png"},{"id":58663800,"identity":"7f222868-56c0-4f6b-b644-0f8d61db30e2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-19 13:08:42","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":13917,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffects of the organic wastes on the C/N ratio of soil.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588370/v1/b52abcd7464dc4607b994e84.png"},{"id":58664537,"identity":"4275afbf-f9b1-4fa8-9cae-f824b5ff612d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-19 13:16:42","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14454,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffects of the organic wastes on the Microbial Biomass C of soil.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588370/v1/0d3da572938a24295ecae40b.png"},{"id":58663801,"identity":"5cf4ba24-85e6-4b33-805d-2bbd2bbe38fa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-19 13:08:42","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":13714,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffects of the organic wastes on the MBC/OC ratio of soil.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588370/v1/36a600f604b31fc6f00cc2e3.png"},{"id":58663797,"identity":"f908644c-b5ed-49f8-a8db-0236bff9ba97","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-19 13:08:42","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15456,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffects of the organic wastes on the Basal Soil Respiration.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588370/v1/4e2057f64dc4be4ea4011284.png"},{"id":58664540,"identity":"4bec574f-94db-4f7b-82bb-df9521f9cc09","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-19 13:16:42","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15750,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffects of the organic wastes on the dehydrogenase enzyme activity.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588370/v1/a72da66a276028270aebd7f1.png"},{"id":58663799,"identity":"a7cb48f1-ba56-4115-b1b4-530a35abbb4b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-19 13:08:42","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15183,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffects of the organic wastes on the soil catalase enzyme activity.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588370/v1/4343c862f9c5f67d2e52800c.png"},{"id":58665040,"identity":"77878d0a-0aa8-43bc-a10e-9239c263fea7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-19 13:24:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":839343,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588370/v1/628292a8-3afe-4a83-8e6f-8b4957d4dad1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImpact of Direct İncorporation of Organic Waste on Soil Properties and Strawberry \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Fragaria X Ananassa Duch.)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eGrowth\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eStrawberries \u003cem\u003e(Fragaria x ananassa Duch.)\u003c/em\u003e are esteemed for their exquisite flavor and alluring form, elevating them to a preeminent position among small fruit species. Their popularity is augmented by the presence of bioactive constituents, endowing them with noteworthy significance (Dzhanfezova et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Optimal yields and superior quality in strawberries are substantially influenced by soil fertility, mineral fertilization, mineral ratios, and climatic conditions (Tohidloo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Attaining abundant, high-quality fruit necessitates the provision of adequate nutrients to ensure optimal plant nourishment (Agehara and Nunes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Strawberries exhibit low caloric content and a rich supply of fiber, vitamin C, folic acid, and bioactive compounds like anthocyanins, flavonoids, and antioxidants (Kobi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). These bioactive constituents have been associated with the mitigation and recovery from chronic degenerative ailments, including diverse forms of cancer such as breast, lung, hepatic, colon, and colorectal cancers (Afrin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Amatori, 2016; Cao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Chen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Giampieri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil microorganisms wield a pivotal role within the soil ecosystem, participating in humus formation, organic matter decomposition, and nutrient cycling (Baldock and Skjemstad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). Previous investigations have demonstrated that the application of organic waste fosters an ameliorated micro-ecological milieu in the soil, fostering crop growth (Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Organic waste embodies minerals and other constituents that augment soil fertility and invigorate crop development (Meng et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The incorporation of organic waste stands as a vital practice to preserve soil organic matter and amplify crop productivity, culminating in escalated nitrate levels, augmented soil enzyme activity, and heightened metabolic quantities, thereby enhancing soil fertility (Piotrowska-Długosz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the utilization of organic waste reinforces plant resilience against nutrient insufficiencies by modulating physiological processes, such as abating lipid peroxidation, refining osmotic regulation, and amplifying antioxidant enzyme activity (Anwar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Poultry manure (PM), cow manure (CM), compost (CO), and vermicompost (VC) stand as exemplary organic waste substances, furnishing soil amendments that supply nutrients for crop growth and concurrently enhancing soil quality upon judicious application. Poultry manure enhances soil structure, refining aeration, water retention, nutrient sequestration, and infiltration (Sharma and Negi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Sheep manure (SM) boasts commendable attributes, encompassing desirable texture and heightened organic compound content, rendering it a neutral fertilizer apt for sandy and clayey soils (Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Farm manure, replete with macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, has enjoyed prolonged deployment in agricultural production as a valuable source of