Geomorphological Sites of Tourist Value in the Dreikesh:Syria A study on the concept of Geomorphosite

Geomorphological Sites of Tourist Value in the Dreikesh:Syria A study on the concept of Geomorphosite | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Geomorphological Sites of Tourist Value in the Dreikesh:Syria A study on the concept of Geomorphosite Enas Ahmad, Sameer Jarjour, Heba Salhab This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3787712/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Abstract The current study addressed the geomorphological sites of touristic value through assessment of the most important geomorphological sites in the Dreikesh region for geotourism purposes, where the results of the assessment can be used as a basis for the appropriate utilization of these natural resources for sustainable tourism development. The study aims to identify the most important geomorphological touristic sites in Dreikesh and explain their formation factors and characteristics using GIS, in addition, it analyzes the relationship between geomorphology and tourism by estimating the potential for each site according to several criteria, the results indicated the diversity of geomorphological features in the study area, including mountains, river valleys, caves, and volcanic necks, where the geomorphosite formed 24 sites, most of which met the criteria for natural tourism by 62% of the overall assessment results for the sites. Geomorphosite. GIS. Geotourism. Natural tourism. Sustainable tourism Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Introduction Geographic diversity greatly affects human activities including tourism activities, geomorphological features and processes can be considered a resource for geotourism, which in turn represents a form of natural tourism ,the concept of geomorphosites expresses landforms to which scientific, educational, cultural and economic values can be attributed, which increases the opportunity for investment by the local community as a geomorphological resource (Panizza& Piacente2008 ; Reynard 2009 ; Kubalíková 2013; Pérez 2019 ; Zaid 2022 ). Geomorphology is considered an element of cultural heritage, such as works of art, historical monuments, etc. The natural landscape can be considered one of the most complex cultural assets, the formation of which requires going through several stages, thus ensuring values and messages that can be conveyed to everyone ( Panizza & Piacente 2005 ;González &Serrano 2005 ). In recent years, tourism has played a major role in providing job opportunities and improving the standard of living at the local level for many developing and developed countries (Das M& Chatterjee 2015 ;Tezer&Korama 2016; Alsamaarai 2016 ). International tourism revenues showed an upward trend, with the number of tourists increasing by 5% during 2018 (UNWTO).The interaction between the square and natural sites is extremely important, as tourism contributes to the preservation of geographical heritage sites through optimal investment in them through careful planning of tourism activities in these geomorphological sites in a way that ensures protection for tourists, especially in mountainous areas (Mihai, et al 2009 ). The use of information systems in preparing maps is a modern technology that enables us to store and process data, which leads to results that help in developing solutions for development and solving problems (Dawod 2012 ; Reynard,et al 2016 ). Spatial analysis is essential within the framework of geographic information systems software to highlight the characteristics of the specific area and its suitability for tourist activities(Osman, et al 2017 ). Syria is generally known for its diverse historical, cultural, religious, and natural landmarks, making it a destination for many Arab and foreign tourists. However, the recent war has had a clear impact on reducing tourism activities in some areas ( Halima,et al 2020 ).Natural tourism is of great importance to local residents due to their reliance on the available natural resources to improve their living conditions, especially geomorphological sites .The resulting maps in the article show the tourist geomorphological sites in Dreikesh as a sample in the study of Geomorphosite, which contain different values and standards that help decision-makers and planners invest in these sites in order to achieve sustainable natural tourism in the studied area. Study area Dreikesh is one of the five administrative regions in Tartous Governorate. It covers about 9% of the governorate area in the eastern part of it, as shown in Fig. 1 , and is about 35 km away from the center of Tartous Governorate. It is bordered to the northeast by Masyaf, which is administratively affiliated with Hama Governorate, while to the north it is Sheikh Badr area and in To the west is the center of the city of Tartous, while to the south and southeast is the Safita area, covering an area of about 173.9 km², extending between latitudes 34°. 52′ and 34°. 59′ north and longitudes 35°.59′ and 36°.15′ east. Dreikesh is affected by Mediterranean climate. The average annual precipitation ranges between 800 to 1000 mm, most of which falls during the winter. As for temperature, the highest monthly averages were recorded during the summer in August, about 21° Celsius, while the lowest monthly averages were in the winter in January, about 8° C. Materials and methods Tourism and geomorphology mutually influence each other, as geomorphological sites can become tourist attractions, while tourist activities can have clear effects on the terrain, especially erosion and destruction of some sites (Mihai, et al 2009 ).Analyzing the relationship between geomorphology and tourism by estimating the potential of each natural geomorphological site according to several values, what is newly known as the concept of Geomorphosite .Mapping geomorphological sites is the first step in developing strategies to conserve geological heritage, especially in areas with diverse geological features towards Geotourism (Santos, et al 2022 ). The evaluation was conducted in the article using five parts, each of which has a number of sub-criteria, as in Fig. 2 , values are expressed in parts of 1, standards achieved at sites get the highest value which is 1 while unfulfilled criteria receive a value of 0(Reynard et al 2007 ; Reynard& Coratza 2016 ; Cocean 2017 ), to perform a geomorphological analysis of the sites detailed maps of all terrains in Dreikish were drawn using GIS and digital elevation model, in addition to field surveys. Tourist geomorphological sites Mountains Mountains contain many aspects that are the basis for creating a tourist environment that brings enjoyment to visitors, relying on the force of attraction between the tourist and terrestrial features such as indentation, elevation, slope, etc (Gavrilă &Anghel 2013 ). It gives natural indicators of the possibility of exploiting and developing appropriate parts in the tourism development of the region, After analyzing the digital elevation model, it was found that the study area is a mountainous area par excellence, with 92% of its land exceeding 300 meters in height, spread in the central and eastern parts of it .They are torsional mountains – fractured, Its basic features were drawn during the third geological era as a result of the region’s exposure to structural movements that led to the distortion of its sedimentary deposits., This coincided with volcanic activity that resulted in the peaks of some of these mountains being crowned with volcanic eruptions during the Upper Neogene, as in the mountains of Nabi Mattah and Nabi Saleh (Ibrahim 2020 ). The following mountains are (Ahmad Alqaree,al-Mu'izz Bin Saleh,Daher Al Dreikish,ALnabi Saleh,Mohamed Abu Al Nidaa,Alnabi Mattah,Ibrahim Alsoultan, Hamad) the most popular tourist destination in the study area, these heights were selected for several criteria, the first of which is their elevation, as they represent the highest mountain ranges in the region and are characterized by attractive views, especially those overlooking Lake Dreikish and mountains overlooking historical sites such as Suleiman Fortress and Sheikh Dib Castle. Secondly, the presence of religious shrines increases their tourist appeal. The number of visitors to the Alnabi Mattah shrine is estimated at 150 − 100 thousand visitors annually, and to the ALnabi Saleh shrine around 50 thousand visitors annually (Ghadra& Malla 2017 ). Thirdly, these mountains, with their artificial and natural vegetation cover, hold great importance for many visitors on recreational trips. figure Mountain name Maximum slope The statistical properties of the nature of slopes Low slopes (² km ) Percentage % Middle slopes (² km ) Percentage % Steep slopes (² km ) Percentage % 1 Ahmad Alqaree 44.5° 1.18 13 7.57 85 0.16 2 2 al-Mu'izz Bin Saleh 45.7° 2.66 22 9.38 77 0.15 1 3 Daher Al Dreikish 42.3° 1.28 22 4.56 78 0.01 0 4 ALnabi Saleh 49.1° 0.37 15 2.03 81 0.11 4 5 Mohamed Abu Al Nidaa 46.5° 1.17 20 4.57 78 0.12 2 6 Alnabi Mattah 37.2° 2.47 39 6.00 70 0.08 1 7 Ibrahim Alsoultan 41.6° 1.56 20 6.10 78 0.16 2 8 Hamad 45.2° 0.69 16 3.62 81 0.15 3 Study area 60.3° 43.30 25 127.01 73 3.8 2 Table.1 The statistical properties of the nature of slopes Figure (3.4) and Table.