Social Media as a Challenge to Traditional Journalism in Bangladesh

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Asifur Rahman, Md. Fazle Rabbi Shourov This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7745324/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The rapid rise of social media has profoundly reshaped journalism worldwide, creating both opportunities and challenges for traditional news institutions. This study explores how social media is disrupting traditional journalism in Bangladesh, a context where political pressures, concentrated media ownership, and fragile business models already affect journalistic practice. Using a qualitative design informed by an interpretivist paradigm, the study draws on semi-structured interviews with 15 journalists and media practitioners representing diverse roles and outlets. Thematic analysis revealed four key findings: the erosion of traditional gatekeeping roles, heightened challenges of credibility and misinformation, economic and organizational pressures driven by shifting revenue models, and changes in professional values accompanied by heightened risks such as harassment and self-censorship. While social media has expanded participation and visibility, it has also undermined financial stability, professional integrity, and public trust in journalism. These findings highlight the urgent need for professional training in digital verification, institutional safeguards for media workers, and strategies to sustain journalism’s democratic functions in the digital era. The study contributes a context-specific understanding of media disruption in the Global South, underscoring how global transformations intersect with local political and economic realities. Journalism social media traditional journalism misinformation Bangladesh qualitative research Introduction The rise of social media has revolutionized the global media landscape, offering new avenues for news dissemination, public discussion, and civic engagement. Platforms such as Facebook, Twitter (now X), and Instagram have become primary sources of information, particularly in countries like Bangladesh, where internet penetration has expanded rapidly in recent years. These digital technologies have amplified the role of citizen journalism, empowering individuals to report and share news in real time from their own perspectives. As a result, news production is no longer exclusively curated by traditional media outlets but is increasingly shaped by ordinary citizens who contribute to public narratives (Zeng et al., 2019; Overgaard, 2021). In Bangladesh, the widespread adoption of mobile technology has accelerated the spread of social media, reshaping how news is consumed and shared (Nurlatifah & Mutmainnah, 2021; Lima et al., 2023). This shift has challenged the dominance of traditional journalism, raising pressing concerns regarding information accuracy and credibility. Misinformation and disinformation have become pervasive, with blurred boundaries between professional journalism and unverified reporting contributing to a crisis of credibility and declining public trust in media institutions (Overgaard, 2021; Torres et al., 2021). Furthermore, journalists face increasing pressure to prioritize speed and sensationalism in order to compete with the immediacy and accessibility of social media content (Fink, 2018; Boulianne, 2016). The economic sustainability of traditional journalism has also come under strain as audiences shift toward free online content, undermining subscription-based and advertising-driven models that many legacy outlets depend upon (Farpón et al., 2022). These developments threaten the core values of journalism—thoroughness, verification, and accountability—while eroding the overall quality of media output. Against this backdrop, it is crucial to examine how social media is disrupting traditional journalistic practices, values, and institutions in Bangladesh, with particular attention to its implications for journalists, media organizations, and the wider public. Understanding these challenges is vital for sustaining democratic and civic discourse. Journalism plays an essential role in democracies by informing citizens, holding institutions accountable, and facilitating deliberation in the public sphere. These functions are especially critical in politically contested environments such as Bangladesh, where restrictions on press freedom and ownership structures already complicate the news media landscape. The erosion of trust in journalism further compromises its ability to fulfill these democratic functions (Ksiazek et al., 2023; Fink, 2018). Although global scholarship has addressed the impact of social media on journalism, there remains a scarcity of in-depth qualitative studies that capture the lived experiences of journalists in Bangladesh. Much of the existing literature emphasizes quantitative measures or secondary analyses, often overlooking the nuanced perspectives of practitioners and audiences operating within specific cultural and political contexts (Steensen, 2018). This study addresses this gap by offering a qualitative exploration of the Bangladeshi media landscape, providing insights that can inform journalism education, policymaking, and newsroom practices while contributing to broader global conversations on media disruption and adaptation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the perceived challenges that social media poses to traditional journalism in Bangladesh. Using qualitative methodologies, it seeks to capture the perspectives of journalists, media practitioners, and audiences regarding the transformations unfolding in the media ecosystem. Specifically, the research explores how social media reshapes journalistic practices, influences audience perceptions of credibility, and impacts the economic viability of traditional outlets. It also examines the ways in which citizen journalism both enhances and undermines trust, as well as how professional journalists attempt to adapt to the speed and interactivity of digital platforms. Ultimately, this inquiry contributes to ongoing debates on journalism’s credibility and sustainability by situating the Bangladeshi experience within broader global transformations. Objectives of the Study The study aims to: Examine how social media is disrupting traditional journalism practices, values, and institutions in Bangladesh. Explore the perceptions of journalists and media practitioners regarding the challenges and opportunities that social media presents for journalism. Assess the implications of social media for the credibility, trust, and sustainability of traditional journalism in Bangladesh. Literature Review To understand the complex impact of social media on traditional journalism, several theoretical frameworks provide useful insights. Gatekeeping theory posits that traditional media organizations control the flow of information by determining which stories are published or broadcast, thereby shaping public discourse (White, 1950). Social media has disrupted this function, as users now generate and disseminate news directly, blurring the boundary between producer and consumer and undermining editorial authority (Hujanen, 2017). Media ecology further emphasizes how communication technologies shape human experiences and social structures. From this perspective, social media constitutes a new environment in which news practices are constantly renegotiated. While the immediacy and accessibility of digital platforms can diversify voices in public debate, they also amplify the risks of misinformation and fragmented discourse (McLuhan, 1964; Postman, 1985). Similarly, Habermas’s (1962) concept of the public sphere highlights journalism’s role in fostering rational-critical debate, yet social media often complicates this function by reinforcing echo chambers and facilitating the spread of disinformation. The concept of networked journalism reflects emerging collaborations between professional and citizen journalists, emphasizing participation and engagement over hierarchical authority. While such collaborations may enrich journalistic practice, they also raise questions about professional standards, credibility, and accountability (Kirwan et al., 2021). These theoretical perspectives collectively illustrate how social media is reshaping journalistic authority, credibility, and professional boundaries. Globally, research highlights several challenges social media poses for journalism. One of the most significant is the disruption of gatekeeping processes. Editorial rigor, traditionally maintained through structured newsroom practices, is increasingly undermined as anyone with internet access can report news (Hidayat et al., 2021). While this democratization