plant nutrition (Apriyani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Vermicompost, characterized by its porous architecture, bolsters soil aeration, augments water retention capacity, furnishes abundant plant nutrients, sustains low carbon levels, and potentiates microbial activity on the soil surface by progressively dispensing nutrients to plants, thereby facilitating more efficacious nutrient uptake (Pierre-Louis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Organic waste inputs assume a critical role in conserving soil organic matter and enhancing crop production (GAMAL and KIZILKAYA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The infusion of organic waste augments soil organic matter, ameliorates soil pH, and eases the assimilation of macro and micronutrients by plants (Apriyani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Tea waste (TW) occupies a prominent position in agriculture across diverse regions due to its demonstrated ability to enhance soil aggregate stability in degraded soil (Turgut and Kose, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, the composition of TW harbors phenols and amino acids capable of modulating the alkaline pH of saline soil, thereby engendering heightened soil microbial activity. Hazelnut orchards have evinced augmented soluble nutrient content in the soil through organic matter mineralization, culminating in enhanced soil physical properties (G\u0026uuml;lser et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Wheat straw (WS) has shown promise in augmenting crop yield, bolstering soil structure, and amplifying soil organic carbon (Kalkhajeh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The incorporation of organic matter into the soil, including constituents like rice husk (RH), plant remnants, compost, and biochar, engenders heightened soil organic matter content. Rice husk denotes the rigid, desiccated outer shell enveloping the outermost layer of the rice kernel (Aderolu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Myriad investigations have scrutinized the feasibility of utilizing agricultural waste materials, microorganisms, and additives for soil stabilization, accentuating their cost-effectiveness and potent cementation reaction (Abdu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Adetoro and Dada, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Akiije, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Alhassan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Basha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Chiet et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; DeJong et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Whiffin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study endeavors to scrutinize the impact of direct incorporation of organic waste prior to strawberry plant transplantation, elucidating its influence on the biological and chemical attributes of the soil within the strawberry plant's rhizosphere.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSoil:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experimental soil was procured from an agricultural field situated at Ondokuz Mayıs University in Samsun, T\u0026uuml;rkiye (41\u0026deg; 21' 49.9\" N, 36\u0026deg; 11' 19.7\" E). The region experiences a mean annual maximum temperature of 27.7\u0026deg;C, a minimum temperature of 5\u0026deg;C, and a relative humidity of 73%. The annual precipitation for the area is 937.26 mm. Established methodologies were employed to ascertain the physical and chemical attributes of the soil, encompassing particle size distribution [hydrometer method, Bouyoucos (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1962\u003c/span\u003e)], CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e content [volumetric method,Martin and Reeve (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1955\u003c/span\u003e)], pH [1:1 soil-water suspension, pH-meter, Rowell (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)], electrical conductivity (EC) [1:1 soil-water suspension, EC-meter, Rowell (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)], organic matter (OM) determined via the Walkley-Black wet oxidation method employing K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCr\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e (Rowell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), and soil nutrient contents such as total nitrogen [Kjeldahl method, Bremner (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e)], as well as exchangeable calcium and magnesium [1N NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eOAc extraction, Rowell (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStrawberry:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe selected cultivar for this study was Albion, a day-neutral strawberry cultivar recognized for its sweetness, disease resistance, and rapid growth (Gunness et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Albion has attained widespread commercial cultivation across diverse climates and cultivation techniques.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOrganic Wastes:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarious organic waste materials were collected from Ondokuz Mayıs University Agricultural Faculty Farms in Samsun, T\u0026uuml;rkiye. These organic wastes encompassed animal-derived materials [Cow Manure (CM), Poultry Manure (PM), Sheep Manure (SM), Vermicompost (VC)] and plant residues [Wheat Straw (WS), Rice Husk (RH), Tea Waste (TW), Hazelnut Husk (HH)]. Standard protocols were applied to chemically analyze the organic wastes, encompassing pH determination [1:10, w/v, waste-water suspension, pH-meter, Rowell (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)], electrical conductivity assessment [1:10, w/v, waste-water suspension, EC-meter, Rowell (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)], ash content determination via dry ashing (Miller et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e), and estimation of organic matter content through dry ashing, with subsequent calculation of organic carbon using a conversion factor of 1.724 (Rowell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The total phosphorus content in organic wastes was ascertained using the dry ashing method, while total nitrogen content was determined via the Kjeldahl method (Bremner, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExperimental Design:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo ensure uniform soil conditions for each