(1) shows the tourist mountain sites in Dreikish and their slope characteristics. The moderate slopes primarily cover the majority of the study area, approximately 73% of the area ,Fig. (3). The highest percentage of these slopes is found in Mount Ahmad Al-Qareh, covering around 85% of its area, While the gentle slopes come in second place, covering 25% of the study area Mount Matta is characterized by the highest percentage of these slopes, about 39% of its area, The geomorphological tourism value of these slopes lies in the possibility of camping and walking on them, In addition to being suitable areas for establishing tourist facilities. The steep slopes are small, about 2% of the area of the study area, It is represented by rocky cliffs in river valleys and on the edges of mountain ranges with a maximum slope of 60.3°, The highest percentage of these slopes appears in ALnabi Saleh, about 4% of its area, Its maximum slope reaches 49.1°, These slopes are more dangerous for visitors, and their investment requires major preventive and engineering measures. The direction of the slopes affects human activities, especially tourism activity, As the directions of the mountain slopes vary, the amount of solar radiation that these slopes receive and the amounts of rainfall vary, which affects the density of vegetation there Since the study area is located in the northern hemisphere, We note that slopes facing south are more exposed to solar radiation, Which requires planting them with light-loving plants in an effort to increase the beauty of these slopes in a way that serves tourism activity there, In general, solar radiation affects the position of the body, its temperature, the type of clothing, and the reflectivity of surrounding objects, which limits or encourages the establishment of tourist activities depending on the strength of those rays, 23% of the slopes of Ibrahim Alsoultan and 20% of the slopes of al-Mu'izz Bin Saleh have a southern orientation, Fig. (4), representing the highest areal percentages for this direction, In contrast, north-oriented slopes receive the least amount of solar radiation consequently, evaporation is low, which contributes to increasing the moisture content on its slopes, Which contributes to increasing the spread of dense wild vegetation, so that the slopes are most suitable for establishing natural reserves and distinctive tourist sites, such as in Mount Alnabi Mattah, The negative impact on these slopes is accompanied by the slow melting of ice there during the polar depressions, which hinders traffic on some roads, as in the mountains of ALnabi Saleh and Alnabi Mattah. The slopes of the western slopes receive the largest amounts of precipitation due to their confrontation with the humid Mediterranean depressions, This rain is the main source of surface and groundwater, which in turn constitutes an important natural tourism resource in the study area, The negative impact of these slopes is represented as a factor hindering tourism activity there during the rainy and snowy seasons due to its impact on road traffic, causing accidents, 15% of the slopes of the mountains of ALnabi Saleh and Alnabi Mattah have a western orientation, as the highest area percentage of these slopes. The eastern slopes are a small rain shadow area on the mountain slopes in the study area, The largest area occupied by these slopes on Hamad mount is 13% of its area. Volcanic necks Volcanic chimneys are among the most important natural evidence of previous volcanic events that the study area witnessed during geological times, These geomorphological sites are distinguished by their touristic importance due to their scientific features and values, in addition to their aesthetic values, which can be used as tourist attraction sites that serve educational processes on student trip .These shapes are often produced by the freezing of lava after it cools in the neck of the volcano, and they appear above the surface of the earth after the body of the volcanic cone erodes over time as a result of weathering and erosion factors. In the past, these volcanic necks were used as a unique place to build castles (Gharehchahi 2016 ). These sites are exposed to natural risks such as floods, soil erosion and vegetation growth, or human risks as a result of indiscriminate investment in road works and quarries, thus destroying volcanic features(Joyce 2009 ).Five volcanic chimneys were identified in the study area: Deeb Castle, Zaheer, Hamad, Castle, Al Ruwaisa, and Ahmad Alqaree( Fig. 4). These volcanic chimneys are similar to the remains of volcanic materials they contain, including hard basalt prisms of different sizes. Some of them are vertically embedded in the ground and another part is clustered and attached in a lumpy manner. Deeb Castle represents the most visible volcanic chimneys in the study area, consisting of two parts. The lower part is a Loose volcanic rocks and soil reach a thickness of about 40 metres, while the upper section is composed of hard, interconnected basalt prisms, with a thickness of about 20 metres. (Ibrahim 2020 ) The Fig. 5 shows the zigzags of the contour lines at the sites of volcanic necks, which indicate the severity of the concretion of these sites. The closed lines indicate the presence of isolated hills that remained prominent due to the resistance of their basalt rocks to the processes of erosion and weathering, and the converging lines indicate that the lands therein are steep. Valleyes Valleys are defined as low places between high areas. Small valleys often intertwine with each other to end in a large main valley, forming what is known as the valley drainage system. (Al-Darraji 2014). Dreikish includes a number of river valleys that take several paths and directions depending on the slope of the surface and the inclination of the rock layers, The main features of these valleys were formed by heavy rains during the rainy ages that the region witnessed throughout geological times, The main valleys have east-west axes, thus perpendicular to the general axis of the terrain, while the secondary valleys tributary to the main one agree with the topographic slopes, Thus, forming tributaries that feed the water flow in the Qais and Al-Ghamqa rivers, tourism activity is concentrated in the following four valleys (Beit Al Wadi - Qais - Bustan Al Sawj - Wadi Almanzala), The traffic of the road network played a major role in increasing its tourism investment, with the availability of other elements that attract visitors, such as water and caves. A number of popular restaurants and seating areas spread there. section (A) The length of the section is about 0.6 km, representing the locally known Al-Munzalah Valley, also known as Wadi Beit Al-Hindi, It is crossed by the Abu Zukra River, which carves its way to form a valley with a depth of about 80meters The valley is characterized by the presence of karst formations, especially the Al-Asiyat Cave, and nearby the Shalouq Waterfall, On the slopes overlooking this valley, there are several cafes and popular parks.. section (B) Wadi Al-Kadana, locally known as Beit Al-Wadi, represents a section of about 1.1 km in length, taking the shape of a "V", It is characterized by high vertical rocky cliffs on both sides, reaching a height of about 100 meters ,One of the most scenic river valleys, it includes both surface and underground karst formations such as gorges and caves, In addition to small waterfalls from the rocky walls of the valley throughout the year ,The presence of the Beit Al-Wadi waterfall in the middle of the valley near the Beit Al-Wadi cave further enhances its tourist appeal Popular sitting are as restaurants, and swimming pools are also scattered along the road that passes through it, adding to its overall charm and appeal, With the availability of water and moderate temperatures, Beit Al-Wadi represents a tourist destination for many visitors during the summer months.. section (C ) The length of the section is about 1.6 km, and it represents a 3D simulation of Wadi Al-Zeer, locally known as Wadi Bustan Al-Sog, The depth of the valley is about 150 meters, and the rocky cliffs are visible along the road overlooking this valley between the villages of Sareejis and Bostan Al-Sog, It also includes various karst formations such as the commercially developed Ish al-Rakhma Cave, and dense vegetation cover including willow and poplar trees. section (D) The length of the section is 1.3 km, it is a river valley in the middle sector of the River Qais, The mountain slopes on either side of the river valley are spaced apart, giving it a "U" shape. As the side slopes increase, the width of the valley floor increases to about 200 meters, while the depth of the valley is approximately 60 meters, The valley is characterized by natural scenery along the river that runs through it, and the dense vegetation cover of moisture-loving plants such as willow, poplar, and tamarisk. This serves as a major attraction for many adventure and exploration