Multi-Parameter Assessment of Internal Technological Consistency in a Non-Excavated Blue-and-White Ya-shou-bei

Multi-Parameter Assessment of Internal Technological Consistency in a Non-Excavated Blue-and-White Ya-shou-bei | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Multi-Parameter Assessment of Internal Technological Consistency in a Non-Excavated Blue-and-White Ya-shou-bei Wen Jen Lin, Allen Chen This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8709064/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study presents a methodological case study examining internal technological consistency in ceramics through multi-parameter material evidence, using a non-excavated blue-and-white Ya-shou-bei as a test object. Non-destructive Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) was employed to characterize geochemical signatures of cobalt pigments, ceramic body, and glaze. Diagnostic elemental ratios (Mn/Co, Fe/Mn, Rb/Sr) were evaluated against published compositional ranges for early Ming high-fired porcelain. The results show a consistent degree of compositional overlap across pigment, body, and glaze domains. Microstructural aging features and macroscopic physical properties provide contextual evidence of technological compatibility, without implying provenance, chronological attribution, or authentication. The study emphasizes the applicability and limitations of a multi-parameter analytical framework for single-object ceramic analyses within data-limited contexts. 1. Introduction Material-based analytical approaches have become central to international ceramic studies, particularly in reconstructing production technologies and technological choices underlying high-fired ceramic wares. Elemental composition analysis and diagnostic geochemical ratios reflect raw material selection, pigment preparation, and formulation strategies, especially where stylistic criteria are insufficient or ambiguous. Within archaeometry research, emphasis has shifted from absolute attribution toward statistically defined compositional ranges and comparative technological frameworks [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Despite these advances, ceramics lacking secure archaeological provenance—including non-excavated objects in private or museum collections—remain underutilized due to concerns regarding representativeness and interpretive risk. Recent methodological scholarship suggests that analytical value need not depend exclusively on secure provenance, provided claims are constrained and framed within comparative contexts, deriving from internal coherence across independent material parameters [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. The present study addresses a methodological question: to what extent can a single non-excavated ceramic object be evaluated as a technologically coherent system through internally consistent material evidence? By integrating geochemical ratios, glaze composition, microstructural features, and macroscopic properties, this paper explores the potential and limitations of a multi-parameter framework for single-object analysis [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. The blue-and-white Ya-shou-bei examined here serves exclusively as an analytical platform for testing methodological integration. Internal technological consistency does not equate to provenance or chronological certainty, nor does it provide a basis for authentication; it evaluates analytical coherence across multiple parameters [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Analytical Strategy The analytical strategy of this study is based on non-destructive examination, ensuring the integrity of the object while enabling cross-comparison with published datasets. Rather than focusing on isolated indicators, multiple independent parameters were selected to evaluate technological coherence across pigment, body, and glaze systems [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. 2.2 Instrumentation and Measurement Conditions Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis was conducted using an EDX1800B spectrometer. Measurements were performed at a tube voltage of 45 kV and a tube current of 300 µA. Three analytical zones were selected: the cobalt-decorated blue pigment, the ceramic body at the foot ring, and the white glaze at the base. Each zone was measured multiple times to ensure reproducibility [ 17 , 18 ]. 2.3 Data Treatment and Comparative Framework Elemental concentrations were evaluated primarily through diagnostic ratios (Mn/Co, Fe/Mn, Rb/Sr), which are less sensitive to surface conditions and instrumental variation than absolute values. Results were compared with published datasets from excavated Jingdezhen imperial kiln materials to assess degrees of compositional overlap and technological compatibility within the limits of published comparative datasets, following comparative archaeometry approaches [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. 3. Results 3.1 Geochemical Signatures of Cobalt Pigments The use of elemental ratios such as Mn/Co and Fe/Mn as comparative indicators for pigment characterization has been well established in previous studies of Yuan and Ming blue-and-white porcelains [ 2 , 6 , 8 , 10 ]. Chen et al. (1981) reported characteristics that imported cobalt materials used during the early Ming period are characterized by low manganese and relatively high iron contents, forming distinct compositional clusters [ 4 , 8 ]. Subsequent syntheses of imperial kiln data further confirmed the technological significance of these ratios in distinguishing pigment preparation systems [ 2 , 6 ]. The cobalt-decorated areas exhibit Mn/Co and Fe/Mn (Supplementary Table S1) ratios consistent with low-manganese, high-iron cobalt materials. The measured Mn/Co ratio (~ 0.636) and Fe/Mn ratio (~ 5.46) fall within the established distribution ranges reported for imported cobalt pigments used during the early Ming period [ 10 , 13 , 15 , 17 ]. These values demonstrate a substantial compositional overlap with published imperial kiln datasets, indicating technological compatibility with previously reported pigment preparation systems, rather than providing evidence for definitive provenance [ 16 , 18 , 19 ]. 