Evaluation of platelet lysate-based medium and protein substrate for HUVEC cell culture and expansion

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These media are expensive and must be imported, increasing the time to effective use. Human platelet lysate (PL) and platelet lysate serum (PLS) media are emerging alternatives to commercial media. This study evaluated the performance and behavior of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) using the commercial medium ECGM- Promocell ® and media supplemented with PL and PLS. After obtaining informed consent, umbilical cords were collected and HUVEC were isolated. The performance of HUVECs was compared between ECGM- Promocell ® commercial medium and media developed from PL and PLS. A PL-derived protein substrate was introduced to pre-treat and form a thin layer on culture plates. The cells were characterized by flow cytometry using the markers CD31, CD144, CD146, CD34, and HLA-DR. A mixed culture medium was obtained from the combination of PLS and ECGM- Promocell ® commercial medium, which was able to maintain the viability, adhesion, and proliferation of ECs. At the same time, a protein substrate was implemented using PL, which was added to the surface of the culture plates, being able to simulate an extracellular matrix, facilitating enhanced endothelial cell adhesion, proliferation, and yield. Cells cultured with ECGM- Promocell® and the mixed medium, with and without the PL protein substrate, expressed the surface markers CD31, CD144, and CD146, and were negative for CD34 and HLA-DR markers. The mixed medium together with the PL protein substrate represents excellent alternatives for the culture, maintenance, and proliferation of endothelial cells; being a promising and profitable strategy for the research and production of these cells for therapeutic and research purposes. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells - HUVEC human platelet lysate and platelet lysate serum mixed medium PL protein substrate adhesion proliferation Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Introduction Endothelial cells (ECs) are a type of epithelial cells that line the inner surface of blood vessels, forming a continuous layer known as the vascular endothelium [ 1 , 2 ]. These cells are highly versatile, and their diverse functions are regulated by numerous factors present in the circulation or locally available in the vascular microenvironment. ECs express several surface antigens, such as CD31, CD34, CD144, CD146, and von Willebrand factor (vWF), which are used as markers to identify and characterize ECs in immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry studies [ 3 – 5 ]. The endothelium participates in several physiological processes such as the regulation of vascular tone, the establishment of an immunological barrier, the transmigration of leukocytes, blood coagulation, angiogenesis, and the repair of damaged blood vessels. Endothelial function and dysfunction have been involved in inflammation, cardiovascular disease, long-term complications of diabetes, as well as tumor growth driven by exaggerated angiogenesis. Therefore, endothelial cell culture is a crucial tool in vascular biology research [ 2 , 3 , 6 ]. There are a large number of scientific publications using endothelial cells in vitro , either alone or in combination with other cell types, to study physiological and disease models, facilitating a better understanding of pathophysiology and guiding potential treatments [ 7 ]. After successful isolation, the expansion of ECs for subsequent experiments depends on the effectiveness of the method employed to achieve their proliferation and maintain their viability. In vivo , endothelial cell proliferation is a highly regulated phenomenon, with vasculogenesis restricted to embryonic and placental development, while angiogenesis occurs in postnatal life to supply the demand for nutrients and oxygen as tissues grow. In adulthood, this process is much more restricted, although it persists with other associated phenomena such as increased body fat, menstruation, or wound healing; this restriction causes the cell cycle of vascular endothelial cells to remain inactive in most of the vascular tree; however, during cell culture, endothelial cells are required to proliferate and expand for experimental or therapeutic use [ 1 , 3 ], which represents a great challenge to researchers. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are among the most widely used in human endothelial research and the development of potential cell therapies for a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular, metabolic, neurological, and autoimmune diseases. Although this model does not represent all endothelial cell types found in the vascular tree, HUVECs have been used for their proliferative and differentiation capacity, to study the properties of the vascular endothelium, in addition, it has been shown that these cells have an increased ability to secrete growth factors and cytokines that are important for tissue repair and regeneration [ 7 – 9 ]. For the isolation of endothelial cells, it is important to use appropriate culture media that provide essential nutrients and conditions for the growth, maintenance, and survival of these cells. The first culture media used for EC isolation and recovery were medium 199 (M199) supplemented mainly with different concentrations of fetal bovine serum (FBS), from 10–30%, as well as Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM) supplemented with FBS (8–10) and the MCDB131 basal nutritional medium which is characterized by the presence of many components not found in previous basal media, including putrescine, adenine, thymidine, and higher levels of some amino acids and vitamins, as well as high levels of magnesium cofactor involved in cell proliferation. These additions make it possible to supplement the medium with low levels of serum, but in most cases, it is still necessary to maintain supplementation with growth factors, hydrocortisone, and glutamine, among others [ 10 , 11 ]. Currently, specialized and commercial culture media are supplemented with a variety of growth factors to stimulate endothelial cell proliferation without affecting their phenotype or function. Indeed, the optimization of culture conditions for EC proliferation is a recurring concern in vascular biology research [ 3 ]. Several endothelial cell culture media are available, differing fundamentally in the composition of growth supplements [ 3 ]. While some media are supplemented with defined concentrations of recombinant growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), others contain endothelial cell growth supplements derived from bovine brain extract (BBE), pituitary extract (BPE) or hypothalamus extract (BHE) and are rich in growth-promoting molecules of unspecified composition and amount. In addition to growth factors, endothelial cell media may be supplemented with hydrocortisone or may contain L-glutamine, heparin, ascorbic acid, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), as endothelial cell growth, proliferation, viability, and differentiation are regulated by endocrine factors [ 3 , 12 ]. Commonly used commercial culture media include endothelial cell growth basal medium (EBM, Lonza®) [ 13 , 14 ], complete endothelial cell culture medium (ECM, Endothelial Cell Medium; ScienCell®)®) [ 15 , 16 ], vascular cell basal medium (ATTC®) [ 17 ], and endothelial cell growth medium for large, medium, and microvascular tissue vessels (ECGM, PromoCell®) [ 12 , 17 , 18 ]. These media contain essential nutrients and growth factors for endothelial cells [ 3 , 8 , 17 , 18 ]. Although it is possible to obtain them in our country, these specialized media are expensive and must be imported, which increases the time required before effective use (commercialization, availability, shipping, and delivery). In addition, most of these media are supplemented with FBS, which may contain factors interfering with endothelial cell growth and, therefore, their elimination from the medium may improve cell isolation and growth. Furthermore, in the case of cell therapy applications, it is preferable to use xeno-free media to reduce the likelihood of immunogenic reactions and post-infusion complications of these cells [ 19 – 21 ]. Both specialized and conventional culture media used for the nutrition, maintenance, and differentiation of endothelial cells must be carefully selected to ensure that they do not affect the physical, functional, and phenotypic properties of these cells. The aim of this work was to develop a culture medium supplemented with platelet unit derivatives (platelet lysate -PL and platelet lysate serum - PLS) and to compare its performance for the isolation, proliferation, and maintenance of HUVEC cells with the commercial endothelial cell growth medium, Promocell (ECGM- Promocell® ). Materials and Methods Obtaining and preparation of PL and PLS. The implementation of an endothelial cell culture medium using PL and PLS preparations was performed as described previously [ 22 ]. Analysis of growth factors and cytokines in PL, PLS, and FBS preparations Evaluation of growth factors and cytokines in the endothelial cell growth medium (ECGM, Promocell ®) was performed as described previously for PL, PLS, and FBS [ 22 ]. Proliferation assays of HUVECs with ECGM- Promocell ® medium with and without protein substrate. Preparation of HUVEC culture dishes Based on preliminary assays performed in the laboratory, low adherence, and proliferation of HUVECs to the culture dish were observed (Supplementary Material, Figure S1 ), therefore, dishes pretreated with a protein substrate derived from PL were utilized. For its preparation, 0.0285 mL of PL/cm2 and 0.01 mL of calcium gluconate (9.4 mg/mL; Calcium: 