enthusiasts for water-based activities. Karast Caves Karst caves are natural corridors that extend horizontally or vertically under the surface. They are created by the dissolution of limestone rocks as a result of groundwater seeping through rock cracks and joints. (Al-Darraji 2014).There are more than 10 caves in the study area in areas where Cretaceous sedimentary rocks spread in the lower Albian and Cenomanian layers. These caves vary in their size and shape characteristics, and represent an economic, social and historical wealth in the Dreikish, The Fig. 10 shows The most famous caves in the study area. The strange formations on the walls of the caves and hanging from their ceilings arouse the curiosity of cave visitors, represented by types of limestone deposits such as stalagmites and stalagmites, which are formed by the deposition of dissolved calcium carbonate to draw protrusions resembling snowflakes hanging from the ceiling of the cave. As sedimentation processes continue over these outcrops, a hollow limestone tube is formed, known as stalagmites. As for stalagmites, they are formed by the deposition of calcium carbonate after water falls into the cave floor and evaporates. (Al-Turkmani 2011 ) Local residents worked to invest in some of the caves in the study area and improve them by digging and expanding their doors or extending lighting within them, as in the caves of Ish al-Rakhma and al-Asiyat (Fig. 8 )and others have acquired religious and historical importance where students of knowledge and knowledge gather, as in the Cave of Al-Sawah, which was given this name in reference to a venerable sheikh who lived there in the past. Here, it must be noted that protecting the underground heritage in karst environments requires great effort and careful planning by involving local residents in protecting their geomorphological heritage and taking the necessary measures to protect karst heritage resources in particular.( Reynard& Coratza 2016 ) Results and discussion After applying the previous criteria Fig. (2) to the specific geomorphological sites in the study area, We have reached the following results, which includes scientific, educational, economic, conservation values, as well as additional aesthetic and cultural values for the selected sites Table (2). Overall evaluation Additional values Save values Economic values Educational values Scientific values Type Geomorphological site Site number 8 1.5 2 1.5 2 1 Mountain Ahmad Alqaree 1 7.5 1.5 2 1 2 1 Mountain Almoez Bin Saleh 2 7.5 1 1.5 2 2 1 Mountain Daher Al Dreikish 3 9.5 2 1.5 1.5 2.5 2 Mountain ALnabi Saleh 4 9 2 2 2 2 1 Mountain Mohamed Abu Al Nidaa 5 12.5 2 2 3 3.5 2 Mountain Alnabi Mattah 6 8.5 2 2 1.5 2 1 Mountain Ibrahim Alsoultan 7 8.5 1.5 2 1 2 2 Volcanic necks Mountain and Hamad 8 8 1.5 1 1 3 1.5 Volcanic necks Deeb Castle 9 10 2 2 2 2.5 1.5 Volcanic necks Zaheer 10 7 1 2 1 1.5 1.5 Volcanic necks Castle 11 7 1 2 1 1.5 1.5 Volcanic necks Al Ruwaisa 12 7 1 2 1 1.5 1.5 Volcanic necks Ahmad Alqaree 13 10.5 1 1.5 3 3 2 Valley Beit Al Wadi 14 12 1 2 3 3.5 2.5 Valley Qais 15 7 1 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Valley Bustan Al Sog 16 9.5 1 1.5 2.5 2.5 2 Valley Wadi Almanzala 17 10 1.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 1 Cave Al Asiyat 18 7.5 1 1.5 2 2 1 Cave Ish Al Rakhma 19 7 1 1.5 2 1.5 1 Cave Al Dlba 20 8.5 2 1.5 1.5 2.5 1 Cave Al Sawah 21 9 1 1.5 3 2.5 1 Cave Bemhsar 22 11 1.5 1.5 3 3.5 1.5 Cave Beit Al Wadi 23 6 1 1.5 1.5 1 1 Cave Al Baroud 24 208 33 41 45 55 34 Total score 62 69 85 62 57 47 Percentage (%) Table.2 Geomorphosite evaluation criteria in the study area - The number of geomorphosite sites in the study area is 24, most of which meet the criteria and standards of natural tourism by 62% of the overall evaluation results for the sites. This indicates that the study area includes geomorphological sites with suitable value for investment and tourism development. - The conservation values for the majority of the sites are high, constituting 85% of the overall evaluation results. This is due to the fact that most of the geomorphological sites are associated with religious aspects, which has created a necessity for the local population to preserve these places - The educational values constituted 57% for the geomorphological sites, attributed to the use of some sites as parts of educational trips or as locations within guided tours, especially in the Qais River Valley and Beit Wadi. - The scientific value of the geomorphological sites is lower than the other values, constituting only 47% of the geomorphological evaluation results. This is due to the lack of scientific knowledge and the scarcity of papers and studies about these sites. - The economic value of the geomorphological sites constituted approximately 62% of the overall evaluation results. This is attributed to the local population's investment in some geomorphological sites to establish popular gathering places, taking advantage of seasonal tourism activities, especially with the availability of local production of water and forests, which supports tourism activities in the area. - The greatest tourist value of mountainous sites was in Mount Prophet Mata, and the volcanic chimneys were most valuable in Mount Prophet Zaher, while the river valleys were represented by the highest value in the Valley of River Qais, and as for the caves, the most valuable was Beit Al-Wadi Cave. Conclusions The study aimed to inventory the geomorphological tourist sites in Dreikesh and describe them by preparing GIS maps. The results showed that Dreikesh possesses several geomorphological tourist sites, most of which meet the conditions and standards of natural tourism, accounting for 62% of the overall evaluation results. The study demonstrated that the use of GIS could be an effective approach for estimating, distributing, and evaluating geomorphological sites for tourism investment. The field study revealed that some of these sites have been utilized by the local population, contributing to increased income. It is recommended to invest in these natural sites as a necessity for their preservation and proper management to achieve sustainable tourism in Dreikesh. Additionally, it is recommended to study other areas in Syria that possess geomorphological features as a new step towards boosting the national economy through optimal tourism investment in these sites. Declarations Author Contribution The authors collaborated and worked together to complete this manuscript by distributing tasks as follows: E.A. prepared the figures and tables, H.S. collected information about natural sites, and S.J. contributed to reviewing the research and ensuring the accuracy of the results. Acknowledgements The authors express their gratitude to the reviewers for their valuable feedback and constructive criticism. References - Abd-Alazeem A.(2019) Environment and Sustainable Development.Good Publishing and Distribution Company,Cairo,PP148 Al-Daraji S.(2014)Basics of Geomorphology(Geomorphology).University of Baghdad, Iraq.2.PP249.- -Alsamaarai M.(2016)The geography of modern tourism and its economics,Iraq,1,PP197. -Al-Turkmani G.(2011) Earth's surface forms: a study in geomorphology, Faculty of Arts, Cairo University,3,PP324. -Azaldeen M.(2015) Ecotourism and its Role in Sustainable Development,J. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3787712","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":267469457,"identity":"742a89fd-ec09-4a3e-9c83-c1ead7e36d20","order_by":0,"name":"Enas Ahmad","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA80lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC+wYgwQgiDjMf//ABSLOxE9BiwADTcpwtjXEGSAsz0VrO85gx84B4BLVINz/+8HPHNnm+w2xpj21+ARnMDIwfPubg8YvMMTPJ3jO3DWcC/WKc23fbsI2ZgVly5jY8tkgkmDHwtt1m3HCYLUE6t+c2I1ALGzMvXi3pnz/+bbttv+Ewj4G0Zc9teyK05BhIA21JBGoxk2b4cTuRGC1l0rJtt5NnHmZLNuxtuJ3cxszYjNcv9jPSN39823bbtu/84YMPfvy5bTu/vfngh494tKACxjYw2UCsehD4Q4riUTAKRsEoGCkAAOCnVcrCdLH3AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Enas","middleName":"","lastName":"Ahmad","suffix":""},{"id":267469458,"identity":"32d7e4ff-4149-4217-8cee-4e1505c915e8","order_by":1,"name":"Sameer Jarjour","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sameer","middleName":"","lastName":"Jarjour","suffix":""},{"id":267469459,"identity":"056855c9-e7dc-47b0-a024-28893e583b7c","order_by":2,"name":"Heba Salhab","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Heba","middleName":"","lastName":"Salhab","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-12-21 15:29:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3787712/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3787712/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49826834,"identity":"81d538f2-219e-4753-a348-13234e66f380","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 15:55:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":335314,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation of study area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3787712/v1/0443b4314f31e86654d901d8.jpeg"},{"id":49826830,"identity":"caf1cdf8-f00f-4a52-ae3b-9d2cc1966fbd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 15:55:10","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9681,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGeomorphological evaluation criteria for tourism purposes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2013Source:Kubalíková.