Investigation on Thermodynamic Mechanisms of Brine Evaporation in Air-Carried Evaporating Separation Cycle Coupling with Process-Heat-Supplied (PHS)

Investigation on Thermodynamic Mechanisms of Brine Evaporation in Air-Carried Evaporating Separation Cycle Coupling with Process-Heat-Supplied (PHS) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Investigation on Thermodynamic Mechanisms of Brine Evaporation in Air-Carried Evaporating Separation Cycle Coupling with Process-Heat-Supplied (PHS) Jing Yu, Yujiang Xia, Pengfei Wang, Liang Chen, Juan Yang, Xiaosong Zhang, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9262133/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Process-heat-supplied (PHS) technology has been proven effective in accommodating low-grade solar energy and reduces the necessary supply temperature for traditional air-carried evaporating separation (ACES) cycles, enabling complete separation of brine at temperatures around 50℃. Nevertheless, the thermodynamic mechanism underlying the ACES cycle coupled with PHS remains unelucidated, particularly the fundamental relationships between exergy and entropy. Regarding aforementioned issues, a redesigned experimental system capable of measuring internal temperature variations is employed. Furthermore, comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of the PHS-coupled evaporating separation process is conducted in conjunction with simulations based on the second law of thermodynamics. The results demonstrate that PHS effect essentially transforms the binary Gibbs free energy model (air and droplets) of traditional processes into a tripartite model (PHS source, air, and droplets). The abundant free energy supplied by PHS source compensates for the inherent irreversible evaporation losses. This novel thermodynamic mechanism not only reduces the necessary temperature but also effectively enhances the exergy efficiency (ηex=58.85%). Meanwhile, the beneficial effects of PHS prove to be universal. Even under conditions involving high-humidity and milk-drying conditions, experimental system consistently achieves separation and maintains favorable evaporation efficiency. Furthermore, the solar-driven double-stage PHS-ACES system developed through this mechanism enables the cascaded utilization of energy and overcomes thermodynamic limitation of traditional evaporation (me-solar=2.04kg/(m2·h), ηex=139.7%). Physical sciences/Physics/Statistical physics, thermodynamics and nonlinear dynamics/Thermodynamics Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Physical sciences/Energy science and technology/Renewable energy/Solar energy Physical sciences/Engineering/Chemical engineering Process-heat-supplied Evaporating separation Thermodynamic mechanism Gibbs free energy Solar-driven Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files SupplementarySourceCode2PDFSimulationoftheInternalThermodynamicProcessesinPHSEvaporatingSeparationUnitIncludingEntropyandGibbsFreeEnergy.pdf Supplementary Source Code 2 PDF - Simulation of the Internal Thermodynamic Processes in PHS Evaporating Separation Unit (Including Entropy and Gibbs Free Energy) SupplementarySourceCode1ExperimentalDataProcessingIncludingExperimentalSystemPerformanceEfficiency.ees Supplementary Source Code 1 - Experimental Data Processing (Including Experimental System Performance Efficiency) SupplementaryMaterials.pdf Supplementary Materials SupplementaryVideo3Saltpowderadheringtothesurfaceofthethermocoupleleadsheathattheoutlet.mp4 Supplementary Video 3 - Salt powder adhering to the surface of the thermocouple lead sheath at the outlet SupplementaryVideo5DemonstrationoftheBrineAtomizationUnitinOperation.mp4 Supplementary Video 5 - Demonstration of the Brine Atomization Unit in Operation SupplementaryVideo2Flowcharacteristicsofdrysaltpowderdustattheoutletoftheunit.mp4 Supplementary Video 2 - Flow characteristics of dry salt powder dust at the outlet of the unit SupplementaryVideo6DemonstrationoftheMilkAtomizationUnitOperatingIndependently.mp4 Supplementary Video 6 - Demonstration of the Milk Atomization Unit Operating Independently SupplementaryVideo1OperationalStatusoftheExperimentalSystem.mp4 Supplementary Video 1 - Operational Status of the Experimental System SupplementaryVideo7Thecollecteddriedmilkpowdercanbedissolvedagain.mp4 Supplementary Video 7 - The collected dried milk powder can be dissolved again SupplementaryVideo4DemonstrationoftheIndependentOperationofaBrineBubbleHumidifier.mp4 Supplementary Video 4 - Demonstration of the Independent Operation of a Brine Bubble Humidifier SupplementarySourceCode2SimulationoftheInternalThermodynamicProcessesinPHSEvaporatingSeparationUnitIncludingEntropyandGibbsFreeEnergy.ees Supplementary Source Code 2 - Simulation of the Internal Thermodynamic Processes in PHS Evaporating Separation Unit (Including Entropy and Gibbs Free Energy) SupplementarySourceCode1PDFExperimentalDataProcessingIncludingExperimentalSystemPerformanceEfficiency.pdf Supplementary Source Code 1 PDF - Experimental Data Processing (Including Experimental System Performance Efficiency) Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9262133","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":616892054,"identity":"fe67dffa-6c37-4971-8b23-0bd5de81a369","order_by":0,"name":"Jing