has broadened participation, it has also contributed to a credibility crisis, exacerbated by the rapid spread of misinformation and fake news (Vosoughi et al., 2018). This environment creates tensions between speed and accuracy, as journalists face pressure to deliver immediate updates while upholding professional standards (Boulianne, 2016). Economic sustainability is another major concern. The migration of audiences toward free online content has reduced advertising revenues and challenged the financial viability of traditional outlets (Togtarbay et al., 2023). Many organizations resort to sensationalized or click-driven content to attract digital audiences, further weakening public trust in professional journalism. At the same time, citizen journalism has emerged as both a complement to and competitor with legacy media. Studies suggest that citizen journalists can fill reporting gaps, particularly in marginalized communities, but they also risk perpetuating biases or producing less reliable content (Chadha & Steiner, 2015; Nah et al., 2024). This creates a complex landscape in which collaboration and rivalry between citizen and professional journalists coexist (Carpenter, 2019). The Bangladeshi media landscape provides a distinct context for analyzing these dynamics. Rapid digital penetration, driven largely by mobile technologies, has transformed news consumption habits, making online platforms the preferred sources of information for many citizens (Khan et al., 2022). Social media influencers and citizen journalists often reach audiences more quickly than mainstream outlets, creating new forms of competition. Yet, these changes unfold in a political environment marked by restrictions on press freedom, censorship, and coercive regulation (Ali, 2020). Media ownership structures, frequently concentrated among politically connected elites, further constrain journalistic independence (Gbadeyan, 2024). Within such conditions, the interplay between professional and citizen journalism takes on unique characteristics, as both must navigate political pressures alongside technological disruption. Despite a growing body of global scholarship, significant gaps remain. Much of the existing literature on social media and journalism is situated in Western contexts, emphasizing quantitative measures of audience behavior, misinformation, or economic trends. Studies that focus specifically on South Asia—and Bangladesh in particular—are limited and often descriptive rather than analytical (Mutsvairo & Salgado, 2020). Very few adopt qualitative methodologies that capture the lived experiences of journalists, media practitioners, and audiences navigating these transformations (Noor, 2016). Moreover, while the literature recognizes the rise of citizen journalism, it seldom examines how these practices intersect with structural challenges such as censorship, ownership concentration, and political polarization in Bangladesh (Hujanen, 2017). In summary, scholarship demonstrates that social media has profoundly altered the functions and sustainability of journalism, but critical knowledge gaps remain concerning how these transformations are experienced in Bangladesh. By drawing on the frameworks of gatekeeping, media ecology, the public sphere, and networked journalism, this study seeks to contribute a qualitative, context-specific perspective to global debates about credibility, professional identity, and the future of journalism in the digital age. Methodology Research Approach and Paradigm This study adopted a qualitative research design, as the primary aim was to explore perceptions, experiences, and meanings associated with the disruption of traditional journalism by social media in Bangladesh. Qualitative inquiry is particularly appropriate for examining complex social phenomena where context, interpretation, and subjectivity are central (Creswell & Poth, 2018). Unlike quantitative methods that emphasize measurement and generalization, qualitative approaches enable deeper engagement with participants’ narratives, making it possible to uncover nuanced understandings of how journalists and media practitioners experience the changing media environment. The study was guided by a constructivist–interpretivist paradigm, which assumes that reality is socially constructed and best understood through individuals’ subjective experiences (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). This paradigm aligns with the study’s focus on journalists’ perceptions and meaning-making processes, recognizing that the disruption of journalism is not merely a structural shift but also an experiential and cultural transformation. Researcher Reflexivity In qualitative research, the positionality of the researcher inevitably shapes the inquiry process. The primary researcher has an academic background in media and communication studies and prior engagement with journalism research, which provided both sensitivity to the issues and potential biases in interpretation. Reflexive journaling and peer debriefing were employed throughout the study to acknowledge and minimize these biases, ensuring that data interpretation remained grounded in participants’ perspectives rather than preconceived assumptions (Berger, 2015). Study Context Bangladesh provides a compelling context for examining the interplay between social media and journalism. In recent years, rapid increases in internet access and the widespread adoption of mobile technologies have made social media a primary source of information for many citizens. These developments have reshaped news consumption habits, particularly among younger audiences who increasingly rely on digital platforms rather than traditional outlets. At the same time, traditional journalism faces significant challenges, including political pressures, concentrated media ownership, and declining revenues. The convergence of these factors makes Bangladesh a particularly important case for understanding how global trends in media disruption are unfolding within a South Asian democracy marked by unique socio-political dynamics. Sampling Strategy The study employed purposive sampling, a technique commonly used in qualitative research to select participants who possess relevant knowledge and experience (Patton, 2015). Inclusion criteria required participants to be professional journalists, editors, or media practitioners with at least three years of experience in traditional or digital media outlets in Bangladesh. This ensured that participants had substantive insights into both traditional practices and contemporary disruptions. A total of 15 participants were interviewed. This sample size was considered sufficient, as qualitative studies typically prioritize depth over breadth, and data saturation was achieved when no new themes emerged (Guest et al., 2006). The sample included diversity across gender, type of media outlet (print, broadcast, and online), and years of professional experience, which enriched the range of perspectives captured. Data Collection Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, allowing for flexibility in probing participants’ experiences while maintaining a consistent structure across interviews. Semi-structured interviews are particularly effective for exploring perceptions and meaning-making, as they allow participants to articulate their perspectives in depth (Kvale & Brinkmann, 2009). Interviews were conducted in a combination of Bangla and English, depending on participants’ preference, and each lasted approximately 45–60 minutes. Ethical protocols were strictly observed: informed consent was obtained, participation was voluntary, and confidentiality was assured. Interviews were recorded with participants’ permission and transcribed verbatim. Pseudonyms were used to anonymize responses, ensuring participants’ identities remained protected. Data Analysis Data were analyzed using thematic analysis as outlined by Braun and Clarke (2006). This method was selected for its flexibility and suitability in identifying patterns across qualitative data. The process involved six phases: familiarization with data, generating initial codes, searching for themes, reviewing themes, defining and naming themes, and producing the final report. Both inductive and deductive coding strategies were employed—inductive to capture themes emerging from the data, and deductive to align findings with the theoretical frameworks guiding the study. Coding was conducted manually, supported by memo-writing to document analytic decisions. This approach facilitated a close reading of the data and preserved contextual meanings. Thematic analysis was deemed appropriate because it enables both description and interpretation, thus aligning with the interpretivist stance