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3787712/v1/ef0afc7878826387c6e52734.png"},{"id":49826833,"identity":"063b2f5d-8a64-4792-b688-a63466fb1e13","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 15:55:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":318708,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNature of regression\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3787712/v1/695972765abd2738a6f765f9.jpeg"},{"id":49828291,"identity":"e0cfcd53-7a81-4061-a4c6-a16c29d40dee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 16:03:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":233992,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRegression trends\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3787712/v1/6df1f64c9457d00003a8f0b0.jpeg"},{"id":49829814,"identity":"a62eef50-73e6-4bcb-a7df-a305ef7e54f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 16:19:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":778865,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVolcanic necks in the study area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3787712/v1/b152cfa18056261dcd68df88.jpeg"},{"id":49828292,"identity":"91c9d6f7-93b4-41a5-81a3-88e20aabe576","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 16:03:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":515455,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEqual height curves in the study area.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3787712/v1/3a0366a652b5a371507de9bc.jpeg"},{"id":49826837,"identity":"1fe839db-8be1-4a54-8d26-cb29369dd316","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 15:55:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1300613,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThree-dimensional simulation of tourist valleys in the study area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3787712/v1/9f9afc94bd27d81e637a51c9.jpeg"},{"id":49826832,"identity":"0e4bb16d-664b-42ef-b25a-0429b4e2c268","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 15:55:10","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":91345,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRiver valley section in the study area . \u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e Wadi Almanzala, \u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e Beit Al-Wadi, \u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003eBustan Al-Sog , \u003cstrong\u003eD\u003c/strong\u003e Qais\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"F8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3787712/v1/f7a57a1dbf7521a9f570a8bc.png"},{"id":49826840,"identity":"eddfb05c-5b14-441d-835c-23096b9ed4cd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 15:55:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1133592,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eValleyes in the study area: A Wadi Almanzala, B Beit Al-Wadi , D Qais.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3787712/v1/d114d9acb31cc40c8486072c.jpeg"},{"id":49826836,"identity":"46597e7a-b704-4a77-b9c4-74ee5705d7e1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 15:55:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":596634,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCaves in the study area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3787712/v1/a87616206d6104d5e9ff7582.jpeg"},{"id":49829411,"identity":"c30b62ca-5b28-4848-82dc-2a9481c960b7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 16:11:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":917494,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCaves in the study area: \u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e Al-Sawah. \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003eAl-Asiyat. \u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e Ish al-Rakhma.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3787712/v1/07fde85d8ac90427aa06a855.jpeg"},{"id":49826841,"identity":"110221d3-24f7-4666-b4e2-b90741d82ee2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 15:55:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":124494,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of Geomorphosite locations in the study area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3787712/v1/b2201bd79342139f587e8377.jpeg"},{"id":49828295,"identity":"43eab54c-2afb-4e69-a7f8-2121bd11f403","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 16:03:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":207016,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap illustrating the results of the Geomorphosite assessment in the study area.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3787712/v1/999ee6a25d886155552166c2.jpeg"},{"id":49853540,"identity":"592bc0b7-d4dd-4593-8296-cbacde50d344","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-19 06:38:13","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1736275,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3787712/v1/3bbdc03d-69d9-4b62-a2bb-869314832c58.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Geomorphological Sites of Tourist Value in the Dreikesh:Syria A study on the concept of Geomorphosite","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eGeographic diversity greatly affects human activities including tourism activities, geomorphological features and processes can be considered a resource for geotourism, which in turn represents a form of natural tourism ,the concept of geomorphosites expresses landforms to which scientific, educational, cultural and economic values can be attributed, which increases the opportunity for investment by the local community as a geomorphological resource (Panizza\u0026amp; Piacente2008 ; Reynard \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Kubal\u0026iacute;kov\u0026aacute; 2013; P\u0026eacute;rez 2019 ; Zaid \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Geomorphology is considered an element of cultural heritage, such as works of art, historical monuments, etc. The natural landscape can be considered one of the most complex cultural assets, the formation of which requires going through several stages, thus ensuring values and messages that can be conveyed to everyone ( Panizza \u0026amp; Piacente \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e;Gonz\u0026aacute;lez \u0026amp;Serrano \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). In recent years, tourism has played a major role in providing job opportunities and improving the standard of living at the local level for many developing and developed countries (Das M\u0026amp; Chatterjee \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e;Tezer\u0026amp;Korama 2016; Alsamaarai \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). International tourism revenues showed an upward trend, with the number of tourists increasing by 5% during 2018 (UNWTO).The interaction between the square and natural sites is extremely important, as tourism contributes to the preservation of geographical heritage sites through optimal investment in them through careful planning of tourism activities in these geomorphological sites in a way that ensures protection for tourists, especially in mountainous areas (Mihai, et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). The use of information systems in preparing maps is a modern technology that enables us to store and process data, which leads to results that help in developing solutions for development and solving problems (Dawod \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Reynard,et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Spatial analysis is essential within the framework of geographic information systems software to highlight the characteristics of the specific area and its suitability for tourist activities(Osman, et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Syria is generally known for its diverse historical, cultural, religious, and natural landmarks, making it a destination for many Arab and foreign tourists. However, the recent war has had a clear impact on reducing tourism activities in some areas ( Halima,et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).Natural tourism is of great importance to local residents due to their reliance on the available natural resources to improve their living conditions, especially geomorphological sites .The resulting maps in the article show the tourist geomorphological sites in Dreikesh as a sample in the study of Geomorphosite, which contain different values and standards that help decision-makers and planners invest in these sites in order to achieve sustainable natural tourism in the studied area.