treatment, approximately 200 kg of soil was collected, air-dried, pulverized, and sieved through a 4 mm sieve. The experiment featured a total of 27 pots, each containing 3 kg of soil. Albion strawberry plants were transplanted subsequent to the application of organic waste at a rate of 5% of the pot weight (equating to 150 grams per pot), followed by watering with rainwater. Soil moisture content was closely monitored and adjusted to maintain proximity to field capacity. Insecticides were administered twice during the experiment according to recommendations from the Plant Protection Department at Ondokuz Mayıs University. The experiment extended over a duration of 61 days, executed within a controlled environmental setting, featuring regulated temperature conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLaboratory Analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThroughout distinct stages of plant growth, data were garnered for metrics including plant height (cm), number of runners, number of leaves, number of flowers, fresh weight (g), and dry weight (g). Following the harvest of strawberry plants, two soil samples were procured from each pot: one was subjected to air-drying and employed for chemical and physical analyses, while the other, maintained as a moist sample at 4\u0026deg;C, served for the assessment of soil biological characteristics. Laboratory analyses encompassed soil pH [1:1 soil-water suspension, pH-meter, (Rowell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)], electrical conductivity [1:1 soil-water suspension, EC-meter,(Rowell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)], soil organic matter (OM) measured using the Walkley-Black wet oxidation method with K2Cr\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e (Rowell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), total nitrogen content determined via the Kjeldahl method (Bremner, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e), calculation of the C/N ratio (Rowell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was quantified using the substrate-induced respiration method (Anderson and Domsch, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e), basal soil respiration (BSR) was assessed utilizing the alkali absorption method (Anderson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e), dehydrogenase enzyme activity (DHA) was measured based on the reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) (Pepper et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e), and catalase activity (CA) was quantified based on hydrogen peroxide (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) decomposition (Beck, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analyses:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean values were computed to ascertain significant differences between treatments, with statistical analyses conducted using the least significant difference (LSD) test. CoStat 6.400, a statistical analysis software, was employed for the analysis. Microsoft Excel 365 was used to create the graph.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS and DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eProperties of Soil and Organic Wastes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of both soil and organic waste materials has yielded valuable insights into their respective characteristics. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents the results of the soil analysis, revealing several significant attributes. The electrical conductivity (EC) values indicated a non-saline soil environment, while the pH value suggested a slightly acidic soil condition. The lime content (CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) was found to be low, and the organic matter (OM) content exhibited a moderate level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chemical analysis of the organic wastes, including Cow Manure (CM), Poultry Manure (PM), Sheep Manure (SM), Vermicompost (VC), Rice Husk (RH), Wheat Straw (WS), Tea Waste (TW), and Hazelnut Husk (HH), is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. This analysis encompassed various parameters, such as the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, organic carbon (OC) content, ash content, phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) levels, pH, and EC. The pH values of the organic waste samples ranged from 4.78 to 9.11, with VC demonstrating the highest alkalinity and TW exhibiting the most acidity. Likewise, the EC values spanned from 1093 to 5662 \u0026micro;s cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The samples showed variations in OM, OC, and ash percentages, with RH presenting the highest levels of OM and ash. Furthermore, notable differences were observed in the amounts of P and N across the samples, with CM displaying the highest P content and WS having the highest C/N ratio. This comprehensive dataset provides essential information concerning the nutrient content and potential applicability of these organic wastes for soil amendments or composting.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical and chemical analysis for pre-treated soil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil Properties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e552.67 \u0026micro;s cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil Texture\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Silt\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Sand\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Clay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClay Soil\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.68%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.91%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.41%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.176%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLime (CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) Content\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExchangeable Cations\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.85 meq 100g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.49 meq 100g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.726 mg 100g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC/ N ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical properties of organic wastes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEC,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;S cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOM, %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOC,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsh, %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC/N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCow Manure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5663\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoultry Manure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4615\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSheep Manure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1244\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3515\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVermicompost\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5662\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5361\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice Husk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1093\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e905\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWheat Straw\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1509\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTea Waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e852\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHazelnut Husk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1757\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEffect of Organic Wastes on Strawberry Properties\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe influence of various treatments on strawberry plant height in comparison to the control is depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The application of CM, SM, VC, and TW led to an increase in plant height, whereas RH, PM, WS, and HH treatments resulted in a decrease. Notably, the treatments of CM, SM, VC, and TW exhibited the tallest plants, measuring 34.17 cm, 33.67 cm, 33.50 cm, and 31.67 cm, respectively. The enhancement in plant height by CM, SM, and VC can be attributed to their elevated phosphorus content. In the case of tea waste, the rise in plant height may be attributed to its acidic pH, facilitating nutrient availability for plant uptake. These findings corroborate previous research that has highlighted the beneficial impact of organic fertilizers, such as cow manure and vermicompost, on strawberry growth (Blouin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Rahman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Specifically, cow manure has been shown to significantly increase strawberry plant height, while vermicompost positively affects various growth parameters during the flowering phase (Zuo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Conversely, treatments with RH, PM, WS, and HH resulted in decreased strawberry height, with mean values of 27 cm, 20 cm, 18 cm, and 17.13 cm, respectively. This decrease can be attributed to the lower nutrient content of rice husk, wheat straw, and hazelnut husk, as well as their higher C:N ratios, which require pre-application decomposition to benefit plant growth. These findings suggest that direct application of these plant wastes before planting is not suitable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferential effects of various treatments on strawberry plant fresh weight were observed. SM, CM, and VC treatments led to increased fresh weight, while TW, RH, WS, HH, and PM treatments resulted in decreased fresh weight. Notably, SM, CM, and VC treatments yielded the highest mean fresh weights of 34.08 g, 31.73 g, and 29.74 g, respectively, significantly surpassing the control's fresh weight of 28.61 g (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2). Similarly, the dry weight of the plants was influenced by different treatments. SM, CM, and VC treatments caused an increase in dry weight, while TW, RH, WS, HH, and PM treatments decreased dry weight (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). SM, CM, and VC treatments exhibited the highest mean dry weights of 6.21 g, 5.76 g, and 5.42 g, respectively, significantly higher than the control's dry weight of 5.35 g. This observed increase in fresh and dry weight can be attributed to the growth in plant height observed in the prior treatments. These outcomes underscore the significant impact of organic fertilizer types on plant growth and yield. Prior research has similarly highlighted the ability of organic fertilizers, such as composted materials and vermicompost, to enhance fresh and dry weights of strawberry plants (Alvarado-Raya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Mufty and Taha, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure 2. Effects of the organic wastes on the strawberry fresh weight.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe number of leaves produced by strawberry plants varied among treatments. Treatments with SM and CM increased leaf production, whereas treatments involving VC, PM, TW, HH, RH, and WS decreased it (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Statistical analysis and treatment mean comparison revealed that SM and CM treatments yielded the highest mean number of leaves, with 6.67 and 6.00 leaves, respectively, significantly surpassing the control. This rise in leaf count in SM and CM treatments could be attributed to the reduced salt content in cow manure and sheep manure compared to poultry manure and vermicompost. Earlier studies have demonstrated that organic fertilizers, like farm manure and vermicompost, enhance soil properties, yield, and quality of strawberries (Zuo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), potentially leading to increased leaf numbers in strawberry plants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe treatments involving TW, VC, SM, CM, and RH positively impacted the production of runners in strawberry plants, resulting in an increase in their numbers. Conversely, PM, WS, and HH treatments led to a decrease in runner production (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The treatments TW, VC, SM, CM, and RH displayed the highest mean number of runners, each with a value of 2 runners.