3.2 Geochemical Characteristics of the Ceramic Body Geochemical ratios such as Rb/Sr (Supplementary Table S2) have been widely used as comparative descriptors of porcelain body formulations in high-fired ceramics, including Jingdezhen-related datasets [ 12 , 13 , 19 ]. In published analytical studies, Rb/Sr variability is commonly discussed in relation to differences in raw-material mixing and body-recipe practices rather than as a standalone marker of provenance or attribution [ 12 , 19 ]. Accordingly, Rb/Sr is treated here as a contextual, range-based parameter for comparing the present measurements with reported body datasets [ 13 , 22 ]. Analysis of the ceramic body at the foot ring yields a raw Rb/Sr ratio of 2.94. After applying a geometric correction to account for curvature-related measurement effects, the corrected ratio (~ 3.98) falls within the ranges reported for Jingdezhen-related porcelain body datasets in the recent literature [ 12 , 13 , 19 ]. Within the limits of surface-sensitive, non-destructive measurements, the corrected value shows clear compositional overlap with published body variability and is therefore reported here as a comparative indicator of body-formulation consistency, rather than as evidence for provenance or chronological attribution [ 17 , 22 , 23 ]. 3.3 Base White Glaze Composition The base white glaze exhibits low Fe and Ti concentrations (Supplementary Table S3), consistent with the low chromophore levels typically reported for high-fired white glazes. Trace elements such as Ba, Zn, and Zr are present only at background levels in the measured areas, and no elevated signals were observed that would indicate atypical additive-rich glaze formulations within the limits of non-destructive surface analysis [ 24 , 25 ]. Overall, the glaze elemental profile shows substantial overlap with published analytical datasets for comparable high-fired Chinese glazes, supporting technological compatibility in a comparative sense while avoiding provenance, chronological attribution, or authentication claims [ 11 , 25 , 26 ]. 3.4 Microstructural and Physical Observations 3.4.1 Sub-glaze Bubble Structures and Aging Features Microstructural features of ceramic glazes, including sub-glaze bubble distributions and softened bubble boundaries (Supplementary Fig. S1), have been widely discussed in archaeometry studies of high-fired ceramics [ 3 , 21 ]. SEM-based investigations indicate that long-term structural relaxation of silicate glass phases may result in blurred bubble interfaces and layered bubble morphologies in naturally aged glazes [ 3 , 21 ]. These features are generally interpreted as manifestations of prolonged material aging processes rather than as indicators of specific firing parameters or chronological determination [ 3 , 21 ]. Microscopic examination of the present specimen reveals a dense, multi-layered distribution of sub-glaze bubbles with softened and blurred boundaries. Such features are consistent with descriptions of long-term structural relaxation reported for naturally aged high-fired glazes and provide physical context for the geochemical observations without implying chronological attribution [ 3 , 21 ]. 3.4.2 Pigment–Glaze Interaction and Structural Subsidence Localized subsidence and metallic luster associated with areas of dense cobalt decoration are observed (Supplementary Fig. S2) [ 16 , 17 , 19 ]. Such features have been reported in previous studies as reflecting physicochemical interactions between iron-rich cobalt pigments and the surrounding glaze during high-temperature firing [ 16 , 17 , 19 ]. In the present case, these microstructural observations are reported here as descriptive features that occur alongside the measured geochemical signatures, without implying specific production parameters or attribution [ 16 , 17 , 19 ]. 3.5 Macroscopic Properties From a macroscopic perspective (Supplementary Fig. S3), several surface and visual characteristics of the object can be described in relation to the microstructural observations and EDXRF elemental data [ 6 , 19 , 23 ]. The blue decoration exhibits a deep yet optically soft tonal quality rather than sharp chromatic contrast, consistent with the presence of low-manganese, iron-bearing cobalt pigments identified through Mn/Co ratio (~ 0.636) and Fe/Mn ratio (~ 5.46) [ 2 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 13 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Such compositional characteristics have been reported to facilitate gradual pigment diffusion and controlled interaction with the glaze matrix during high-temperature firing, resulting in visually integrated blue tones rather than superficial coloration [ 2 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 13 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. The glaze surface appears smooth and lustrous, a quality often described using traditional descriptive terminology such as “moist” or “jade-like” [ 6 , 19 , 23 ]. From a material standpoint, these visual properties are influenced by the specific calcium-alkali glaze formulations and firing temperatures traditionally