Modeling and Analysis of Maximum Multiplexing Number with Crosstalk Suppression under Electrical Crosstalk Constraint for Frequency Domain Multiplexing Readout of Transition Edge Sensor Arrays between 1-100 MHz

Modeling and Analysis of Maximum Multiplexing Number with Crosstalk Suppression under Electrical Crosstalk Constraint for Frequency Domain Multiplexing Readout of Transition Edge Sensor Arrays between 1-100 MHz | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Modeling and Analysis of Maximum Multiplexing Number with Crosstalk Suppression under Electrical Crosstalk Constraint for Frequency Domain Multiplexing Readout of Transition Edge Sensor Arrays between 1-100 MHz Xin Gao, Qian Wang, Jing-Yi Zhang, Zhi-Yong Long This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7375684/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The 1-100 MHz frequency band remains relatively unexplored for Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) readout of TransitionEdge Sensor (TES) arrays, despite its potential to increase channel counts beyond the traditionally used 1-5 MHz range. Thisgap, however, is becoming increasingly addressable with advancements in the fabrication of high-resonance-frequency LCresonators and wide-band Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs). It still partly stems from understudiedcrosstalk challenges in this higher-frequency regime, where mutual inductance, SQUID input inductance, and carrier leakageeffects tend to be more pronounced, which may limit the feasibility of high-multiplexing systems.In this work, we aim to addressthis less explored area by modeling crosstalk between the 1-100 MHz range under a lumped-parameter framework, with afocus on static crosstalk (ECTstatic)—a metric that has received less attention in lower-frequency studies. To mitigate mutualinductance, we propose a chessboard pixel arrangement that maximizes frequency differences between adjacent channels.Leveraging the 1-100 MHz bandwidth with a 0.1 MHz channel spacing, this configuration can suppress crosstalk by up to 59.4dB.Our simulations show that with this layout and through dynamic carrier frequency design, reducing mutual inductance to 3nH enables 186 channels under a 1% ECTstatic constraint when the SQUID input inductance is 1 nH; this count increases to 299channels when the input inductance is reduced to 0.5 nH. Relaxing the threshold to 3.2% or 10% further expands the channelcounts—for instance, reaching 612 or 2067 channels with 1 nH input inductance, respectively.This study preliminarily exploresthe crosstalk characteristics of 1-100 MHz FDM for TES arrays, offering a framework for low-crosstalk, high-channel-countreadout systems and highlighting key trade-offs in this relatively unexplored frequency range. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Physics Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 21 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 17 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 15 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 15 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 25 Aug, 2025 Editor invited by journal 21 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 19 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7375684","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":508134478,"identity":"e7904183-2ed9-471d-bbb5-56c2e1a1ec37","order_by":0,"name":"Xin Gao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography，National University of Defense Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xin","middleName":"","lastName":"Gao","suffix":""},{"id":508134479,"identity":"a6f5d7fe-39b3-437e-a344-78028794eb5d","order_by":1,"name":"Qian Wang","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qian","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":508134480,"identity":"e36e9820-9e5c-4a88-b21a-e06e6b59fc29","order_by":2,"name":"Jing-Yi Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jing-Yi","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":508134481,"identity":"13ef8158-437f-44b2-b9e3-19a1f8f4702d","order_by":3,"name":"Zhi-Yong Long","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography，National University of Defense Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhi-Yong","middleName":"","lastName":"Long","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-14 16:23:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7375684/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7375684/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90699613,"identity":"43d044f0-dda0-4132-bbf1-25d631009a22","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-05 22:19:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":10881464,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AnalysisofMaximumMultiplexingNumberwithCrosstalkSuppressionunderElectricalCrosstalkConstraintrevised.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7375684/v1_covered_6c4f9db6-d9cd-4bd1-aab5-b7f972aff5cc.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Modeling and Analysis of Maximum Multiplexing Number with Crosstalk Suppression under Electrical Crosstalk Constraint for Frequency Domain Multiplexing Readout of Transition Edge Sensor Arrays between 1-100 MHz","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7375684/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7375684/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1-100 MHz frequency band remains relatively unexplored for Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) readout of TransitionEdge Sensor (TES) arrays, despite its potential to increase channel counts beyond the traditionally used 1-5 MHz range. Thisgap, however, is becoming increasingly addressable with advancements in the fabrication of high-resonance-frequency LCresonators and wide-band Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs). It still partly stems from understudiedcrosstalk challenges in this higher-frequency regime, where mutual inductance, SQUID input inductance, and carrier leakageeffects tend to be more pronounced, which may limit the feasibility of high-multiplexing systems.In this work, we aim to addressthis less explored area by modeling crosstalk between the 1-100 MHz range under a lumped-parameter framework, with afocus on static crosstalk (ECTstatic)—a metric that has received less attention in lower-frequency studies. To mitigate mutualinductance, we propose a chessboard pixel arrangement that maximizes frequency differences between adjacent channels.Leveraging the 1-100 MHz bandwidth with a 0.1 MHz channel spacing, this configuration can suppress crosstalk by up to 59.4dB.Our simulations show that with this layout and through dynamic carrier frequency design, reducing mutual inductance to 3nH enables 186 channels under a 1% ECTstatic constraint when the SQUID input inductance is 1 nH; this count increases to 299channels when the input inductance is reduced to 0.5 nH. 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