Prevalence, Risk Factors and Immediate Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Children Admitted to Tertiary Hospitals in Central Tanzania

Prevalence, Risk Factors and Immediate Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Children Admitted to Tertiary Hospitals in Central Tanzania | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Prevalence, Risk Factors and Immediate Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Children Admitted to Tertiary Hospitals in Central Tanzania Alinanuswe Kasililika, Shakilu Jumanne, Jerry Hella, Shaegan Irusen, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7495135/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Pediatric Nephrology → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background : Acute kidney injury is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill children, yet data on its prevalence and associated risk factors in low-resource settings remain limited. Objectives This study determine the prevalence, risk factors, and immediate outcomes of Acute kidney injury among critically ill children admitted to tertiary hospitals in Dodoma, Tanzania. Methods : A cross-sectional study was conducted among hospitalized children. Data on demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables were collected, and logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent predictors of Acute kidney injury. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were reported. Results : The prevalence of Acute kidney injury was 58.8%. On multivariate analysis, several factors were independently associated with Acute kidney injury. Children with an illness duration of ≥4 days had higher odds of AKI (OR = 13.9, 95% CI: 3.1–62.5). Clinical features including two or more convulsions within 24 hours (OR = 3.7, 95% CI: 1.05–14.28), impaired consciousness (OR = 7.0, 95% CI: 1.70–29.49), and respiratory distress (OR = 7.7, 95% CI: 2.17–33.3) were also significant predictors. No significant associations were found with sex, nutritional status, or malaria infection. Conclusion : AKI is highly prevalent among critically ill children in Tanzania. Prolonged illness duration, multiple convulsions, impaired consciousness, and respiratory distress were key predictors. These findings underscore the need for early recognition and targeted interventions to improve outcomes in this vulnerable population Acute Kidney Injury critically ill children tertiary Hospitals Tanzania Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Pediatric Nephrology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major Revisions Needed 30 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 08 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 08 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 06 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7495135","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":512144661,"identity":"6ad16a60-940c-4665-8f17-3df13502f5e9","order_by":0,"name":"Alinanuswe Kasililika","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAvElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACxg8MzHIgxoEHxGphlmBgNgZrSSDaGh4G5sQGEIMoLeYSucckJPdYp88PO/wQaIudnG4DAS2WM/LSJAqepeduvJ1mANSSbGx2gIAWgxs5ZhISBw7nbpydANJyIHEbUVp4DhxON5yd/oE0LQny0jnE2nLmjbG1xIF0ww3SOQUHEgyI8cvxHMObHw5Yy8vPTt/84UOFnRxBLQi9YJUGxCoHAfkGUlSPglEwCkbBiAIAQi5FJv+5aLEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5986-0560","institution":"Mbeya Referral Hospital: Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alinanuswe","middleName":"","lastName":"Kasililika","suffix":""},{"id":512144662,"identity":"f0652d1a-fe54-4b6c-ba51-b7622d9d7d18","order_by":1,"name":"Shakilu Jumanne","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Dodoma College of Health and Allied Sciences: The University of Dodoma College of Health Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shakilu","middleName":"","lastName":"Jumanne","suffix":""},{"id":512144663,"identity":"384b5701-4161-4686-9ac1-53a7df49327b","order_by":2,"name":"Jerry Hella","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ifakara Health Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jerry","middleName":"","lastName":"Hella","suffix":""},{"id":512144664,"identity":"893fb7ce-c4f0-4ca0-813d-ff26acffe750","order_by":3,"name":"Shaegan Irusen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Stellenbosch University - Tygerberg Campus: Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shaegan","middleName":"","lastName":"Irusen","suffix":""},{"id":512144665,"identity":"43bbbf3c-55ad-4df4-87c0-0f11b4a5613c","order_by":4,"name":"Emmanuel Mwalumuli","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mbeya Consultant Hospital: Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Emmanuel","middleName":"","lastName":"Mwalumuli","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-30 12:04:43","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7495135/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7495135/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-026-07279-6","type":"published","date":"2026-04-01T15:58:39+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":106343597,"identity":"36fc98c5-8b2c-44a3-9948-f6c04193e321","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-07 16:06:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":397801,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7495135/v1_covered_be576fff-0992-4232-bf74-bfa3a25c1e32.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Prevalence, Risk Factors and Immediate Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Children Admitted to Tertiary Hospitals in Central Tanzania","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"pediatric-nephrology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pnep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Pediatric Nephrology](http://link.springer.com/journal/467)","snPcode":"467","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pnep/default2.aspx","title":"Pediatric Nephrology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Acute Kidney Injury, critically ill children, tertiary Hospitals, Tanzania","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7495135/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7495135/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: Acute kidney injury is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill children, yet data on its prevalence and associated risk factors in low-resource settings remain limited. Objectives This study determine the prevalence, risk factors, and immediate outcomes of Acute kidney injury among critically ill children admitted to tertiary hospitals in Dodoma, Tanzania.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e: A cross-sectional study was conducted among hospitalized children. Data on demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables were collected, and logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent predictors of Acute kidney injury. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were reported.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: The prevalence of Acute kidney injury was 58.8%. On multivariate analysis, several factors were independently associated with Acute kidney injury. Children with an illness duration of ≥4 days had higher odds of AKI (OR = 13.9, 95% CI: 3.1–62.5). Clinical features including two or more convulsions within 24 hours (OR = 3.7, 95% CI: 1.05–14.28), impaired consciousness (OR = 7.0, 95% CI: 1.70–29.49), and respiratory distress (OR = 7.7, 95% CI: 2.17–33.3) were also significant predictors. No significant associations were found with sex, nutritional status, or malaria infection.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e: AKI is highly prevalent among critically ill children in Tanzania. Prolonged illness duration, multiple convulsions, impaired consciousness, and respiratory distress were key predictors. These findings underscore the need for early recognition and targeted interventions to improve outcomes in this vulnerable population\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prevalence, Risk Factors and Immediate Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Children Admitted to Tertiary Hospitals in Central Tanzania","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-16 03:43:57","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7495135/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major Revisions Needed","date":"2025-09-30T17:09:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-09-09T09:54:42+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-08T22:03:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-08T19:28:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Pediatric Nephrology","date":"2025-09-06T10:32:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"pediatric-nephrology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pnep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Pediatric Nephrology](http://link.springer.com/journal/467)","snPcode":"467","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pnep/default2.aspx","title":"Pediatric Nephrology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8f1ab4f0-dc7b-4919-bff8-95fa94a567ab","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 16th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-07T16:03:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7495135","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-026-07279-6","journal":{"identity":"pediatric-nephrology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Pediatric Nephrology"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-01 15:58:39","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 1st, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-16 03:43:57","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00467-026-07279-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-026-07279-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7495135","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7495135","identity":"rs-7495135","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}