Association of insufficiency fruits and vegetables consumption and cardiovascular diseases risk among beverage industrial workers and their spouses in Rwanda

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Around 5.6 to 7.8 million of global premature deaths were declared due to insufficient intake of fruits and vegetables. The objective of this study was to assess the association between fruits and vegetables intake and fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Methods Employing a cross-sectional analytical design, 440 study participants aged between 30 and 75 years participated in this study using Cochrane sample size formula and stratified random sampling combined with simple random sampling. Stepwise questionnaire, clinical forms and biological blood samples were used to get socio-demographic, fruits, and vegetables(F&V) data and prior information for predicting the cardiovascular risk with cox regression analysis through Framingham general risk score. Chi-square and logistic regression statistical analysis were used to assess the association between F&V intake and categorized cardiovascular diseases risk (low CVD risk: = 10%). The significance threshold was set at p < 0.05 and 95%CI. Results The findings of this study revealed that the mean age was 44.92 years with interquartile range of IQR: 45(38-51.75). Around 75.9% of study participants consumed vegetables for two days and fewer in a typical week, and 79.8% of participants were found to consume less than one serving. Additionally, consuming vegetables below three days in a typical week was associated with elevated cardiovascular disease risk ( > = 10%) with AOR: 5.869, 95% CI: 2.710-12.714, p = 10%) with AOR: 2.135, 95% CI: 1.136–4.010, p = 0.01. Moreover, consuming less than one serving of fruits was associated with a fourfold increase in elevated cardiovascular disease risk ( > = 10%) with AOR: 4.41, 95% CI: 1.938–10.042, p < 0.001. Conclusion This study concludes that consuming a low quantity of servings and infrequent intake of fruits and vegetables in a typical week is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases ( > = 10%). Fruits vegetables cardiovascular diseases risk Introduction Cardiovascular diseases risk and premature death have been associated with low fruits and vegetables intake. Around 5.6 to 7.8 million of global premature deaths were declared due to insufficient intake of fruits and vegetables of (< 500g/day) and (< 800g/day), respectively [ 1 ]. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) stands as the leading cause of death in developed nations and globally. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2015, CVD was responsible for 17.7 million deaths, accounting for 31% of all causes of mortality. In 2017, inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables (F/V) was linked to 3.9 million global deaths [ 2 ]. Despite increased emphasis on the significance of adequate fruit and vegetable intake, WHO reported low global prevalence of their consumption. Poor fruit and vegetable consumption was directly linked to an estimated 3.9 million global fatalities in 2017 [ 3 ]. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables is a fundamental aspect of a healthy lifestyle. Recommended for the general population, this diet aims to lower the risk of cancer and cardiovascular illnesses. These diseases, which accounted for 25.5 million deaths in 2013, are the primary causes of premature death worldwide [ 1 ](Aune, 2017). Consuming higher amounts of fruits and vegetables (FV) has been associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) [ 4 ]. There's a pressing need to reassess the roles of various fruit and vegetable sources in preventing CVD. The perception that fruits and vegetables significantly lower global CVD morbidity and mortality needs re-evaluation, particularly with emerging initiatives to reduce dietary sugars. It's uncertain whether different fruits and vegetables offer comparable CVD risk reduction [ 5 ]. While most studies on diet and CVD focus on specific nutrients, studies indicate that overall dietary patterns can predict cardiovascular risk. A Western-style diet high in red/processed meats, sweets, fried food, and refined grains is associated with higher cardiovascular risk, while a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, poultry, and fish is linked to lower risk [ 6 ]. Inadequate vegetable consumption is believed to cause approximately 1.5 million premature deaths from CVD annually, despite vegetables being rich in essential nutrients [ 7 ]. A healthy diet advocated for preventing diseases, including CVD, recommends high intake of fruits and vegetables. It's been shown that consuming at least 5 portions (400 g) of FV daily reduces the risk of developing major health issues [ 8 ]. However, most evidence supporting this advice comes from Europe, the United States, Japan, and China. There's limited research on the correlation between lower levels of fruit and vegetable consumption and cardiovascular disease in populations outside these regions [ 9 ]. Observational studies initially showed that eating fruits and vegetables protects against CVD, but the extent of risk reduction and the ideal intake amount remains unclear [ 6 ]. Dietary regimens like the Mediterranean Diet and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet have demonstrated reducing CVD risk, particularly by emphasizing higher fruit and vegetable consumption (F&V) [ 10 ]. Additionally, another investigation conducted across five selected Sub-Saharan African (SSA) nations: Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, South Africa, and Nigeria unveiled that, individuals with infrequent consumption of fruits and vegetables faced an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases (AOR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.70, 0.90) [ 11 ]. Furthermore, in South Africa, a comparative study on the burden of disease highlighted that inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables contributed to 3.2% (1,667) of 521,000 deaths and 1.1% of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) [ 9 , 12 , 13 ]. Rwanda, a low-to-middle-income country in East Africa, has also felt the burden of increasing CVD. The WHO-STEPS survey in 2013 found that 99.1% of Rwandans did not consume enough fruits and vegetables [ 14 ]. With NCDs contributing to 1 in 3 deaths in Rwanda, insufficient fruit and vegetable intake pose serious health risks, as they lower the chances of developing chronic diseases like heart diseases, high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity. A 2012–2013 NCD Risk Factor Survey conducted by the Ministry of Health revealed low fruit consumption, with rural and semi-urban areas averaging 1.3 servings daily, and urban areas only at 1.2 servings [ 15 ]. This study aims to assess the association between fruits and vegetables intake and fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Methods Study design and sampling. This research was conducted under cross-sectional study design from May to December 2018 in beverage manufacturing industry setting in Rwanda. The study participants were made of industry employees and their spouses for having workplace and community information. The target population was 822 and study participants characteristics were males and females aged between 30 to 75 years old. the inclusion criteria were being a worker in mentioned industry, aged between 30 years to 75 years. And being a spouse of the worker. Participants with clinically established cardiovascular disease were excluded to avoid the bias of elevating the CVD risk. Cochrane formula was used to calculate the sample size of 385. The correction and adjustment of sample size with 12% of non-response bias was carried out and with this formula n = n1/ (1-0.12). Hence, 385/ (1-0.12) = 437.5 ≈ 440. Moreover, among all 440 study participants, 270 were employees and 170 were spouses. Stratified Random sampling techniques were mixed with simple random sampling where the first technique was used to select participants from their different organized stratum to ensure representativity. The dependent and independent variable of this study The ten-year cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) risk was the dependent variable of this study. The predicted cardiovascular diseases were total fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular diseases which are (heart failure, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and peripheral vascular diseases (PVD). It was processed by the cox regression model through the Framingham general risk score (FGRS). This cardiovascular disease risk was categorized as elevated risk ( > = 10%) and low risk (< 10%). The weekly frequency and daily quantity of fruits and vegetables intake were the independent variables of this study and socio-demographic factors. Study instruments. This study instrument consisted of three parts: A standardized questionnaire with socio-demographic and fruits and vegetables intake questions items and clinical and laboratory form. The clinical and laboratory items were carried out for predicting the ten-year cardiovascular risk using cox regression model through Framingham general risk score (FGRS). Clinical data collection materials: Stethoscope and tensiometer and equipped laboratory for blood sample testing such as lipids and blood sugar. The data collection was processed after obtaining an ethical clearance from Rwanda national ethical committee. Assessment of fruits and vegetables consumption These questions asked about the fruits and vegetables that the study participants usually eat. The study investigator presented nutrition card that shows some examples of local fruits and vegetables. Each picture represented the size of a serving. Every study participant was asked to think about the servings of fruits and vegetables he took in a typical week, noting that one serving = 80 gram of fruits or vegetables. Showcards were used to help the study participants to figure out the quantity of fruits or vegetables taken for the daily consumptions of fruits and vegetables. The following items were used to assess the fruits and vegetables consumptions. In a typical week, on how many days study participant eat fruit, how many servings of fruit study participant eat on one day; In a typical week, on how many days study participant eat vegetables; how many servings of vegetables study participant eat on one day. Fruits and vegetables intake weekly frequency intake was finally categorized to > = three days a week and < 3 days a week. The daily servings(portions) of fruits and vegetables were also categorized to less than one serving: =80 grams. Statistical analysis The data analysis for this study was conducted using SPSS software version 22. Data presentation was facilitated through tables. The prediction of cardiovascular disease risk was performed using the Cox hazard regression model, specifically the Framingham general cardiovascular risk score, to