utilized in the Jingdezhen tradition [ 26 ]. At the microscopic level, this macroscopic gloss corresponds to a dense glassy phase with softened sub-glaze bubble boundaries, consistent with extensive vitrification and long-term structural relaxation processes [ 3 , 21 ]. The low concentrations of iron and titanium detected in the glaze by EDXRF reduce light scattering within the glaze matrix, contributing to enhanced surface luster and optical depth [ 11 , 23 , 24 ]. The tactile smoothness observed at the foot ring can be described in relation to the fine-grained characteristics of the ceramic body materials and the absence of coarse inclusions at the exposed surface [ 6 , 19 , 23 ]. Materials with small particle sizes and low proportions of coarse temper have been reported to promote uniform packing and dense vitrification during high-temperature firing, resulting in surfaces with minimal residual porosity and subdued micro-roughness [ 13 , 14 , 19 ]. From a materials-science perspective, these characteristics are consistent with a compact body micro texture lacking protruding crystalline phases at the exposed foot ring. The Rb/Sr corrected ratio (~ 3.98) obtained from EDXRF analysis is reported here as being compatible with published ranges for refined porcelain body formulations, supporting the interpretation that the observed tactile properties can be contextualized using independently measured compositional and microstructural parameters rather than subjective impression alone [ 12 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 22 ]. The specimen weighs approximately 150.0 g and has a rim diameter of 9.4 cm. These physical dimensions indicate a relatively thin-walled and lightweight construction, features that have been discussed in the literature in relation to refined raw material preparation and controlled high-temperature firing conditions [ 6 , 19 , 23 ]. Under transmitted light (Supplementary Fig. S4), the ceramic body exhibits a warm reddish translucency. Such optical effects have been reported for highly vitrified porcelain bodies with low concentrations of coloring impurities, particularly iron and titanium, and can be described as an emergent property of the interaction between mineralogical composition and firing-induced glass-phase development [ 11 , 12 , 19 , 23 ]. 4. Discussion In Chinese ceramic connoisseurship, traditional descriptors such as “saliva glaze” or “iron spots” have long been grounded in macroscopic observation and experiential knowledge [ 6 , 19 , 23 ]. While such terms remain valuable heuristic tools, their interpretive precision can be enhanced by examining the underlying physical mechanisms through a materials science perspective. Previous studies have demonstrated that macroscopic visual phenomena can often be correlated with microstructural features and compositional parameters observable through analytical techniques [ 3 , 16 , 17 , 21 ]. This approach aligns with scholarship emphasizing the translation of qualitative descriptive categories into reproducible, quantitative observations, thereby improving analytical transparency and facilitating comparability across analytical contexts [ 1 , 3 , 21 ]. At the same time, interpretive caution remains essential, as emphasized by Brereton regarding the responsible interpretation of analytical data [ 16 ]. The present results demonstrate a degree of convergence among independent analytical parameters, including geochemical ratios and microstructural observations. This convergence supports a coherent technological interpretation at the level of internal consistency rather than serving as evidence for authentication or attribution [ 1 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 21 ]. However, as noted by [ 27 ], interpreting non-destructive data requires a reserved approach, as techniques such as Raman spectroscopy and pXRF remain surface-limited and sensitive to local heterogeneity. In this context, the value of multi-parameter agreement lies in its ability to cross-check analytical observations derived from different material domains, rather than in establishing a singular diagnostic criterion [ 18 , 22 ]. When viewed through the lens of compositional overlap and internal compatibility, the multi-parameter framework employed here offers a potential strategy for addressing the inherent constraints of single-object analyses. Rather than relying on population-level statistics, this approach emphasizes comparative consistency within clearly defined analytical ranges [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 22 ]. Such a strategy may be particularly useful in ceramic research contexts where comprehensive, securely provenanced datasets are unavailable or incomplete, requiring reliance on published compositional ranges and multi-elemental fingerprinting data [ 28 , 29 ]. At the same time, this case study underscores the interpretive limits of single-object investigations. While convergence across multiple parameters may indicate technological coherence, it cannot substitute for population-level datasets or excavation-based contextual evidence [ 18 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. The methodological contribution of the present study therefore lies not in representativeness, but in its capacity to evaluate analytical compatibility across independent material domains within a constrained comparative framework [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 23 ]. It should also be emphasized that none of the individual parameters examined here—whether geochemical, microstructural, or macroscopic—are treated as diagnostic in isolation. Instead, interpretive weight is assigned to their collective