of the study. Trustworthiness and Rigor To ensure credibility, member checking was conducted by sharing preliminary themes with selected participants for feedback (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Peer debriefing with academic colleagues provided external checks on interpretations, while an audit trail documented coding decisions and analytic steps to support dependability. Reflexive notes and transparency in analytic procedures further contributed to confirmability, ensuring findings were grounded in participants’ accounts rather than researcher bias. Transferability was addressed by providing rich, contextualized descriptions of the Bangladeshi media landscape, enabling readers to assess applicability in other contexts. Ethical Considerations The study obtained ethical approval from the relevant institutional review board prior to data collection. Participants received detailed information sheets explaining the study’s aims, methods, and potential risks. Written informed consent was obtained, with assurances of voluntary participation and the right to withdraw at any stage without consequence. All recordings and transcripts were securely stored, and pseudonyms were used to protect participants’ identities. Findings Analysis of the interviews revealed four major themes regarding the challenges posed by social media to traditional journalism in Bangladesh: (1) the disruption of gatekeeping and professional routines, (2) credibility and misinformation crises, (3) economic and organizational pressures, and (4) changing professional values and safety concerns. 1. Disruption of Gatekeeping and Professional Routines Journalists consistently reported that social media has eroded the traditional gatekeeping role of news organizations. Stories now emerge from online platforms before editorial teams can verify and process them. Respondents described how this shift has transformed newsroom practices, reducing opportunities for in-depth and investigative reporting. One senior print journalist explained: “Before, we had time to verify and edit stories, but now there is constant pressure to publish quickly because news is already on Facebook or Twitter within minutes. Sometimes I feel like accuracy has taken a back seat to speed.” (R1) Similarly, a television reporter noted: “The competition is tough—other channels run with unverified stories just to be first, and then viewers expect us to do the same. It creates a cycle that is difficult to break.” (R2) These accounts suggest that social media has shifted journalism from a proactive agenda-setting role to a more reactive, fast-paced model. 2. Credibility and Misinformation Crises Respondents identified misinformation and disinformation as among the most pressing challenges. With citizen journalism and unverified content dominating social media feeds, professional journalists face difficulties maintaining trust and credibility. A radio journalist reflected on this blurred boundary: “Everyone has become a ‘journalist’ on social media… the line between professional journalism and casual posting has blurred. People ask, ‘Why should I trust the media when I can get the news directly on WhatsApp?’” (R4) Another online reporter expressed concern about the verification process: “Sometimes a viral video turns out to be staged or taken from another country. If I don’t double-check, I risk spreading misinformation.” (R2) These findings highlight the vulnerability of journalism in Bangladesh to credibility crises, with misinformation threatening the legitimacy of professional reporting. 3. Economic and Organizational Pressures A recurring theme was the financial instability caused by social media’s dominance over advertising markets. Respondents described how legacy outlets are losing revenue to platforms such as Facebook and YouTube, forcing them to adopt sensationalist or click-driven strategies. An online news editor observed: “Advertising revenue is shifting online, but not necessarily to us—it’s going to Facebook, YouTube, and influencers. That means newsrooms are cutting budgets, laying off staff, and pushing for more sensational content to attract clicks.” (R3) A senior editor added: “Unless we find new revenue models, the future looks bleak. Management often prioritizes what will trend online rather than what’s in the public interest.” (R11) This theme illustrates how economic precarity undermines journalistic independence, as editorial decisions increasingly reflect commercial pressures rather than professional values. 4. Changing Professional Values and Safety Concerns Beyond institutional disruptions, respondents emphasized the changing values and experiences of journalists in the digital era. The speed and interactivity of social media often conflict with long-standing journalistic norms of accuracy, impartiality, and depth. An investigative reporter described: “Sensitive investigations get attacked online by trolls or political groups. Sometimes disinformation campaigns are launched to discredit me before my story is even published.” (R12) A female journalist echoed concerns about personal safety: “As a woman journalist, social media allows me to share stories directly with audiences, but it also exposes me to harassment. The comments are often personal and abusive, not about my work.” (R7) At the same time, younger journalists acknowledged opportunities for professional growth through social media visibility, even as they recognized challenges. One young reporter remarked: “It allows young reporters like me to build a personal following and share stories widely. But the line between influencer content and journalism is getting thinner.” (R13) These findings show that while social media offers new opportunities for participation and reach, it simultaneously creates hostile environments that compromise journalistic well-being and values. Summary of Findings The findings demonstrate that social media is transforming journalism in Bangladesh in profound and multifaceted ways. Traditional gatekeeping roles are weakening, credibility is threatened by misinformation, economic pressures drive sensationalism, and journalists face new ethical and safety dilemmas. While social media enables greater participation and visibility, these gains are offset by risks to professional standards, financial sustainability, and personal security. Discussion This study explored how social media is reshaping journalism in Bangladesh, focusing on the perceptions of professional journalists and media practitioners. The findings revealed that social media disrupts traditional gatekeeping, undermines credibility through misinformation, imposes economic and organizational pressures, and reshapes professional values while exposing journalists to new risks. Together, these insights highlight how digital transformation is profoundly altering journalism in the Bangladeshi context. The weakening of the gatekeeping function was a recurring concern. Journalists reported that audiences increasingly consume unverified content from Facebook and other platforms before newsrooms can verify and publish. This reflects the theoretical perspective of gatekeeping, where traditional editorial processes once maintained control over information flow but are now increasingly bypassed in the social media environment (White, 1950; Hujanen, 2017). The result is a shift toward reactive journalism, where professionals respond to online trends rather than setting the news agenda, weakening the watchdog role of the press. Credibility and misinformation also emerged as major issues. Participants described how citizen journalism and viral posts blur boundaries between professional and amateur reporting, contributing to public distrust. This corresponds with global research showing that misinformation spreads more quickly than verified content online (Vosoughi et al., 2018). The situation also complicates Habermas’s (1962) concept of the public sphere, as instead of fostering rational-critical debate, social media often encourages fragmented discussions and the rapid circulation of misleading information. In Bangladesh, where restrictions on press freedom already pose challenges, this credibility crisis further undermines journalism’s democratic function. The economic dimension of disruption was equally striking. Respondents emphasized that advertising revenues are shifting away from traditional outlets to digital platforms, weakening the financial base of professional journalism. This aligns with findings in other contexts where traditional media face declining revenues and increased competition from alternative platforms (Farpón et al., 2022; Chadha & Steiner, 2015; Togtarbay et al., 2023). In Bangladesh, this financial strain has led to newsroom layoffs, reduced