ascertain the 10-year CVD risk within the study population. Subsequently, the risk level was stratified into binary outcomes: = 10%. An elevated cardiovascular disease risk was defined as > = 10%, while a low cardiovascular disease risk was defined as < 10%. Univariate analysis was employed to analyze socio-demographic factors, while bivariate analysis using chi-square was utilized to measure the bivariate association of independent variables with elevated cardiovascular disease risk ( > = 10%). Additionally, logistic regression analysis was employed to adjust the weekly frequency and daily serving quantity of fruits and vegetable intake with sociodemographic variables. The significance level for chi-square and logistic regression analyses was set at a P-value less than 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval. Study findings. Table 1 Social-demographic characters of the study participants Variable Frequency (N = 410) Percentage (%) Age 50Years 132 30.0 Total 440 100.0 Status of the participants Employee 270 61.5 Spouse 170 38.6 Total 440 100.0 Gender Male 249 56,6 Female 191 43.4 Total 440 100.0 Place of Birth Western province 98 22.3 Northern province 58 13.2 Southern province 104 23.6 Eastern Province 34 7.7 Kigali town 30 6.8 DRC 90 20.5 Uganda 13 3.0 Burundi 10 2.2 Tanzania 2 0.5 Latine America Peru 1 0.2 Total 440 100.0 Marital status single 36 8.2 Married 401 91.1 Widow 3 0.7 Total 440 100.0 Religion Roman Catholic 293 66.6 Protestant 102 23.2 Muslim 16 3.6 Others 4 0.9 Adventist 15 3.4 Witness of Jehovah 9 2.0 Branham 1 0.2 Total 440 100.0 The results showed that the age interquartile range (IQR) was 45 (38–51.75), with a mean age of 44.92. The study found that 132 participants (30%) were older than 50 years. Male participants were more prevalent, making up 56.6% of the sample, while female participants comprised 43.4%. Additionally, 61.5% of the participants were employees, and 38.6% were spouses of employees. Approximately 73.6% of the participants were born in Rwanda, with the majority (22%) originating from the Western province, while the remaining 26.4% were born in other countries. (Table. 1) Table 2 Weekly fruits and servings intake among study participants Variable Frequency (N = 410) Percentage (%) How many days u eat fruits in a typical week none 111 25.2 One day 226 51.4 Two days 84 19.1 Three days 18 4.1 Four days 1 0.2 Total 440 100.0 How many servings of fruits you take in a typical day None 111 25.2 Under one serving 241 54.8 One serving 88 20.0 Total 440 100.0 Overall fruits taking On a typical week 2 days and below 421 95.7 3 Days and above 19 4.3 Total 440 100.0 Serving on typical day Under one serving 352 80.0 One serving and above 88 20.0 Total 440 100.0 The study results in Table 2 revealed that 25.2% of participants did not consume fruits, while 51.4% consumed fruits only once a day, with 54.8% consuming less than one serving of fruits. Approximately 95.7% of study participants consumed fruits for two days or fewer, and 80% of participants were found to consume less than one serving. (Table. 2) Table 3 Weekly Vegetable and servings intake among study participants Variable Frequency (N = 410) Percentage (%) How many days u eat vegetables in a typical week None 7 1.6 One day 104 23.6 Two days 223 50.7 Three days 83 18.9 Four days 18 4.1 Five days 5 1.1 Total 440 100.0 How many servings of vegetables you take in a typical day None 7 1.6 Under one serving 344 78.2 One serving 88 20.0 Two servings 1 0.2 Total 440 100.0 Overall vegetables taking On a typical week 2 days and below 334 75.9 3 Days and above 106 24.1 Total 440 100.0 Serving on typical day Under one serving 351 79.8 One serving and above 89 20.2 Total 440 100.0 The study results in Table 3 revealed that 1.6% of participants did not consume vegetables, while 50.7% consumed vegetables for only two days in a typical week, with 78.2% consuming less than one serving of vegetables. In summary, approximately 75.9% of study participants consumed vegetables for two days and fewer in a typical week, and 79.8% of participants were found to consume less than one serving. (Table.4) Table 4 Bivariate analysis of Socio-demographic factors towards elevated CVD risk > = 10% Variable n = 410 Cardiovascular diseases risk level Chi-square P- value Low risk ( 10%) Total (%) Age 14.931 0.021 50Years 67(15.2) 65(14.8) 132(30.0) Total 329(74.8) 111(25.2) 440(100.0) Status of the participants 1.213 0.271 Employee 197(44.8) 73(16.6) 270(61.4) Spouse 132(30.0) 38(8.6) 170(38.6) Total 329(74.8) 111(25.2) 440(100.0) Gender 3.285 0.070 Male 178(40.5) 71(16.1) 249(56.6) Female 151(34.3) 40(9.1) 191(43.4) Total 329(74.8) 111(25.2) 440(100.0) Place of Birth 20.472 0.015 Western province 81(18.4) 17(3.9) 98(22.3) Northern province 38(8.6) 20(4.5) 58(13.2) Southern province 65(14.8) 39(8.9) 104(23.6) Eastern Province 27(6.1) 7(1.6) 34(7.7) Kigali town 27(6.1) 3(0.7) 30(6.8) DRC 70(15.9) 20(4.5) 90(20.5) Uganda 11(2.5) 2(0.5) 13(3.0) Burundi 7(1.6) 30(.7) 10(2.3) Tanzania 2(0.5) 0(0.0) 2(0.5) Latine America Peru 1(0.2) 0(0.0) 1(0.2) Total 329(74.8) 111(25.2) 440(100.0) Marital status 8.488 0.014 single 33(7.5) 3(0.7) 36(8.2) Married 295(67.0) 106(24.1) 401(91.1) Widow 1(0.2) 2(0.5) 3(0.7) Total 329(74.8) 111(25.2) 440(100.0) Religion 76.288 0.001 Roman Catholic 207(47.0) 86(19.5) 293(66.6) Protestant 86(19.5) 16(3.6) 102(23.2) Muslim 12(2.7) 4(0.9) 16(3.6) Adventist 14(3.2) 1(0.2) 15(3.4) Witness of Jehovah 6(1.4) 3(0.7) 9(2.0) Branham 0(.0) 1(0.2) 1(0.2) Others 4(0.9) 0(0.0) 4(0.9) Total 329(74.8) 111(25.2) 440(100.0) The study findings in Table 4 revealed that 86 (19.5%) individuals who identified as Catholic religion believers had an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases (≥ 10%), with a chi-square value of 76.288 and p < 0.001. Additionally, approximately 106 (24.1%) married individuals were associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (≥ 10%), with a chi-square value of 8.488 and p = 0.014. Furthermore, 14.8% of individuals aged above 50 years were associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases (≥ 10%), with a chi-square value of 14.931 and p = 0.021. Table 5 Bivariate analysis of Fruits and vegetables intake towards elevated cardiovascular diseases risk > = 10% Variable n = 410 Cardiovascular diseases risk level Chi-square P- value Low risk ( 10%) Total (%) Fruits consumption How many days u eat fruits in a typical week 35.761 < 0.001 None 67(15.2) 44(10.0) 111(25.2) One day 164(37.3) 62(14.1) 226(51.4) Two days 79(18.0) 5(1.1) 84(19.1) Three days 18(4.1) 0(0.0) 18(4.1) Four days 1(0.2) 0(0.0) 1(0.2) Total 329(74.8) 111(25.2) 440(100.0) How many servings of fruits you take in a typical day 26.156 < 0.001 None 67(15.2) 44(10.0) 111(25.2) Under one serving:<80grms 181(41.1) 60(13.6) 241(54.8) One serving = 80 grams 81(18.4) 7(1.6) 88(20.0) Total 329(74.8) 111(25.2) 440(100.0) Vegetables consumption How many days u eat vegetables in a typical week 38.223 < 0.001 None 7(1.6) 0(0.0) 7(1.6) One day 59(13.4) 45(10.2) 104(23.6) Two days 165(37.5) 58(13.2) 223(50.7) Three days 77(17.5) 6(1.4) 83(18.9) Four days 16(3.6) 2(0.5) 18(4.1) Five days 5(1.1) 0(0.0) 5(1.1) Total 329(74.8) 111(25.2) 440(100.0) How many servings of vegetables you take in a typical day 7.1 0.06 None 7(1.6) 0(0.0) 7(1.6) Under one serving:<80 grams 248(56.4) 96(21.8) 344(78.2) One serving = 80grams 73(16.6) 15(3.4) 88(20.0) Two servings = 160 grams 1(0.2) 0(0.0) 1(0.2) Total 329(74.8) 111(21.8) 440(100.0) The study findings in Table 5 revealed that approximately 44 (10%) individuals who did not consume fruits and 62 (14.1%) individuals who consumed fruits once a week were associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (≥ 10%), with chi-square values of 35.761 and p < 0.001. Moreover, 26.6% of individuals who consumed no fruits or less than one serving were found to have an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (≥ 10%), with a chi-square value of 26.156 and p < 0.001. Additionally, 23.4% of study participants who consumed vegetables for two days or less per week and 21.8% of study participants who consumed less than one serving of vegetables were also found to have an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases (≥ 10%), with chi-square values of 38.223 and p = 10% Variables N = 410 Factors associated with good health seeking behavior P-value AoR 95%CI Religion being catholic No Ref Yes 2.025 1.199–3.418 0.008 Vegetables consumption < 3 days No Ref Yes 5.869 2.710-12.714 < 0.001 Vegetables servings: < 1 serving: <80g No Ref Yes 2.135 1.136–4.010 0.01 Fruits servings: < 1 serving: <80g No Ref Yes 4.411 1.938–10.042 < 0.001 AoR: Adjusted odd Ratio. CI: Confidence interval All significant fruit and vegetable variables, as well as socio-demographic variables identified in the bivariate analysis, qualified for processing in the multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression. The study findings in Table 6 revealed that among all socio-demographic factors, being a Catholic religion attendee was associated with a twofold increase in elevated risk ( > = 10%), AOR: 2.025, 95% CI (1.199–3.418), p = 0.008. Additionally, consuming vegetables below three days in a typical week was associated with elevated cardiovascular disease risk ( > = 10%) with AOR: 5.869, 95% CI: 2.710-12.714, p = 10%) with AOR: 2.135, 95% CI: 1.136–4.010, p = 0.01. Moreover, consuming less than one serving of fruits was associated with a fourfold increase in elevated cardiovascular disease risk ( > = 10%) with AOR: 4.41, 95% CI: 1.938–10.042, p < 0.001. (Table.6) Discussion This study findings study participants were dominated by the group of people with 50 years and below and males’ participants with 70% and 56.6% respectively. Conversely, the South African study findings presented 76.8% of females and 41% of participants had 50 years and above [ 13 ]. Additionally, another Sub-Saharan study had many women (52.1%) than this study results [ 11 ]. Although 26.4% were born in other countries, the study was dominated with people who were born in Rwanda with 73.6%. This study results showed that 80% and 79.8% of the study participants used to take below one serving(< 80grams) of fruits and vegetables, respectively. Most of this study participants 98.7% and 78.9% were found to take fruits and vegetables only two days in a typical week. These results were far less compared to the FAO recommendation of taking five servings (400 grams) per day given that one serving is equal to 80grams [ 16 – 19 ]. This study findings regarding the vegetable’s consumption average level were very low due to the low frequency of weekly intake where only 24.5% of the study participants take vegetables beyond two days a week. Whereas a study results from 162 countries showed people consumed averagely 186 g/day (56–349 g/day) [ 20 ]. Another study carried out in South Africa revealed elevated results in terms of daily portion intake than this study findings where the majority takes under one portion. The study showed that 37.8% of the