consistency within a transparent, range-based comparative framework [ 1 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 23 , 30 ]. Such an approach reduces the risk of over-interpretation while preserving the analytical value of each parameter. In summary, the findings presented here suggest that the internal coherence of a single ceramic object—integrating geochemical, microstructural, and macroscopic observations—can provide a robust basis for evaluating multi-parameter analytical frameworks. Rather than prioritizing authentication, the approach emphasizes technological consistency and analytical compatibility, offering a complementary methodological pathway for engaging with ceramics that lack secure archaeological provenance. Importantly, this framework is not proposed as an alternative to excavation-based research, but as a supplementary strategy that may help structure interpretation in data-limited contexts [ 21 , 25 , 31 ]. Declarations Open Access We confirm that we understand npj Heritage Science is an open access journal that levies an article processing charge per articles accepted for publication. By submitting our article we agree to pay this charge in full if our article is accepted for publication. Competing Interests We declare that the authors have no competing interests as defined by Springer, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper. Dual Publication The results/data/figures in this manuscript have not been published elsewhere, nor are they under consideration by another publisher. Authorship We have read the Nature Portfolio journal policies on author responsibilities and submit this manuscript in accordance with those policies. Third Party Material All of the material is owned by the authors and/or no permissions are required. Data Availability We do not have any research data outside the submitted manuscript file. Research Funding This research did not receive funding. Author Contributions Wen-Jen Lin conceived the research framework, designed the multi-parameter analysis methodology. Allen Chen performed the EDXRF measurements. W.L. and A.C. collaborated on data interpretation. W.L. wrote the manuscript. 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Li B, et al. Trace element analysis of Jingdezhen imperial porcelain: Implications for provenance and technology. Archaeometry. 2019;61(2):341–56. 10.1111/arcm.12412 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryTableS1.GeochemicalanalysisofcobaltdecoratedareasEDXRF.jpg SupplementaryTableS2.GeochemicalanalysisoftheceramicbodyatthefootringEDXRF.jpg SupplementaryTableS3.GeochemicalanalysisofthebasewhiteglazeEDXRF.jpg SupplementaryInformation.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8709064","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":587846892,"identity":"6f9c1ee8-8aa3-4893-a077-531d7e618654","order_by":0,"name":"Wen Jen Lin","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZgglw8bAfOBAwg8bIJux8QARWgx42BjYEh987EkDaWnAr4UBqoWBgcfYcAbbYTAXrxaD47wHP3zc8YeHT7rBTJqH57zd2vbDQFtqbKJxajnMlyw58wzQYTIH0qR5LG4nbzuTCNRyLC23AYcWyWYeM2beNqAWiYRjQFtuJ5sdAGphbDiMX8tfsJbENmketnPJZucf4tfCzwzUwgjWkswM9P4BO7MbBGwBajGW7G0zBmpJYwQGcnKC2Q2gLQl4/MLGf8bww882OTn5GfkfgFFpZ292Pv3hgw81Nji1YIBEsMoEYpWDgD0pikfBKBgFo2BkAAADklmPTxNg/gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wen","middleName":"Jen","lastName":"Lin","suffix":""},{"id":587846893,"identity":"53da2df5-2a8e-4d2e-a795-ea8337b60536","order_by":1,"name":"Allen Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Allen","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-27 10:26:03","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8709064/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8709064/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":104781722,"identity":"f4d7fc00-c7de-4027-86f6-a917816ff381","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-17 07:56:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":593763,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8709064/v1/a89ddbc6-6657-4729-b286-ecbf2dfd23a9.pdf"},{"id":102312348,"identity":"b6e3082e-27ba-498e-bf0a-d4f3b6c452fa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 12:01:11","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":343247,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryTableS1.GeochemicalanalysisofcobaltdecoratedareasEDXRF.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8709064/v1/4206388cf600c587fe87ac7c.jpg"},{"id":102312347,"identity":"c46d1f36-5f8c-4540-9d6c-88874e9de198","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 12:01:11","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":353866,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryTableS2.GeochemicalanalysisoftheceramicbodyatthefootringEDXRF.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8709064/v1/0d87866aa97966377f871333.jpg"},{"id":102312429,"identity":"aed1bbd1-27d5-426f-aeed-05752f3c6212","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 12:01:54","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":354762,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryTableS3.GeochemicalanalysisofthebasewhiteglazeEDXRF.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8709064/v1/f3edd2c0060a4509fde02544.jpg"},{"id":102312435,"identity":"673378a5-2618-437e-9f55-5060b08b64e9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 12:02:00","extension":"docx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":6078455,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryInformation.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8709064/v1/01f80ce38cdacd891fe8f3fa.