Socioeconomic and Cultural Determinants of Illicit Alcohol Consumption Among Patrons in Uganda: A Mixed-Methods Approach

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Methods The study employed a cross-sectional study design. Alcohol consumption status, socioeconomic and cultural factors were examined among people who consumed illicit alcohol in the past twelve months. Unadjusted (OR) and adjusted multivariable logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (AOR) at a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Of the 400 patrons who participated, 301(75.2%) had consumed illicit alcohol in the past week (61.2% males vs 38.8% females) Most (36%) were aged 25–34 years and with mainly primary level of education (44.3%). A large proportion (79.8%) were engaged in informal employment earning less than UGX 500,000 monthly (71.5%). Over 80% of the participants started drinking alcohol before the age of 25. 11% of the patrons needed a drink first thing in the morning 13.8% visited hhospital due to drinking illicit alcohol and 35% had problems with friends due to consumption of illicit alcohol. The logistic regression analysis revealed that factors significantly associated with decreased odds of past-week illicit alcohol consumption were religion (Protestant) (AOR = 0.17, 95%, CI: 0.05–0.60, p = 0.006), drinking pattern of 2–3 times a week (AOR = 0.29, 95%, CI: 0.11–0.72 p = 0.008), and not viewing illicit alcohol as a socially accepted part of gathering (AOR = 0.36, 95%, CI: 0.14–0.93, p = 0.036). Increased odds were associated with aged 24 years and below (AOR = 6.75, 95%, CI: 0.98–6.37, p = 0.042), self-employed (AOR = 4.31, 95%, CI: 1.04–17.87, p = 0.044), primary reason as lower cost (R = 14.14, 95%, CI: 2.98–67.16, p = 0.001), and peer influence (AOR = 7.19, 95%, CI: 2.02–25.69, p = 0.002). The above results were echoed in the qualitative results "Even if I have 500 shillings, I can get a sachet or Kabisa and feel okay." — FGD Men Arua. "With only 1,000 shillings, I can drink until morning if I take nguli or Kuber." — FGD Youth Arua. "Alcohol is part of our culture; you can’t chase away a visitor and you must give him local brew." Conclusion Among illicit alcohol drinkers, this study reveals a higher prevalence of recent illicit alcohol consumption among low-income, less-educated male youths. This behavior is driven by entrenched factors such as peer pressure, affordability, and using alcohol to cope with hardship. Tackling this issue demands a comprehensive, multi-pronged intervention approach that addresses the root causes emphasizing prevention, educational outreach, psychosocial support, and active community involvement. Background Illicit alcohol consumption remains a pervasive and complex public health and socioeconomic issue globally ( 1 ). Over 25% of the alcohol consumed globally is illicit, with Africa showing higher rates of consumption and larger volumes of illicit alcohol compared to officially recorded alcoholic beverages. Social ecological models highlight the influence of peer networks, familial patterns, neighbourhood disorganization, and cultural norms in shaping individuals’ drinking behaviours ( 2 , 3 ). Comparative experiences from other countries further illustrate the complexity of tackling unregulated alcohol markets. In Russia, the implementation of licensing reforms and a Unified State Automated Information System (EGAIS) successfully curbed unrecorded consumption ( 25 ). Conversely, India’s prohibition policies in selected states have often led to underground markets and increased incidence of toxic brews ( 26 ) In Africa, specifically Sub-Saharan Africa, illicit alcohol plays a dominant role in drinking patterns due to economic disparities, cultural practices, and weak enforcement of alcohol control policies ( 4 ). Between (40%-70%) of alcohol consumed in many Sub-Saharan countries such as Zambia, South Africa and Zimbabwe is unrecorded, with high Alcohol by Volume (ABV) content and poor safety standards ( 5 ). In East Africa, countries like Kenya and Tanzania face similar trends, with local brews such as chang’aa and gongo commonly consumed. These substances are often produced with little or no regulatory oversight and are sometimes laced with harmful additives, increasing the risk of health complications ( 6 ). Despite these dangers, illicit alcohol remains socially accepted and under-researched, especially among vulnerable populations in informal settlements and rural areas ( 7 ). Kenya's Alcoholic Drinks Control Act (2010), or 'Mututho Law,’ attempted to formalize alcohol regulation through licensing and local governance but struggled with rural enforcement gaps ( 27 ). South Africa’s National Liquor Act (2003) introduced zoning and public health measures, yet informal trade thrives due to high compliance costs ( 28 ). These comparative examples demonstrate that while regulatory frameworks are necessary, they require alignment with grassroots realities, socio-economic alternatives, and community-based enforcement to be effective. Uganda, one of the leading alcohol-consuming nations in Sub-Saharan Africa ( 3 ), is witnessing a growing prevalence of unregulated alcohol products, including homebrews and illegally distributed spirits, which bypass formal taxation and safety oversight ( 8 ). Historically, Uganda’s illicit alcohol economy has deep roots in broader regional and global dynamics. Globally, unrecorded alcohol has long flourished in informal economies across Latin America, Eastern Europe, and Asia often as a response to restrictive colonial-era or post-colonial policies on alcohol taxation, prohibition, or distribution ( 9 ). Within Sub-Saharan Africa, countries like Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa have faced similar patterns, where poverty, high excise duties, and limited state oversight have enabled the growth of informal alcohol markets ( 10 ). Uganda's experience parallels these trajectories. Informal brewing traditions date back centuries and have persisted amid fragmented regulation, corruption, and under-resourced enforcement institutions ( 11 ). Legislative efforts, including the Enguli Act of 1966 and the more recent Alcohol Control Bill (2016), have had limited success, largely due to political inertia, decentralized production networks, and the deep entrenchment of alcohol in local livelihoods ( 12 ). These historical continuities help explain the resilience of illicit alcohol despite decades of regulatory attempts. According to the Uganda Alcohol Report (2022), 67.7 million litres or 52% of all alcohol consumed in the country is illicit ( 3 ). The Uganda Revenue Authority 2025 estimates that tax evasion in the alcohol sector leads to annual fiscal losses of approximately USD 458 million, underscoring the broader economic ramifications of the illicit trade ( 2 ). With over 6.5 million Ugandans, which is more than half of all alcohol consumers relying on illicit alcohol, the magnitude of this challenge extends beyond individual health outcomes to national economic losses, weakened public institutions, and deteriorating social capital ( 13 , 14 ). Uganda’s demographic structure compounds this vulnerability. As of 2024, the country has an estimated population of 45.9 million, of which 50.5% are under the age of 18 and 22.7% fall within the 18–30 age bracket Uganda Bureau of Statistics ( 15 ). This youth dominated population, amidst high unemployment and limited access to productive livelihood opportunities, is particularly susceptible to alcohol misuse. Several studies have shown a strong association between socio-economic disenfranchisement, especially among youth in low-income contexts, and substance abuse ( 16 , 17 ). Illicit alcohol, which is both affordable and readily available, offers a form of escapism for young people facing limited life prospects, social alienation, and psychological distress ( 18 , 19 ). Cultural permissiveness towards alcohol further entrenches its use in many Ugandan communities. Alcohol plays a ceremonial role in traditional rituals, community gatherings, and rites of passage, particularly in regions like Karamoja, Teso, and West Nile, where consumption rates range between 14% and 46% among the highest nationally( 20 ). In such areas, the social embeddedness of alcohol use often obscures the public health risks associated with excessive and underage drinking. Moreover, illicit alcohol functions as a socio-economic resource, providing income for informal producers and serving as a medium of social exchange in economically marginalized communities ( 21 , 22 ). These localized cultural norms challenge regulatory interventions and complicate efforts to shift community attitudes toward harmful consumption. Economically, affordability and accessibility remain central determinants of illicit alcohol consumption. Illicit brews are significantly cheaper than their regulated counterparts, are untaxed, and are often sold in small, non-standard quantities to match consumer purchasing power ( 23 ). This price advantage makes illicit alcohol especially attractive to low-income earners in urban slums, peri-urban zones, and rural villages. The proliferation of illicit alcohol also presents regulatory challenges. The decentralized production and distribution networks make it difficult to monitor quality, enforce legal standards, or assess consumer patterns. These informal alcohol economies often operate outside the purview of public health systems and expose users to toxic brews containing methanol or other adulterants linked to liver failure, blindness, or death ( 24 ). Yet, empirical data on these patterns remain sparse. Most existing studies either focus on general alcohol consumption or are geographically constrained, often overlooking the sociocultural and economic nuances driving illicit alcohol use across Uganda’s diverse population ( 17 , 23 ). This study addresses these critical knowledge gaps by employing a mixed-methods approach to examine the socioeconomic and cultural determinants of illicit alcohol consumption across various Ugandan settings. It aims to map out not only the patterns of use but also the motivations, vulnerabilities, and community dynamics that sustain the illicit alcohol economy. By capturing both quantitative trends and qualitative narratives, the study seeks to inform context-specific, culturally sensitive policy responses that align with Uganda’s evolving demographic and economic realities Methodology Study Design This study adopted a cross-sectional study design with mixed-methods to explore the socioeconomic and cultural determinants of illicit alcohol consumption in Uganda. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected simultaneously but analysed independently and integrated at the interpretation phase. The convergent mixed-methods approach enabled triangulation of findings, enhancing both the breadth and depth of the analysis (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2017). The quantitative strand provided measurable associations between key variables, while the qualitative strand offered contextual insights into behaviours, beliefs, and community norms around illicit alcohol use. Study Sites The study was conducted in two distinct geographical locations: Arua District and Kampala Capital City. Arua, located in north western Uganda, was selected to represent a rural setting with a long-standing culture of artisanal alcohol production and consumption. The district has been identified as a hotspot for informal alcohol economies driven by poverty, cultural acceptability, and weak regulatory enforcement. Kampala, Uganda’s capital and largest urban centre, was included to capture dynamics in a metropolitan context. The city is known for the proliferation of counterfeit and smuggled alcoholic products, and serves as a national policy hub. The urban setting provided a contrast in terms of economic activity, law enforcement presence, and diversity of alcohol products. This rural-urban comparison allowed for the identification of context specific as well as cross cutting determinants of illicit alcohol use ( 20 , 29 ) Study Population and Eligibility Criteria The study focused exclusively on individuals who consumed illicit alcohol. A total of 400 consumer respondents were included in the quantitative component 200 in Arua and 200 in Kampala. The sample size was determined using the formula for an unknown population and was increased to 400 to cater for potential non-response bias, as recommended in cross-sectional survey design literature ( 30 ). Eligibility for participation required that individuals had consumed illicit alcohol within the previous twelve months and had resided in the respective study area for at least one year. Illicit alcohol was defined operationally as any alcoholic beverage that is informally produced, unregulated, untaxed, or smuggled, and not certified by the Uganda National Bureau of Standards. For the qualitative component, the study engaged consumers through focus group discussions (FGDs) Sampling Strategy For the quantitative survey, respondents were identified through convenience and purposive sampling approaches. Patrons were identified from known hotspots such as local bars, trading centers, and informal settlements and were asked if they had illicit alcohol in the last twelve months preceding the survey. Research assistants moved through the selected locations systematically and recruited eligible participants until the target sample size was reached. Sample Size Determination: In this study, due to the absence of prior local studies on the prevalence of illicit alcohol use, an estimated prevalence (p) of 65% from UAPA alcohol report 2023 was considered. Using this estimate in a standard formula ( 31 ), a sample size was calculated as: $$\:n=\:\frac{{\left(1.96\right)}^{2}\:0.65\left(1-0.65\right)}{{\left(0.05\right)}^{2}}$$ The resulting sample size was 350 patrons. Allowing a 12% non-response rate would make it 392 which we rounded to 400 since we still had sufficient resources. This adjustment aligns with guidance from ( 32 ) which recommends increasing sample size in cross-sectional surveys to ensure validity and compensate for non-responses. The qualitative component of the study employed purposive sampling, guided by a maximum variation approach, to capture a wide range of perspectives on the socioeconomic and cultural drivers of illicit alcohol consumption in Uganda. Efforts were made to ensure diversity across gender, age, education, occupation, and income, as these variables are central to understanding differentiated experiences and attitudes. A total of three Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted in each community, each consisting of eight participants: one with adult males (above 30 years), one with adult females (above 30 years), and one with youth (18–30 years). This disaggregation was intended to foster openness and allow for the emergence of group-specific themes. Participant recruitment was facilitated by trained local research assistants with in-depth knowledge of the communities, which enhanced cultural sensitivity, trust, and contextual relevance. Sampling continued until thematic saturation was achieved, assessed through real-time analysis and regular debriefings, ensuring that the data collected were sufficiently comprehensive to capture the nuanced and intersecting socioeconomic and cultural dimensions shaping illicit alcohol use. Data Collection Procedures Data collection was conducted between October and November 2024. Trained research assistants administered structured questionnaires to eligible participants in the local languages of the respective study areas [in Lugbara for respondents in Arua, and Luganda for those in Kampala] and later transcribed them into English. The questionnaire included sections on demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, patterns and frequency of illicit alcohol use, availability and affordability of illicit alcohol, cultural perceptions, and awareness of legal or health-related consequences. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), as developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), was adapted and used in the design of the tool to screen for risky alcohol use patterns. Qualitative data were collected using semi-structured interview guides developed using the social-ecological model. These guides explored individual-level motivations, family and peer influences, community norms, economic pressures, and structural or policy-level drivers of illicit alcohol use. Interviews and FGDs were conducted in languages commonly spoken by participants Lugbara, English and later transcribed into English. Discussions were audio-recorded with informed consent, and each participant was assigned a unique identifier to ensure anonymity. Data quality was ensured through daily field debriefs and peer review of transcripts by the research team. Dependent variable The dependent variable for this study was past-week illicit alcohol consumption. Illicit alcohol was defined as that alcohol, with high-ABV manufactured illicit spirits, smuggled spirits and home-distilled spirit called crude or Nguli Waragi. Patrons were asked in the survey, “Have you consumed at least one drink of illicit alcohol on any of the past 7 days?” Those who reported “YES” were coded as 1, indicating they had consumed illicit alcohol while those who reported “NO” were coded as 0, indicating they had not consumed illicit Independent variables To analyze the characteristics that influence illicit alcohol intake, many socioeconomic, behavioral, and alcohol dependent aspects were considered. Socioeconomic and demographic variables Gender, age, sex, occupation; highest education level, monthly income, marital status, household size, and religion Behavioral variables Frequency of drinking alcohol (everyday, 5–6 days a week, 3–4 days a week, 1–2 days a week, 2–3 days a month, about 1 day a month, less often); patrons’ main drink (clear beer, opaque beer, sprits); drinker category (occasional drinker, binger drinker, heavy drinker, light drinker, social drinker); number of drinks of alcohol per alcohol drinking day ( 1 , 2 – 3 , 4 – 6 ) Alcohol dependency variables , failure to do what was normally expected from you because of drinking (Yes or No) Primary reason you drink illicit alcohol (Psychological Reasons, Easy Access, Personal Choice, Preference, Low Cost); Price influence on decision to consume illicit alcohol (A great deal, A little, not at all, quite abit) Social impact variable , had problems with friends due to drinking illicit alcohol (Yes or No). Health consequence variables , Intent to quit (Yes or No), and ever stopped drinking due to health reasons (Yes or No). Data Analysis Quantitative data were imported from Excel to SPSS Version 25 for analysis. Descriptive statistics summarized demographic and behavioural characteristics. Bivariate analyses were used to examine associations between illicit alcohol use and independent variables. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and the associated 95% CIs (Confidence Intervals) for the relationship between the independent variables and the outcome of illicit alcohol intake were computed using logistic regression in univariate and multivariable analyses. Probability values were two tailed for all tests, and p < 0.05 was used as the significanceb level. Findings with p-values less than the significance level of 0.05 were deemed statistically significant, suggesting that the observed differences were not likely to be the result of chance. The SPSS version 25 was used for all analyses. Qualitative data were analysed thematically using ATLAS.ti version 24. An initial coding framework was developed deductively from the social-ecological model and refined inductively based on emergent themes. Transcripts were coded independently by two researchers, with discrepancies resolved through consensus. Final themes were categorized into individual, interpersonal, community, and structural levels. Query reports were generated to identify code frequency and thematic saturation across participant groups. The results were later triangulated with quantitative findings to ensure consistency and enrich interpretation. Ethical Considerations This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles in the Declaration of Helsinki (2024 revision). The study obtained ethical approvals from the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (UNCST), the Makerere University School of Social Sciences Research Ethics Committee (MAKSSREC2024-782), and the Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA (DPHE/KCCA/130/01). All respondents provided written informed consent. All data were anonymized and securely kept in encrypted files accessible only to approved research professionals, ensuring strict privacy and confidentiality. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Results General characteristics of consumers The study involved 400 patrons from both urban (Kampala) and rural (Arua) areas of Uganda, with 61.2% (245/400) being men and 38.8% (155/400) women. The age group 25–34 had the highest proportion of illicit alcohol consumers (36%), and most (44.3%) had attained primary level of education. A large proportion (79.8%) were engaged in informal employment earning less than UGX 500,000 monthly (71.5%). Most of the respondents were married (60.3%) and Catholic (43.5%). Over 80% started drinking alcohol before the age of 25 and of these, 37.3% consumed it daily, about half (56%) took spirits as their main drink with about one third (30.3%) classified as heavy drinkers. Prevalence of illicit alcohol consumption Table 1 indicates an overall 301(75.2%) prevalence rate of past-week illicit alcohol consumption among illicit alcohol drinkers in Uganda reflecting a widespread issue across the population. Regionally, illicit alcohol use was slightly more prevalent in rural Arua (51.2%) compared to urban Kampala (48.8%). Gender differences in consumption patterns were evident, with 63.1% of illicit alcohol users being male and 36.9% being female. In terms of age, the highest prevalence was among respondents aged 25–34 years (38.2%). Most (46.8%) of these had primary as their highest level of education. A large proportion of illicit alcohol consumers were informally employed (81.4%), with only 7.3% in formal employment. The majority of illicit alcohol consumers (60.8%) were married and low-income earners (below UGX 500,000) constituting (75.1%) of illicit alcohol consumers. Most consumers of illicit alcohol were Catholics (39.5%), closely followed by Protestants (33.6%). Among past-week consumers of illicit alcohol, 80.8% started below the age of 25 years with 38.9% beginning before 18 years. In terms of drinking frequency, 41.5% of those respondents consumed daily. Illicit spirits were the mostly consumed type of illicit alcohol (60.5%). Close to 14% of past-week illicit alcohol consumers had sought medical attention due to alcohol-related issues, while 5.0% acknowledged failing to perform duties or responsibilities because of drinking. Additionally, 37.5% reported experiencing strained family or social relationships as a result of illicit alcohol consumption. Accessibility to illicit alcohol was found to at 91.4% by users in their communities, with 86.0% stating that it was more accessible than legal alcohol. Cost affordability was reported as the primary reason for illicit alcohol consumption (44.9%). Among past-week users, 33.2% reported that cultural norms heavily influenced their drinking behaviour while 56.8% believed that illicit alcohol was socially accepted within their communities. Peer pressure was reported as a contributing factor by 35.5% of users. Finally, 52.2% of people who used illicit alcohol did not make any attempt to quit. Determinants of illicit alcohol consumption The univariate logistic regression analysis results in Table 2 , identify several socio-economic and cultural factors that were significantly associated with illicit alcohol consumption: education level, household size, religion, drinking frequency, type of main drink taken, number of drinks, primary reasons for drinking, price influence, peer influence, personal attitude towards drinking, accessibility to illicit alcohol, cultural norms, and social accessibility as part of gathering. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that past-week illicit alcohol consumers aged 55 and above had increased odds of consuming illicit alcohol compared to those aged 24 years and below (AOR = 6.75, 95%, CI: 0.98–6.37, p = 0.042). Being self-employed was significantly associated with higher odds of past-week illicit alcohol consumption (AOR = 4.31, 95%, CI: 1.04–17.87, p = 0.044). Protestants were significantly less likely than Catholics to have recently consumed illicit alcohol (AOR = 0.17, 95%, CI: 0.05–0.60, p = 0.006). Individuals drinking 2–3 times a week had greatly reduced odds of recent illicit alcohol consumption (AOR = 0.29, 95%, CI: 0.11–0.72 p = 0.008), while psychological reasons for drinking increased the odds of recent illicit drinking much more than the cost of the drink (R = 14.14, 95%, CI: 2.98–67.16, p = 0.001). Consumers who sometimes experienced peer influence on decision to consume illicit alcohol were more likely to have recently consumed compared to individuals who never experienced peer influence (AOR = 7.19, 95%, CI: 2.02–25.69, p = 0.002). Cultural norms had a dual effect, with those who considered them quite a bit influential being more likely to have recently consumed illicit alcohol compared to those who were not at all influenced by cultural norms (AOR = 4.55, 1.07–19.34, p = 0.04). Those who did not view social acceptability as part of gatherings had significantly lower odds of illicit consumption compared to those who viewed it as a socially accepted part of gathering (AOR = 0.36, 95%, CI: 0.14–0.93, p = 0.03). Table 1 Background Characteristics of Consumers of Illicit Alcohol Illicit Alcohol Consumption in the 7 days Prior to the Survey Socio-economic and cultural factors N (%) Yes No Illicit alcohol consumption ( 7 days to the survey) 400(100) 301(75.2) 99(24.8) Location (district) Arua (rural) 200(50) 154(51.2) 46(46.5) Kampala (urban) 200(50) 147(48.8) 53(53.5) Gender Female 155(38.8) 111(36.9) 44(44.4) Male 245(61.2) 190(63.1) 55(55.6) Age category 18–24 36(9.0) 25(8.3) 11(11.1) 25–34 144(36.0) 115(38.2) 29(29.3) 35–44 110(27.5) 81(26.9) 29(29.3) 45–54 73(18.3) 54(17.9) 19(19.2) 55+ 37(9.2) 26(8.6) 11(11.1) Highest education level No education 13(3.3) 11(3.7) 2(2.0) Primary 177(44.2) 141(46.8) 36(36.4) Secondary 161(40.3) 121(40.2) 40(40.4) Tertiary 30(7.4) 19(6.3) 11(11.1) University 19(4.8) 9(3.0) 10(10.1) Occupation Formal employment 34(8.5) 22(7.3) 12(12.1) Informal employment 321(79.8) 245(81.4) 76(76.7) Unemployed 45(11.3) 34(11.3) 11(11.1) Marital status Currently married 241(60.3) 183(60.8) 58(58.6) Divorced 10(2.5) 7(2.3) 3(3.0) Separated 67(16.8) 49(16.3) 18(18.2) Single 71(17.8) 55(18.3) 16(16.2) Widow(er) 11(2.8) 7(2.3) 4(4.0) Household size 1 44( 11 ) 36(11.96) 8(8.08) 2_4 143(35.75) 102(33.89) 41(41.41) 5_10 197(49.25) 151(50.17) 46(46.46) Above 10 16(4.0) 12(3.99) 4(4.04) Average monthly income (Ugx) Less than 500,000 286(71.5) 226(75.1) 60(60.6) 500,000–1,000,000 75(18.8) 52(17.3) 23(23.2) 1,000,001–2,000,000 26(6.5) 14(4.7) 12(12.1) 2,000,001–3,000,000 7(1.8) 4(1.3) 3(3.0) 3,000,001–5,000,000 3(0.8%) 2(0.7) 1(1.0) 5,000,001–7,500,000 3(0.8) 3(1.0) 0(0.0) Religion Catholic 174(43.5) 119(39.5) 55(55.6) Muslim 40(10.0) 31(10.3) 9(9.1) Protestant 125(31.3) 101(33.6) 24(24.2) Pentecostal 38(9.5) 28(9.3) 10(10.1) SDA 23(5.8) 22(7.3) 1(1.0) Age at initiation Below 18 154(38.5) 117(38.9) 37(37.4) 18–24 170(42.5) 126(41.9) 44(44.4) 25&above 76(19.0) 58(19.3) 18(18.2) Drinking frequency Every day 149(37.3) 125(41.5) 24(24.2) 1 to 2 days a week 91(22.8) 63(20.9) 28(28.3) 3 to 4 days a week 101(25.3) 77(25.6) 24(24.2) 5 to 6 days a week 29(7.2) 22(7.3) 7(7.1) About 1 day a month 8(2.1) 0(0.0) 8(8.1) 2 to 3 days a month 22(5.5) 14(4.7) 8(8.1) Patrons’ main drink Clear beer 79(19.8) 43(14.3) 36(36.4) Opaque beer 97(24.3) 76(25.2) 21( 21 , 2 ) Spirits 224(56.0) 182(60.5) 42(42.4) Drinker category A binge drinker 5(1.3) 1(0.3) 4(4.0) A heavy drinker 121(30.3) 83(27.6) 38(38.4) A lighter drinker 192(48.0) 156(51.8) 36(36.4) A social drinker 38(9.5) 30(10.0) 8(8.1) An occasional drinker 44(11.0) 31(10.3) 13(13.1) Ever stopped drinking on the advice of a health worker/ doctor No 289(72.3) 217(72.1) 72(72.7) Yes 111(27.8) 84(27.9) 27(27.30) Number of drinks in a typical drinking occasion 1–2 78(19.5) 52(17.3) 26(26.3) 3–5 168(42.0) 121(40.2) 47(47.5) 6+ 154(38.5) 128(42.5) 26(26.3) Failed to do what was normally expected from you because of drinking illicit alcohol No 380(95) 286(95) 94(94.9) Yes 20(2.0) 15(5.0) 5(5.1) Needed a drink first thing in the morning No 356(89.0) 267(88.7) 89(89.9) Yes 44(11.0) 34(11.3) 10(10.1) Visited hospital due to drinking illicit alcohol No 345(86.3) 258(85.7) 87(87.9) Yes 55(13.8) 43(14.3) 12(12.1) Had problems with friends due to consumption of illicit alcohol No 260(65.0) 188(62.5) 72(72.7) Yes 140(35.0) 113(37.5) 27(27.3) Access to illicit alcohol in the community Very difficult 2(0.5) 0(0.0) 2(2.0) Difficult 4(1.0) 3(1.0) 1(1.0) Not sure 3(0.8) 0(0.0) 3(3.0) Somewhat easy 36(9.0) 23(7.6) 13(13.1) Very easy 355(88.8) 275(91.4) 80(80.8) Primary reason for drinking illicit alcohol Easier access 25(6.3) 23(7.6) 2(2.0) Lower cost 215(53.8) 135(44.9) 80(80.8) Personal choice 62(15.5) 54(17.9) 8(8.1) Preference for taste 41(10.3) 35(11.6) 6(6.1) Psychological dependence (e.g., stress relief, coping mechanism) 27(6.8) 25(8.3) 2(2.0) Others 30(7.5) 29(9.6) 1(1.0) Accessibility of illicit spirits compared to legal options Much more accessible 326(81.5) 259(86.0) 67(67.7) Equally accessible 28(7.0) 24(8.0) 4(4.0) Somewhat accessible 25(6.3) 14(4.7) 11(11.1) Less accessible 21(5.3) 4(1.3) 17(17.2) Influence of Cultural norms on decision to consume illicit alcohol A great deal 140(35.0) 100(33.2) 40(40.4) Quite a bit 59(14.8) 54(17.9) 5(5.10) A little 70(17.5) 42(14.0) 28(28.3) Not at all 131(32.8) 105(34.9) 26(26.3) Social acceptability as part of gathering Strongly agree 216(54.0) 171(56.8) 45(45.5) Agree 112(28.0) 89(29.6) 23(23.2) Disagree 20(5.0) 17(5.6) 3(3.0) Strongly disagree 52(13.0) 24(8.0) 28(28.3) Price influence on decision to consume illicit alcohol A great deal 241(60.3) 164(54.5) 77(77.8) Quite a bit 48(12.0) 40(13.3) 8(8.1) A little 27(6.8) 23(7.6) 4(4.0) Not at all 84(21.0) 74(24.6) 10(10.1) Peer influence on decision to consume illicit alcohol Often 104(26.0) 77(25.6) 27(27.3) Sometimes 118(29.5) 107(35.5) 11(11.1) Rarely 64(16.0) 44(14.6) 20(20.2) Never 114(28.5) 73(24.3) 41(41.4) Ever tempted to stop drinking illicit alcohol No 225(56.3) 157(52.2) 68(68.7) Yes 175(43.8) 144(47.8) 31(31.3) Place where llicit Alcohol is Obtained Brew it myself 5(1.3) 4(1.3) 1(1.0) Brewer 23(5.8) 19(6.3) 4(4.0) Friend or acquaintance 41(11.1) 31(10.3) 13(13.1) Parent Spouse or partner Other relative 8(2.0) 6(2.0) 2(2.0) Purchase it myself to drink at that venue (e.g. pub, café) 246(61.5) 185(61.5) 61(61.6) Purchase it myself to take away and drink elsewhere 73(18.3) 55(18.3) 18(18.2) Table 2 Binary and Multivariate Logistic Regression Models Socio-economic and cultural factors *UOR (95% CI) P-value **AOR(95% CI) P-value Gender Males Ref Ref Female 1.37(0.86–2.17) 0.181 0.90(0.40–2.03) 0.799 Age category 18–24 Ref Ref 25–34 1.75(0.77–395) 0.182 2.47(0.62–9.80) 0.197 35–44 1.23(0.54–2.81) 0.625 1.66(0.36–7.65) 0.517 45–54 1.25(0.512–3.08) 0.619 3.41(0.69–6.83) 0.133 55+ 1.04(0.38–2.83) 0.939 6.75(0.98–6.37) 0.042 Highest education level No education Ref Ref Primary 4.12(0.83–20.62) 0.084 5.27(0.35–8.70) 0.229 Secondary 2.94(1.49–5.76) 0.002 2.13(0.66–6.85) 0.203 University 2.27(1.16–4.43) 0.016 2.35(0.74–7.43) 0.146 Occupation Formal employment Ref Ref Informal 1.74(0.78–3.89) 0.18 3.52(0.80–15.50) 0.096 Self-employed 1.76(0.82–3.77) 0.15 4.31(1.04–17.87) 0.044 Marital status Divorced/separated Ref Ref Married 1.28(0.61–2.73) 0.507 2.02(0.59–6.98) 0.266 Single 1.18(0.66–2.12) 0.571 1.75(0.59–5.11) 0.309 Widowed 0.66(0.17–2.47) 0.534 0.26(0.03–2.07) 0.202 Household size 10+ Ref Ref 1 1.50(0.38–5.88) 0.561 3.07(0.42–22.44) 0.269 2_4 0.83(0.25–2.72) 0.757 0.95(0.18–5.17) 0.956 5-_10 1.09(0.34–3.56) 0.881 1.28(0.25–6.51) 0.767 Average monthly income (Ugx) Below 500,000 Ref Ref 1-2m 0.31(0.14–0.70) 0.005 1.28(0.25–6.51) 0.025 2-3m 0.57(0.33–0.99) 0.045 0.95(0.18–5.17) 0.74 3m and above 1.33(0.15–11.58) 0.798 3.07(0.42–22.44) 0.934 Religion Catholic Ref Ref Protestant 1.95(1.12–3.36) 0.017 0.17(0.05–0.60) 0.006 Muslim 2.45(1.16–5.17) 0.019 0.48(0.12–1.89) 0.295 Pentecostal 1.29(0.59–2.85) 0.522 0.23(0.05–1.10) 0.066 Drinking frequency Every day Ref Ref 2–3 days a week 0.41(0.23–0.74) 0.003 0.29(0.11–0.72) 0.008 4–5 days a week 0.63(0.35–1.15) 0.135 0.45(0.19–1.10) 0.082 Patrons’ main drink Clear beer Ref Ref Opaque beer 3.03(1.57–5.83) 0.001 1.05(0.36–3.06) 0.936 Sprits 3.63(2.08–6.32) 0.000 2.02(0.75–5.47) 0.164 Drinker category An occasional drinker Ref Ref A binger drinker 0.11(0.02–1.03) 0.053 0.02(0.009–3.26) 0.129 A heavy drinker 0.92(0.43–1.94) 0.819 0.90(0.24–3.33) 0.877 A light drinker 1.81(0.87–3.82) 0.115 2.09(0.60–7.27) 0.247 A social drinker 1.57(0.57–4.33) 0.381 5.23(0.83–33.06) 0.078 Number of drinks in a typical drinking occasion 1–2 Ref Ref 3–5 1.24(0.69–2.22) 0.474 1.02(0.38–2.72) 0.974 6+ 2.28(1.21–4.29) 0.011 1.98(0.64–6.08) 0.233 Problems with friends No Ref Ref Yes 1.60(0.97–2.64) 0.064 0.83(0.27–2.54) 0.745 Primary reason Psychological reasons Ref Ref Easy access 6.81(1.57–29.67) 0.011 2.84(0.46–17.48) 0.26 Personal choice 4(1.81–8.83) 0.001 4.13(1.24–13.54) 0.019 Preference 3.36(1.35–8.34) 0.009 2.87(0.86–9.63) 0.087 Low cost 10.86(3.29–35.87) 0.000 14.14(2.98–67.16) 0.001 Illicit accessibility Accessible Ref Ref Less accessible 0.38(0.21–0.70) 0.002 0.39(0.13–1.25) 0.114 Influence of cultural norms Not at all Ref Ref A great deal 0.625(0.36–1.10) 0.103 0.88(0.32–2.41) 0.799 Quite abit 2.75(1.00-7.56) 0.05 4.55(1.07–19.34) 0.04 A little 0.375(0.19–0.71) 0.003 0.32(0.11–0.92) 0.035 Social acceptability as part of gathering Yes Ref Ref No 0.35(0.20–0.59) 0.000 0.36(0.14–0.93) 0.036 Price influence on decision to consume illicit alcohol A great deal Ref Ref Quite abit 2.34(1.05–5.25) 0.038 1.88(0.53–6.64) 0.33 A little 2.69(0.90–8.07) 0.076 1.66(0.39–7.12) 0.496 Not at all 3.47(1.70–7.09) 0.001 4.10(1.28–13.16) 0.018 Peer influence on decision to consume illicit alcohol Never Ref Ref Often 1.66(0.93–2.99) 0.089 2.73(0.79–9.47) 0.114 Sometimes 5.46(2.64–11.34) 0.00 7.19(2.02–25.69) 0.002 Rarely 1.18(0.62–2.24) 0.621 0.93(0.29–2.91) 0.897 Peers’ attitude Not at all Ref Ref Significantly 0.92(0.56–1.53) 0.758 0.51(0.16–1.58) 0.241 Moderately 3.26(1.62–6.56) 0.001 1.02(0.29–3.59) 0.972 Ever tempted to stop drinking illicit alcohol Yes Ref Ref No 0.49(0.31–0.80) 0.004 0.61(0.27–1.35) 0.223 Note : Variables included in the multivariable analysis despite lack of statistical significance in univariate analysis: Gender, Marital status, Household size, Drinker category and Occupation; UOR* Unadjusted odds ratio; AOR** Adjusted odds ratio. Bold values indicate statistically significant. Qualitative Matrix: Socio-economic and Cultural Determinants of Illicit Alcohol Consumption in Uganda Population Group Major Determinant Sub-Theme Minor Theme Evidence Source (FGD) Youth Social Norms Cultural introduction to illicit alcohol - Initiation through traditional events, family roles, or clan norms FGD YOUTH ARUA & KAMPALA Peer & Community Influence Group drinking culture - Drinking to belong or fit in (e.g., sports, discos, school tours) FGD YOUTH KAMPALA Economic Constraints Low-cost local brews - Cheap prices of cassava lager, Kabisa which are as low as Ugx 500/= were more preferred compared to expensive brands - 500/= options preferred FGD YOUTH ARUA & KAMPALA Ease of access - Illicit alcohol readily available in informal markets FGD YOUTH ARUA Men Cultural Norms Alcohol as a tradition - Used in social functions (e.g., marriage, politics) - Community integration FGD MEN ARUA Alcohol for survival - Brewing supports household income and education FGD MEN ARUA Social Structures Peer bonding & community - Drinking as a coping mechanism for unemployment and social frustration FGD MEN ARUA Economic Hardship Alcohol affordability - Preference for cheap alcohol (e.g., Nguli) - Pooling money to afford drinks FGD MEN KAMPALA & ARUA Alcohol as income source - Brewing as a livelihood strategy FGD MEN ARUA (Implied) Women Economic Pressure Illicit alcohol as stress relief from financial burden - Men give insufficient support - Pooling funds to drink FGD WOMEN ARUA Brewing as livelihood - Brewing helps pay rent and sustain families FGD WOMEN ARUA Cultural Habituation Familiarity with local brews - Preference for Nguli due to known safety of brewing process FGD WOMEN ARUA & KAMPALA Social Settings Inclusion in communal events - Drinking at weddings, funerals, social groups FGD WOMEN ARUA Cultural Transmission Childhood introduction - Given illicit alcohol as children - Normalization through generations FGD WOMEN KAMPALA Interpretation of Qualitative Findings 1. Cultural Norms a. Illicit Alcohol as a Tradition (Men) Among men in Arua, illicit alcohol is entwined with cultural identity and hospitality norms. It is seen as a necessary social courtesy, making its consumption socially acceptable and encouraged within cultural frameworks. "Alcohol is part of our culture; you can’t chase away a visitor and you must give him local brew." — FGD Men Arua b. Illicit Alcohol for Survival (Men) Illicit alcohol brewing and sales are viewed as valid economic activities. In some households, illicit alcohol is not merely a vice but a survival mechanism and a livelihood source. "Brewing helped me educate my children, pay school fees and rent, and even buy a cow." — FGD Men Arua c. Cultural Initiation (Youth) Alcohol use is introduced to youth through culturally sanctioned rites of passage. This early exposure positions alcohol use as normative and even expected from adolescence. "In our clan, boys start taking kwete during circumcision ceremonies." — FGD Youth Arua 2. Social Structures and Peer Influence a. Peer Bonding & Community (Men) Alcohol provides a communal activity for bonding, particularly among unemployed men. Drinking is portrayed as a coping strategy and form of male social solidarity. "We are jobless, and sometimes drinking [illicit alcohol] is the only way we forget the stress. We drink as brothers." — FGD Men Arua b. Drinking as Group Identity (Youth) Among youth, illicit alcohol consumption is tied to peer acceptance and social standing. Fear of social exclusion drives participation in risky drinking. "You drink to fit in. If you refuse, they laugh at you." — FGD Youth Arua c. Social Settings that Encourage Drinking (Youth) Leisure environments act as catalysts for illicit alcohol use. Illicit alcohol is embedded in recreational activities, making abstention difficult. " We go to discos or football matches and after that, we drink [illicit alcohol]." — FGD Youth Arua 3. Economic Constraints and Survival Strategies a. Alcohol Affordability (Men) The low cost of sachet and bulk local brews sustains consumption among the poor, and hence they become economic motivations for choosing cheap and