study participants consumed two portions of vegetables and fruits in daily basis [ 13 ]. Surprisingly, the findings of this study indicate that among all socio-demographic factors examined, individuals who identified as Catholic were twice as likely to exhibit an elevated risk ( > = 10%) of cardiovascular disease. However, it is important to interpret these results cautiously. While the association between Catholic affiliation and elevated risk remained significant even after adjusting for fruit and vegetable consumption, it is worth noting that Catholics comprised the majority of the study population. Consuming vegetables consumption below 3 days in a typical week was five times more likely associated with elevated cardiovascular diseases risk ( > = 10%) that people who took vegetables more than three days in a typical week with AoR: 5.869, 95%CI: 2.710-12.714, P < 0.001. However, the UK Biobank study showed that only higher intake (Weekly frequency and quantity of intake) of raw vegetables was significantly associated with low incidence of CVD while cooked vegetables intake was not [ 7 ]. By comparing those results with other studies, we found out that the Kang study emphasized that the inverse association with cardiovascular diseases risk was predominantly driven by vegetables intake [ 21 ]. The findings of this study revealed that higher intake of vegetables and fruits is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases. This is consistent with the results of a systematic review of prospective cohort studies involving four million participants, which demonstrated that higher intake of fruits and vegetables reduced the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, and coronary heart disease (CHD) by 7%, 18%, and 12% respectively [ 5 ]. Additionally, having less than one serving of vegetables or consuming none in a typical week was associated with a twofold increase in the risk of cardiovascular diseases (≥ 10%) with an adjusted odds ratio (AoR) of 2.135, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.136–4.010, p = 0.01. Similarly, fruit intake of less than one serving was associated with a fourfold increase in the risk of cardiovascular diseases (≥ 10%) with an AoR of 4.41, 95% CI: 1.938–10.042, p < 0.001. These findings are consistent with a prospective study conducted in China involving 9,740 elderly participants, where higher intakes of total fruits and vegetables were associated with a lower risk of CVD [ 21 ]. Although some studies declared no additional positive effect with > = of 400 g/day of daily fruits and vegetables intake [ 22 ], other studies showed that three to four servings (equivalent to 375–500 g/day per day) of fruits and vegetable intake could reduce total cardiovascular diseases and mortality [ 9 , 23 ]. Moreover, the doubling 400g to 800g per day (ten servings/day) of fruits and vegetables intake was found to reduce all cause of mortality including total CVD, cancer and other NCDs [ 1 ]. Study limitation . This study's limitation is attributed to its cross-sectional study design, which does not imply causation between fruit intake and an increase in cardiovascular disease risk. Additionally, the study's findings cannot be generalized because it was conducted among participants from only two districts in Rwanda. However, the results may contribute to discussions concerning the country's context regarding the availability, preparation, and intake of fruits and vegetables within the society. Study implication: The implications of this study will inform policymakers about how increasing the intake of fruits and vegetables, both in terms of servings and weekly frequency, could reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is crucial to focus on improving the preparation and intake of vegetables within the country's context. This could be addressed through the intersection of health and agricultural integration strategies, with policymakers playing a key role in promoting farming practices that lead to increased availability of fruits and vegetables. Additionally, efforts should be made to address disparities in accessibility and consumption of fruits and vegetables by tackling environmental issues [ 24 ]. Conclusion This study concludes that consuming a low quantity of servings and infrequent intake of fruits and vegetables in a typical week is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases ( > = 10%). Therefore, the lower the servings and the less frequent the weekly intake of fruits and vegetables, the higher the risk of cardiovascular diseases. It emphasizes the importance of enhancing contextual vegetable preparation and consumption, emphasizing community involvement in increasing the daily quantity and weekly frequency of vegetable and fruit intake to 400g per day and above. Abbreviations CVD: Cardiovascular disease CHD: Coronary heart disease PVD: peripheral vascular disease F&V: Fruits and vegetables FGRS: Framingham general risk score NCD: Non-communicable diseases CI: Confidence interval AOR: Adjusted odd ratio. CO: odd ratio FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization WHO: World Health Organization Declarations Availability of data and materials Dataset was not share due to privacy of data. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to all study participants and the trained data collectors (UJD, BM, AE) who helped make this study possible. Funding No funding has been received for conducting this study. Author information Authors and Affiliations Dr. Charles Nsanzabera, Mrs. Bizumuremyi colombe, Mr. Désirée Ndabihawenimana. African Institute of Research for Public Health and Development, Rwanda, Burundi. Charles Nsanzabera Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Health science, department of public health, Nairobi, Kenya Dr. Charles Nsanzabera Mount Kenya University Kigali Campus, Public health department, Kigali, Rwanda. Contributions “CN played a role in conception of the study. CN analyzed and interpreted data, and CN was the major contributor in writing the manuscript. CN, DN, CB edited, revised, and approved the final manuscript”. Corresponding author *Correspondence to Charles Nsanzabera. Email: [email protected] Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate. This research was conducted in line with the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Rwanda National Ethical Committee (Reference number: 121/May/RNEC/2018). Ethical considerations regarding confidentiality, voluntary participation, the right to withdraw from the study, and the potential risks and benefits were communicated to the study participants. Consent for publication. 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Niyibizi JB, Okop KJ, Nganabashaka JP, Umwali G, Rulisa S, Ntawuyirushintege S, et al. Perceived cardiovascular disease risk and tailored communication strategies among rural and urban community dwellers in Rwanda: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:920. Bakker S, Mc Mahon D, Uwase V. Patterns and determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption in urban Rwanda: results of an urban consumer study in Kigali and North-western Rwanda. 2020. Sachdeva S, Sachdev T, Sachdeva R. Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption: Challenges and opportunities. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2013;38:192. Afshin A, Peñalvo JL, Del Gobbo L, Silva J, Michaelson M, O’Flaherty M, et al. The prospective impact of food pricing on improving dietary consumption: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0172277. WHO. Healthy diet. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet#:~:text=For%20adults&text=At%20least%20400%20g%20(i.e.,cassava%20and%20other%20starchy%20roots. 2020. FAO. Fruit and vegetables for health initiative, WHO/FAO Joint report. GENEVA; 2017. Kalmpourtzidou A, Eilander A, Talsma EF. Global Vegetable Intake and Supply Compared to Recommendations: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2020;12:1558. Wang K, Chen Z, Shen M, Chen P, Xiao Y, Fang Z, et al. Dietary fruits and vegetables and risk of cardiovascular diseases in elderly Chinese. Eur J Public Health. 2023;33:1088–94. Wang X, Ouyang Y, Liu J, Zhu M, Zhao G, Bao W, et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 2014;349:g4490–g4490. Heffron SP, Rockman CB, Adelman MA, Gianos E, Guo Y, Xu JF, et al. Greater Frequency of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Is Associated With Lower Prevalence of Peripheral Artery Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2017;37:1234–40. Harris J, de Steenhuijsen Piters B, McMullin S, Bajwa B, de Jager I, Brouwer ID. Fruits, and Vegetables for Healthy Diets: Priorities for Food System Research and Action. Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2023. p. 87–104. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 06 Aug, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 06 Aug, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 05 Aug, 2024 First submitted to journal 03 Aug, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4853078","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":336626808,"identity":"0be80d60-ce74-4aed-aadd-83756f0cc2c5","order_by":0,"name":"Charles Nsanzabera","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAuElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHgaGDwY2DAwSII4NkVoYZxSkQbWkEamFmefDYRK0mLOfPfhxhsH5xP7ZzQcfMCTcI6zFsicvWeKDwe3EGXeOJRswJBQT1mJwg8dAcgZQS8ONHDMJxh8JRGkx/s1jcC5xPkgLQwJxWsykeQwOJG4gXsuZHDPLGQbJxhtvpCUbJBCl5fgZ4xsf/tjJzruRfPDBB2K0wIBjA4gkQQMDgz0pikfBKBgFo2CEAQBvfDyR62kp1QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Health science, department of public health, Nairobi, Kenya","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Charles","middleName":"","lastName":"Nsanzabera","suffix":""},{"id":336626809,"identity":"d99f018c-4233-4a20-abf4-dca11410cc69","order_by":1,"name":"Colombe Bizumuremyi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"African Institute of Research for Public Health and Development, Rwanda, Burundi.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Colombe","middleName":"","lastName":"Bizumuremyi","suffix":""},{"id":336626810,"identity":"6c95b8e7-a6d6-4b0a-81f9-30df2a085134","order_by":2,"name":"Désirée Ndabihawenimana","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"African Institute of Research for Public Health and Development, Rwanda, Burundi.