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Multi-Parameter Assessment of Internal Technological Consistency in a Non-Excavated Blue-and-White Ya-shou-bei","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMaterial-based analytical approaches have become central to international ceramic studies, particularly in reconstructing production technologies and technological choices underlying high-fired ceramic wares. Elemental composition analysis and diagnostic geochemical ratios reflect raw material selection, pigment preparation, and formulation strategies, especially where stylistic criteria are insufficient or ambiguous. Within archaeometry research, emphasis has shifted from absolute attribution toward statistically defined compositional ranges and comparative technological frameworks [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite these advances, ceramics lacking secure archaeological provenance\u0026mdash;including non-excavated objects in private or museum collections\u0026mdash;remain underutilized due to concerns regarding representativeness and interpretive risk. Recent methodological scholarship suggests that analytical value need not depend exclusively on secure provenance, provided claims are constrained and framed within comparative contexts, deriving from internal coherence across independent material parameters [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study addresses a methodological question: to what extent can a single non-excavated ceramic object be evaluated as a technologically coherent system through internally consistent material evidence? By integrating geochemical ratios, glaze composition, microstructural features, and macroscopic properties, this paper explores the potential and limitations of a multi-parameter framework for single-object analysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe blue-and-white Ya-shou-bei examined here serves exclusively as an analytical platform for testing methodological integration. Internal technological consistency does not equate to provenance or chronological certainty, nor does it provide a basis for authentication; it evaluates analytical coherence across multiple parameters [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Analytical Strategy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analytical strategy of this study is based on non-destructive examination, ensuring the integrity of the object while enabling cross-comparison with published datasets. Rather than focusing on isolated indicators, multiple independent parameters were selected to evaluate technological coherence across pigment, body, and glaze systems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Instrumentation and Measurement Conditions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis was conducted using an EDX1800B spectrometer. Measurements were performed at a tube voltage of 45 kV and a tube current of 300 \u0026micro;A. Three analytical zones were selected: the cobalt-decorated blue pigment, the ceramic body at the foot ring, and the white glaze at the base. Each zone was measured multiple times to ensure reproducibility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Data Treatment and Comparative Framework\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eElemental concentrations were evaluated primarily through diagnostic ratios (Mn/Co, Fe/Mn, Rb/Sr), which are less sensitive to surface conditions and instrumental variation than absolute values. Results were compared with published datasets from excavated Jingdezhen imperial kiln materials to assess degrees of compositional overlap and technological compatibility within the limits of published comparative datasets, following comparative archaeometry approaches [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Geochemical Signatures of Cobalt Pigments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe use of elemental ratios such as Mn/Co and Fe/Mn as comparative indicators for pigment characterization has been well established in previous studies of Yuan and Ming blue-and-white porcelains [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Chen et al. (1981) reported characteristics that imported cobalt materials used during the early Ming period are characterized by low manganese and relatively high iron contents, forming distinct compositional clusters [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Subsequent syntheses of imperial kiln data further confirmed the technological significance of these ratios in distinguishing pigment preparation systems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cobalt-decorated areas exhibit Mn/Co and Fe/Mn (Supplementary Table S1) ratios consistent with low-manganese, high-iron cobalt materials. The measured Mn/Co ratio (~\u0026thinsp;0.636) and Fe/Mn ratio (~\u0026thinsp;5.46) fall within the established distribution ranges reported for imported cobalt pigments used during the early Ming period [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. These values demonstrate a substantial compositional overlap with published imperial kiln datasets, indicating technological compatibility with previously reported pigment preparation systems, rather than providing evidence for definitive provenance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Geochemical Characteristics of the Ceramic Body\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeochemical ratios such as Rb/Sr (Supplementary Table S2) have been widely used as comparative descriptors of porcelain body formulations in high-fired ceramics, including Jingdezhen-related datasets [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. In published analytical studies, Rb/Sr variability is commonly discussed