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy area\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDreikesh is one of the five administrative regions in Tartous Governorate. It covers about 9% of the governorate area in the eastern part of it, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, and is about 35 km away from the center of Tartous Governorate. It is bordered to the northeast by Masyaf, which is administratively affiliated with Hama Governorate, while to the north it is Sheikh Badr area and in To the west is the center of the city of Tartous, while to the south and southeast is the Safita area, covering an area of about 173.9 km\u0026sup2;, extending between latitudes 34\u0026deg;. 52\u0026prime; and 34\u0026deg;. 59\u0026prime; north and longitudes 35\u0026deg;.59\u0026prime; and 36\u0026deg;.15\u0026prime; east. Dreikesh is affected by Mediterranean climate. The average annual precipitation ranges between 800 to 1000 mm, most of which falls during the winter. As for temperature, the highest monthly averages were recorded during the summer in August, about 21\u0026deg; Celsius, while the lowest monthly averages were in the winter in January, about 8\u0026deg; C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eTourism and geomorphology mutually influence each other, as geomorphological sites can become tourist attractions, while tourist activities can have clear effects on the terrain, especially erosion and destruction of some sites (Mihai, et al \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).Analyzing the relationship between geomorphology and tourism by estimating the potential of each natural geomorphological site according to several values, what is newly known as the concept of Geomorphosite .Mapping geomorphological sites is the first step in developing strategies to conserve geological heritage, especially in areas with diverse geological features towards Geotourism (Santos, et al \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The evaluation was conducted in the article using five parts, each of which has a number of sub-criteria, as in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, values are expressed in parts of 1, standards achieved at sites get the highest value which is 1 while unfulfilled criteria receive a value of 0(Reynard et al \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Reynard\u0026amp; Coratza \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Cocean \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), to perform a geomorphological analysis of the sites detailed maps of all terrains in Dreikish were drawn using GIS and digital elevation model, in addition to field surveys.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eTourist geomorphological sites\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMountains\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMountains contain many aspects that are the basis for creating a tourist environment that brings enjoyment to visitors, relying on the force of attraction between the tourist and terrestrial features such as indentation, elevation, slope, etc (Gavrilă \u0026amp;Anghel \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). It gives natural indicators of the possibility of exploiting and developing appropriate parts in the tourism development of the region, After analyzing the digital elevation model, it was found that the study area is a mountainous area par excellence, with 92% of its land exceeding 300 meters in height, spread in the central and eastern parts of it .They are torsional mountains \u0026ndash; fractured, Its basic features were drawn during the third geological era as a result of the region\u0026rsquo;s exposure to structural movements that led to the distortion of its sedimentary deposits., This coincided with volcanic activity that resulted in the peaks of some of these mountains being crowned with volcanic eruptions during the Upper Neogene, as in the mountains of Nabi Mattah and Nabi Saleh (Ibrahim \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The following mountains are (Ahmad Alqaree,al-Mu\u0026apos;izz Bin Saleh,Daher Al Dreikish,ALnabi Saleh,Mohamed Abu Al Nidaa,Alnabi Mattah,Ibrahim Alsoultan,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHamad) the most popular tourist destination in the study area, these heights were selected for several criteria, the first of which is their elevation, as they represent the highest mountain ranges in the region and are characterized by attractive views, especially those overlooking Lake Dreikish and mountains overlooking historical sites such as Suleiman Fortress and Sheikh Dib Castle. Secondly, the presence of religious shrines increases their tourist appeal. The number of visitors to the Alnabi Mattah shrine is estimated at 150\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;100 thousand visitors annually, and to the ALnabi Saleh shrine around 50 thousand visitors annually (Ghadra\u0026amp; Malla \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Thirdly, these mountains, with their artificial and natural vegetation cover, hold great importance for many visitors on recreational trips.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"right\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:right;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable dir=\"rtl\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:34.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#76923C;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height: 11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003efigure\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:119.8pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMountain name\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:56.85pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMaximum slope\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" style=\"width:333.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eThe statistical properties of the nature of slopes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:12.55pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLow slopes\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;(\u0026sup2;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ekm\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:57.7pt;border-top:none;border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right: none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:12.55pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePercentage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:12.55pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMiddle slopes\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;(\u0026sup2;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ekm\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:54.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:12.55pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePercentage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:12.55pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSteep slopes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(\u0026sup2;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ekm\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:12.55pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePercentage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:34.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;background:#76923C;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:119.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAhmad Alqaree\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e44.5\u0026deg;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:57.7pt;border-top:none;border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right: none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.57\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:54.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;background:#92CDDC;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e85\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:34.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;background:#76923C;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:119.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eal-Mu\u0026apos;izz Bin Saleh\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e45.7\u0026deg;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.66\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:57.7pt;border-top:none;border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right: none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e9.38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:54.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e77\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:34.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;background:#76923C;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:119.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eDaher Al Dreikish\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e42.3\u0026deg;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:57.7pt;border-top:none;border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right: none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.56\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:54.