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Désirée","middleName":"","lastName":"Ndabihawenimana","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-03 11:26:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4853078/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4853078/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":63636965,"identity":"e8987d12-e27c-428c-82f5-beba20fef1f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-30 12:10:35","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1208372,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4853078/v1/4a559fc0-7938-485f-9c02-aa2e67775dc3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Association of insufficiency fruits and vegetables consumption and cardiovascular diseases risk among beverage industrial workers and their spouses in Rwanda","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCardiovascular diseases risk and premature death have been associated with low fruits and vegetables intake. Around 5.6 to 7.8\u0026nbsp;million of global premature deaths were declared due to insufficient intake of fruits and vegetables of (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;500g/day) and (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;800g/day), respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiovascular disease (CVD) stands as the leading cause of death in developed nations and globally. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2015, CVD was responsible for 17.7\u0026nbsp;million deaths, accounting for 31% of all causes of mortality. In 2017, inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables (F/V) was linked to 3.9\u0026nbsp;million global deaths [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite increased emphasis on the significance of adequate fruit and vegetable intake, WHO reported low global prevalence of their consumption. Poor fruit and vegetable consumption was directly linked to an estimated 3.9\u0026nbsp;million global fatalities in 2017 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA diet rich in fruits and vegetables is a fundamental aspect of a healthy lifestyle. Recommended for the general population, this diet aims to lower the risk of cancer and cardiovascular illnesses. These diseases, which accounted for 25.5\u0026nbsp;million deaths in 2013, are the primary causes of premature death worldwide [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e](Aune, 2017). Consuming higher amounts of fruits and vegetables (FV) has been associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere's a pressing need to reassess the roles of various fruit and vegetable sources in preventing CVD. The perception that fruits and vegetables significantly lower global CVD morbidity and mortality needs re-evaluation, particularly with emerging initiatives to reduce dietary sugars. It's uncertain whether different fruits and vegetables offer comparable CVD risk reduction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile most studies on diet and CVD focus on specific nutrients, studies indicate that overall dietary patterns can predict cardiovascular risk. A Western-style diet high in red/processed meats, sweets, fried food, and refined grains is associated with higher cardiovascular risk, while a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, poultry, and fish is linked to lower risk [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Inadequate vegetable consumption is believed to cause approximately 1.5\u0026nbsp;million premature deaths from CVD annually, despite vegetables being rich in essential nutrients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA healthy diet advocated for preventing diseases, including CVD, recommends high intake of fruits and vegetables. It's been shown that consuming at least 5 portions (400 g) of FV daily reduces the risk of developing major health issues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. However, most evidence supporting this advice comes from Europe, the United States, Japan, and China. There's limited research on the correlation between lower levels of fruit and vegetable consumption and cardiovascular disease in populations outside these regions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObservational studies initially showed that eating fruits and vegetables protects against CVD, but the extent of risk reduction and the ideal intake amount remains unclear [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Dietary regimens like the Mediterranean Diet and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet have demonstrated reducing CVD risk, particularly by emphasizing higher fruit and vegetable consumption (F\u0026amp;V) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, another investigation conducted across five selected Sub-Saharan African (SSA) nations: Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, South Africa, and Nigeria unveiled that, individuals with infrequent consumption of fruits and vegetables faced an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases (AOR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.70, 0.90) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, in South Africa, a comparative study on the burden of disease highlighted that inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables contributed to 3.2% (1,667) of 521,000 deaths and 1.1% of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRwanda, a low-to-middle-income country in East Africa, has also felt the burden of increasing CVD. The WHO-STEPS survey in 2013 found that 99.1% of Rwandans did not consume enough fruits and vegetables [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. With NCDs contributing to 1 in 3 deaths in Rwanda, insufficient fruit and vegetable intake pose serious health risks, as they lower the chances of developing chronic diseases like heart diseases, high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity. A 2012\u0026ndash;2013 NCD Risk Factor Survey conducted by the Ministry of Health revealed low fruit consumption, with rural and semi-urban areas averaging 1.3 servings daily, and urban areas only at 1.2 servings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aims to assess the association between fruits and vegetables intake and fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStudy design and sampling.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research was conducted under cross-sectional study design from May to December 2018 in beverage manufacturing industry setting in Rwanda. The study participants were made of industry employees and their spouses for having workplace and community information. The target population was 822 and study participants characteristics were males and females aged between 30 to 75 years old. the inclusion criteria were being a worker in mentioned industry, aged between 30 years to 75 years. And being a spouse of the worker. Participants with clinically established cardiovascular disease were excluded to avoid the bias of elevating the CVD risk. Cochrane formula was used to calculate the sample size of 385. The correction and adjustment of sample size with 12% of non-response bias was carried out and with this formula n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;n1/ (1-0.12). Hence, 385/ (1-0.12)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;437.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;440. Moreover, among all 440 study participants, 270 were employees and 170 were spouses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Stratified Random sampling techniques were mixed with simple random sampling where the first technique was used to select participants from their different organized stratum to ensure representativity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe dependent and independent variable of this study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ten-year cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) risk was the dependent variable of this study. The predicted cardiovascular diseases were total fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular diseases which are (heart failure, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and peripheral vascular diseases (PVD). It was processed by the cox regression model through the Framingham general risk score (FGRS). This cardiovascular disease risk was categorized as elevated risk (\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10%) and low risk (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10%). The weekly frequency and daily quantity of fruits and vegetables intake were the independent variables of this study and socio-demographic factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStudy instruments.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study instrument consisted of three parts: A standardized questionnaire with socio-demographic and fruits and vegetables intake questions items and clinical and laboratory form. The clinical and laboratory items were carried out for predicting the ten-year cardiovascular risk using cox regression model through Framingham general risk score (FGRS). Clinical data collection materials: Stethoscope and tensiometer and equipped laboratory for blood sample testing such as lipids and blood sugar. The data collection was processed after obtaining an ethical clearance from Rwanda national ethical committee.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAssessment of fruits and vegetables consumption\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese questions asked about the fruits and vegetables that the study participants usually eat. The study investigator presented nutrition card that shows some examples of local fruits and vegetables. Each picture represented the size of a serving. Every study participant was asked to think about the servings of fruits and vegetables he took in a typical week, noting that one serving\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;80 gram of fruits or vegetables. Showcards were used to help the study participants to figure out the quantity of fruits or vegetables taken for the daily consumptions of fruits and vegetables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe following items were used to assess the fruits and vegetables consumptions. In a typical week, on how many days study participant eat fruit, how many servings of fruit study participant eat on one day; In a typical week, on how many days study participant eat vegetables; how many servings of vegetables study participant eat on one day. Fruits and vegetables intake weekly frequency intake was finally categorized to \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;three days a week and \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3 days a week. The daily servings(portions) of fruits and vegetables were also categorized to less than one serving: \u0026lt;80 grams of fruits or vegetables and one serving and above: \u0026gt;=80 grams.