0.301mg/mL) were added for each mL of PL, followed by incubation for 20 minutes at 37°C with 5% carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). HUVECs were seeded at 7.0 x 10 3 cells/cm2. A control plate without the protein substrate was used. Photographic follow-up was performed at 4, 24, 48, 48, 72, and 96 hours, and a count of the number of cells at various times was carried out. The assay was duplicated in three independent samples, with three images captured per well at each monitoring time. Image J software was used for image processing. Scanning electron microscopy evaluation of HUVEC culture dishes with and without protein substrate. Culture dishes were taken with and without the protein substrate, as well as dishes with the protein substrate where the HUVEC were cultured. After cell culture, the samples were fixed with 10% buffered formaldehyde for 24 hours. The formaldehyde was then removed, 2.5% glutaraldehyde was added, and the samples were left in this solution for 2 hours. Successive dehydration steps were performed with 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, 95% and 99% ethanol. Complete culture surfaces were sectioned, and the sections were left to dehydrate in a laminar flow chamber for 24 hours. These were then fixed with graphite tape, coated with gold (Denton Vacuum Desk IV), and evaluated in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Jeol JSM 6490 LV) under high vacuum conditions to obtain high-resolution images. The secondary electron detector was used to evaluate the morphology and topography of the samples. Isolation and Culture of HUVECs After signing an informed consent form, three umbilical cords were obtained from healthy pregnant mothers. Each cord was fragmented into approximately 10 cm sections in a laminar flow cabinet. The umbilical vein was cannulated and washed with antibiotic-containing saline (penicillin 500 U/mL and streptomycin 500 mg/mL) to remove clots; then the ends of the umbilical vein were ligated, and collagenase type I at a concentration of 0.1% (1 mg/mL; Gibco) was added to the interior of the umbilical vein, approximately 1 to 5 mL, depending on the caliber and length of the vein. It was incubated at 37°C for 2 hours, and manual pressure was applied along the umbilical vein to complete detaching of the endothelial cells. The extracted cell component was taken and centrifuged at 2500 RPM for 10 minutes to obtain the cell pellet. The supernatant was discarded, and the cells were resuspended in endothelial cell growth medium (ECGM, Promocell ®) and seeded in pretreated or non-pretreated 25 cm² culture dishes with the PL protein substrate for 10–15 days: upon completing ≥ 70% confluence. ECs were dissociated with 0.05% trypsin-EDTA (T/E) (Sigma-Aldrich). Cell counting and viability were then performed using trypan blue. Evaluation of the effect of PL, PLS, and FBS concentrations on HUVEC proliferation Cell behavior in terms of proliferation and adhesion of HUVECs on PL substrate was assessed by comparing at 4, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours using different culture media, including DMEM-F12 supplemented with PL and PLS at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, and a standard medium (DMEM-F12 + 10% FBS). Evaluation of HUVEC proliferation using ECGM- Promocell ® medium and different culture media with PL and PLS. ECGM- Promocell ® medium, [supplemented with 0.02 mL v/v FBS, 0.004 mL v/v ECGS supplement, 0.1 ng/mL human recombinant EGF, 1 ng/mL human recombinant FGF-b, 90 µg/mL heparin, and 1 µg/mL hydrocortisone], was compared with culture media supplemented with different concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%) of PL and PLS, and with mixed ECGM- Promocell ® - DMEM-F12 medium with ratios 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50 and 60:40 supplemented with 9% PLS. HUVEC cell proliferation rate and cell behavior were evaluated at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. Evaluation of the effect of PLS concentration on HUVEC proliferation Based on the previous experiments, HUVEC behavior was evaluated using different concentrations of PLS between 5% and 50%. Adhesion and cell proliferation rates were determined at 24, 48, and 120 hours to assess early adhesion, initial proliferation, and long-term cell growth. For the above assays, 100 U/ml penicillin and streptomycin (Lonza), 2 µg/mL hydrocortisone (Vitalis), 1% L-glutamine (Lonza) were added to all culture media supplemented with PL and PLS, and 50 IU/mL sodium heparin (B. Braun) was added to media supplemented with PL. All assays were performed in 12-well plates (3.5 cm 2 per well), pretreated with PL protein substrate; HUVECs were seeded at 7.0 x 10 3 cells/cm 2 . Each assay was conducted in duplicate for each medium and supplement concentration, and cell morphology, adhesion, and proliferation were compared by taking photographs in triplicate in