Wind-Induced Mixing Processes Under Winter Shamal Conditions in the Northwestern Arabian/Persian Gulf Waters

Wind-Induced Mixing Processes Under Winter Shamal Conditions in the Northwestern Arabian/Persian Gulf Waters | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Wind-Induced Mixing Processes Under Winter Shamal Conditions in the Northwestern Arabian/Persian Gulf Waters Tariq Alrushaid, Fahad Al Senafi, Ayal Anis This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7031577/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This research investigates the impact of air-sea heat fluxes driven by cold and dry Shamal wind events on physical dynamics and vertical mixing processes in the northwestern Arabian/Persian Gulf. The study integrates in situ observations with numerical simulations employing two-equation turbulence models, the k–ε and k–kl formulations. Field measurements were conducted between mid-January and mid-April 2013 at two coastal stations near Qarooh Island, Kuwait. These observations form the initial phase of an extended monitoring effort and include continuous air-sea measurements of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, light penetration, and current profiles, complemented by meteorological data used to drive the numerical models. Turbulence properties including Reynolds stresses, vertical eddy diffusivity, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and its dissipation rate were estimated from measurements obtained using a pulse-coherent Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and subsequently used to evaluate the numerical simulations. Mixing processes were primarily driven by shear instabilities associated with the semi-diurnal tidal currents and convective mixing triggered by Shamal winds, which reached speeds of up to 15 m/s. These observations were compared with simulation outputs using statistical metrics such as mean bias error, root mean square error, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and the Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency. Both turbulence models demonstrated agreement with the observed turbulence quantities, with correlation values greater than 0.63, demonstrating their effectiveness in reproducing the episodic convective, wind-driven, and tidal mixing dynamics characteristic of this shallow, semi-enclosed marine environment. Shamal wind Turbulence modeling Keyword3 Hydrodynamics Bottom boundary layer Coastal oceanography Arabian/Persian Gulf Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7031577","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":483141625,"identity":"004b3cae-caac-434a-b730-e9b1f3d8c202","order_by":0,"name":"Tariq Alrushaid","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEElEQVRIie2RPWvDMBCGLwjs5UrXCzbuX5AxKENC81dUAtGSQKdS6JBCwVOgq03d/hYbD5naOWOyeFIhY6EZKveDEIjSjh30wIEQ78N7cAAOxz+lNBOa8QA4i6j9QvO0xfFbwR8l+ZMCOwXYRfabMvSf16WGc+xlqlm9XfZVnsnO6jWFhJeWFlS8KmCE4XLSi+dcTR9IsvgxBWFVYAw1AkOiiUfI6+kTSS84SWEgbMpp0yozo6imu+W1ikj670cV+mypjSJFYFpkYFqYUYRVWTZQFXyBhFoEIVdxPl/fdYsXSoYWxb8fs42+vonIN4vpbf+MFqNqo68GcX57WPmq2r9Bp83SkTzs7ulwOByOg3wA4HFM3qnOD9IAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Kuwait University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tariq","middleName":"","lastName":"Alrushaid","suffix":""},{"id":483141626,"identity":"f53ec1d5-f09f-4e14-abe4-60cc518482e8","order_by":1,"name":"Fahad Al Senafi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kuwait University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fahad","middleName":"Al","lastName":"Senafi","suffix":""},{"id":483141627,"identity":"530f62ab-687a-4d1f-aa6b-56e8e1f500b9","order_by":2,"name":"Ayal Anis","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Texas A\u0026M University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ayal","middleName":"","lastName":"Anis","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-02 17:08:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7031577/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7031577/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":86763605,"identity":"00f0f628-4a41-4f1b-be37-1e8f7197ad52","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-15 10:39:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":35566019,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"TAFAAA2025.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7031577/v1_covered_026891ec-2308-4d33-b992-dd32bb3b544f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Wind-Induced Mixing Processes Under Winter Shamal Conditions in the Northwestern Arabian/Persian Gulf Waters","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Shamal wind, Turbulence modeling, Keyword3, Hydrodynamics, Bottom boundary layer, Coastal oceanography, Arabian/Persian Gulf","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7031577/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7031577/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"This research investigates the impact of air-sea heat fluxes driven by cold and dry Shamal wind events on physical dynamics and vertical mixing processes in the northwestern Arabian/Persian Gulf. The study integrates in situ observations with numerical simulations employing two-equation turbulence models, the k–ε and k–kl formulations. Field measurements were conducted between mid-January and mid-April 2013 at two coastal stations near Qarooh Island, Kuwait. These observations form the initial phase of an extended monitoring effort and include continuous air-sea measurements of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, light penetration, and current profiles, complemented by meteorological data used to drive the numerical models. Turbulence properties including Reynolds stresses, vertical eddy diffusivity, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and its dissipation rate were estimated from measurements obtained using a pulse-coherent Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and subsequently used to evaluate the numerical simulations.\nMixing processes were primarily driven by shear instabilities associated with the semi-diurnal tidal currents and convective mixing triggered by Shamal winds, which reached speeds of up to 15 m/s. These observations were compared with simulation outputs using statistical metrics such as mean bias error, root mean square error, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and the Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency. 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