Yu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA50lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNvbm4x8SKv7Z8TMcPvggoaKGsBY+nmNpDA/OHEiWbDyWbPDgzDHCWuQkcswYH7YdYNxw+IyZ5MMWZiIcxnPA7EHCmTvMkm3H0ioSG9gY+Nu7Ewj4pSHdIKHiGR8/z+FjNxJ3yDBInDm7gZAtByQSzjAzS844lnYj8Qwbg4FELgEtEokNEoltzIwb7r8xKwAyiNGSDNTVdphxw4EzZgzEaeE5xmyQcCYtWbLhWDLQhcd4CPpFvr3/48MfFTbgqPz4o6JGjr+9F78WDMBDmvJRMApGwSgYBVgBALdSVHGPt/dsAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7716-6568","institution":"Jiangsu Vocational Institute of Commerce","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jing","middleName":"","lastName":"Yu","suffix":""},{"id":616892055,"identity":"47cfa578-02ce-4358-89a3-fdafdddf8218","order_by":1,"name":"Yujiang Xia","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangsu Vocational Institute of Commerce","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yujiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Xia","suffix":""},{"id":616892056,"identity":"39fe9868-a973-4b17-91e6-67dee6df1611","order_by":2,"name":"Pengfei Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangsu Vocational Institute of Commerce","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pengfei","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":616892057,"identity":"cc645e07-a621-4938-91cd-b77a4ab85129","order_by":3,"name":"Liang Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yancheng Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Liang","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":616892058,"identity":"b4d23781-1dbe-41df-b0c7-f18116213ce1","order_by":4,"name":"Juan Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangsu Vocational Institute of Commerce","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juan","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":616892059,"identity":"d325db08-922d-48f5-9871-291b41792009","order_by":5,"name":"Xiaosong Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Southeast University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaosong","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":616892060,"identity":"c6ed1aa0-f2dd-4614-9497-37eb5836eeb5","order_by":6,"name":"Weidong Yan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangsu Vocational Institute of Commerce","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Weidong","middleName":"","lastName":"Yan","suffix":""},{"id":616892061,"identity":"4b008484-2f2e-46ec-b7f3-be612a4b7fbb","order_by":7,"name":"Baobin Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangsu Vocational Institute of Commerce","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Baobin","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":616892062,"identity":"283cbbad-919f-4a60-aa4a-d3127c9fff05","order_by":8,"name":"Sumin Jin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nanjing Tech University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sumin","middleName":"","lastName":"Jin","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-30 03:40:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9262133/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9262133/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":106963891,"identity":"d8667987-47af-4706-9819-3227a5494b2a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-15 09:47:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3700560,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Article File","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9262133/v1_covered_7bb43221-8158-4423-85e5-1bc107af9bb9.pdf"},{"id":106094929,"identity":"a28a61a1-71e1-43b5-b48b-2e7021410128","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-03 11:43:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":313899,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Supplementary Source Code 2 PDF - 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Nevertheless, the thermodynamic mechanism underlying the ACES cycle coupled with PHS remains unelucidated, particularly the fundamental relationships between exergy and entropy. Regarding aforementioned issues, a redesigned experimental system capable of measuring internal temperature variations is employed. Furthermore, comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of the PHS-coupled evaporating separation process is conducted in conjunction with simulations based on the second law of thermodynamics. The results demonstrate that PHS effect essentially transforms the binary Gibbs free energy model (air and droplets) of traditional processes into a tripartite model (PHS source, air, and droplets). The abundant free energy supplied by PHS source compensates for the inherent irreversible evaporation losses. This novel thermodynamic mechanism not only reduces the necessary temperature but also effectively enhances the exergy efficiency (ηex=58.85%). Meanwhile, the beneficial effects of PHS prove to be universal. Even under conditions involving high-humidity and milk-drying conditions, experimental system consistently achieves separation and maintains favorable evaporation efficiency. 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