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data analysis for this study was conducted using SPSS software version 22. Data presentation was facilitated through tables. The prediction of cardiovascular disease risk was performed using the Cox hazard regression model, specifically the Framingham general cardiovascular risk score, to ascertain the 10-year CVD risk within the study population. Subsequently, the risk level was stratified into binary outcomes: \u0026lt;10% and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10%. An elevated cardiovascular disease risk was defined as \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10%, while a low cardiovascular disease risk was defined as \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnivariate analysis was employed to analyze socio-demographic factors, while bivariate analysis using chi-square was utilized to measure the bivariate association of independent variables with elevated cardiovascular disease risk (\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10%). Additionally, logistic regression analysis was employed to adjust the weekly frequency and daily serving quantity of fruits and vegetable intake with sociodemographic variables. The significance level for chi-square and logistic regression analyses was set at a P-value less than 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStudy findings.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial-demographic characters of the study participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;410)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;40Years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40-50Years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50Years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStatus of the participants\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpouse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e249\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlace of Birth\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWestern province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorthern province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouthern province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEastern Province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKigali town\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUganda\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurundi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTanzania\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatine America Peru\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e401\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoman Catholic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e293\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtestant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdventist\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWitness of Jehovah\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBranham\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results showed that the age interquartile range (IQR) was 45 (38\u0026ndash;51.75), with a mean age of 44.92. The study found that 132 participants (30%) were older than 50 years. Male participants were more prevalent, making up 56.6% of the sample, while female participants comprised 43.4%. Additionally, 61.5% of the participants were employees, and 38.6% were spouses of employees. Approximately 73.6% of the participants were born in Rwanda, with the majority (22%) originating from the Western province, while the remaining 26.4% were born in other countries. (Table. 1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeekly fruits and servings intake among study participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;410)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow many days u eat fruits in a typical week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e226\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow many servings of fruits you take in a typical day\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder one serving\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e241\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne serving\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOverall fruits taking\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn a typical week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 days and below\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e421\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Days and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eServing on typical day\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder one serving\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne serving and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study results in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e revealed that 25.2% of participants did not consume fruits, while 51.4% consumed fruits only once a day, with 54.8% consuming less than one serving of fruits. Approximately 95.7% of study participants consumed fruits for two days or fewer, and 80% of participants were found to consume less than one serving. (Table. 2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeekly Vegetable and servings intake among study participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;410)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow many days u eat vegetables in a typical week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFive days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow many servings of vegetables you take in a typical day\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder one serving\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e344\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne serving\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo servings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOverall vegetables taking\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn a typical week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 days and below\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e334\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Days and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eServing on typical day\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder one serving\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e351\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne serving and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study results in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e revealed that 1.6% of participants did not consume vegetables, while 50.7% consumed vegetables for only two days in a typical week, with 78.2% consuming less than one serving of vegetables. In summary, approximately 75.9% of study participants consumed vegetables for two days and fewer in a typical week, and 79.8% of participants were found to consume less than one serving. (Table.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBivariate analysis of Socio-demographic factors towards elevated CVD risk\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiovascular diseases risk level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChi-square\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP- value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow risk (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElevated risk (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.931\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.021\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;40Years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150(34.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(1.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157(35.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40-50Years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112(25.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39(8.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151(34.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50Years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67(15.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65(14.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132(30.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e329(74.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111(25.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStatus of the participants\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.271\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197(44.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73(16.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e270(61.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpouse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132(30.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38(8.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170(38.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e329(74.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111(25.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.285\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178(40.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71(16.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e249(56.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151(34.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40(9.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e191(43.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e329(74.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111(25.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlace of Birth\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.472\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.015\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWestern province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81(18.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(3.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98(22.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorthern province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38(8.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(4.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58(13.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouthern province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65(14.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39(8.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104(23.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEastern Province\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(6.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(1.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34(7.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKigali town\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(6.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(0.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30(6.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDRC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70(15.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(4.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90(20.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUganda\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(2.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(0.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurundi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(1.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30(.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(2.