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the influence of different treatments on the number of strawberry flowers. The application of CM resulted in an increase in flower numbers, whereas treatments involving RH, SM, VC, TW, PM, WS, and HH led to a reduction in flower numbers compared to the control. The CM treatment exhibited the highest mean value of 5.33 for flower numbers, indicating a significant increase. This could potentially be attributed to the higher phosphorus content in CM compared to other treatments. Conversely, the PM, WS, and HH treatments yielded the lowest values of 0, signifying an absence of flowers. The mean values for RH, SM, VC, and TW treatments were 3.67, 3.33, 3, and 1.67, respectively, and these values were significantly distinct from each other. In summary, the results underscore that the use of CM as a treatment positively influences flower production in strawberry plants. It's important to note that the number of flowers produced by strawberry plants is primarily influenced by genetic factors (Renfiyeni et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, while CM may enhance overall plant growth, it may not necessarily augment flower numbers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch indicates that tea waste, especially dry waste from red tea leaves and rose petals, can confer salinity stress tolerance to strawberry plants. Furthermore, it has been found to positively influence growth and physiological aspects of these plants (Alluqmani and Alabdallah, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, tea seed powder, a saponin-rich waste product from tea seeds, has demonstrated plant growth regulatory effects (Andresen and Cedergreen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). These findings suggest that TW can enhance strawberry plant growth and physiology, particularly in terms of salinity stress tolerance. Moreover, previous studies have highlighted the positive effects of other organic fertilizers, like VC, CM, and SM, in improving soil fertility and promoting plant growth. This underscores the potential of organic waste products and composts in sustainable agricultural practices for enhancing crop growth and overall plant health (Arancon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Pathma and Sakthivel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). However, further research is warranted to elucidate the specific effects on runner production (Garza-Alonso et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImpacts of Organic Wastes on Soil Chemical Characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the exception of (WS), the application of organic waste led to an increase in soil electrical conductivity (EC) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The effects of different organic waste types on soil EC exhibit variations. PM, VC, CM, SM, TW, HH, and RH exhibited the highest mean EC values of 5229.33, 2616, 1323.67, 1225.33, 1142, 708.6, and 681.4 \u0026micro;s cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively, which were significantly elevated in comparison to the control's mean value of 621.9 \u0026micro;s cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Conversely, the application of WS resulted in a decrease in EC, with a mean value of 591.47 \u0026micro;s cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The observed reduction in soil EC following wheat straw application might be attributed to its lower salt content. Additionally, a slight increase in soil EC was observed with the application of rice husk, suggesting the potential use of wheat straw or rice husk for soil salinity management. Prior studies have indicated that combining PM with inorganic fertilizers can significantly elevate soil EC levels (Rayne and Aula, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). However, it's important to consider multiple factors, such as nutrient mineralization rates and the chemical, physical, and biological properties of the waste, when evaluating its impact on soil properties and EC levels (Rayne and Aula, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the treatments, Soil pH experienced an increase due to SM, HH, VC, and CM, while it decreased with WS, RH, TW, and PM treatments (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). The highest mean pH values were recorded as 7.38, 7.15, 7.14, and 7.09 for SM, HH, VC, and CM, respectively, signifying significant elevation. Conversely, PM treatment yielded the lowest pH value of 6.13.Studies have indicated that the addition of SM and VC can reduce soil pH (Gutierrez-Miceli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Alterations in soil pH can be influenced by several factors, including initial soil pH, mean annual precipitation, climate zone (Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), manure type, incubation period (Roy and Kashem, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), long-term use of organic and chemical fertilizers (Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), and the incorporation of plant residues (Demir and G\u0026uuml;lser, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Thengane et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Agricultural residues like HH, WS, RH, and TW can serve to manage soil acidity (Chang and Li, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, applying raw and torrefied biomass can lead to a reduction in soil pH, with pine shavings exhibiting a more pronounced pH decrease (Thengane et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Hence, the selection of animal waste and plant residues significantly influences soil pH levels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe application of all organic wastes resulted in an increase in soil organic matter (OM) percentage. WS, RH, HH, TW, CM, PM, VC, and SM exhibited the highest mean OM values of 5.41, 5.38, 5.15, 4.60, 4.27, 3.63, 3.23, and 2.85%, respectively, which were significantly higher compared to the control's mean value of 2.21% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe increase in soil organic matter can be attributed to the rich organic content in the utilized waste, particularly of plant origin. Previous research has demonstrated that the application of organic waste represents a sustainable approach to enhance soil health and crop productivity (Yang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). CM, PM, SM, VC, RH, WS, TW, and HH are valuable resources for soil management, delivering essential nutrients and organic matter that enhance soil fertility and foster plant growth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplications of PM, TW, SM, VC, and HH led to increased total nitrogen content, whereas CM, WS, and RH treatments resulted in decreased nitrogen content (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). The mean values for total nitrogen content were 231.42, 225.77, 212.10, 179.58, and 170.15 N mg 100g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for PM, TW, SM, VC, and HH, respectively, exhibiting