each well. Image J software was used to analyze the results (Fig. 1 ). These experiments were designed to determine the optimal concentration of platelet-derived media for HUVEC proliferation and adhesion at different time points. Figure 1 Procedure for the obtention, culture, comparison, and analysis of HUVEC cell performance. (Images created with Biorender). Evaluation of the effect of PL substrate and mixed medium on HUVEC phenotype HUVECs were cultured in 25 cm 2 dishes with and without PL protein substrate; cells were cultured with ECGM- Promocell ® medium and mixed medium (ECGM- Promocell ®, DMEM-F12 with 9% PLS). The effect of protein substrate and medium on cell phenotype was evaluated. Phenotypic characterization was conducted by flow cytometry using the following antibodies: CD31 FITC (Clone: WM59), CD144 PE (Clone: 55-7H1), CD146 PE (Clone: P1H12) (Becton-Dickinson BD PharmingenTM), CD34 FITC (Molecular Probes, Life Technologies), HLA-DR FITC (Clone: L243) (Biolegend). Samples analysis was performed at the Flow Cytometry Laboratory of the University of Antioquia’s Research Headquarters (BD LSRFortessa™ flow cytometer from Beckton-Dickinson). The results were analyzed using FlowJo™ software version 10.8.1. Analysis of Results All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis of the data was performed using one-way ANOVA or two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test, using GraphPad Prism software version 9.5.1 (La Jolla, CA, USA) with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results PL and PLS present higher concentrations of growth factors and cytokines compared to FBS and ECGM- Promocell ®. As described in [ 22 ], the analysis of growth factors presents in the different supplements and ECGM- Promocell ®, it was observed that FGF-b, TGF-B1, PDGF-AB, and IGF-1 were significantly increased in all PL and PLS preparations compared to FBS and ECGM- Promocell ® (p < 0.0001), as shown in Fig. 2 . Additionally, EGF concentrations in PL preparations were higher concerning PLS, FBS, and ECGM- Promocell ® (p < 0.0001) (Fig. 2 ). Figure 2 Comparison of growth factors content in platelet derivatives, FBS, and ECGM- Promocell ®. Growth factors IGF-1, PDGF-AB, FGF-b, TGF-β1, and EGF were analyzed by ELISA technique. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD) concentration of each factor (pg/mL and ng/mL in the case of IGF-1), across the 3 batches of PL, PLS and FBS, as well as ECGM- Promocell ®. Both PL and PLS show higher concentrations of growth factors compared to FBS and ECGM- Promocell ®. To determine statistical differences, one-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test. The concentration of 9 cytokines and growth factors (IL-6, IL-10, RANTES, PDGF-AA, VEGF-A, TNF-α, IL1RA, GM-CSF, and G-CSF) involved in cell stimulation and differentiation, proinflammatory, and anti-inflammatory responses were evaluated by Luminex technique. As shown in Fig. 3 , there were no significant differences in concentrations when comparing PL vs PLS (p > 0.05). However, statistically significant differences were observed when comparing PL-PLS vs FSB and PL-PLS vs ECGM- Promocell ® in the concentration of all the molecules (p < 0.0005 PL-PLS vs FBS; p < 0.0001 PL-PLS vs ECGM- Promocell ®). Figure 3 Comparison of growth factors and cytokine concentrations in platelet derivatives, FBS and ECGM- Promocell ®. Growth factors PDGF-AA, VEGF-A, and cytokines G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-10, IL-6, IL-1RA, RANTES, and TNF-α, were analyzed using the Luminex technique. Data are shown as mean ± SD concentration of each factor (pg/mL), across the 3 batches of PL, PLS and FBS, as well as ECGM- Promocell ®. Both PL and PLS show higher concentrations of growth factors and cytokines compared to FBS and ECGM- Promocell ®. To determine statistical differences, one-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test. The use of a PL-derived protein substrate promotes adhesion and proliferation of HUVECs. Considering the low adherence of HUVECs observed in previous assays with conventional culture systems and ECGM- Promocell ® medium, a PL-derived protein substrate was implemented to pretreat the culture dishes to be used in the HUVEC assays. As shown in Fig. 4, the HUVECs culture on a PL protein substrate improves cell adhesion and proliferation at all time points evaluated, being more relevant at 96 hours of culture with ECGM- Promocell ® medium + pretreatment compared to cells seeded in this medium without dishes pretreatment (p < 0.005). Figure 4 Comparison of ECGM- Promocell ® medium with and without PL protein substrate pretreatment in HUVEC culture. Data are shown as mean ± SD of cell number versus time (4, 24, 48, 48, 72 and 96 hours). Evaluation of the proliferation kinetics of HUVECs in culture with ECGM- Promocell ® medium was carried out. At 96 hours of culture, the number of cells is higher using