investigative reporting, and increased reliance on sensationalism to attract digital audiences. Such pressures compromise editorial independence and force organizations to prioritize what will trend online over what is in the public interest. Beyond institutional shifts, the findings point to changes in professional values and new risks for journalists. Many expressed frustrations at the tension between speed and accuracy, reflecting the dilemma noted in earlier research on digital journalism (Boulianne, 2016; Fink, 2018). Several participants described experiences of online harassment, with women journalists highlighting particular vulnerability to gendered abuse. These issues show how digital disruption not only alters work routines but also creates hostile environments that affect journalistic well-being. In Bangladesh, these risks are magnified by political polarization and concentrated media ownership, which amplify pressures on professional journalists. Taken together, the findings underscore that social media is not simply a technological tool but a structural force transforming journalism in Bangladesh. While it enables wider participation and new opportunities for visibility, it simultaneously undermines credibility, financial sustainability, and professional safety. These results suggest important implications for the future of journalism. Media training programs must prioritize digital literacy and verification skills; organizations need policies to address online harassment and provide clearer editorial guidelines for social media use; and broader debates are required on how to sustain credible journalism in a media ecosystem increasingly shaped by digital disruption. Like all qualitative research, this study has limitations. The participant sample was relatively small and primarily urban, which may not fully capture rural dynamics or audience perspectives. Future research could expand the scope to include citizens, policymakers, and regional journalists to develop a more comprehensive picture of how social media is reshaping journalism. Comparative studies across South Asia may also illuminate the ways in which political and cultural contexts shape responses to digital disruption. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that social media has introduced both opportunities and profound challenges for journalism in Bangladesh. It has democratized content production and distribution but at the cost of eroding credibility, destabilizing economic foundations, and exposing journalists to harassment and political pressure. By situating these findings within established theoretical frameworks of gatekeeping, media ecology, and the public sphere, the study highlights the urgent need to rethink how journalism can maintain its professional values and democratic functions in an increasingly digital and contested environment. Conclusion This study examined how social media challenges traditional journalism in Bangladesh, drawing on the perspectives of professional journalists and media practitioners. The findings reveal that social media has disrupted established gatekeeping processes, intensified concerns about credibility and misinformation, imposed financial and organizational pressures on newsrooms, and reshaped professional values in ways that often compromise journalistic integrity and safety. While digital platforms have expanded opportunities for participation and visibility, they have simultaneously eroded the economic and ethical foundations upon which traditional journalism rests. The Bangladeshi context illustrates how global transformations in media are experienced with particular intensity in environments marked by political pressures, concentrated ownership, and fragile business models. These dynamics suggest that journalism in Bangladesh—and similar contexts in the Global South—faces a dual struggle: adapting to the technological shifts brought by social media while safeguarding its democratic role in society. The study contributes to the broader literature by providing a qualitative, context-specific account of how journalists experience digital disruption. It underscores the need for capacity building in digital verification, stronger institutional protections for media workers, and thoughtful strategies to ensure the financial sustainability of professional journalism. At the same time, it highlights the importance of policy and educational interventions to protect credibility and reinforce the public value of journalism. In sum, social media represents both a catalyst for innovation and a source of profound disruption for traditional journalism in Bangladesh. Addressing the challenges, it poses will require not only adaptation by journalists and media organizations but also broader societal recognition of the essential role of credible journalism in democratic life. References Boulianne, S. (2016). Online news, civic awareness, and engagement in civic and political life. 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Fazle Rabbi Shourov","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Fazle Rabbi","lastName":"Shourov","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-29 21:15:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":true,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true,"humanSubjectConsent":true,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7745324/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7745324/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":92560373,"identity":"0763d264-1df7-4651-8e51-994d72b88657","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:13:18","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":34001,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7745324/v1/4ad4d5bb685f72c243a8a4e6.docx"},{"id":92560375,"identity":"3afd97f0-983a-449c-8561-fc75af6f97a8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:13:18","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":342,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rs7745324.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7745324/v1/4dd755118c2ccd5c61e29f20.json"},{"id":92560376,"identity":"aa04f779-c45b-4733-8b9d-2920fe263f57","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:13:18","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":46972,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rs77453240enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7745324/v1/3eda396fbaefb310a3273918.xml"},{"id":92560664,"identity":"d9e42a95-bc20-4e2f-b931-2c23784de056","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:21:18","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":44529,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rs77453240structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7745324/v1/12d98fa5879318d154cc16b2.xml"},{"id":92560665,"identity":"e0823664-f223-4177-99a4-c6438a843f2d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:21:18","extension":"html","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":52155,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7745324/v1/07dd33c478cf69a4212dff4e.html"},{"id":92561068,"identity":"6e3781d6-a4db-4e9e-95f0-f65d9a45e142","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:29:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":469419,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7745324/v1/bf4b4803-e881-44ea-ad08-6709ab19ef28.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial Media as a Challenge to Traditional Journalism in Bangladesh\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe rise of social media has revolutionized the global media landscape, offering new avenues for news dissemination, public discussion, and civic engagement. Platforms such as Facebook, Twitter (now X), and Instagram have become primary sources of information, particularly in countries like Bangladesh, where internet penetration has expanded rapidly in recent years. These digital technologies have amplified the role of citizen journalism, empowering individuals to report and share news in real time from their own perspectives. As a result, news production is no longer exclusively curated by traditional media outlets but is increasingly shaped by ordinary citizens who contribute to public narratives (Zeng et al., 2019; Overgaard, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Bangladesh, the widespread adoption of mobile technology has accelerated the spread of social media, reshaping how news is consumed and shared (Nurlatifah \u0026amp; Mutmainnah, 2021; Lima et al., 2023). This shift has challenged the dominance of traditional journalism, raising pressing concerns regarding information accuracy and credibility. Misinformation and disinformation have become pervasive, with blurred boundaries between professional journalism and unverified reporting contributing to a crisis of credibility and declining public trust in media institutions (Overgaard, 2021; Torres et al., 2021). Furthermore, journalists face increasing pressure to prioritize speed and sensationalism in order to compete with the immediacy and accessibility of social media content (Fink, 2018; Boulianne, 2016).