shared consumption models. "Even if I have 500 shillings, I can get a sachet or Kabisa and feel okay." — FGD Men Arua "We contribute small money and buy a jerrycan, then share." — FGD Men Arua b. Cheap Options (Youth) Youths with minimal income prefer illicit alcohol due to affordability. Low cost and high intoxication potential of these drinks make them dangerously attractive. " With only 1,000 shillings, I can drink until morning if I take nguli or Kuber ." — FGD Youth Arua c. Availability (Youth) The widespread availability of alcohol lowers barriers to access. Easy access promotes habitual consumption and undermines control efforts. "You find these drinks everywhere, even in small shops." — FGD Youth Arua 4. Women and Economic Pressure a. Coping with Hardship (Women) Illicit alcohol use here is framed as emotional relief in a context of financial exclusion. Women drink to escape economic and emotional distress caused by neglect or poverty. "Our husbands don’t give us money, so we sit and drink to forget." — FGD Women Arua b. Pooling Resources (Women) Even women with limited finances collaborate to access alcohol. This cooperative purchasing behaviour underscores both the determination to drink and the economic hardship faced. " If I have 200 and my friend has 300, we buy nguli ." — FGD Women Arua Discussion This study employed a mixed-methods approach to examine the socioeconomic and cultural determinants of past-week illicit alcohol use among illicit alcohol drinkers in Uganda, combining statistical modelling with narrative insights from affected communities. The integration of regression analysis and rich qualitative data provides a nuanced understanding of both structural and cultural drivers of past-week illicit alcohol consumption. This dual-lens approach addresses critical gaps in regional literature and responds to calls for context-sensitive frameworks in substance use research ( 33 ). The study identifies economic, cultural, and social drivers of past-week illicit alcohol consumption among illicit alcohol consumers in Uganda, reflecting broader trends seen in low-income settings globally. The affordability of illicit alcohol relative to licit alternatives is a key driver. This is consistent with research conducted in selected countries which reported economic accessibility as one of the strongest predictors of unregulated alcohol consumption in resource-constrained environments ( 34 ). In Uganda, the lack of taxation and minimal regulation lower production costs, making illicit alcohol an attractive option for low-income consumers. Cultural norms also play a pivotal role, particularly the normalization of alcohol consumption among men and youth. In societies where drinking is tied to masculinity and social acceptance, efforts to regulate consumption face significant resistance ( 35 ). Peer influence and boredom further exacerbate these behaviours, as highlighted by studies emphasizing the role of social networks in initiating and sustaining harmful drinking habits ( 36 ). Peer pressure, particularly among youth, was another key driver identified in this study. In another study, peer influence, particularly in urban areas, was a well-documented factor in alcohol use among adolescents and young adults in Uganda ( 37 ). Social factors such as the desire to fit in, the pursuit of social status, and the availability of alcohol at social events contribute to high consumption rates among youth ( 38 ). This is supported by similar studies in Uganda, where peer pressure is strongly linked to illicit alcohol consumption ( 37 , 39 ). In addition to cultural and social influences, the study identified coping mechanisms for stress, particularly among married individuals, as a driver of past-week illicit alcohol consumption. Similarly, another study conducted in Kampala revealed that many individuals in difficult socioeconomic conditions use alcohol as a means to cope with stress, family pressures, and mental health challenges ( 2 ). Older adults were more likely to consume illicit alcohol in the past week than their younger counterparts, a trend mirrored in qualitative narratives where elderly men described alcohol as integral to hospitality and tradition. However, youth are not exempt; initiation during cultural rites such as circumcision introduces adolescents to consumption as a normative rite of passage. This dual pattern reflects Bourdieu’s (1977) concept of habitus—the socialized norms and dispositions ingrained across generations. These findings support similar African ethnographic studies ( 40 , 41 ), that highlight how traditional rites continue to shape substance use behaviour, even in the face of modern policy interventions. Thus, cultural legacies are not static; they are actively reproduced and adapted by both the old and the young. Self-employment also emerged as an important contextual factor. Qualitative accounts elaborate that brewing and selling illicit brews are not simply economic alternatives but essential survival strategies. Participants emphasized that illicit brewing paid for children’s education and daily needs. This resonates with Hart’s (1973) theory of the informal economy, where subsistence-based entrepreneurship often coexists with regulatory evasion ( 42 ). In Uganda’s precarious economic environment, illicit alcohol functions both as a commodity and coping mechanism, blurring lines between criminality and necessity. The finding that among illicit alcohol drinkers, Protestants were less likely than Catholics to have consumed illicit alcohol in the past week may reflect differences in theological doctrine and moral messaging around alcohol. While this was not explicitly echoed in FGDs, the broader literature supports this divide: Protestant denominations particularly evangelical strains and tend to emphasize abstinence or strict moderation ( 43 ), while Catholic traditions often view alcohol consumption through a sacramental or communal lens, potentially normalizing moderate use but also unintentionally sanctioning risky behaviours. Future research should interrogate how these religious identities intersect with cultural and peer dynamics. Peer influence featured strongly in both qualitative and quantitative data. This was especially salient among youth, who described drinking as a means of social integration: “You drink to fit in.” Social Identity Theory (1986) provides a useful lens, suggesting that individuals conform to group behaviours to maintain acceptance. Similar dynamics have been observed in urban slums and informal settlements across Africa ( 44 ), where youth leisure spaces such as football pitches, discos, and street corners become sites of peer-pressured consumption. In such contexts, illicit alcohol is more than a drink; it is a symbolic ticket into a social world. Psychological motivations also stood out, particularly among women who reported drinking to cope with abandonment, poverty, and loneliness. “We sit and drink to forget,” one woman recounted. This reflects the sociocultural framing of alcohol as a dual tool serving both as an emotional anaesthetic and a social facilitator ( 45 ). More recently, it was emphasized how women's alcohol use in Sub-Saharan Africa often serves as a gendered escape mechanism within structurally violent economic systems ( 46 ). These findings highlight the need to frame frequent illicit alcohol consumption within the intersection of mental health, gender inequality, and social exclusion. Cultural influence had a paradoxical effect: individuals moderately influenced by tradition were more likely to engage in past-week illicit alcohol use. Narratives from Arua described alcohol as symbolic of adulthood, kinship, and hospitality. However, these same traditions inadvertently masked the dangers of unregulated brews. This aligns with a critique of “cultural permission,” where identity-affirming behaviours can also obscure health risks ( 47 ). The cultural valorisation of illicit alcohol thus becomes a double-edged sword promoting cohesion on one hand, while enabling harm on the other. Social groups also shaped consumption behaviours. Patrons were less likely to have consumed illicit alcohol in the seven days preceding the survey if they viewed alcohol consumption as socially unacceptable in group settings. This was echoed more in the FGDs: communal drinking often involves structured sharing, cost pooling, and ritualization, which may act as informal controls on excessive consumption. This resonates with other studies that argued that when drinking is embedded within ritualized, collective settings, it can foster moderation ( 33 , 48 ). Thus, not all social drinking contexts are equally risky, context and structure matter. Although affordability did not emerge as a statistically significant determinant in the regression model, it dominated qualitative narratives. Participants repeatedly cited the low cost and easy access of illicit brews as core drivers: “Even with 500 shillings, I can drink.” The price elasticity of alcohol demand in low-income contexts is relevant here. The economic logic is simple: cheap, potent, and available alcohol meets the needs of those excluded from formal economies and public health infrastructures ( 49 ). In this context, illicit alcohol becomes the rational choice for irrational times. Limitations and Strengths This study only collected data from people who drank illicit alcohol in the past 12 months and only asked about their illicit alcohol consumption. Thus, it provides no information about the percentage of the population who drink illicit alcohol. Moreover, illicit alcohol consumption and drinker category were not assessed in the context of total alcohol consumption. No data were collected that would support an analysis of the share of consumption that was illicit. The analysis focuses on which illicit alcohol drinkers consumed illicit alcohol in the past week. The study adopted non-probability sampling techniques; thus, the results may not be easily generalizable to the entire population. It also relied on self-reported data from consumers, and this may have introduced response and social desirability biases, especially on sensitive issues like health effects, addiction, and underage drinking. Additionally, the study used a cross-sectional research design, which restricted the ability to establish causal relationships between identified risk factors and consumption patterns over time. The study was also conducted in Arua and Kampala, which may not capture the full geographical diversity of illicit alcohol dynamics in Uganda. However, the study also presents several notable strengths. For example, it adopted a comprehensive mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews, which enriched the data and provided a holistic understanding of illicit alcohol consumption. The study was conducted in both rural (Arua) and urban (Kampala) areas, allowing for comprehensive insights across different socio-geographic contexts. Conclusion The study reveals that illicit alcohol consumption in Uganda is strongly shaped by underlying socioeconomic and cultural determinants. Consumption is notably prevalent among low-income, less-educated individuals, with men and youth disproportionately affected. This pattern underscores the role of economic hardship and entrenched cultural norms in sustaining demand. Illicit alcohol serves not only as an accessible alternative due to its affordability but also as a coping mechanism in contexts of social and economic vulnerability. Cultural practices further reinforce its use, with illicit alcohol often embedded in traditional rites and expressions of group identity. Unemployment, unstable income sources, and the absence of male support structures were key drivers influencing both consumption and production, particularly in marginalized communities. Additionally, the study highlights the strong influence of peer dynamics and the need for social belonging, especially among youth and men, which further fuels the persistence of illicit alcohol use. Declarations Conflict of Interest AR and TA declare that they are full time employees of AB InBev Foundation. Aside from the funding source, all other authors declare no conflict of interest in the conduct of this study. The research was carried out independently and objectively, without any undue influence from funders, stakeholders, or other external parties. All findings, interpretations, and conclusions presented in the report are solely based on the data collected and analysed during the study and reflect the authors’ professional judgment and commitment to ethical research standards. Funding The authors state financial funding for the research and publishing of this article from the AB InBev Foundation. The content is exclusively the writers' responsibility and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of AB InBev or the AB InBev Foundation. By agreement, Arrow Empirical Research & Skills Enhancement (AERSE) and the authors have final, independent decision-making authority over all content. Author Contribution KN: Conceptualization, Project design, designing the methodology, Resources, visualization, overseeing ethical approvals, Coordination, Analysis, writing original draft, Writing-review & editing, and disseminating results to stakeholders. SR: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, designing Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing and Investigation. MT: Designing the sampling strategy, developing the data analysis plan, Project administration, advanced statistical analyses, Writing original draft, Writing - review & editing. CK: Writing original draft, reviewing & editing, Formal analysis. 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WHO Technical Manual on Alcohol Tax Policy and Administration [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. 300 p. Available from: https://www.sochob.cl/web1/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/WHO-technica.pdf Purgato M, Uphoff E, Singh R, Thapa Pachya A, Abdulmalik J, Van Ginneken N. Promotion, prevention and treatment interventions for mental health in low- And middle-income countries through a task-shifting approach. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2020; Kamau PM. Alcohol Control Policy and Regulation of Underage Drinking, A Case Study of Nyandarua County, Kenya. Vol. 2. 2025. Mitchell G, Siwela P, Goldstein S, Diedericks AM. Alcohol industry involvement in the delayed South Africa Draft Liquor Amendment Bill 2016: a case study based on freedom of information requests. Global Health. 2025;21(1). Movendi International. New WHO Data Reveal Worryingly High Levels of Alcohol Use [Internet]. WHO. 2023. Available from: https://movendi.ngo/news/2023/05/27/uganda-new-who-data-reveal-worryingly-high-levels-of-alcohol-use/#:~:text=On average%2C each person in,rules against it for minors. Taherdoost H, Business H, Sdn S, Group C, Lumpur K. Sampling Methods in Research Methodology ; How to Choose a Sampling Technique for. Int J Acad Res Manag. 2016;5(2):18–27. Ajay S, Micah M. Sampling Techniques & Determination of Sample Size in Applied Statistics Research: an Overview. Inwood Mag. 2014;II(96):32–3. Taherdoost H. Determining Sample Size; How to Calculate Survey Sample Size. Int J Econ Manag Syst. 2020; Sudhinaraset M, Wigglesworth C, Takeuchi DT. Social and cultural contexts of alcohol use: Influences in a social–ecological framework. Alcohol Res Curr Rev. 2016;38(1):35–45. Witt D, Nagy J. Understanding the drivers of illicit alcohol: an analysis of selected country case studies. World Cust J. 2022;16(2):81–98. Zanchetta MS, Finamore V, Felipe ICV, Bergeron CM, Nazzal A. 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Cape town: Indiana University Press; 2010. 248 p. Available from: https://iupress.org/9780253221803/beer-sociability-and-masculinity-in-south-africa/ Willis J. Drinking Power: Alcohol and History in Africa. Hist Compass [Internet]. 2005;3(1). Available from: https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00176.x Wilkinson RK, Deaton A, Muellbauer J. Economics and Consumer Behaviour. Vol. 144, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General). 1981. p. 538. Tumwesigye NM, Atuyambe L, Kibira SPS, Wabwire-Mangen F, Tushemerirwe F, Wagner GJ. Do Religion and Religiosity Have Anything to Do With Alcohol Consumption Patterns? Evidence From Two Fish Landing Sites on Lake Victoria Uganda. Subst Use Misuse [Internet]. 2023;48(12):1130–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2013.808464 Chuanwei M, Bovet P, Yang L, Zhao M, Liang Y. Alcohol use among young adolescents in low-income and middle-income countries: a population-based study. Lancent [Internet]. 2018;2(6):415–29. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanchi/article/PIIS2352-4642(18)30112-3/abstract Room R. Stigma, social inequality and alcohol and drug use. Addiction. 2005;24(2):143–55. Netope RN, Nghitanwa EM, Endjala T. Investigation of the determinants of alcohol use among women in Oshikoto region, Namibia. J Public Health Africa. 2023;14(3):8–13. Hunt G, Barker J. Socio-cultural anthropology and alcohol and drug research towards a unified theory. Sci Direct [Internet]. 53(2):165–88. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00329-4 Douglas M. Constructive drinking : perspectives on drink from anthropology [Internet]. London: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge; 1987. 291 p. Available from: https://archive.org/details/constructivedrin0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up Matzopoulos RG, Truen S, Bowman B, Corrigall J. The cost of harmful alcohol use in South Africa. Pub med [Internet]. 2014;104(2):127–32. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24893544/ Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Over 25% of the alcohol consumed globally is illicit, with Africa showing higher rates of consumption and larger volumes of illicit alcohol compared to officially recorded alcoholic beverages. Social ecological models highlight the influence of peer networks, familial patterns, neighbourhood disorganization, and cultural norms in shaping individuals\u0026rsquo; drinking behaviours (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Comparative experiences from other countries further illustrate the complexity of tackling unregulated alcohol markets. In Russia, the implementation of licensing reforms and a Unified State Automated Information System (EGAIS) successfully curbed unrecorded consumption (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). Conversely, India\u0026rsquo;s prohibition policies in selected states have often led to underground markets and increased incidence of toxic brews (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Africa, specifically Sub-Saharan Africa, illicit alcohol plays a dominant role in drinking patterns due to economic disparities, cultural practices, and weak enforcement of alcohol control policies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Between (40%-70%) of alcohol consumed in many Sub-Saharan countries such as Zambia, South Africa and Zimbabwe is unrecorded, with high Alcohol by Volume (ABV) content and poor safety standards (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). In East Africa, countries like Kenya and Tanzania face similar trends, with local brews such as chang\u0026rsquo;aa and gongo commonly consumed. These substances are often produced with little or no regulatory oversight and are sometimes laced with harmful additives, increasing the risk of health complications (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Despite these dangers, illicit alcohol remains socially accepted and under-researched, especially among vulnerable populations in informal settlements and rural areas (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Kenya's Alcoholic Drinks Control Act (2010), or 'Mututho Law,\u0026rsquo; attempted to formalize alcohol regulation through licensing and local governance but struggled with rural enforcement gaps (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). South Africa\u0026rsquo;s National Liquor Act (2003) introduced zoning and public health measures, yet informal trade thrives due to high compliance costs (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). These comparative examples demonstrate that while regulatory frameworks are necessary, they require alignment with grassroots realities, socio-economic alternatives, and community-based enforcement to be effective.