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTanzania\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(0.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(0.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatine America Peru\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(0.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(0.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e329(74.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111(25.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.488\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.014\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(7.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(0.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36(8.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e295(67.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106(24.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e401(91.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(0.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(0.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(0.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e329(74.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111(25.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoman Catholic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207(47.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86(19.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e293(66.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtestant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86(19.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(3.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102(23.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(2.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(3.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdventist\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(3.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(0.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(3.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWitness of Jehovah\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(0.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(2.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBranham\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(0.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(0.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e329(74.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111(25.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study findings in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e revealed that 86 (19.5%) individuals who identified as Catholic religion believers had an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;10%), with a chi-square value of 76.288 and p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001. Additionally, approximately 106 (24.1%) married individuals were associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;10%), with a chi-square value of 8.488 and p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.014. Furthermore, 14.8% of individuals aged above 50 years were associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;10%), with a chi-square value of 14.931 and p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.021.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBivariate analysis of Fruits and vegetables intake towards elevated cardiovascular diseases risk\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiovascular diseases risk level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChi-square\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP- value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow risk (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElevated risk (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruits consumption\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow many days u eat fruits in a typical week\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.761\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67(15.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44(10.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111(25.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e164(37.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62(14.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e226(51.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79(18.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(1.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84(19.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(4.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(4.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(0.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(0.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e329(74.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111(25.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow many servings of fruits you take in a typical day\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67(15.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44(10.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111(25.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder one serving:\u0026lt;80grms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181(41.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60(13.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e241(54.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne serving\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;80 grams\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81(18.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(1.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88(20.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e329(74.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111(25.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVegetables consumption\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow many days u eat vegetables in a typical week\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(1.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(1.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59(13.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45(10.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104(23.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165(37.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58(13.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e223(50.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77(17.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83(18.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(3.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(0.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(4.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFive days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(1.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(1.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e329(74.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111(25.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow many servings of vegetables you take in a typical day\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(1.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(1.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder one serving:\u0026lt;80 grams\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e248(56.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96(21.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e344(78.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne serving\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;80grams\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73(16.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(3.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88(20.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo servings\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;160 grams\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(0.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(0.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e329(74.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111(21.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study findings in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e revealed that approximately 44 (10%) individuals who did not consume fruits and 62 (14.1%) individuals who consumed fruits once a week were associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;10%), with chi-square values of 35.761 and p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001. Moreover, 26.6% of individuals who consumed no fruits or less than one serving were found to have an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;10%), with a chi-square value of 26.156 and p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001. Additionally, 23.4% of study participants who consumed vegetables for two days or less per week and 21.8% of study participants who consumed less than one serving of vegetables were also found to have an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;10%), with chi-square values of 38.223 and p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, and 7.1 and p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.06, respectively. (Table.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate analysis of fruits and vegetables intake towards cardiovascular diseases risk\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors associated with good health seeking behavior\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAoR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion being catholic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.199\u0026ndash;3.418\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.008\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVegetables consumption\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3 days\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.869\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.710-12.714\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVegetables servings: \u0026lt; 1 serving: \u0026lt;80g\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.136\u0026ndash;4.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFruits servings: \u0026lt; 1 serving: \u0026lt;80g\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.411\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.938\u0026ndash;10.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAoR: Adjusted odd Ratio.