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe economic sustainability of traditional journalism has also come under strain as audiences shift toward free online content, undermining subscription-based and advertising-driven models that many legacy outlets depend upon (Farp\u0026oacute;n et al., 2022). These developments threaten the core values of journalism\u0026mdash;thoroughness, verification, and accountability\u0026mdash;while eroding the overall quality of media output. Against this backdrop, it is crucial to examine how social media is disrupting traditional journalistic practices, values, and institutions in Bangladesh, with particular attention to its implications for journalists, media organizations, and the wider public.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding these challenges is vital for sustaining democratic and civic discourse. Journalism plays an essential role in democracies by informing citizens, holding institutions accountable, and facilitating deliberation in the public sphere. These functions are especially critical in politically contested environments such as Bangladesh, where restrictions on press freedom and ownership structures already complicate the news media landscape. The erosion of trust in journalism further compromises its ability to fulfill these democratic functions (Ksiazek et al., 2023; Fink, 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough global scholarship has addressed the impact of social media on journalism, there remains a scarcity of in-depth qualitative studies that capture the lived experiences of journalists in Bangladesh. Much of the existing literature emphasizes quantitative measures or secondary analyses, often overlooking the nuanced perspectives of practitioners and audiences operating within specific cultural and political contexts (Steensen, 2018). This study addresses this gap by offering a qualitative exploration of the Bangladeshi media landscape, providing insights that can inform journalism education, policymaking, and newsroom practices while contributing to broader global conversations on media disruption and adaptation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this study is to investigate the perceived challenges that social media poses to traditional journalism in Bangladesh. Using qualitative methodologies, it seeks to capture the perspectives of journalists, media practitioners, and audiences regarding the transformations unfolding in the media ecosystem. Specifically, the research explores how social media reshapes journalistic practices, influences audience perceptions of credibility, and impacts the economic viability of traditional outlets. It also examines the ways in which citizen journalism both enhances and undermines trust, as well as how professional journalists attempt to adapt to the speed and interactivity of digital platforms. Ultimately, this inquiry contributes to ongoing debates on journalism\u0026rsquo;s credibility and sustainability by situating the Bangladeshi experience within broader global transformations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eObjectives of the Study\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study aims to:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eExamine how social media is disrupting traditional journalism practices, values, and institutions in Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eExplore the perceptions of journalists and media practitioners regarding the challenges and opportunities that social media presents for journalism.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssess the implications of social media for the credibility, trust, and sustainability of traditional journalism in Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLiterature Review\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo understand the complex impact of social media on traditional journalism, several theoretical frameworks provide useful insights. Gatekeeping theory posits that traditional media organizations control the flow of information by determining which stories are published or broadcast, thereby shaping public discourse (White, 1950). Social media has disrupted this function, as users now generate and disseminate news directly, blurring the boundary between producer and consumer and undermining editorial authority (Hujanen, 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedia ecology further emphasizes how communication technologies shape human experiences and social structures. From this perspective, social media constitutes a new environment in which news practices are constantly renegotiated. While the immediacy and accessibility of digital platforms can diversify voices in public debate, they also amplify the risks of misinformation and fragmented discourse (McLuhan, 1964; Postman, 1985). Similarly, Habermas\u0026rsquo;s (1962) concept of the public sphere highlights journalism\u0026rsquo;s role in fostering rational-critical debate, yet social media often complicates this function by reinforcing echo chambers and facilitating the spread of disinformation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe concept of networked journalism reflects emerging collaborations between professional and citizen journalists, emphasizing participation and engagement over hierarchical authority. While such collaborations may enrich journalistic practice, they also raise questions about professional standards, credibility, and accountability (Kirwan et al., 2021). These theoretical perspectives collectively illustrate how social media is reshaping journalistic authority, credibility, and professional boundaries.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobally, research highlights several challenges social media poses for journalism. One of the most significant is the disruption of gatekeeping processes. Editorial rigor, traditionally maintained through structured newsroom practices, is increasingly undermined as anyone with internet access can report news (Hidayat et al., 2021). While this democratization has broadened participation, it has also contributed to a credibility crisis, exacerbated by the rapid spread of misinformation and fake news (Vosoughi et al., 2018). This environment creates tensions between speed and accuracy, as journalists face pressure to deliver immediate updates while upholding professional standards (Boulianne, 2016).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEconomic sustainability is another major concern. The migration of audiences toward free online content has reduced advertising revenues and challenged the financial viability of traditional outlets (Togtarbay et al., 2023). Many organizations resort to sensationalized or click-driven content to attract digital audiences, further weakening public trust in professional journalism. At the same time, citizen journalism has emerged as both a complement to and competitor with legacy media. Studies suggest that citizen journalists can fill reporting gaps, particularly in marginalized communities, but they also risk perpetuating biases or producing less reliable content (Chadha \u0026amp; Steiner, 2015; Nah et al., 2024). This creates a complex landscape in which collaboration and rivalry between citizen and professional journalists coexist (Carpenter, 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Bangladeshi media landscape provides a distinct context for analyzing these dynamics. Rapid digital penetration, driven largely by mobile technologies, has transformed news consumption habits, making online platforms the preferred sources of information for many citizens (Khan et al., 2022). Social media influencers and citizen journalists often reach audiences more quickly than mainstream outlets, creating new forms of competition. Yet, these changes unfold in a political environment marked by restrictions on press freedom, censorship, and coercive regulation (Ali, 2020). Media ownership structures, frequently concentrated among politically connected elites, further constrain journalistic independence (Gbadeyan, 2024). Within such conditions, the interplay between professional and citizen journalism takes on unique characteristics, as both must navigate political pressures alongside technological disruption.