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUganda, one of the leading alcohol-consuming nations in Sub-Saharan Africa (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), is witnessing a growing prevalence of unregulated alcohol products, including homebrews and illegally distributed spirits, which bypass formal taxation and safety oversight (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Historically, Uganda\u0026rsquo;s illicit alcohol economy has deep roots in broader regional and global dynamics. Globally, unrecorded alcohol has long flourished in informal economies across Latin America, Eastern Europe, and Asia often as a response to restrictive colonial-era or post-colonial policies on alcohol taxation, prohibition, or distribution (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Within Sub-Saharan Africa, countries like Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa have faced similar patterns, where poverty, high excise duties, and limited state oversight have enabled the growth of informal alcohol markets (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Uganda's experience parallels these trajectories. Informal brewing traditions date back centuries and have persisted amid fragmented regulation, corruption, and under-resourced enforcement institutions (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Legislative efforts, including the Enguli Act of 1966 and the more recent Alcohol Control Bill (2016), have had limited success, largely due to political inertia, decentralized production networks, and the deep entrenchment of alcohol in local livelihoods (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). These historical continuities help explain the resilience of illicit alcohol despite decades of regulatory attempts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the Uganda Alcohol Report (2022), 67.7\u0026nbsp;million litres or 52% of all alcohol consumed in the country is illicit (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The Uganda Revenue Authority 2025 estimates that tax evasion in the alcohol sector leads to annual fiscal losses of approximately USD 458\u0026nbsp;million, underscoring the broader economic ramifications of the illicit trade (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). With over 6.5\u0026nbsp;million Ugandans, which is more than half of all alcohol consumers relying on illicit alcohol, the magnitude of this challenge extends beyond individual health outcomes to national economic losses, weakened public institutions, and deteriorating social capital (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUganda\u0026rsquo;s demographic structure compounds this vulnerability. As of 2024, the country has an estimated population of 45.9\u0026nbsp;million, of which 50.5% are under the age of 18 and 22.7% fall within the 18\u0026ndash;30 age bracket Uganda Bureau of Statistics (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). This youth dominated population, amidst high unemployment and limited access to productive livelihood opportunities, is particularly susceptible to alcohol misuse. Several studies have shown a strong association between socio-economic disenfranchisement, especially among youth in low-income contexts, and substance abuse (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). Illicit alcohol, which is both affordable and readily available, offers a form of escapism for young people facing limited life prospects, social alienation, and psychological distress (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCultural permissiveness towards alcohol further entrenches its use in many Ugandan communities. Alcohol plays a ceremonial role in traditional rituals, community gatherings, and rites of passage, particularly in regions like Karamoja, Teso, and West Nile, where consumption rates range between 14% and 46% among the highest nationally(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). In such areas, the social embeddedness of alcohol use often obscures the public health risks associated with excessive and underage drinking. Moreover, illicit alcohol functions as a socio-economic resource, providing income for informal producers and serving as a medium of social exchange in economically marginalized communities (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). These localized cultural norms challenge regulatory interventions and complicate efforts to shift community attitudes toward harmful consumption. Economically, affordability and accessibility remain central determinants of illicit alcohol consumption. Illicit brews are significantly cheaper than their regulated counterparts, are untaxed, and are often sold in small, non-standard quantities to match consumer purchasing power (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). This price advantage makes illicit alcohol especially attractive to low-income earners in urban slums, peri-urban zones, and rural villages.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe proliferation of illicit alcohol also presents regulatory challenges. The decentralized production and distribution networks make it difficult to monitor quality, enforce legal standards, or assess consumer patterns. These informal alcohol economies often operate outside the purview of public health systems and expose users to toxic brews containing methanol or other adulterants linked to liver failure, blindness, or death (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). Yet, empirical data on these patterns remain sparse. Most existing studies either focus on general alcohol consumption or are geographically constrained, often overlooking the sociocultural and economic nuances driving illicit alcohol use across Uganda\u0026rsquo;s diverse population (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study addresses these critical knowledge gaps by employing a mixed-methods approach to examine the socioeconomic and cultural determinants of illicit alcohol consumption across various Ugandan settings. It aims to map out not only the patterns of use but also the motivations, vulnerabilities, and community dynamics that sustain the illicit alcohol economy. By capturing both quantitative trends and qualitative narratives, the study seeks to inform context-specific, culturally sensitive policy responses that align with Uganda\u0026rsquo;s evolving demographic and economic realities\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy Design\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study adopted a cross-sectional study design with mixed-methods to explore the socioeconomic and cultural determinants of illicit alcohol consumption in Uganda. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected simultaneously but analysed independently and integrated at the interpretation phase. The convergent mixed-methods approach enabled triangulation of findings, enhancing both the breadth and depth of the analysis (Creswell \u0026amp; Plano Clark, 2017). The quantitative strand provided measurable associations between key variables, while the qualitative strand offered contextual insights into behaviours, beliefs, and community norms around illicit alcohol use.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Sites\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in two distinct geographical locations: Arua District and Kampala Capital City. Arua, located in north western Uganda, was selected to represent a rural setting with a long-standing culture of artisanal alcohol production and consumption. The district has been identified as a hotspot for informal alcohol economies driven by poverty, cultural acceptability, and weak regulatory enforcement. Kampala, Uganda\u0026rsquo;s capital and largest urban centre, was included to capture dynamics in a metropolitan context. The city is known for the proliferation of counterfeit and smuggled alcoholic products, and serves as a national policy hub. The urban setting provided a contrast in terms of economic activity, law enforcement presence, and diversity of alcohol products. This rural-urban comparison allowed for the identification of context specific as well as cross cutting determinants of illicit alcohol use (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Population and Eligibility Criteria\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study focused exclusively on individuals who consumed illicit alcohol. A total of 400 consumer respondents were included in the quantitative component 200 in Arua and 200 in Kampala. The sample size was determined using the formula for an unknown population and was increased to 400 to cater for potential non-response bias, as recommended in cross-sectional survey design literature (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). Eligibility for participation required that individuals had consumed illicit alcohol within the previous twelve months and had resided in the respective study area for at least one year. Illicit alcohol was defined operationally as any alcoholic beverage that is informally produced, unregulated, untaxed, or smuggled, and not certified by the Uganda National Bureau of Standards. For the qualitative component, the study engaged consumers through focus group discussions (FGDs)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSampling Strategy\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the quantitative survey, respondents were identified through convenience and purposive sampling approaches. Patrons were identified from known hotspots such as local bars, trading centers, and informal settlements and were asked if they had illicit alcohol in the last twelve months preceding the survey. Research assistants moved through the selected locations systematically and recruited eligible participants until the target sample size was reached.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample Size Determination:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, due to the absence of prior local studies on the prevalence of illicit alcohol use, an estimated prevalence (p) of 65% from UAPA alcohol report 2023 was considered. Using this estimate in a standard formula (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e), a sample size was calculated as:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:n=\\:\\frac{{\\left(1.96\\right)}^{2}\\:0.65\\left(1-0.65\\right)}{{\\left(0.05\\right)}^{2}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe resulting sample size was 350 patrons. Allowing a 12% non-response rate would make it 392 which we rounded to 400 since we still had sufficient resources. This adjustment aligns with guidance from (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e) which recommends increasing sample size in cross-sectional surveys to ensure validity and compensate for non-responses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe qualitative component of the study employed purposive sampling, guided by a maximum variation approach, to capture a wide range of perspectives on the socioeconomic and cultural drivers of illicit alcohol consumption in Uganda. Efforts were made to ensure diversity across gender, age, education, occupation, and income, as these variables are central to understanding differentiated experiences and attitudes. A total of three Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted in each community, each consisting of eight participants: one with adult males (above 30 years), one with adult females (above 30 years), and one with youth (18\u0026ndash;30 years). This disaggregation was intended to foster openness and allow for the emergence of group-specific themes. Participant recruitment was facilitated by trained local research assistants with in-depth knowledge of the communities, which enhanced cultural sensitivity, trust, and contextual relevance. Sampling continued until thematic saturation was achieved, assessed through real-time analysis and regular debriefings, ensuring that the data collected were sufficiently comprehensive to capture the nuanced and intersecting socioeconomic and cultural dimensions shaping illicit alcohol use.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Collection Procedures\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData collection was conducted between October and November 2024. Trained research assistants administered structured questionnaires to eligible participants in the local languages of the respective study areas [in Lugbara for respondents in Arua, and Luganda for those in Kampala] and later transcribed them into English. The questionnaire included sections on demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, patterns and frequency of illicit alcohol use, availability and affordability of illicit alcohol, cultural perceptions, and awareness of legal or health-related consequences. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), as developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), was adapted and used in the design of the tool to screen for risky alcohol use patterns.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eQualitative data were collected using semi-structured interview guides developed using the social-ecological model. These guides explored individual-level motivations, family and peer influences, community norms, economic pressures, and structural or policy-level drivers of illicit alcohol use. Interviews and FGDs were conducted in languages commonly spoken by participants Lugbara, English and later transcribed into English. Discussions were audio-recorded with informed consent, and each participant was assigned a unique identifier to ensure anonymity. Data quality was ensured through daily field debriefs and peer review of transcripts by the research team.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDependent variable\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dependent variable for this study was past-week illicit alcohol consumption. Illicit alcohol was defined as that alcohol, with high-ABV manufactured illicit spirits, smuggled spirits and home-distilled spirit called crude or Nguli Waragi. Patrons were asked in the survey, \u0026ldquo;Have you consumed at least one drink of illicit alcohol on any of the past 7 days?\u0026rdquo; Those who reported \u0026ldquo;YES\u0026rdquo; were coded as 1, indicating they had consumed illicit alcohol while those who reported \u0026ldquo;NO\u0026rdquo; were coded as 0, indicating they had not consumed illicit\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIndependent variables\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo analyze the characteristics that influence illicit alcohol intake, many socioeconomic, behavioral, and alcohol dependent aspects were considered.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocioeconomic and demographic variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender, age, sex, occupation; highest education level, monthly income, marital status, household size, and religion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBehavioral variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency of drinking alcohol (everyday, 5\u0026ndash;6 days a week, 3\u0026ndash;4 days a week, 1\u0026ndash;2 days a week, 2\u0026ndash;3 days a month, about 1 day a month, less often); patrons\u0026rsquo; main drink (clear beer, opaque beer, sprits); drinker category (occasional drinker, binger drinker, heavy drinker, light drinker, social drinker); number of drinks of alcohol per alcohol drinking day (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlcohol dependency variables\u003c/em\u003e, failure to do what was normally expected from you because of drinking (Yes or No) Primary reason you drink illicit alcohol (Psychological Reasons, Easy Access, Personal Choice, Preference, Low Cost); Price influence on decision to consume illicit alcohol (A great deal, A little, not at all, quite abit)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSocial impact variable\u003c/em\u003e, had problems with friends due to drinking illicit alcohol (Yes or No).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHealth consequence variables\u003c/em\u003e, Intent to quit (Yes or No), and ever stopped drinking due to health reasons (Yes or No).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuantitative data were imported from Excel to SPSS Version 25 for analysis. Descriptive statistics summarized demographic and behavioural characteristics. Bivariate analyses were used to examine associations between illicit alcohol use and independent variables. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and the associated 95% CIs (Confidence Intervals) for the relationship between the independent variables and the outcome of illicit alcohol intake were computed using logistic regression in univariate and multivariable analyses. Probability values were two tailed for all tests, and p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was used as the significanceb level. Findings with p-values less than the significance level of 0.05 were deemed statistically significant, suggesting that the observed differences were not likely to be the result of chance. The SPSS version 25 was used for all analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eQualitative data were analysed thematically using ATLAS.ti version 24. An initial coding framework was developed deductively from the social-ecological model and refined inductively based on emergent themes. Transcripts were coded independently by two researchers, with discrepancies resolved through consensus. Final themes were categorized into individual, interpersonal, community, and structural levels. Query reports were generated to identify code frequency and thematic saturation across participant groups. The results were later triangulated with quantitative findings to ensure consistency and enrich interpretation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles in the Declaration of Helsinki (2024 revision). The study obtained ethical approvals from the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (UNCST), the Makerere University School of Social Sciences Research Ethics Committee (MAKSSREC2024-782), and the Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA (DPHE/KCCA/130/01). All respondents provided written informed consent. All data were anonymized and securely kept in encrypted files accessible only to approved research professionals, ensuring strict privacy and confidentiality. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw at any time without penalty.