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e78\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:34.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;background:#76923C;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:119.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eALnabi Saleh\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;background:#17365D;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:white;'\u003e49.1\u0026deg;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:57.7pt;border-top:none;border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right: none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.03\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:54.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e81\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;background:#DBE5F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:34.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;background:#76923C;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:119.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMohamed Abu Al Nidaa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e46.5\u0026deg;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:57.7pt;border-top:none;border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right: none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.57\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:54.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e78\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:34.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;background:#76923C;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:119.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAlnabi Mattah\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;background:white;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e37.2\u0026deg;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.47\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:57.7pt;border-top:none;border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right: none;background:#F2DBDB;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6.00\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:54.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;background:#E5B8B7;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.08\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:34.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;background:#76923C;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:119.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eIbrahim Alsoultan\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e41.6\u0026deg;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.56\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:57.7pt;border-top:none;border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right: none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6.10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:54.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e78\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:34.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;background:#76923C;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:119.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eHamad\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e45.2\u0026deg;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.69\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:57.7pt;border-top:none;border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right: none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.62\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:54.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e81\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:154.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eStudy area\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e60.3\u0026deg;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:36.7pt;border-top:none;border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right: none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e43.30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e127.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:54.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:52.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:11.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align: center;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\" style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable.1\u003c/strong\u003eThe statistical properties of the nature of slopes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;(3.4) and Table.(1) shows the tourist mountain sites in Dreikish and their slope characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe moderate slopes primarily cover the majority of the study area, approximately 73% of the area ,Fig.\u0026nbsp;(3). The highest percentage of these slopes is found in Mount Ahmad Al-Qareh, covering around 85% of its area, While the gentle slopes come in second place, covering 25% of the study area Mount Matta is characterized by the highest percentage of these slopes, about 39% of its area, The geomorphological tourism value of these slopes lies in the possibility of camping and walking on them, In addition to being suitable areas for establishing tourist facilities.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe steep slopes are small, about 2% of the area of the study area, It is represented by rocky cliffs in river valleys and on the edges of mountain ranges with a maximum slope of 60.3\u0026deg;, The highest percentage of these slopes appears in ALnabi Saleh, about 4% of its area, Its maximum slope reaches 49.1\u0026deg;, These slopes are more dangerous for visitors, and their investment requires major preventive and engineering measures.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe direction of the slopes affects human activities, especially tourism activity, As the directions of the mountain slopes vary, the amount of solar radiation that these slopes receive and the amounts of rainfall vary, which affects the density of vegetation there Since the study area is located in the northern hemisphere, We note that slopes facing south are more exposed to solar radiation, Which requires planting them with light-loving plants in an effort to increase the beauty of these slopes in a way that serves tourism activity there, In general, solar radiation affects the position of the body, its temperature, the type of clothing, and the reflectivity of surrounding objects, which limits or encourages the establishment of tourist activities depending on the strength of those rays, 23% of the slopes of Ibrahim Alsoultan and 20% of the slopes of al-Mu\u0026apos;izz Bin Saleh have a southern orientation, Fig.\u0026nbsp;(4), representing the highest areal percentages for this direction, In contrast, north-oriented slopes receive the least amount of solar radiation consequently, evaporation is low, which contributes to increasing the moisture content on its slopes, Which contributes to increasing the spread of dense wild vegetation, so that the slopes are most suitable for establishing natural reserves and distinctive tourist sites, such as in Mount Alnabi Mattah, The negative impact on these slopes is accompanied by the slow melting of ice there during the polar depressions, which hinders traffic on some roads, as in the mountains of ALnabi Saleh and Alnabi Mattah.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe slopes of the western slopes receive the largest amounts of precipitation due to their confrontation with the humid Mediterranean depressions, This rain is the main source of surface and groundwater, which in turn constitutes an important natural tourism resource in the study area, The negative impact of these slopes is represented as a factor hindering tourism activity there during the rainy and snowy seasons due to its impact on road traffic, causing accidents, 15% of the slopes of the mountains of ALnabi Saleh and Alnabi Mattah have a western orientation, as the highest area percentage of these slopes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe eastern slopes are a small rain shadow area on the mountain slopes in the study area, The largest area occupied by these slopes on Hamad mount is 13% of its area.