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCI: Confidence interval\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll significant fruit and vegetable variables, as well as socio-demographic variables identified in the bivariate analysis, qualified for processing in the multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression. The study findings in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e revealed that among all socio-demographic factors, being a Catholic religion attendee was associated with a twofold increase in elevated risk (\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10%), AOR: 2.025, 95% CI (1.199\u0026ndash;3.418), p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008. Additionally, consuming vegetables below three days in a typical week was associated with elevated cardiovascular disease risk (\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10%) with AOR: 5.869, 95% CI: 2.710-12.714, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001. Having less than one serving of vegetables or consuming none were associated with a twofold increase in elevated cardiovascular disease risk (\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10%) with AOR: 2.135, 95% CI: 1.136\u0026ndash;4.010, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01. Moreover, consuming less than one serving of fruits was associated with a fourfold increase in elevated cardiovascular disease risk (\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10%) with AOR: 4.41, 95% CI: 1.938\u0026ndash;10.042, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001. (Table.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study findings study participants were dominated by the group of people with 50 years and below and males\u0026rsquo; participants with 70% and 56.6% respectively. Conversely, the South African study findings presented 76.8% of females and 41% of participants had 50 years and above [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, another Sub-Saharan study had many women (52.1%) than this study results [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Although 26.4% were born in other countries, the study was dominated with people who were born in Rwanda with 73.6%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study results showed that 80% and 79.8% of the study participants used to take below one serving(\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;80grams) of fruits and vegetables, respectively. Most of this study participants 98.7% and 78.9% were found to take fruits and vegetables only two days in a typical week. These results were far less compared to the FAO recommendation of taking five servings (400 grams) per day given that one serving is equal to 80grams [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17 CR18\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study findings regarding the vegetable\u0026rsquo;s consumption average level were very low due to the low frequency of weekly intake where only 24.5% of the study participants take vegetables beyond two days a week. Whereas a study results from 162 countries showed people consumed averagely 186 g/day (56\u0026ndash;349 g/day) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother study carried out in South Africa revealed elevated results in terms of daily portion intake than this study findings where the majority takes under one portion. The study showed that 37.8% of the study participants consumed two portions of vegetables and fruits in daily basis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurprisingly, the findings of this study indicate that among all socio-demographic factors examined, individuals who identified as Catholic were twice as likely to exhibit an elevated risk (\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10%) of cardiovascular disease. However, it is important to interpret these results cautiously. While the association between Catholic affiliation and elevated risk remained significant even after adjusting for fruit and vegetable consumption, it is worth noting that Catholics comprised the majority of the study population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsuming vegetables consumption below 3 days in a typical week was five times more likely associated with elevated cardiovascular diseases risk (\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10%) that people who took vegetables more than three days in a typical week with AoR: 5.869, 95%CI: 2.710-12.714, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001. However, the UK Biobank study showed that only higher intake (Weekly frequency and quantity of intake) of raw vegetables was significantly associated with low incidence of CVD while cooked vegetables intake was not [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. By comparing those results with other studies, we found out that the Kang study emphasized that the inverse association with cardiovascular diseases risk was predominantly driven by vegetables intake [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study revealed that higher intake of vegetables and fruits is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases. This is consistent with the results of a systematic review of prospective cohort studies involving four million participants, which demonstrated that higher intake of fruits and vegetables reduced the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, and coronary heart disease (CHD) by 7%, 18%, and 12% respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, having less than one serving of vegetables or consuming none in a typical week was associated with a twofold increase in the risk of cardiovascular diseases (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;10%) with an adjusted odds ratio (AoR) of 2.135, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.136\u0026ndash;4.010, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01. Similarly, fruit intake of less than one serving was associated with a fourfold increase in the risk of cardiovascular diseases (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;10%) with an AoR of 4.41, 95% CI: 1.938\u0026ndash;10.042, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001. These findings are consistent with a prospective study conducted in China involving 9,740 elderly participants, where higher intakes of total fruits and vegetables were associated with a lower risk of CVD [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Although some studies declared no additional positive effect with \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;of 400 g/day of daily fruits and vegetables intake [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], other studies showed that three to four servings (equivalent to 375\u0026ndash;500 g/day per day) of fruits and vegetable intake could reduce total cardiovascular diseases and mortality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, the doubling 400g to 800g per day (ten servings/day) of fruits and vegetables intake was found to reduce all cause of mortality including total CVD, cancer and other NCDs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStudy limitation\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study's limitation is attributed to its cross-sectional study design, which does not imply causation between fruit intake and an increase in cardiovascular disease risk. Additionally, the study's findings cannot be generalized because it was conducted among participants from only two districts in Rwanda. However, the results may contribute to discussions concerning the country's context regarding the availability, preparation, and intake of fruits and vegetables within the society.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy implication:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe implications of this study will inform policymakers about how increasing the intake of fruits and vegetables, both in terms of servings and weekly frequency, could reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is crucial to focus on improving the preparation and intake of vegetables within the country's context. This could be addressed through the intersection of health and agricultural integration strategies, with policymakers playing a key role in promoting farming practices that lead to increased availability of fruits and vegetables. Additionally, efforts should be made to address disparities in accessibility and consumption of fruits and vegetables by tackling environmental issues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study concludes that consuming a low quantity of servings and infrequent intake of fruits and vegetables in a typical week is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases (\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10%). Therefore, the lower the servings and the less frequent the weekly intake of fruits and vegetables, the higher the risk of cardiovascular diseases. It emphasizes the importance of enhancing contextual vegetable preparation and consumption, emphasizing community involvement in increasing the daily quantity and weekly frequency of vegetable and fruit intake to 400g per day and above.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eCVD: Cardiovascular disease\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCHD: Coronary heart disease\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePVD: peripheral vascular disease\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF\u0026amp;V: Fruits and vegetables\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFGRS: Framingham general risk score\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNCD: Non-communicable diseases\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCI: Confidence interval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAOR: Adjusted odd ratio.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCO: odd ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFAO: Food and Agriculture Organization\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHO: World Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDataset was not share due to privacy of data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are grateful to all study participants and the trained data collectors (UJD, BM, AE) who helped make this study possible.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding has been received for conducting this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors and Affiliations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Charles Nsanzabera, Mrs. Bizumuremyi colombe, Mr. D\u0026eacute;sir\u0026eacute;e Ndabihawenimana.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfrican Institute of Research for Public Health and Development, Rwanda, Burundi.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharles Nsanzabera\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Health science, department of public health, Nairobi, Kenya\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Charles Nsanzabera\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMount Kenya University Kigali Campus, Public health department, Kigali, Rwanda.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;CN played a role in conception of the study. CN analyzed and interpreted data, and CN was the major contributor in writing the manuscript. CN, DN, CB edited, revised, and approved the final manuscript\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorresponding author\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Correspondence to Charles Nsanzabera.