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eGeneral characteristics of consumers\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study involved 400 patrons from both urban (Kampala) and rural (Arua) areas of Uganda, with 61.2% (245/400) being men and 38.8% (155/400) women. The age group 25\u0026ndash;34 had the highest proportion of illicit alcohol consumers (36%), and most (44.3%) had attained primary level of education. A large proportion (79.8%) were engaged in informal employment earning less than UGX 500,000 monthly (71.5%). Most of the respondents were married (60.3%) and Catholic (43.5%). Over 80% started drinking alcohol before the age of 25 and of these, 37.3% consumed it daily, about half (56%) took spirits as their main drink with about one third (30.3%) classified as heavy drinkers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePrevalence of illicit alcohol consumption\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e indicates an overall 301(75.2%) prevalence rate of past-week illicit alcohol consumption among illicit alcohol drinkers in Uganda reflecting a widespread issue across the population. Regionally, illicit alcohol use was slightly more prevalent in rural Arua (51.2%) compared to urban Kampala (48.8%). Gender differences in consumption patterns were evident, with 63.1% of illicit alcohol users being male and 36.9% being female. In terms of age, the highest prevalence was among respondents aged 25\u0026ndash;34 years (38.2%). Most (46.8%) of these had primary as their highest level of education. A large proportion of illicit alcohol consumers were informally employed (81.4%), with only 7.3% in formal employment. The majority of illicit alcohol consumers (60.8%) were married and low-income earners (below UGX 500,000) constituting (75.1%) of illicit alcohol consumers. Most consumers of illicit alcohol were Catholics (39.5%), closely followed by Protestants (33.6%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong past-week consumers of illicit alcohol, 80.8% started below the age of 25 years with 38.9% beginning before 18 years. In terms of drinking frequency, 41.5% of those respondents consumed daily. Illicit spirits were the mostly consumed type of illicit alcohol (60.5%). Close to 14% of past-week illicit alcohol consumers had sought medical attention due to alcohol-related issues, while 5.0% acknowledged failing to perform duties or responsibilities because of drinking. Additionally, 37.5% reported experiencing strained family or social relationships as a result of illicit alcohol consumption. Accessibility to illicit alcohol was found to at 91.4% by users in their communities, with 86.0% stating that it was more accessible than legal alcohol. Cost affordability was reported as the primary reason for illicit alcohol consumption (44.9%). Among past-week users, 33.2% reported that cultural norms heavily influenced their drinking behaviour while 56.8% believed that illicit alcohol was socially accepted within their communities. Peer pressure was reported as a contributing factor by 35.5% of users. Finally, 52.2% of people who used illicit alcohol did not make any attempt to quit.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDeterminants of illicit alcohol consumption\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe univariate logistic regression analysis results in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, identify several socio-economic and cultural factors that were significantly associated with illicit alcohol consumption: education level, household size, religion, drinking frequency, type of main drink taken, number of drinks, primary reasons for drinking, price influence, peer influence, personal attitude towards drinking, accessibility to illicit alcohol, cultural norms, and social accessibility as part of gathering.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that past-week illicit alcohol consumers aged 55 and above had increased odds of consuming illicit alcohol compared to those aged 24 years and below (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.75, 95%, CI: 0.98\u0026ndash;6.37, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.042). Being self-employed was significantly associated with higher odds of past-week illicit alcohol consumption (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.31, 95%, CI: 1.04\u0026ndash;17.87, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.044). Protestants were significantly less likely than Catholics to have recently consumed illicit alcohol (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.17, 95%, CI: 0.05\u0026ndash;0.60, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006). Individuals drinking 2\u0026ndash;3 times a week had greatly reduced odds of recent illicit alcohol consumption (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.29, 95%, CI: 0.11\u0026ndash;0.72 p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008), while psychological reasons for drinking increased the odds of recent illicit drinking much more than the cost of the drink (R\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14.14, 95%, CI: 2.98\u0026ndash;67.16, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001). Consumers who sometimes experienced peer influence on decision to consume illicit alcohol were more likely to have recently consumed compared to individuals who never experienced peer influence (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.19, 95%, CI: 2.02\u0026ndash;25.69, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002). Cultural norms had a dual effect, with those who considered them quite a bit influential being more likely to have recently consumed illicit alcohol compared to those who were not at all influenced by cultural norms (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.55, 1.07\u0026ndash;19.34, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04). Those who did not view social acceptability as part of gatherings had significantly lower odds of illicit consumption compared to those who viewed it as a socially accepted part of gathering (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.36, 95%, CI: 0.14\u0026ndash;0.93, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBackground Characteristics of Consumers of Illicit Alcohol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIllicit Alcohol Consumption in the 7 days Prior to the Survey\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocio-economic and cultural factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIllicit alcohol consumption ( 7 days to the survey)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e400(100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e301(75.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99(24.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLocation (district)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArua (rural)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200(50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e154(51.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46(46.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKampala (urban)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200(50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e147(48.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53(53.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e155(38.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111(36.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44(44.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e245(61.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e190(63.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55(55.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge category\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36(9.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25(8.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11(11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e144(36.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e115(38.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29(29.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110(27.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81(26.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29(29.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73(18.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54(17.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19(19.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37(9.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26(8.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11(11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHighest education level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13(3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11(3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2(2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e177(44.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e141(46.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36(36.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e161(40.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121(40.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(40.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTertiary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30(7.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19(6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11(11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19(4.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10(10.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFormal employment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34(8.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22(7.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12(12.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInformal employment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e321(79.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e245(81.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76(76.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45(11.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34(11.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11(11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrently married\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e241(60.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e183(60.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58(58.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10(2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7(2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeparated\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67(16.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49(16.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18(18.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71(17.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55(18.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16(16.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWidow(er)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11(2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7(2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4(4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHousehold size\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36(11.96)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8(8.08)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2_4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e143(35.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102(33.89)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41(41.41)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5_10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e197(49.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e151(50.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46(46.46)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbove 10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16(4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12(3.99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4(4.04)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAverage monthly income (Ugx)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLess than 500,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e286(71.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e226(75.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60(60.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e500,000\u0026ndash;1,000,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75(18.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52(17.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23(23.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,000,001\u0026ndash;2,000,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26(6.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14(4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12(12.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,000,001\u0026ndash;3,000,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7(1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4(1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,000,001\u0026ndash;5,000,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3(0.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2(0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,000,001\u0026ndash;7,500,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3(0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCatholic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e174(43.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119(39.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55(55.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31(10.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9(9.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProtestant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e125(31.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101(33.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24(24.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePentecostal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38(9.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28(9.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10(10.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSDA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23(5.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22(7.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge at initiation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBelow 18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e154(38.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e117(38.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37(37.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e170(42.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e126(41.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44(44.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026amp;above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76(19.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58(19.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18(18.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDrinking frequency\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvery day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e149(37.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e125(41.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24(24.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 to 2 days a week\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91(22.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63(20.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28(28.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 to 4 days a week\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101(25.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77(25.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24(24.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 to 6 days a week\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29(7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22(7.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7(7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbout 1 day a month\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8(2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8(8.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 to 3 days a month\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22(5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14(4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8(8.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePatrons\u0026rsquo; main drink\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClear beer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79(19.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43(14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36(36.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOpaque beer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97(24.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76(25.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpirits\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e224(56.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e182(60.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42(42.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDrinker category\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA binge drinker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5(1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4(4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA heavy drinker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121(30.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83(27.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38(38.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA lighter drinker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e192(48.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e156(51.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36(36.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA social drinker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38(9.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30(10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8(8.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn occasional drinker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44(11.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31(10.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13(13.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEver stopped drinking on the advice of a health worker/ doctor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e289(72.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e217(72.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72(72.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111(27.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84(27.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27(27.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of drinks in a typical drinking occasion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78(19.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52(17.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26(26.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e168(42.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121(40.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47(47.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e154(38.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e128(42.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26(26.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFailed to do what was normally expected from you because of drinking illicit alcohol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e380(95)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e286(95)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94(94.