a significant increase compared to the control's mean value of 120.19 N mg 100g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e soil. Conversely, CM, WS, and RH treatments displayed mean values of 117.36, 113.59, and 113.12 N mg 100g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively, signifying a significant decrease. Existing literature indicates that organic fertilizers possess a higher nitrogen concentration, contributing to improved soil structure and enhanced microbial activity, collectively leading to higher total nitrogen content (Aslam, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Jacoby et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Correct application of animal manure and subsequent decomposition is known to yield nutrients that bolster plant growth (van der Waal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). These findings underscore the utility of organic fertilizers as a sustainable and effective means of enriching soil fertility and boosting crop production.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the exception of CM, plant residue treatments induced an increase in the C/N ratio, while animal waste treatments led to a decrease (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). The mean C/N ratio values for WS, RH, CM, HH, and TW were 27.64, 27.61, 21.10, 17.55, and 11.82, respectively, signifying a significant elevation over the control's mean value of 10.64. In contrast, VC, PM, and SM treatments yielded significantly lower mean values of 10.43, 9.09, and 7.81, respectively. The C/N ratio serves as an indicator of organic matter decomposition, influenced not only by the ratio itself but also by the presence of resistant materials (Hadas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Prior studies have reported variations in the C/N ratio across different plant and animal residues, attributed to their distinct biochemical compositions (Walton et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Based on these findings, it is recommended to refrain from directly applying plant residues before planting. Instead, these residues should be applied some time before planting or converted into compost to facilitate their decomposition in the soil, thereby benefiting the subsequent plant growth phase.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImpacts of Organic Wastes on Soil Biological Characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMicrobial Biomass Carbon (MBC)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication of organic waste treatments consistently increased MBC values across all treatments (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). The highest mean MBC values were recorded in WS, SM, TW, PM, HH, VC, RH, and CM treatments, at 6.89, 15.80, 14.50, 13.35, 12.67, 7.42, 7.23, and 4.42 mg CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-C g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e 24h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. These values significantly exceeded the control treatment's mean MBC value of 3.65 mg CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-C g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e 24h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The marked increase in MBC values, compared to the control treatment, underscores the positive impact of organic waste treatments on soil microbial communities. Incorporating organic waste materials, including manure, compost, and plant residues, creates a nutrient-rich environment conducive to microbial growth. These results underscore the effectiveness of organic amendments as a strategy to enhance soil microbial activity, subsequently improving nutrient availability for plants. It's worth noting that prior research has indicated that manure application in agricultural systems generally amplifies MBC. However, the response of microbial biomass can vary depending on factors like soil types, management practices, and climatic conditions (Lentendu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, incorporating straw has been shown to enhance soil microorganism abundance, leading to heightened activities of enzymes such as urease, phosphatase, and invertase (Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Ren et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) suggested that manure amendment could be particularly advantageous in restoring microbial communities within conventionally managed agricultural systems subjected to prolonged and intensive mineral fertilizer applications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the elevation in MBC values across various organic waste treatments indicates a more robust and active microbial community, indicative of improved soil health and functioning. These findings suggest that integrating organic waste materials into the soil can be a valuable management practice for augmenting soil microbial activity and nutrient cycling. However, a comprehensive assessment of these changes should be conducted alongside other pertinent soil properties, accounting for the specific ecosystem requirements and agricultural goals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMBC/OC Ratio\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the exception of CM and RH treatments, the MBC/OC ratio decreased between 1.79 and 2.32. Conversely, the remaining treatments exhibited an increased MBC/OC ratio Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e. Notably, SM, PM, TW, WS, HH, and VC treatments demonstrated substantial increases, with mean ratios of 9.56, 6.36, 5.45, 5.40, 4.24, and 3.97, respectively. These ratios surpassed the MBC/OC ratio observed in the control treatment (2.87). These findings underscore the favorable effects of treatments involving SM, PM, TW, WS, HH, and VC in nurturing a more robust microbial presence in the soil, relative to organic carbon content. This increase in microbial activity likely enhances nutrient cycling and soil vitality. However, the specific treatment applied must be duly considered. The MBC/OC ratio serves as an indicator of the contribution of microbial biomass to organic carbon in the soil, rendering it a valuable index for assessing soil health (Anderson and Domsch, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e). Monitoring and interpreting MBC results in agricultural experiments provide insights into soil health assessments, nutrient management strategies, and carbon sequestration efforts, ultimately contributing to improved agricultural practices and sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBasal Soil Respiration (BSR)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCertain treatments, including TW, PM, SM, HH, WS, and RH, led to increased BSR with mean values of 2.04, 1.40, 1.23, 1.57, 1.08, and 0.93 mg CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-C g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e 24h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. Conversely, CM and VC treatments yielded reduced BSR, with mean values of 0.81 and 0.69 mg CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-C g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e 24h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively, relative to the control treatment's mean value of 0.84 mg CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-C g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e 24h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). These findings emphasize the intricate relationship between soil respiration and various organic waste treatment methods. The heightened BSR observed in several treatments could be attributed to increased microbial activity, which in turn contributes to enhanced decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling. However, the decrease in BSR following CM and VC treatments warrants further investigation into the underlying mechanisms. This highlights the significance of considering broader contextual factors, including soil properties and management practices, when interpreting BSR results. Similar results were found by Wu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), where straw or manure addition increased BSR and microbial activities, while biochar-treated soils notably reduced these parameters. Furthermore, Yu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e) reported a close relationship between BSR potential, enzyme activities, soil pH, and the age of tea bushes. Moreover, Iovieno et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrated that compost-treated soils exhibited increased soil respiration and enzyme activities due to enhanced microbial growth, improved resource availability, and shifts in microbial community composition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDehydrogenase Activity (DHA)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll treatments led to an increase in DHA (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). The highest mean DHA values were observed in PM, SM, TW, VC, CM, WS, HH, and RH treatments, at 135.42, 78.75, 69.13, 64.81, 52.61, 52.21, 51.77, and 49.93 \u0026micro;g TPF g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e 24h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. These values significantly exceeded the control treatment's DHA of 37.69 \u0026micro;g TPF g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e 24h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. These collective findings highlight the stimulating impact of these treatments on soil dehydrogenase enzyme activity. DHA serves as an indicator of soil microbial activity and overall soil health, reflecting the oxidative activity of soil microflora (Skujinš, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e). Various factors, including soil moisture, temperature, nutrient availability, and pollutants or contaminants, influence changes in DHA. Continuous monitoring of DHA offers valuable insights into the effects of diverse management practices, such as organic amendments, fertilization, or soil restoration techniques, on soil health and microbial functioning. The results suggest that incorporating organic wastes can elevate DHA levels in eroded soils, as demonstrated in a study on agricultural areas in Northern T\u0026uuml;rkiye. The study further indicated the influence of organic waste type and application dose, with tea production waste augmenting DHA across all erosion levels, while bio-solids exhibited varied effects (Yakupoglu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCatalase Activity (CA)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatalase activity levels were consistently elevated across all treatments (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). The highest mean CA values were recorded in PM, SM, TW, VC, CM, WS, HH, and RH treatments, at 251.18, 225.41, 209.41, 131.12, 129.33, 122.27, 105.21, and 97.11 ml O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e 3 min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. These values significantly exceeded the control treatment's CA of 90.51 ml O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e 3 min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Catalase activity is based on oxygen release rates from added hydrogen peroxide and closely correlates with the metabolic activity of aerobic organisms (Kızılkaya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). The application of various organic waste types, including municipal solid waste, biowaste, food waste, sewage sludge, and manure, has been shown to enhance soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties, often resulting in increased soil microorganism numbers (Sun et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Lalande et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e) suggested that the quantity of organic matter incorporated into the soil exerts a greater influence on enzyme activities than the quality of the organic matter. Vermicompost, recommended as an organic fertilizer for long-term nursery substrate production, hosts a variety of beneficial microorganisms (Zhao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). These findings collectively highlight the potential of organic amendments to enhance soil biological properties and crop yield, reducing the reliance on substantial amounts of mineral nitrogen fertilizer. Notably, the application of vermicompost has been linked to heightened soil enzyme activities, including sulfatase, catalase, phosphodiesterase, phosphomonoesterase, sucrase, and urease (Zuo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this study investigated the effects of direct incorporation of various organic waste materials on soil and strawberry plant attributes within the strawberry plant\u0026apos;s rhizosphere. The findings revealed significant impacts on plant growth, soil chemical characteristics, and soil biological attributes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePlant Growth: The application of different organic waste materials exhibited varied effects on strawberry plant growth. Cow manure (CM), sheep manure (SM), vermicompost (VC), and tea waste (TW) treatments led to increased plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight, while treatments involving rice husk (RH), wheat straw (WS), tea waste (TW), and hazelnut husk (HH) resulted in decreased growth metrics. Notably, CM treatment showed positive effects on flower production.