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite a growing body of global scholarship, significant gaps remain. Much of the existing literature on social media and journalism is situated in Western contexts, emphasizing quantitative measures of audience behavior, misinformation, or economic trends. Studies that focus specifically on South Asia\u0026mdash;and Bangladesh in particular\u0026mdash;are limited and often descriptive rather than analytical (Mutsvairo \u0026amp; Salgado, 2020). Very few adopt qualitative methodologies that capture the lived experiences of journalists, media practitioners, and audiences navigating these transformations (Noor, 2016). Moreover, while the literature recognizes the rise of citizen journalism, it seldom examines how these practices intersect with structural challenges such as censorship, ownership concentration, and political polarization in Bangladesh (Hujanen, 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn summary, scholarship demonstrates that social media has profoundly altered the functions and sustainability of journalism, but critical knowledge gaps remain concerning how these transformations are experienced in Bangladesh. By drawing on the frameworks of gatekeeping, media ecology, the public sphere, and networked journalism, this study seeks to contribute a qualitative, context-specific perspective to global debates about credibility, professional identity, and the future of journalism in the digital age.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch Approach and Paradigm\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study adopted a qualitative research design, as the primary aim was to explore perceptions, experiences, and meanings associated with the disruption of traditional journalism by social media in Bangladesh. Qualitative inquiry is particularly appropriate for examining complex social phenomena where context, interpretation, and subjectivity are central (Creswell \u0026amp; Poth, 2018). Unlike quantitative methods that emphasize measurement and generalization, qualitative approaches enable deeper engagement with participants’ narratives, making it possible to uncover nuanced understandings of how journalists and media practitioners experience the changing media environment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study was guided by a constructivist–interpretivist paradigm, which assumes that reality is socially constructed and best understood through individuals’ subjective experiences (Lincoln \u0026amp; Guba, 1985). This paradigm aligns with the study’s focus on journalists’ perceptions and meaning-making processes, recognizing that the disruption of journalism is not merely a structural shift but also an experiential and cultural transformation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearcher Reflexivity\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn qualitative research, the positionality of the researcher inevitably shapes the inquiry process. The primary researcher has an academic background in media and communication studies and prior engagement with journalism research, which provided both sensitivity to the issues and potential biases in interpretation. Reflexive journaling and peer debriefing were employed throughout the study to acknowledge and minimize these biases, ensuring that data interpretation remained grounded in participants’ perspectives rather than preconceived assumptions (Berger, 2015).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Context\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBangladesh provides a compelling context for examining the interplay between social media and journalism. In recent years, rapid increases in internet access and the widespread adoption of mobile technologies have made social media a primary source of information for many citizens. These developments have reshaped news consumption habits, particularly among younger audiences who increasingly rely on digital platforms rather than traditional outlets. At the same time, traditional journalism faces significant challenges, including political pressures, concentrated media ownership, and declining revenues. The convergence of these factors makes Bangladesh a particularly important case for understanding how global trends in media disruption are unfolding within a South Asian democracy marked by unique socio-political dynamics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSampling Strategy\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study employed purposive sampling, a technique commonly used in qualitative research to select participants who possess relevant knowledge and experience (Patton, 2015). Inclusion criteria required participants to be professional journalists, editors, or media practitioners with at least three years of experience in traditional or digital media outlets in Bangladesh. This ensured that participants had substantive insights into both traditional practices and contemporary disruptions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 15 participants were interviewed. This sample size was considered sufficient, as qualitative studies typically prioritize depth over breadth, and data saturation was achieved when no new themes emerged (Guest et al., 2006). The sample included diversity across gender, type of media outlet (print, broadcast, and online), and years of professional experience, which enriched the range of perspectives captured.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, allowing for flexibility in probing participants’ experiences while maintaining a consistent structure across interviews. Semi-structured interviews are particularly effective for exploring perceptions and meaning-making, as they allow participants to articulate their perspectives in depth (Kvale \u0026amp; Brinkmann, 2009). Interviews were conducted in a combination of Bangla and English, depending on participants’ preference, and each lasted approximately 45–60 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthical protocols were strictly observed: informed consent was obtained, participation was voluntary, and confidentiality was assured. Interviews were recorded with participants’ permission and transcribed verbatim. Pseudonyms were used to anonymize responses, ensuring participants’ identities remained protected.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using thematic analysis as outlined by Braun and Clarke (2006). This method was selected for its flexibility and suitability in identifying patterns across qualitative data. The process involved six phases: familiarization with data, generating initial codes, searching for themes, reviewing themes, defining and naming themes, and producing the final report. Both inductive and deductive coding strategies were employed—inductive to capture themes emerging from the data, and deductive to align findings with the theoretical frameworks guiding the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoding was conducted manually, supported by memo-writing to document analytic decisions. This approach facilitated a close reading of the data and preserved contextual meanings. Thematic analysis was deemed appropriate because it enables both description and interpretation, thus aligning with the interpretivist stance of the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eTrustworthiness and Rigor\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo ensure credibility, member checking was conducted by sharing preliminary themes with selected participants for feedback (Lincoln \u0026amp; Guba, 1985). Peer debriefing with academic colleagues provided external checks on interpretations, while an audit trail documented coding decisions and analytic steps to support dependability. Reflexive notes and transparency in analytic procedures further contributed to confirmability, ensuring findings were grounded in participants’ accounts rather than researcher bias. Transferability was addressed by providing rich, contextualized descriptions of the Bangladeshi media landscape, enabling readers to assess applicability in other contexts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e The study obtained ethical approval from the relevant institutional review board prior to data collection. Participants received detailed information sheets explaining the study’s aims, methods, and potential risks. Written informed consent was obtained, with assurances of voluntary participation and the right to withdraw at any stage without consequence. All recordings and transcripts were securely stored, and pseudonyms were used to protect participants’ identities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Findings","content":"\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the interviews revealed four major themes regarding the challenges posed by social media to traditional journalism in Bangladesh: (1) the disruption of gatekeeping and professional routines, (2) credibility and misinformation crises, (3) economic and organizational pressures, and (4) changing professional values and safety concerns.