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20(2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15(5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5(5.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNeeded a drink first thing in the morning\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e356(89.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e267(88.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89(89.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44(11.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34(11.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10(10.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVisited hospital due to drinking illicit alcohol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e345(86.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e258(85.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87(87.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55(13.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43(14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12(12.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHad problems with friends due to consumption of illicit alcohol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e260(65.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e188(62.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72(72.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e140(35.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e113(37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27(27.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAccess to illicit alcohol in the community\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery difficult\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2(0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2(2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifficult\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot sure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3(0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSomewhat easy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36(9.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23(7.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13(13.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery easy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e355(88.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e275(91.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80(80.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePrimary reason for drinking illicit alcohol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEasier access\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25(6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23(7.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2(2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLower cost\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e215(53.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e135(44.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80(80.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePersonal choice\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62(15.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54(17.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8(8.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreference for taste\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41(10.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35(11.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6(6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsychological dependence (e.g., stress relief, coping mechanism)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27(6.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25(8.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2(2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30(7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29(9.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAccessibility of illicit spirits compared to legal options\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMuch more accessible\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e326(81.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e259(86.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67(67.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEqually accessible\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28(7.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24(8.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4(4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSomewhat accessible\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25(6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14(4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11(11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLess accessible\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21(5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4(1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17(17.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInfluence of Cultural norms on decision to consume illicit alcohol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA great deal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e140(35.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100(33.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(40.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuite a bit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59(14.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54(17.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5(5.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70(17.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42(14.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28(28.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e131(32.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105(34.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26(26.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial acceptability as part of gathering\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrongly agree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e216(54.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e171(56.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45(45.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e112(28.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89(29.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23(23.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20(5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17(5.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrongly disagree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52(13.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24(8.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28(28.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePrice influence on decision to consume illicit alcohol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA great deal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e241(60.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e164(54.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77(77.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuite a bit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48(12.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(13.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8(8.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27(6.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23(7.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4(4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84(21.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74(24.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10(10.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePeer influence on decision to consume illicit alcohol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOften\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104(26.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77(25.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27(27.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSometimes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118(29.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107(35.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11(11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRarely\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64(16.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44(14.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20(20.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e114(28.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73(24.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41(41.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEver tempted to stop drinking illicit alcohol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e225(56.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157(52.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68(68.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e175(43.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e144(47.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31(31.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlace where llicit Alcohol is Obtained\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrew it myself\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5(1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4(1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrewer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23(5.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19(6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4(4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFriend or acquaintance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41(11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31(10.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13(13.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParent Spouse or partner Other relative\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8(2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6(2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2(2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePurchase it myself to drink at that venue (e.g. pub, caf\u0026eacute;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e246(61.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e185(61.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61(61.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePurchase it myself to take away and drink elsewhere\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73(18.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55(18.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18(18.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBinary and Multivariate Logistic Regression Models\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocio-economic and cultural factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e*UOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e**AOR(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMales\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.37(0.86\u0026ndash;2.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.181\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90(0.40\u0026ndash;2.03)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.799\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge category\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.75(0.77\u0026ndash;395)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.182\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.47(0.62\u0026ndash;9.80)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.23(0.54\u0026ndash;2.81)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.625\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.66(0.36\u0026ndash;7.65)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.517\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.25(0.512\u0026ndash;3.08)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.619\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.41(0.69\u0026ndash;6.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.133\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04(0.38\u0026ndash;2.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.939\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.75(0.98\u0026ndash;6.37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.042\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHighest education level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.12(0.83\u0026ndash;20.62)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.27(0.35\u0026ndash;8.70)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.229\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.94(1.49\u0026ndash;5.76)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.13(0.66\u0026ndash;6.85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.203\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.27(1.16\u0026ndash;4.43)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.016\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.35(0.74\u0026ndash;7.43)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.146\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFormal employment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInformal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.74(0.78\u0026ndash;3.89)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.52(0.80\u0026ndash;15.50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.096\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf-employed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.76(0.82\u0026ndash;3.77)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.31(1.04\u0026ndash;17.87)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.044\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDivorced/separated\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.28(0.61\u0026ndash;2.73)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.507\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.02(0.59\u0026ndash;6.98)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.266\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.18(0.66\u0026ndash;2.12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.571\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.75(0.59\u0026ndash;5.11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.309\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66(0.17\u0026ndash;2.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.534\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26(0.03\u0026ndash;2.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHousehold size\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.50(0.38\u0026ndash;5.88)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.561\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.07(0.42\u0026ndash;22.44)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.269\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2_4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83(0.25\u0026ndash;2.72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.757\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95(0.18\u0026ndash;5.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.956\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5-_10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.09(0.34\u0026ndash;3.56)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.881\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.28(0.25\u0026ndash;6.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.767\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAverage monthly income (Ugx)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBelow 500,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1-2m\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31(0.14\u0026ndash;0.70)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.005\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.28(0.25\u0026ndash;6.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.025\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2-3m\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57(0.33\u0026ndash;0.99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.045\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95(0.18\u0026ndash;5.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3m and above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.33(0.15\u0026ndash;11.58)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.798\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.07(0.42\u0026ndash;22.44)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.934\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCatholic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProtestant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.95(1.12\u0026ndash;3.36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.017\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17(0.05\u0026ndash;0.60)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.006\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.45(1.16\u0026ndash;5.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.019\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48(0.12\u0026ndash;1.89)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.295\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePentecostal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.29(0.59\u0026ndash;2.85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.522\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23(0.05\u0026ndash;1.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.066\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDrinking frequency\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvery day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3 days a week\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41(0.23\u0026ndash;0.74)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29(0.11\u0026ndash;0.72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.008\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5 days a week\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63(0.35\u0026ndash;1.15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45(0.19\u0026ndash;1.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePatrons\u0026rsquo; main drink\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClear beer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOpaque beer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.03(1.57\u0026ndash;5.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.05(0.36\u0026ndash;3.06)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.936\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSprits\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.63(2.08\u0026ndash;6.32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.02(0.75\u0026ndash;5.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDrinker category\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn occasional drinker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA binger drinker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11(0.02\u0026ndash;1.03)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02(0.009\u0026ndash;3.26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA heavy drinker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92(0.43\u0026ndash;1.94)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.819\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90(0.24\u0026ndash;3.33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.877\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA light drinker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.81(0.87\u0026ndash;3.82)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.09(0.60\u0026ndash;7.27)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.247\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA social drinker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57(0.57\u0026ndash;4.33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.381\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.23(0.83\u0026ndash;33.06)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of drinks in a typical drinking occasion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.24(0.69\u0026ndash;2.