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eVolcanic necks\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolcanic chimneys are among the most important natural evidence of previous volcanic events that the study area witnessed during geological times, These geomorphological sites are distinguished by their touristic importance due to their scientific features and values, in addition to their aesthetic values, which can be used as tourist attraction sites that serve educational processes on student trip .These shapes are often produced by the freezing of lava after it cools in the neck of the volcano, and they appear above the surface of the earth after the body of the volcanic cone erodes over time as a result of weathering and erosion factors. In the past, these volcanic necks were used as a unique place to build castles (Gharehchahi \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). These sites are exposed to natural risks such as floods, soil erosion and vegetation growth, or human risks as a result of indiscriminate investment in road works and quarries, thus destroying volcanic features(Joyce \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).Five volcanic chimneys were identified in the study area: Deeb Castle, Zaheer, Hamad, Castle, Al Ruwaisa, and Ahmad Alqaree( Fig. 4). These volcanic chimneys are similar to the remains of volcanic materials they contain, including hard basalt prisms of different sizes. Some of them are vertically embedded in the ground and another part is clustered and attached in a lumpy manner. Deeb Castle represents the most visible volcanic chimneys in the study area, consisting of two parts. The lower part is a Loose volcanic rocks and soil reach a thickness of about 40 metres, while the upper section is composed of hard, interconnected basalt prisms, with a thickness of about 20 metres. (Ibrahim \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the zigzags of the contour lines at the sites of volcanic necks, which indicate the severity of the concretion of these sites. The closed lines indicate the presence of isolated hills that remained prominent due to the resistance of their basalt rocks to the processes of erosion and weathering, and the converging lines indicate that the lands therein are steep.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eValleyes\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValleys are defined as low places between high areas. Small valleys often intertwine with each other to end in a large main valley, forming what is known as the valley drainage system. (Al-Darraji 2014).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDreikish includes a number of river valleys that take several paths and directions depending on the slope of the surface and the inclination of the rock layers, The main features of these valleys were formed by heavy rains during the rainy ages that the region witnessed throughout geological times, The main valleys have east-west axes, thus perpendicular to the general axis of the terrain, while the secondary valleys tributary to the main one agree with the topographic slopes, Thus, forming tributaries that feed the water flow in the Qais and Al-Ghamqa rivers, tourism activity is concentrated in the following four valleys (Beit Al Wadi - Qais - Bustan Al Sawj - Wadi Almanzala), The traffic of the road network played a major role in increasing its tourism investment, with the availability of other elements that attract visitors, such as water and caves. A number of popular restaurants and seating areas spread there.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esection (A)\u003c/strong\u003e The length of the section is about 0.6 km, representing the locally known Al-Munzalah Valley, also known as Wadi Beit Al-Hindi, It is crossed by the Abu Zukra River, which carves its way to form a valley with a depth of about 80meters The valley is characterized by the presence of karst formations, especially the Al-Asiyat Cave, and nearby the Shalouq Waterfall, On the slopes overlooking this valley, there are several cafes and popular parks..\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esection (B)\u003c/strong\u003e Wadi Al-Kadana, locally known as Beit Al-Wadi, represents a section of about 1.1 km in length, taking the shape of a \u0026quot;V\u0026quot;, It is characterized by high vertical rocky cliffs on both sides, reaching a height of about 100 meters ,One of the most scenic river valleys, it includes both surface and underground karst formations such as gorges and caves, In addition to small waterfalls from the rocky walls of the valley throughout the year ,The presence of the Beit Al-Wadi waterfall in the middle of the valley near the Beit Al-Wadi cave further enhances its tourist appeal Popular sitting are as restaurants, and swimming pools are also scattered along the road that passes through it, adding to its overall charm and appeal, With the availability of water and moderate temperatures, Beit Al-Wadi represents a tourist destination for many visitors during the summer months..\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esection (C\u003c/strong\u003e) The length of the section is about 1.6 km, and it represents a 3D simulation of Wadi Al-Zeer, locally known as Wadi Bustan Al-Sog, The depth of the valley is about 150 meters, and the rocky cliffs are visible along the road overlooking this valley between the villages of Sareejis and Bostan Al-Sog, It also includes various karst formations such as the commercially developed Ish al-Rakhma Cave, and dense vegetation cover including willow and poplar trees.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esection (D)\u003c/strong\u003e The length of the section is 1.3 km, it is a river valley in the middle sector of the River Qais, The mountain slopes on either side of the river valley are spaced apart, giving it a \u0026quot;U\u0026quot; shape. As the side slopes increase, the width of the valley floor increases to about 200 meters, while the depth of the valley is approximately 60 meters, The valley is characterized by natural scenery along the river that runs through it, and the dense vegetation cover of moisture-loving plants such as willow, poplar, and tamarisk. This serves as a major attraction for many adventure and exploration enthusiasts for water-based activities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eKarast Caves\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKarst caves are natural corridors that extend horizontally or vertically under the surface. They are created by the dissolution of limestone rocks as a result of groundwater seeping through rock cracks and joints. (Al-Darraji 2014).There are more than 10 caves in the study area in areas where Cretaceous sedimentary rocks spread in the lower Albian and Cenomanian layers. These caves vary in their size and shape characteristics, and represent an economic, social and historical wealth in the Dreikish, The Fig. 10 shows The most famous caves in the study area. The strange formations on the walls of the caves and hanging from their ceilings arouse the curiosity of cave visitors, represented by types of limestone deposits such as stalagmites and stalagmites, which are formed by the deposition of dissolved calcium carbonate to draw protrusions resembling snowflakes hanging from the ceiling of the cave. As sedimentation processes continue over these outcrops, a hollow limestone tube is formed, known as stalagmites. As for stalagmites, they are formed by the deposition of calcium carbonate after water falls into the cave floor and evaporates. (Al-Turkmani \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocal residents worked to invest in some of the caves in the study area and improve them by digging and expanding their doors or extending lighting within them, as in the caves of Ish al-Rakhma and al-Asiyat (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)and others have acquired religious and historical importance where students of knowledge and knowledge gather, as in the Cave of Al-Sawah, which was given this name in reference to a venerable sheikh who lived there in the past. Here, it must be noted that protecting the underground heritage in karst environments requires great effort and careful planning by involving local residents in protecting their geomorphological heritage and taking the necessary measures to protect karst heritage resources in particular.( Reynard\u0026amp; Coratza \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAfter applying the previous criteria Fig.