in relation to differences in raw-material mixing and body-recipe practices rather than as a standalone marker of provenance or attribution [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Accordingly, Rb/Sr is treated here as a contextual, range-based parameter for comparing the present measurements with reported body datasets [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the ceramic body at the foot ring yields a raw Rb/Sr ratio of 2.94. After applying a geometric correction to account for curvature-related measurement effects, the corrected ratio (~\u0026thinsp;3.98) falls within the ranges reported for Jingdezhen-related porcelain body datasets in the recent literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Within the limits of surface-sensitive, non-destructive measurements, the corrected value shows clear compositional overlap with published body variability and is therefore reported here as a comparative indicator of body-formulation consistency, rather than as evidence for provenance or chronological attribution [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Base White Glaze Composition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe base white glaze exhibits low Fe and Ti concentrations (Supplementary Table S3), consistent with the low chromophore levels typically reported for high-fired white glazes. Trace elements such as Ba, Zn, and Zr are present only at background levels in the measured areas, and no elevated signals were observed that would indicate atypical additive-rich glaze formulations within the limits of non-destructive surface analysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Overall, the glaze elemental profile shows substantial overlap with published analytical datasets for comparable high-fired Chinese glazes, supporting technological compatibility in a comparative sense while avoiding provenance, chronological attribution, or authentication claims [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Microstructural and Physical Observations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.1 Sub-glaze Bubble Structures and Aging Features\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrostructural features of ceramic glazes, including sub-glaze bubble distributions and softened bubble boundaries (Supplementary Fig. S1), have been widely discussed in archaeometry studies of high-fired ceramics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. SEM-based investigations indicate that long-term structural relaxation of silicate glass phases may result in blurred bubble interfaces and layered bubble morphologies in naturally aged glazes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. These features are generally interpreted as manifestations of prolonged material aging processes rather than as indicators of specific firing parameters or chronological determination [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicroscopic examination of the present specimen reveals a dense, multi-layered distribution of sub-glaze bubbles with softened and blurred boundaries. Such features are consistent with descriptions of long-term structural relaxation reported for naturally aged high-fired glazes and provide physical context for the geochemical observations without implying chronological attribution [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.2 Pigment\u0026ndash;Glaze Interaction and Structural Subsidence\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocalized subsidence and metallic luster associated with areas of dense cobalt decoration are observed (Supplementary Fig. S2) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Such features have been reported in previous studies as reflecting physicochemical interactions between iron-rich cobalt pigments and the surrounding glaze during high-temperature firing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. In the present case, these microstructural observations are reported here as descriptive features that occur alongside the measured geochemical signatures, without implying specific production parameters or attribution [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Macroscopic Properties\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom a macroscopic perspective (Supplementary Fig. S3), several surface and visual characteristics of the object can be described in relation to the microstructural observations and EDXRF elemental data [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. The blue decoration exhibits a deep yet optically soft tonal quality rather than sharp chromatic contrast, consistent with the presence of low-manganese, iron-bearing cobalt pigments identified through Mn/Co ratio (~\u0026thinsp;0.636) and Fe/Mn ratio (~\u0026thinsp;5.46) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Such compositional characteristics have been reported to facilitate gradual pigment diffusion and controlled interaction with the glaze matrix during high-temperature firing, resulting in visually integrated blue tones rather than superficial coloration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe glaze surface appears smooth and lustrous, a quality often described using traditional descriptive terminology such as \u0026ldquo;moist\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;jade-like\u0026rdquo; [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. From a material standpoint, these visual properties are influenced by the specific calcium-alkali glaze formulations and firing temperatures traditionally utilized in the Jingdezhen tradition [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. At the microscopic level, this macroscopic