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.474\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02(0.38\u0026ndash;2.72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.974\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.28(1.21\u0026ndash;4.29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.011\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.98(0.64\u0026ndash;6.08)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.233\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProblems with friends\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.60(0.97\u0026ndash;2.64)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83(0.27\u0026ndash;2.54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.745\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePrimary reason\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsychological reasons\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEasy access\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.81(1.57\u0026ndash;29.67)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.011\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.84(0.46\u0026ndash;17.48)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePersonal choice\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4(1.81\u0026ndash;8.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.13(1.24\u0026ndash;13.54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.019\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.36(1.35\u0026ndash;8.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.87(0.86\u0026ndash;9.63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow cost\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.86(3.29\u0026ndash;35.87)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.14(2.98\u0026ndash;67.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIllicit accessibility\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccessible\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLess accessible\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38(0.21\u0026ndash;0.70)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.39(0.13\u0026ndash;1.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.114\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInfluence of cultural norms\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA great deal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.625(0.36\u0026ndash;1.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.103\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88(0.32\u0026ndash;2.41)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.799\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuite abit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.75(1.00-7.56)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.55(1.07\u0026ndash;19.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.04\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.375(0.19\u0026ndash;0.71)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32(0.11\u0026ndash;0.92)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.035\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial acceptability as part of gathering\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35(0.20\u0026ndash;0.59)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36(0.14\u0026ndash;0.93)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.036\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePrice influence on decision to consume illicit alcohol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA great deal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuite abit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.34(1.05\u0026ndash;5.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.038\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.88(0.53\u0026ndash;6.64)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.69(0.90\u0026ndash;8.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.66(0.39\u0026ndash;7.12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.496\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.47(1.70\u0026ndash;7.09)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.10(1.28\u0026ndash;13.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.018\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePeer influence on decision to consume illicit alcohol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOften\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.66(0.93\u0026ndash;2.99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.73(0.79\u0026ndash;9.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.114\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSometimes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.46(2.64\u0026ndash;11.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.19(2.02\u0026ndash;25.69)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRarely\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.18(0.62\u0026ndash;2.24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.621\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93(0.29\u0026ndash;2.91)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.897\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePeers\u0026rsquo; attitude\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSignificantly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92(0.56\u0026ndash;1.53)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.758\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51(0.16\u0026ndash;1.58)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.241\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerately\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.26(1.62\u0026ndash;6.56)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02(0.29\u0026ndash;3.59)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.972\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEver tempted to stop drinking illicit alcohol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49(0.31\u0026ndash;0.80)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61(0.27\u0026ndash;1.35)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.223\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cem\u003eVariables included in the multivariable analysis despite lack of statistical significance in univariate analysis: Gender, Marital status, Household size, Drinker category and Occupation; UOR* Unadjusted odds ratio; AOR** Adjusted odds ratio. Bold values indicate statistically significant.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eQualitative Matrix: Socio-economic and Cultural Determinants of Illicit Alcohol Consumption in Uganda\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePopulation Group\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMajor Determinant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSub-Theme\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMinor Theme\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvidence Source (FGD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYouth\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial Norms\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCultural introduction to illicit alcohol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Initiation through traditional events, family roles, or clan norms\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFGD YOUTH ARUA \u0026amp; KAMPALA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePeer \u0026amp; Community Influence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup drinking culture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Drinking to belong or fit in (e.g., sports, discos, school tours)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFGD YOUTH KAMPALA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEconomic Constraints\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow-cost local brews\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Cheap prices of cassava lager, Kabisa which are as low as Ugx 500/= were more preferred compared to expensive brands \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- 500/= options preferred\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFGD YOUTH ARUA \u0026amp; KAMPALA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEase of access\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Illicit alcohol readily available in informal markets\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFGD YOUTH ARUA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMen\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCultural Norms\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlcohol as a tradition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Used in social functions (e.g., marriage, politics) \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Community integration\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFGD MEN ARUA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlcohol for survival\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Brewing supports household income and education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFGD MEN ARUA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial Structures\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeer bonding \u0026amp; community\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Drinking as a coping mechanism for unemployment and social frustration\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFGD MEN ARUA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEconomic Hardship\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlcohol affordability\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Preference for cheap alcohol (e.g., Nguli) \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Pooling money to afford drinks\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFGD MEN KAMPALA \u0026amp; ARUA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlcohol as income source\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Brewing as a livelihood strategy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFGD MEN ARUA (Implied)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWomen\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEconomic Pressure\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIllicit alcohol as stress relief from financial burden\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Men give insufficient support \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Pooling funds to drink\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFGD WOMEN ARUA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrewing as livelihood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Brewing helps pay rent and sustain families\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFGD WOMEN ARUA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCultural Habituation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamiliarity with local brews\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Preference for Nguli due to known safety of brewing process\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFGD WOMEN ARUA \u0026amp; KAMPALA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial Settings\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInclusion in communal events\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Drinking at weddings, funerals, social groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFGD WOMEN ARUA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCultural Transmission\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChildhood introduction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Given illicit alcohol as children \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Normalization through generations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFGD WOMEN KAMPALA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInterpretation of Qualitative Findings\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1. Cultural Norms\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ea. Illicit Alcohol as a Tradition (Men)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong men in Arua, illicit alcohol is entwined with cultural identity and hospitality norms. It is seen as a necessary social courtesy, making its consumption socially acceptable and encouraged within cultural frameworks.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"Alcohol is part of our culture; you can\u0026rsquo;t chase away a visitor and you must give him local brew.\"\u003c/em\u003e \u0026mdash; FGD Men Arua\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eb. Illicit Alcohol for Survival (Men)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIllicit alcohol brewing and sales are viewed as valid economic activities. In some households, illicit alcohol is not merely a vice but a survival mechanism and a livelihood source.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"Brewing helped me educate my children, pay school fees and rent, and even buy a cow.\"\u003c/em\u003e \u0026mdash; FGD Men Arua\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ec. Cultural Initiation (Youth)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlcohol use is introduced to youth through culturally sanctioned rites of passage. This early exposure positions alcohol use as normative and even expected from adolescence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"In our clan, boys start taking kwete during circumcision ceremonies.\"\u003c/em\u003e \u0026mdash; FGD Youth Arua\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. Social Structures and Peer Influence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ea. Peer Bonding \u0026amp; Community (Men)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlcohol provides a communal activity for bonding, particularly among unemployed men. Drinking is portrayed as a coping strategy and form of male social solidarity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"We are jobless, and sometimes drinking [illicit alcohol] is the only way we forget the stress. We drink as brothers.\"\u003c/em\u003e \u0026mdash; FGD Men Arua\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eb. Drinking as Group Identity (Youth)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong youth, illicit alcohol consumption is tied to peer acceptance and social standing. Fear of social exclusion drives participation in risky drinking.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"You drink to fit in. If you refuse, they laugh at you.\" \u0026mdash; FGD Youth Arua\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ec. Social Settings that Encourage Drinking (Youth)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeisure environments act as catalysts for illicit alcohol use. Illicit alcohol is embedded in recreational activities, making abstention difficult.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"\u003cem\u003eWe go to discos or football matches and after that, we drink [illicit alcohol].\"\u003c/em\u003e \u0026mdash; FGD Youth Arua\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. Economic Constraints and Survival Strategies\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ea. Alcohol Affordability (Men)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe low cost of sachet and bulk local brews sustains consumption among the poor, and hence they become economic motivations for choosing cheap and shared consumption models.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"Even if I have 500 shillings, I can get a sachet or Kabisa and feel okay.\"\u003c/em\u003e \u0026mdash; FGD Men Arua\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"We contribute small money and buy a jerrycan, then share.\"\u003c/em\u003e \u0026mdash; FGD Men Arua\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eb. Cheap Options (Youth)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eYouths with minimal income prefer illicit alcohol due to affordability. Low cost and high intoxication potential of these drinks make them dangerously attractive.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"\u003cem\u003eWith only 1,000 shillings, I can drink until morning if I take nguli or Kuber\u003c/em\u003e.\" \u0026mdash; FGD Youth Arua\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ec. Availability (Youth)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe widespread availability of alcohol lowers barriers to access. Easy access promotes habitual consumption and undermines control efforts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"You find these drinks everywhere, even in small shops.\" \u0026mdash; FGD Youth Arua\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4. Women and Economic Pressure\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ea. Coping with Hardship (Women)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIllicit alcohol use here is framed as emotional relief in a context of financial exclusion. Women drink to escape economic and emotional distress caused by neglect or poverty.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"Our husbands don\u0026rsquo;t give us money, so we sit and drink to forget.\"\u003c/em\u003e \u0026mdash; FGD Women Arua\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eb. Pooling Resources (Women)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEven women with limited finances collaborate to access alcohol. This cooperative purchasing behaviour underscores both the determination to drink and the economic hardship faced.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"\u003cem\u003eIf I have 200 and my friend has 300, we buy nguli\u003c/em\u003e.