\u0026nbsp;(2) to the specific geomorphological sites in the study area,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe have reached the following results, which includes scientific, educational, economic, conservation values, as well as additional aesthetic and cultural values for the selected sites Table (2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall evaluation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdditional values\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSave values\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEconomic values\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational values\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScientific values\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeomorphological site\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite number\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMountain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAhmad Alqaree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMountain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlmoez Bin Saleh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMountain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaher Al Dreikish\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMountain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALnabi Saleh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMountain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMohamed Abu Al Nidaa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMountain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlnabi Mattah\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMountain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIbrahim Alsoultan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolcanic necks Mountain and\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHamad\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolcanic necks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeeb Castle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolcanic necks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZaheer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolcanic necks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCastle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolcanic necks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl Ruwaisa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolcanic necks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAhmad Alqaree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValley\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBeit Al Wadi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValley\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQais\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValley\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBustan Al Sog\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValley\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWadi Almanzala\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCave\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl Asiyat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCave\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIsh Al Rakhma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCave\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl Dlba\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCave\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl Sawah\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCave\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBemhsar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCave\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBeit Al Wadi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCave\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl Baroud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e208\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable.2\u003c/strong\u003e Geomorphosite evaluation criteria in the study area\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003eThe number of geomorphosite sites in the study area is 24, most of which meet the criteria and standards of natural tourism by 62% of the overall evaluation results for the sites. This indicates that the study area includes geomorphological sites with suitable value for investment and tourism development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003eThe conservation values for the majority of the sites are high, constituting 85% of the overall evaluation results. This is due to the fact that most of the geomorphological sites are associated with religious aspects, which has created a necessity for the local population to preserve these places\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003eThe educational values constituted 57% for the geomorphological sites, attributed to the use of some sites as parts of educational trips or as locations within guided tours, especially in the Qais River Valley and Beit Wadi.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e The scientific value of the geomorphological sites is lower than the other values, constituting only 47% of the geomorphological evaluation results. This is due to the lack of scientific knowledge and the scarcity of papers and studies about these sites.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003eThe economic value of the geomorphological sites constituted approximately 62% of the overall evaluation results. This is attributed to the local population\u0026apos;s investment in some geomorphological sites to establish popular gathering places, taking advantage of seasonal tourism activities, especially with the availability of local production of water and forests, which supports tourism activities in the area.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003eThe greatest tourist value of mountainous sites was in Mount Prophet Mata, and the volcanic chimneys were most valuable in Mount Prophet Zaher, while the river valleys were represented by the highest value in the Valley of River Qais, and as for the caves, the most valuable was Beit Al-Wadi Cave.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study aimed to inventory the geomorphological tourist sites in Dreikesh and describe them by preparing GIS maps. The results showed that Dreikesh possesses several geomorphological tourist sites, most of which meet the conditions and standards of natural tourism, accounting for 62% of the overall evaluation results. The study demonstrated that the use of GIS could be an effective approach for estimating, distributing, and evaluating geomorphological sites for tourism investment. The field study revealed that some of these sites have been utilized by the local population, contributing to increased income. It is recommended to invest in these natural sites as a necessity for their preservation and proper management to achieve sustainable tourism in Dreikesh. Additionally, it is recommended to study other areas in Syria that possess geomorphological features as a new step towards boosting the national economy through optimal tourism investment in these sites.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors collaborated and worked together to complete this manuscript by distributing tasks as follows: E.A. prepared the figures and tables, H.S. collected information about natural sites, and S.J. contributed to reviewing the research and ensuring the accuracy of the results.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors express their gratitude to the reviewers for their valuable feedback and constructive criticism.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e- Abd-Alazeem A.(2019) Environment and Sustainable Development.Good Publishing and Distribution Company,Cairo,PP148\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl-Daraji S.(2014)Basics of Geomorphology(Geomorphology).University of Baghdad, Iraq.2.PP249.-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e-Alsamaarai M.(2016)The geography of modern tourism and its economics,Iraq,1,PP197.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e-Al-Turkmani G.(2011) Earth's surface forms: a study in geomorphology, Faculty of Arts, Cairo University,3,PP324.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e-Azaldeen M.(2015) Ecotourism and its Role in Sustainable Development,J. 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Cairo,(Social Sciences January) 82, 1\u0026ndash;68.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Geomorphosite. GIS. Geotourism. Natural tourism. Sustainable tourism","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3787712/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3787712/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Abstract The current study addressed the geomorphological sites of touristic value through assessment of the most important geomorphological sites in the Dreikesh region for geotourism purposes, where the results of the assessment can be used as a basis for the appropriate utilization of these natural resources for sustainable tourism development. The study aims to identify the most important geomorphological touristic sites in Dreikesh and explain their formation factors and characteristics using GIS, in addition, it analyzes the relationship between geomorphology and tourism by estimating the potential for each site according to several criteria, the results indicated the diversity of geomorphological features in the study area, including mountains, river valleys, caves, and volcanic necks, where the geomorphosite formed 24 sites, most of which met the criteria for natural tourism by 62% of the overall assessment results for the sites.","manuscriptTitle":"Geomorphological Sites of Tourist Value in the Dreikesh:Syria A study on the concept of Geomorphosite","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-18 15:55:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3787712/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0daf4754-0d56-421f-906c-19c1d7657f1b","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 18th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-01-19T06:30:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-18 15:55:05","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3787712","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3787712","identity":"rs-3787712","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}