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1. Disruption of Gatekeeping and Professional Routines\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJournalists consistently reported that social media has eroded the traditional gatekeeping role of news organizations. Stories now emerge from online platforms before editorial teams can verify and process them. Respondents described how this shift has transformed newsroom practices, reducing opportunities for in-depth and investigative reporting.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne senior print journalist explained:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e“Before, we had time to verify and edit stories, but now there is constant pressure to publish quickly because news is already on Facebook or Twitter within minutes. Sometimes I feel like accuracy has taken a back seat to speed.” (R1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, a television reporter noted:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e“The competition is tough—other channels run with unverified stories just to be first, and then viewers expect us to do the same. It creates a cycle that is difficult to break.” (R2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese accounts suggest that social media has shifted journalism from a proactive agenda-setting role to a more reactive, fast-paced model.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. Credibility and Misinformation Crises\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRespondents identified misinformation and disinformation as among the most pressing challenges. With citizen journalism and unverified content dominating social media feeds, professional journalists face difficulties maintaining trust and credibility.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA radio journalist reflected on this blurred boundary:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e“Everyone has become a ‘journalist’ on social media… the line between professional journalism and casual posting has blurred. People ask, ‘Why should I trust the media when I can get the news directly on WhatsApp?’” (R4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnother online reporter expressed concern about the verification process:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e“Sometimes a viral video turns out to be staged or taken from another country. If I don’t double-check, I risk spreading misinformation.” (R2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese findings highlight the vulnerability of journalism in Bangladesh to credibility crises, with misinformation threatening the legitimacy of professional reporting.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. Economic and Organizational Pressures\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA recurring theme was the financial instability caused by social media’s dominance over advertising markets. Respondents described how legacy outlets are losing revenue to platforms such as Facebook and YouTube, forcing them to adopt sensationalist or click-driven strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn online news editor observed:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e“Advertising revenue is shifting online, but not necessarily to us—it’s going to Facebook, YouTube, and influencers. That means newsrooms are cutting budgets, laying off staff, and pushing for more sensational content to attract clicks.” (R3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA senior editor added:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e“Unless we find new revenue models, the future looks bleak. Management often prioritizes what will trend online rather than what’s in the public interest.” (R11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis theme illustrates how economic precarity undermines journalistic independence, as editorial decisions increasingly reflect commercial pressures rather than professional values.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4. Changing Professional Values and Safety Concerns\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeyond institutional disruptions, respondents emphasized the changing values and experiences of journalists in the digital era. The speed and interactivity of social media often conflict with long-standing journalistic norms of accuracy, impartiality, and depth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn investigative reporter described:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e“Sensitive investigations get attacked online by trolls or political groups. Sometimes disinformation campaigns are launched to discredit me before my story is even published.” (R12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA female journalist echoed concerns about personal safety:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e“As a woman journalist, social media allows me to share stories directly with audiences, but it also exposes me to harassment. The comments are often personal and abusive, not about my work.” (R7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the same time, younger journalists acknowledged opportunities for professional growth through social media visibility, even as they recognized challenges. One young reporter remarked:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e“It allows young reporters like me to build a personal following and share stories widely. But the line between influencer content and journalism is getting thinner.” (R13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese findings show that while social media offers new opportunities for participation and reach, it simultaneously creates hostile environments that compromise journalistic well-being and values.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSummary of Findings\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings demonstrate that social media is transforming journalism in Bangladesh in profound and multifaceted ways. Traditional gatekeeping roles are weakening, credibility is threatened by misinformation, economic pressures drive sensationalism, and journalists face new ethical and safety dilemmas. While social media enables greater participation and visibility, these gains are offset by risks to professional standards, financial sustainability, and personal security.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study explored how social media is reshaping journalism in Bangladesh, focusing on the perceptions of professional journalists and media practitioners. The findings revealed that social media disrupts traditional gatekeeping, undermines credibility through misinformation, imposes economic and organizational pressures, and reshapes professional values while exposing journalists to new risks. Together, these insights highlight how digital transformation is profoundly altering journalism in the Bangladeshi context.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe weakening of the gatekeeping function was a recurring concern. Journalists reported that audiences increasingly consume unverified content from Facebook and other platforms before newsrooms can verify and publish. This reflects the theoretical perspective of gatekeeping, where traditional editorial processes once maintained control over information flow but are now increasingly bypassed in the social media environment (White, 1950; Hujanen, 2017). The result is a shift toward reactive journalism, where professionals respond to online trends rather than setting the news agenda, weakening the watchdog role of the press.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCredibility and misinformation also emerged as major issues. Participants described how citizen journalism and viral posts blur boundaries between professional and amateur reporting, contributing to public distrust. This corresponds with global research showing that misinformation spreads more quickly than verified content online (Vosoughi et al., 2018). The situation also complicates Habermas\u0026rsquo;s (1962) concept of the public sphere, as instead of fostering rational-critical debate, social media often encourages fragmented discussions and the rapid circulation of misleading information. In Bangladesh, where restrictions on press freedom already pose challenges, this credibility crisis further undermines journalism\u0026rsquo;s democratic function.