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSoil Chemical Characteristics: Organic waste applications led to alterations in soil electrical conductivity (EC), pH, organic matter (OM) content, total nitrogen content, and carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios. Different organic waste types influenced these properties, with notable variations observed. CM, SM, and VC treatments enhanced soil pH, OM content, and total nitrogen, whereas TW, PM, WS, HH, and RH treatments showed contrasting effects.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSoil Biological Characteristics: The incorporation of organic waste materials positively influenced soil microbial attributes. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC), MBC/OC ratio, basal soil respiration (BSR), dehydrogenase enzyme activity (DHA), and catalase activity (CA) all exhibited increased values in response to various organic waste treatments. Notably, PM, SM, TW, VC, and CM treatments significantly enhanced soil microbial activity.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, the results underscore the potential benefits of incorporating organic waste materials into agricultural systems. Cow manure (CM), sheep manure (SM), vermicompost (VC), and tea waste (TW) emerged as favorable treatments for enhancing strawberry plant growth and improving soil attributes. The study contributes to the understanding of the complex interactions between organic waste materials, soil health, and plant performance, emphasizing the importance of sustainable agricultural practices that harness the benefits of organic waste utilization. Further research is warranted to explore optimal application rates and combinations of organic waste materials to maximize their positive impact on crop production and soil quality. By shedding light on the interactions between organic waste materials, soil properties, and plant growth, this study provides valuable insights for farmers, researchers, and policymakers aiming to enhance agricultural sustainability and productivity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe would like to express our gratitude to the support by the European project of Erasmus Mundus Joint master\u0026rsquo;s degree in Soil science (emiSS) with project number 610528-EPP-1-2019-1-TR-EPPKA1-JMD-MOB and Ondokuz Mayıs University (Project Number, PYO.ZRT.1904.23.009).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdu A, Musa K, Arafat Y (2017) Compaction behaviour of lateritic soils stabilized with blends of groundnut shell ash and metakaolin. 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Sci Hort 233:132\u0026ndash;140. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.01.023\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.scienta.2018.01.023\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Ondokuz Mayıs University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Organic waste, Albion strawberry, soil properties, plant growth, microbial activity, sustainable agriculture","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4588370/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4588370/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAims\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study delves into the impact of incorporating diverse organic waste materials on soil biological and chemical attributes within the rhizosphere of Albion strawberry plants \u003cem\u003e(Fragaria x ananassa Duch.).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEight organic waste types, including Cow Manure (CM), Poultry Manure (PM), Sheep Manure (SM), Vermicompost (VC), Rice Husk (RH), Wheat Straw (WS), Tea Waste (TW), and Hazelnut Husk (HH), were directly applied before strawberry transplantation. Effects on plant growth, soil chemical, and biological characteristics were assessed. In a controlled greenhouse, animal and plant waste impacts on rhizosphere and strawberry growth were examined. After applying organic waste (5% of pot weight), strawberries were transplanted. Soil moisture was monitored and maintained near field capacity. Employing a 61-day completely randomized design, soil samples were collected, analyzing microbial biomass C, basal soil respiration, dehydrogenase, and catalase.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResults\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFindings revealed TW pronounced influence on basal soil respiration compared to controls, while WS significantly impacted microbial biomass carbon (MBC). SM notably affected DHA, while PM most influenced CA. All treatments augmented OM. SM, CM, and VC increased total N; conversely, TW, RH, WS, HH, and PM decreased it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConclusions\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings highlight the ability of diverse organic waste to improve soil health and plant development within the rhizosphere of Albion strawberry plants. In addition to adds to our understanding of sustainable farming practices and provides useful information for farmers and policymakers who want to maximize organic waste usage in agricultural systems. More research and field experiments are needed to investigate the long-term impacts of these organic waste additions in real-world agricultural contexts.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Impact of Direct İncorporation of Organic Waste on Soil Properties and Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Duch.) Growth","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-19 13:08:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4588370/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b97d2979-d828-4c5a-b972-8cb108cb317f","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 19th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":33304818,"name":"Agronomy"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-19T13:08:37+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-19 13:08:37","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4588370","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4588370","identity":"rs-4588370","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}