Spatial Distribution and Trend Analysis of Groundwater Contaminants Using the ArcGIS Geostatistical Analysis (Kriging) Algorithm; The case of Gurage Zone, Ethiopia

Spatial Distribution and Trend Analysis of Groundwater Contaminants Using the ArcGIS Geostatistical Analysis (Kriging) Algorithm; The case of Gurage Zone, Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Spatial Distribution and Trend Analysis of Groundwater Contaminants Using the ArcGIS Geostatistical Analysis (Kriging) Algorithm; The case of Gurage Zone, Ethiopia Abel Amsalu Ayalew, Moges Tariku Tegenu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5320542/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The study explores the spatial distribution and trends of groundwater pollutants focusing on calcium and four other key water quality parameters in the Gurage Zone, Ethiopia, in 2024. It uses the ArcGIS geostatistical analysis tool with the Kriging algorithm to map and analyze the spatial variability of contaminants. The primary aim is to identify areas with high levels of pollutants and understand spatial patterns. It identifies contamination hotspots associated with natural processes and human activities. Twenty-seven samples were collected from various sites, and parameters like calcium, total dissolved solids, hardness, conductivity, and alkalinity were measured. The findings show that the distribution of contaminants varies significantly across different areas, with some areas exceeding safe drinking water limits. It reveals that the southern region has the highest calcium concentration, with shallow local boreholes. The deeper wells have higher dissolved solids, hardness, and conductivity. The spatial trend shows increased pollutant levels along the X and Y axes. The Kriging model effectively predicted contaminants in unsampled areas, offering a reliable technique aimed at groundwater quality monitoring. The study provides important insights for the local authorities to implement interventions for groundwater protection in the Gurage Zone. Groundwater Pollutants ArcGIS Geostatistical Analysis Kriging Analysis and Trend Analysis Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5320542","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":369647666,"identity":"80921ae7-8c22-4d46-9a5f-22a5b8b35354","order_by":0,"name":"Abel Amsalu Ayalew","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA10lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQbGA0BKjgFEMrARpwWs2JjhGEwLQW1QLYkNRGvhn9184MDPnLr0vvs9Bgwfyg4z8Ms3ELDkzrGEg73bDufOPMZjwDjj3GEGyTZCDruRY3CAd9uB3A1ALcy8bYcZDI4R0CF/I//Dwb/b6tINQFr+ArXYE9JicCOH4TDvNuYEsBZGkC2EvG9455jBYdlthw1nHksrONhzLp1H4lgCfi1yt5sfPny7rU6e7/DhjQ9+lFnL8TcfIGANMgCp5SFB/SgYBaNgFIwCXAAA/s5JSz3VLboAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Debre Tabor University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abel","middleName":"Amsalu","lastName":"Ayalew","suffix":""},{"id":369647667,"identity":"74954405-aae0-4957-b711-c9e0edab1764","order_by":1,"name":"Moges Tariku Tegenu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wolkite University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Moges","middleName":"Tariku","lastName":"Tegenu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-10-23 16:38:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5320542/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5320542/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":69488476,"identity":"46a17af6-14a9-47c9-bdfc-0c422cead007","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-21 02:16:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":694543,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SpatialDistributionandTrendAnalysisofGroundWater.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5320542/v1_covered_72d5004a-639e-4286-a672-65d8644daf3d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Spatial Distribution and Trend Analysis of Groundwater Contaminants Using the ArcGIS Geostatistical Analysis (Kriging) Algorithm; The case of Gurage Zone, Ethiopia","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Groundwater Pollutants, ArcGIS, Geostatistical Analysis, Kriging Analysis, and Trend Analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5320542/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5320542/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe study explores the spatial distribution and trends of groundwater pollutants focusing on calcium and four other key water quality parameters in the Gurage Zone, Ethiopia, in 2024. 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