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe economic dimension of disruption was equally striking. Respondents emphasized that advertising revenues are shifting away from traditional outlets to digital platforms, weakening the financial base of professional journalism. This aligns with findings in other contexts where traditional media face declining revenues and increased competition from alternative platforms (Farp\u0026oacute;n et al., 2022; Chadha \u0026amp; Steiner, 2015; Togtarbay et al., 2023). In Bangladesh, this financial strain has led to newsroom layoffs, reduced investigative reporting, and increased reliance on sensationalism to attract digital audiences. Such pressures compromise editorial independence and force organizations to prioritize what will trend online over what is in the public interest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeyond institutional shifts, the findings point to changes in professional values and new risks for journalists. Many expressed frustrations at the tension between speed and accuracy, reflecting the dilemma noted in earlier research on digital journalism (Boulianne, 2016; Fink, 2018). Several participants described experiences of online harassment, with women journalists highlighting particular vulnerability to gendered abuse. These issues show how digital disruption not only alters work routines but also creates hostile environments that affect journalistic well-being. In Bangladesh, these risks are magnified by political polarization and concentrated media ownership, which amplify pressures on professional journalists.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaken together, the findings underscore that social media is not simply a technological tool but a structural force transforming journalism in Bangladesh. While it enables wider participation and new opportunities for visibility, it simultaneously undermines credibility, financial sustainability, and professional safety. These results suggest important implications for the future of journalism. Media training programs must prioritize digital literacy and verification skills; organizations need policies to address online harassment and provide clearer editorial guidelines for social media use; and broader debates are required on how to sustain credible journalism in a media ecosystem increasingly shaped by digital disruption.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLike all qualitative research, this study has limitations. The participant sample was relatively small and primarily urban, which may not fully capture rural dynamics or audience perspectives. Future research could expand the scope to include citizens, policymakers, and regional journalists to develop a more comprehensive picture of how social media is reshaping journalism. Comparative studies across South Asia may also illuminate the ways in which political and cultural contexts shape responses to digital disruption.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the study demonstrates that social media has introduced both opportunities and profound challenges for journalism in Bangladesh. It has democratized content production and distribution but at the cost of eroding credibility, destabilizing economic foundations, and exposing journalists to harassment and political pressure. By situating these findings within established theoretical frameworks of gatekeeping, media ecology, and the public sphere, the study highlights the urgent need to rethink how journalism can maintain its professional values and democratic functions in an increasingly digital and contested environment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examined how social media challenges traditional journalism in Bangladesh, drawing on the perspectives of professional journalists and media practitioners. The findings reveal that social media has disrupted established gatekeeping processes, intensified concerns about credibility and misinformation, imposed financial and organizational pressures on newsrooms, and reshaped professional values in ways that often compromise journalistic integrity and safety. While digital platforms have expanded opportunities for participation and visibility, they have simultaneously eroded the economic and ethical foundations upon which traditional journalism rests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Bangladeshi context illustrates how global transformations in media are experienced with particular intensity in environments marked by political pressures, concentrated ownership, and fragile business models. These dynamics suggest that journalism in Bangladesh\u0026mdash;and similar contexts in the Global South\u0026mdash;faces a dual struggle: adapting to the technological shifts brought by social media while safeguarding its democratic role in society.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study contributes to the broader literature by providing a qualitative, context-specific account of how journalists experience digital disruption. It underscores the need for capacity building in digital verification, stronger institutional protections for media workers, and thoughtful strategies to ensure the financial sustainability of professional journalism. At the same time, it highlights the importance of policy and educational interventions to protect credibility and reinforce the public value of journalism.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn sum, social media represents both a catalyst for innovation and a source of profound disruption for traditional journalism in Bangladesh. Addressing the challenges, it poses will require not only adaptation by journalists and media organizations but also broader societal recognition of the essential role of credible journalism in democratic life.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBoulianne, S. (2016). Online news, civic awareness, and engagement in civic and political life. 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Sage.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePatton, M. Q. (2015). \u003cem\u003eQualitative research \u0026amp; evaluation methods\u003c/em\u003e (4th ed.). Sage.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"no funding","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"social media, traditional journalism, misinformation, Bangladesh, qualitative research","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7745324/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7745324/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe rapid rise of social media has profoundly reshaped journalism worldwide, creating both opportunities and challenges for traditional news institutions. This study explores how social media is disrupting traditional journalism in Bangladesh, a context where political pressures, concentrated media ownership, and fragile business models already affect journalistic practice. Using a qualitative design informed by an interpretivist paradigm, the study draws on semi-structured interviews with 15 journalists and media practitioners representing diverse roles and outlets. Thematic analysis revealed four key findings: the erosion of traditional gatekeeping roles, heightened challenges of credibility and misinformation, economic and organizational pressures driven by shifting revenue models, and changes in professional values accompanied by heightened risks such as harassment and self-censorship. While social media has expanded participation and visibility, it has also undermined financial stability, professional integrity, and public trust in journalism. These findings highlight the urgent need for professional training in digital verification, institutional safeguards for media workers, and strategies to sustain journalism\u0026rsquo;s democratic functions in the digital era. The study contributes a context-specific understanding of media disruption in the Global South, underscoring how global transformations intersect with local political and economic realities.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Social Media as a Challenge to Traditional Journalism in Bangladesh","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-01 04:13:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7745324/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ae8929c6-7b11-42d7-ab62-eb6622c76cbd","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":55535197,"name":"Journalism"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-01T04:13:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-01 04:13:13","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7745324","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7745324","identity":"rs-7745324","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}