gloss corresponds to a dense glassy phase with softened sub-glaze bubble boundaries, consistent with extensive vitrification and long-term structural relaxation processes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The low concentrations of iron and titanium detected in the glaze by EDXRF reduce light scattering within the glaze matrix, contributing to enhanced surface luster and optical depth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe tactile smoothness observed at the foot ring can be described in relation to the fine-grained characteristics of the ceramic body materials and the absence of coarse inclusions at the exposed surface [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Materials with small particle sizes and low proportions of coarse temper have been reported to promote uniform packing and dense vitrification during high-temperature firing, resulting in surfaces with minimal residual porosity and subdued micro-roughness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom a materials-science perspective, these characteristics are consistent with a compact body micro texture lacking protruding crystalline phases at the exposed foot ring. The Rb/Sr corrected ratio (~\u0026thinsp;3.98) obtained from EDXRF analysis is reported here as being compatible with published ranges for refined porcelain body formulations, supporting the interpretation that the observed tactile properties can be contextualized using independently measured compositional and microstructural parameters rather than subjective impression alone [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe specimen weighs approximately 150.0 g and has a rim diameter of 9.4 cm. These physical dimensions indicate a relatively thin-walled and lightweight construction, features that have been discussed in the literature in relation to refined raw material preparation and controlled high-temperature firing conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Under transmitted light (Supplementary Fig. S4), the ceramic body exhibits a warm reddish translucency. Such optical effects have been reported for highly vitrified porcelain bodies with low concentrations of coloring impurities, particularly iron and titanium, and can be described as an emergent property of the interaction between mineralogical composition and firing-induced glass-phase development [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Chinese ceramic connoisseurship, traditional descriptors such as \u0026ldquo;saliva glaze\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;iron spots\u0026rdquo; have long been grounded in macroscopic observation and experiential knowledge [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. While such terms remain valuable heuristic tools, their interpretive precision can be enhanced by examining the underlying physical mechanisms through a materials science perspective. Previous studies have demonstrated that macroscopic visual phenomena can often be correlated with microstructural features and compositional parameters observable through analytical techniques [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. This approach aligns with scholarship emphasizing the translation of qualitative descriptive categories into reproducible, quantitative observations, thereby improving analytical transparency and facilitating comparability across analytical contexts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. At the same time, interpretive caution remains essential, as emphasized by Brereton regarding the responsible interpretation of analytical data [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present results demonstrate a degree of convergence among independent analytical parameters, including geochemical ratios and microstructural observations. This convergence supports a coherent technological interpretation at the level of internal consistency rather than serving as evidence for authentication or attribution [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. However, as noted by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], interpreting non-destructive data requires a reserved approach, as techniques such as Raman spectroscopy and pXRF remain surface-limited and sensitive to local heterogeneity. In this context, the value of multi-parameter agreement lies in its ability to cross-check analytical observations derived from different material domains, rather than in establishing a singular diagnostic criterion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen viewed through the lens of compositional overlap and internal compatibility, the multi-parameter framework employed here offers a potential strategy for addressing the inherent constraints of single-object analyses. Rather than relying on population-level statistics, this approach emphasizes comparative consistency within clearly defined analytical ranges [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Such a strategy may be particularly useful in ceramic research contexts where comprehensive, securely provenanced datasets are unavailable or incomplete, requiring reliance on published compositional ranges and multi-elemental fingerprinting data [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the same time, this case study underscores the interpretive limits of single-object investigations. While convergence across multiple parameters may indicate technological coherence, it cannot substitute for population-level datasets or excavation-based contextual evidence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. The methodological contribution of the present study therefore lies not in representativeness, but in its capacity to evaluate analytical compatibility across independent material domains within a constrained comparative framework [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt should also be emphasized that none of the individual parameters examined here\u0026mdash;whether geochemical, microstructural, or macroscopic\u0026mdash;are treated as diagnostic in isolation. Instead, interpretive weight is assigned to their collective consistency within a transparent, range-based comparative framework [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Such an approach reduces the risk of over-interpretation while preserving the analytical value of each parameter.