\" \u0026mdash; FGD Women Arua\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study employed a mixed-methods approach to examine the socioeconomic and cultural determinants of past-week illicit alcohol use among illicit alcohol drinkers in Uganda, combining statistical modelling with narrative insights from affected communities. The integration of regression analysis and rich qualitative data provides a nuanced understanding of both structural and cultural drivers of past-week illicit alcohol consumption. This dual-lens approach addresses critical gaps in regional literature and responds to calls for context-sensitive frameworks in substance use research (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study identifies economic, cultural, and social drivers of past-week illicit alcohol consumption among illicit alcohol consumers in Uganda, reflecting broader trends seen in low-income settings globally. The affordability of illicit alcohol relative to licit alternatives is a key driver. This is consistent with research conducted in selected countries which reported economic accessibility as one of the strongest predictors of unregulated alcohol consumption in resource-constrained environments (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e). In Uganda, the lack of taxation and minimal regulation lower production costs, making illicit alcohol an attractive option for low-income consumers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCultural norms also play a pivotal role, particularly the normalization of alcohol consumption among men and youth. In societies where drinking is tied to masculinity and social acceptance, efforts to regulate consumption face significant resistance (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e). Peer influence and boredom further exacerbate these behaviours, as highlighted by studies emphasizing the role of social networks in initiating and sustaining harmful drinking habits (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e). Peer pressure, particularly among youth, was another key driver identified in this study. In another study, peer influence, particularly in urban areas, was a well-documented factor in alcohol use among adolescents and young adults in Uganda (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e). Social factors such as the desire to fit in, the pursuit of social status, and the availability of alcohol at social events contribute to high consumption rates among youth (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e). This is supported by similar studies in Uganda, where peer pressure is strongly linked to illicit alcohol consumption (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition to cultural and social influences, the study identified coping mechanisms for stress, particularly among married individuals, as a driver of past-week illicit alcohol consumption. Similarly, another study conducted in Kampala revealed that many individuals in difficult socioeconomic conditions use alcohol as a means to cope with stress, family pressures, and mental health challenges (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOlder adults were more likely to consume illicit alcohol in the past week than their younger counterparts, a trend mirrored in qualitative narratives where elderly men described alcohol as integral to hospitality and tradition. However, youth are not exempt; initiation during cultural rites such as circumcision introduces adolescents to consumption as a normative rite of passage. This dual pattern reflects Bourdieu\u0026rsquo;s (1977) concept of habitus\u0026mdash;the socialized norms and dispositions ingrained across generations. These findings support similar African ethnographic studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e), that highlight how traditional rites continue to shape substance use behaviour, even in the face of modern policy interventions. Thus, cultural legacies are not static; they are actively reproduced and adapted by both the old and the young.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf-employment also emerged as an important contextual factor. Qualitative accounts elaborate that brewing and selling illicit brews are not simply economic alternatives but essential survival strategies. Participants emphasized that illicit brewing paid for children\u0026rsquo;s education and daily needs. This resonates with Hart\u0026rsquo;s (1973) theory of the informal economy, where subsistence-based entrepreneurship often coexists with regulatory evasion (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e). In Uganda\u0026rsquo;s precarious economic environment, illicit alcohol functions both as a commodity and coping mechanism, blurring lines between criminality and necessity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe finding that among illicit alcohol drinkers, Protestants were less likely than Catholics to have consumed illicit alcohol in the past week may reflect differences in theological doctrine and moral messaging around alcohol. While this was not explicitly echoed in FGDs, the broader literature supports this divide: Protestant denominations particularly evangelical strains and tend to emphasize abstinence or strict moderation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e), while Catholic traditions often view alcohol consumption through a sacramental or communal lens, potentially normalizing moderate use but also unintentionally sanctioning risky behaviours. Future research should interrogate how these religious identities intersect with cultural and peer dynamics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeer influence featured strongly in both qualitative and quantitative data. This was especially salient among youth, who described drinking as a means of social integration: \u0026ldquo;You drink to fit in.\u0026rdquo; Social Identity Theory (1986) provides a useful lens, suggesting that individuals conform to group behaviours to maintain acceptance. Similar dynamics have been observed in urban slums and informal settlements across Africa (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e), where youth leisure spaces such as football pitches, discos, and street corners become sites of peer-pressured consumption. In such contexts, illicit alcohol is more than a drink; it is a symbolic ticket into a social world.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsychological motivations also stood out, particularly among women who reported drinking to cope with abandonment, poverty, and loneliness. \u0026ldquo;We sit and drink to forget,\u0026rdquo; one woman recounted. This reflects the sociocultural framing of alcohol as a dual tool serving both as an emotional anaesthetic and a social facilitator (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e). More recently, it was emphasized how women's alcohol use in Sub-Saharan Africa often serves as a gendered escape mechanism within structurally violent economic systems (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e). These findings highlight the need to frame frequent illicit alcohol consumption within the intersection of mental health, gender inequality, and social exclusion.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCultural influence had a paradoxical effect: individuals moderately influenced by tradition were more likely to engage in past-week illicit alcohol use. Narratives from Arua described alcohol as symbolic of adulthood, kinship, and hospitality. However, these same traditions inadvertently masked the dangers of unregulated brews. This aligns with a critique of \u0026ldquo;cultural permission,\u0026rdquo; where identity-affirming behaviours can also obscure health risks (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e). The cultural valorisation of illicit alcohol thus becomes a double-edged sword promoting cohesion on one hand, while enabling harm on the other.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial groups also shaped consumption behaviours. Patrons were less likely to have consumed illicit alcohol in the seven days preceding the survey if they viewed alcohol consumption as socially unacceptable in group settings. This was echoed more in the FGDs: communal drinking often involves structured sharing, cost pooling, and ritualization, which may act as informal controls on excessive consumption. This resonates with other studies that argued that when drinking is embedded within ritualized, collective settings, it can foster moderation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, not all social drinking contexts are equally risky, context and structure matter.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough affordability did not emerge as a statistically significant determinant in the regression model, it dominated qualitative narratives. Participants repeatedly cited the low cost and easy access of illicit brews as core drivers: \u0026ldquo;Even with 500 shillings, I can drink.\u0026rdquo; The price elasticity of alcohol demand in low-income contexts is relevant here. The economic logic is simple: cheap, potent, and available alcohol meets the needs of those excluded from formal economies and public health infrastructures (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, illicit alcohol becomes the rational choice for irrational times.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLimitations and Strengths\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study only collected data from people who drank illicit alcohol in the past 12 months and only asked about their illicit alcohol consumption. Thus, it provides no information about the percentage of the population who drink illicit alcohol. Moreover, illicit alcohol consumption and drinker category were not assessed in the context of total alcohol consumption. No data were collected that would support an analysis of the share of consumption that was illicit. The analysis focuses on which illicit alcohol drinkers consumed illicit alcohol in the past week.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study adopted non-probability sampling techniques; thus, the results may not be easily generalizable to the entire population. It also relied on self-reported data from consumers, and this may have introduced response and social desirability biases, especially on sensitive issues like health effects, addiction, and underage drinking. Additionally, the study used a cross-sectional research design, which restricted the ability to establish causal relationships between identified risk factors and consumption patterns over time. The study was also conducted in Arua and Kampala, which may not capture the full geographical diversity of illicit alcohol dynamics in Uganda.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, the study also presents several notable strengths. For example, it adopted a comprehensive mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews, which enriched the data and provided a holistic understanding of illicit alcohol consumption. The study was conducted in both rural (Arua) and urban (Kampala) areas, allowing for comprehensive insights across different socio-geographic contexts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study reveals that illicit alcohol consumption in Uganda is strongly shaped by underlying socioeconomic and cultural determinants. Consumption is notably prevalent among low-income, less-educated individuals, with men and youth disproportionately affected. This pattern underscores the role of economic hardship and entrenched cultural norms in sustaining demand. Illicit alcohol serves not only as an accessible alternative due to its affordability but also as a coping mechanism in contexts of social and economic vulnerability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCultural practices further reinforce its use, with illicit alcohol often embedded in traditional rites and expressions of group identity. Unemployment, unstable income sources, and the absence of male support structures were key drivers influencing both consumption and production, particularly in marginalized communities. Additionally, the study highlights the strong influence of peer dynamics and the need for social belonging, especially among youth and men, which further fuels the persistence of illicit alcohol use.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAR and TA declare that they are full time employees of AB InBev Foundation. Aside from the funding source, all other authors declare no conflict of interest in the conduct of this study. The research was carried out independently and objectively, without any undue influence from funders, stakeholders, or other external parties. All findings, interpretations, and conclusions presented in the report are solely based on the data collected and analysed during the study and reflect the authors\u0026rsquo; professional judgment and commitment to ethical research standards.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors state financial funding for the research and publishing of this article from the AB InBev Foundation. The content is exclusively the writers' responsibility and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of AB InBev or the AB InBev Foundation. By agreement, Arrow Empirical Research \u0026amp; Skills Enhancement (AERSE) and the authors have final, independent decision-making authority over all content.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eKN: Conceptualization, Project design, designing the methodology, Resources, visualization, overseeing ethical approvals, Coordination, Analysis, writing original draft, Writing-review \u0026amp; editing, and disseminating results to stakeholders. SR: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, designing Methodology, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing and Investigation. MT: Designing the sampling strategy, developing the data analysis plan, Project administration, advanced statistical analyses, Writing original draft, Writing - review \u0026amp; editing. CK: Writing original draft, reviewing \u0026amp; editing, Formal analysis. CZ: Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, review \u0026amp; editing. MA: Data Analysis, Writing, review \u0026amp; editing. LM: Methodology, Reviewing \u0026amp; editing .AR: Conceptualization, review \u0026amp; editing, funding acquisition, and resources. TA: Conceptualization, funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, and writing\u0026mdash;review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe dataset for this Manuscript can be accessed directly from the corresponding Author\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOkaru AO, Abuga KO, Kibwage IO, Lachenmeier DW. High ethanol contents of spirit drinks in Kibera slums, Kenya: Implications for public health. Foods. 2017;6(10):1\u0026ndash;10. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLogie CH, Okumu M, Admassu Z, MacKenzie F, Tailor L, Kortenaar JL, et al. 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Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24893544/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7807246/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7807246/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntroduction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith over 6.5\u0026nbsp;million Ugandans, more than half of all the estimated alcohol consumers relying on illicit alcohol, the magnitude of this challenge extends beyond individual health outcomes to national economic losses, weakened public institutions, and deteriorating social capital\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjective\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo examine the socioeconomic and cultural determinants of illicit alcohol use in rural and urban areas of Uganda.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study employed a cross-sectional study design. Alcohol consumption status, socioeconomic and cultural factors were examined among people who consumed illicit alcohol in the past twelve months. Unadjusted (OR) and adjusted multivariable logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (AOR) at a 95% confidence interval (CI).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the 400 patrons who participated, 301(75.2%) had consumed illicit alcohol in the past week (61.2% males vs 38.8% females) Most (36%) were aged 25–34 years and with mainly primary level of education (44.3%). A large proportion (79.8%) were engaged in informal employment earning less than UGX 500,000 monthly (71.5%). Over 80% of the participants started drinking alcohol before the age of 25. 11% of the patrons needed a drink first thing in the morning 13.8% visited hhospital due to drinking illicit alcohol and 35% had problems with friends due to consumption of illicit alcohol. The logistic regression analysis revealed that factors significantly associated with decreased odds of past-week illicit alcohol consumption were religion (Protestant) (AOR = 0.17, 95%, CI: 0.05–0.60, p = 0.006), drinking pattern of 2–3 times a week (AOR = 0.29, 95%, CI: 0.11–0.72 p = 0.008), and not viewing illicit alcohol as a socially accepted part of gathering (AOR = 0.36, 95%, CI: 0.14–0.93, p = 0.036). Increased odds were associated with aged 24 years and below (AOR = 6.75, 95%, CI: 0.98–6.37, p = 0.042), self-employed (AOR = 4.31, 95%, CI: 1.04–17.87, p = 0.044), primary reason as lower cost (R = 14.14, 95%, CI: 2.98–67.16, p = 0.001), and peer influence (AOR = 7.19, 95%, CI: 2.02–25.69, p = 0.002). The above results were echoed in the qualitative results \u003cem\u003e\"Even if I have 500 shillings, I can get a sachet or Kabisa and feel okay.\" — FGD Men Arua. \"With only 1,000 shillings, I can drink until morning if I take nguli or Kuber.\" — FGD Youth Arua. \"Alcohol is part of our culture; you can’t chase away a visitor and you must give him local brew.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong illicit alcohol drinkers, this study reveals a higher prevalence of recent illicit alcohol consumption among low-income, less-educated male youths. This behavior is driven by entrenched factors such as peer pressure, affordability, and using alcohol to cope with hardship. Tackling this issue demands a comprehensive, multi-pronged intervention approach that addresses the root causes emphasizing prevention, educational outreach, psychosocial support, and active community involvement.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Socioeconomic and Cultural Determinants of Illicit Alcohol Consumption Among Patrons in Uganda: A Mixed-Methods Approach","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-10 10:19:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7807246/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-27T05:09:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-24T15:50:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-22T00:42:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-06T12:49:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"108678884627529762703147776168197300998","date":"2025-10-31T09:17:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"314897304188468789252186565290488145768","date":"2025-10-30T20:27:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"90714671467308447533139670937273588631","date":"2025-10-30T18:55:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"3916514633379168758031425756448619062","date":"2025-10-30T18:09:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"325662749600158430342150283336388356614","date":"2025-10-30T16:32:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"314224656321669977216510741810578996957","date":"2025-10-30T14:42:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-30T14:36:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-13T06:48:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-10T08:02:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-10T07:57:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2025-10-08T10:56:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4ff4d53d-02b7-4a70-9937-fef0c3da8b33","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 10th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-23T16:03:08+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7807246","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-26703-y","journal":{"identity":"bmc-public-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Public Health"},"publishedOn":"2026-02-19 15:59:14","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 19th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-10 10:19:12","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12889-026-26703-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-26703-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7807246","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7807246","identity":"rs-7807246","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}