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmail: [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics declarations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was conducted in line with the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Rwanda National Ethical Committee (Reference number: 121/May/RNEC/2018). Ethical considerations regarding confidentiality, voluntary participation, the right to withdraw from the study, and the potential risks and benefits were communicated to the study participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study declared no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAune D, Giovannucci E, Boffetta P, Fadnes LT, Keum N, Norat T, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality\u0026mdash;a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46:1029\u0026ndash;56. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLapuente M, Estruch R, Shahbaz M, Casas R. Relation of Fruits and Vegetables with Major Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Markers of Oxidation, and Inflammation. Nutrients. 2019;11:2381. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNyanchoka MA, van Stuijvenberg ME, Tambe AB, Zuma MK, Mbhenyane XG. Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Patterns and Risk of Chronic Diseases of Lifestyle among University Students in Kenya. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:6965. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWoodside J V., Young IS, McKinley MC. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2013;72:399\u0026ndash;406. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZurbau A, Au‐Yeung F, Blanco Mejia S, Khan TA, Vuksan V, Jovanovski E, et al. Relation of Different Fruit and Vegetable Sources With Incident Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlissa EM, Ferns GA. Dietary Fruits and Vegetables and Cardiovascular Diseases Risk. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2015;00\u0026ndash;00. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFeng Q, Kim JH, Omiyale W, Be\u0026scaron;ević J, Conroy M, May M, et al. Raw and Cooked Vegetable Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Study of 400,000 Adults in UK Biobank. Front Nutr. 2022;9. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlshaikh MK, Rawaf S, Quezada-Yamamoto H. Cardiovascular risk and fruit and vegetable consumption among women in KSA; A cross-sectional study. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2018;13:444\u0026ndash;51. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMiller V, Mente A, Dehghan M, Rangarajan S, Zhang X, Swaminathan S, et al. Fruit, vegetable, and legume intake, and cardiovascular disease and deaths in 18 countries (PURE): a prospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2017;390:2037\u0026ndash;49. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLamb MJE, Griffin SJ, Sharp SJ, Cooper AJM. Fruit and vegetable intake and cardiovascular risk factors in people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017;71:115\u0026ndash;21. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOkekunle AP, Asowata OJ, Akpa OM, Fakunle AG, Chikowore T, Mohamed SF, et al. Factors associated with frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption among selected sub-Saharan African populations: evidence from the Cardiovascular H3Africa Innovation Resource Project. Int J Epidemiol. 2024; \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eImamura F, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Fahimi S, Shi P, Powles J, et al. Dietary quality among men and women in 187 countries in 1990 and 2010: a systematic assessment. Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3:e132\u0026ndash;42. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOkop KJ, Ndayi K, Tsolekile L, Sanders D, Puoane T. Low intake of commonly available fruits and vegetables in socio-economically disadvantaged communities of South Africa: influence of affordability and sugary drinks intake. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:940. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNiyibizi JB, Okop KJ, Nganabashaka JP, Umwali G, Rulisa S, Ntawuyirushintege S, et al. Perceived cardiovascular disease risk and tailored communication strategies among rural and urban community dwellers in Rwanda: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:920. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBakker S, Mc Mahon D, Uwase V. Patterns and determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption in urban Rwanda: results of an urban consumer study in Kigali and North-western Rwanda. 2020. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSachdeva S, Sachdev T, Sachdeva R. Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption: Challenges and opportunities. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2013;38:192. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAfshin A, Pe\u0026ntilde;alvo JL, Del Gobbo L, Silva J, Michaelson M, O\u0026rsquo;Flaherty M, et al. The prospective impact of food pricing on improving dietary consumption: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0172277. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO. Healthy diet. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet#:~:text=For%20adults\u0026amp;text=At%20least%20400%20g%20(i.e.,cassava%20and%20other%20starchy%20roots. 2020. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFAO. Fruit and vegetables for health initiative, WHO/FAO Joint report. GENEVA; 2017. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKalmpourtzidou A, Eilander A, Talsma EF. Global Vegetable Intake and Supply Compared to Recommendations: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2020;12:1558. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang K, Chen Z, Shen M, Chen P, Xiao Y, Fang Z, et al. Dietary fruits and vegetables and risk of cardiovascular diseases in elderly Chinese. Eur J Public Health. 2023;33:1088\u0026ndash;94. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang X, Ouyang Y, Liu J, Zhu M, Zhao G, Bao W, et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 2014;349:g4490\u0026ndash;g4490. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHeffron SP, Rockman CB, Adelman MA, Gianos E, Guo Y, Xu JF, et al. Greater Frequency of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Is Associated With Lower Prevalence of Peripheral Artery Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2017;37:1234\u0026ndash;40. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHarris J, de Steenhuijsen Piters B, McMullin S, Bajwa B, de Jager I, Brouwer ID. Fruits, and Vegetables for Healthy Diets: Priorities for Food System Research and Action. Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2023. p. 87\u0026ndash;104. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Fruits, vegetables, cardiovascular diseases risk","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4853078/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4853078/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiovascular diseases risk and premature death have been associated with low fruits and vegetables intake. Around 5.6 to 7.8\u0026nbsp;million of global premature deaths were declared due to insufficient intake of fruits and vegetables. The objective of this study was to assess the association between fruits and vegetables intake and fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e Employing a cross-sectional analytical design, 440 study participants aged between 30 and 75 years participated in this study using Cochrane sample size formula and stratified random sampling combined with simple random sampling. Stepwise questionnaire, clinical forms and biological blood samples were used to get socio-demographic, fruits, and vegetables(F\u0026amp;V) data and prior information for predicting the cardiovascular risk with cox regression analysis through Framingham general risk score. Chi-square and logistic regression statistical analysis were used to assess the association between F\u0026amp;V intake and categorized cardiovascular diseases risk (low CVD risk:\u0026lt;10% and elevated CVD risk\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10%). The significance threshold was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 and 95%CI.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study revealed that the mean age was 44.92 years with interquartile range of IQR: 45(38-51.75). Around 75.9% of study participants consumed vegetables for two days and fewer in a typical week, and 79.8% of participants were found to consume less than one serving. Additionally, consuming vegetables below three days in a typical week was associated with elevated cardiovascular disease risk (\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10%) with AOR: 5.869, 95% CI: 2.710-12.714, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001. Having less than one serving of vegetables or consuming none were associated with a twofold increase in elevated cardiovascular disease risk (\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10%) with AOR: 2.135, 95% CI: 1.136\u0026ndash;4.010, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01. Moreover, consuming less than one serving of fruits was associated with a fourfold increase in elevated cardiovascular disease risk (\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10%) with AOR: 4.41, 95% CI: 1.938\u0026ndash;10.042, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study concludes that consuming a low quantity of servings and infrequent intake of fruits and vegetables in a typical week is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases (\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10%).\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Association of insufficiency fruits and vegetables consumption and cardiovascular diseases risk among beverage industrial workers and their spouses in Rwanda","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-30 12:02:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4853078/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-08-06T10:08:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-08-06T10:01:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-08-06T02:58:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2024-08-03T11:24:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9cb89b3e-4180-40b7-abe6-111fe155e275","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 30th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-08T16:28:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-30 12:02:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4853078","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4853078","identity":"rs-4853078","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}