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn summary, the findings presented here suggest that the internal coherence of a single ceramic object\u0026mdash;integrating geochemical, microstructural, and macroscopic observations\u0026mdash;can provide a robust basis for evaluating multi-parameter analytical frameworks. Rather than prioritizing authentication, the approach emphasizes technological consistency and analytical compatibility, offering a complementary methodological pathway for engaging with ceramics that lack secure archaeological provenance. Importantly, this framework is not proposed as an alternative to excavation-based research, but as a supplementary strategy that may help structure interpretation in data-limited contexts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOpen Access\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe confirm that we understand npj Heritage Science is an open access journal that levies an article processing charge per articles accepted for publication. By submitting our article we agree to pay this charge in full if our article is accepted for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe declare that the authors have no competing interests as defined by Springer, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDual Publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results/data/figures in this manuscript have not been published elsewhere, nor are they under consideration by another publisher.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthorship\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe have read the Nature Portfolio journal policies on author responsibilities and submit this manuscript in accordance with those policies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThird Party Material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll of the material is owned by the authors and/or no permissions are required.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe do not have any research data outside the submitted manuscript file.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Funding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWen-Jen Lin conceived the research framework, designed the multi-parameter analysis methodology. Allen Chen performed the EDXRF measurements. W.L. and A.C. collaborated on data interpretation. W.L. wrote the manuscript. All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTite MS. Ceramic production, provenance and use\u0026mdash;A review. Archaeometry. 2008;50(2):216\u0026ndash;31. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00391.x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00391.x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePollard AM, Hatcher H. The chemical composition of blue pigment on Chinese blue-and-white porcelain of the Yuan and Ming dynasties. 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Archaeometry. 2019;61(2):341\u0026ndash;56. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1111/arcm.12412\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/arcm.12412\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8709064/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8709064/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study presents a methodological case study examining internal technological consistency in ceramics through multi-parameter material evidence, using a non-excavated blue-and-white Ya-shou-bei as a test object. Non-destructive Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) was employed to characterize geochemical signatures of cobalt pigments, ceramic body, and glaze. Diagnostic elemental ratios (Mn/Co, Fe/Mn, Rb/Sr) were evaluated against published compositional ranges for early Ming high-fired porcelain. The results show a consistent degree of compositional overlap across pigment, body, and glaze domains. Microstructural aging features and macroscopic physical properties provide contextual evidence of technological compatibility, without implying provenance, chronological attribution, or authentication. The study emphasizes the applicability and limitations of a multi-parameter analytical framework for single-object ceramic analyses within data-limited contexts.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Multi-Parameter Assessment of Internal Technological Consistency in a Non-Excavated Blue-and-White Ya-shou-bei","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-10 11:58:33","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8709064/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d1d19d15-6fc2-4bdd-a169-e5351678099a","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 10th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-13T16:25:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-10 11:58:33","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8709064","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8709064","identity":"rs-8709064","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}