the protein substrate. To determine statistical differences, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test. The use of protein substrate generates a basis for HUVEC growth and adhesion. As shown in Fig. 5 , when using the culture surface with a PL protein substrate (Fig. 5 B), a mesh is formed that simulates the extracellular matrix, providing an environment conducive to HUVEC adhesion, signaling, and, proliferation (Figs. 5 C and 5 D), compared to the culture surface without this substrate (Fig. 5 A). Figure 5 Scanning electron microscopy evaluation of culture dish surfaces and HUVEC adhesion. Images show the culture surface without the PL protein substrate (A) and the culture surface with the PL protein substrate (B). HUVECs are observed to adhere to the protein substrate (C and D), maintaining their morphological characteristics and normal proliferation. FBS standard concentration in culture media does not promote HUVEC proliferation. As shown in Fig. 6 , when evaluating HUVEC adhesion and proliferation using PL protein substrate and different culture media with PL and PLS concentrations between 5 and 15%, and with standard medium supplemented with 10% FBS, adequate cell proliferation kinetics were not observed, as cells remained static throughout the evaluation period. Figure 6 Comparison of different culture media with PL, PLS, and FBS with PL protein substrate pretreatment of dishes. Data are shown as mean ± SD of cell number vs time (4, 24, 48, 48, 72, and 96 hours). Evaluation of HUVEC proliferation kinetics of HUVECs was carried out using different media and concentrations of platelet derivatives and FBS. Normal expected proliferation is not observed; cells remain static over time. To determine statistical differences, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test. HUVEC culture with the mixed medium is similar using ECGM- Promocell ® medium. As shown in Fig. 7 , when evaluating HUVEC adhesion and proliferation on PL protein substrate using culture media with concentrations of PL and PLS between 2% and 10%, compared to ECGM- Promocell ® and mixed medium, it was observed that with supplemented media only with platelet derivatives, cell expansion was not achieved and the cells remained static during the follow-up time, without observing differences even between PL and PLS. When HUVECs were cultured with the mixed medium (50% DMEM-F12 + 9% PLS and 50% ECGM- Promocell ®) these showed a similar behavior to ECGM- Promocell ®, compared to other mixed media with different proportions (Fig. 8 ), thus achieving a growth curve with a linear doubling rate up to 96 hours (Figs. 7 and 8 ) with a confluence of 100% at 120 hours (Fig. 7 ). Figure 7 Comparison of the effect of PL and PLS different concentrations as DMEM-F12 supplements, mixed medium, and ECGM- Promocell ® on HUVEC culture and proliferation. Data are shown as mean ± SD of cell confluence percentage vs time (24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours). Evaluation of HUVEC proliferation kinetics was carried out using different media and concentrations of platelet derivatives, comparing them with mixed medium and ECGM- Promocell ®. Expected normal proliferation is not observed with DMEM-F12 media supplemented with different concentrations of platelet derivatives, in contrast to mixed medium and ECGM- Promocell ® where proliferation was normal and morphology was not affected, being cell confluence above 90% at 120 hours. To determine statistical differences, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test Figure 8 Comparison of different culture media with various combined proportions of ECGM- Promocell ® and mixed medium. Data are shown as mean ± SD of cell confluence percentage vs time (72 and 96 hours). Evaluation of HUVEC proliferation kinetics was carried out using different proportions of mixed medium and ECGM- Promocell ®. A combination of ≤ 40% DMEM-F12 + 9% PLS and ≥ 50% ECGM- Promocell ® allows normal HUVEC proliferation kinetics. To determine statistical differences, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test. Higher PLS concentrations do not enhance cell proliferation. As shown in Fig. 9 , when HUVECs were cultured with higher PLS concentrations, a lower cell confluence percentage was observed concerning the culture with mixed medium, which could infer an inhibitory effect at high PLS concentrations. Figure 9 Comparison of DMEM-F12 with different concentrations of PLS and mixed medium in HUVEC culture and proliferation. Data are shown as mean ± SD of cell confluence percentage vs time (24, 48, and 120 hours). Evaluation of HUVEC proliferation kinetics was carried out with different media and PLS concentrations and compared with the mixed medium. It was observed that the media with different PLS concentrations did not improve HUVEC cell proliferation, compared to the mixed medium culture. Culture with PL protein substrate and mixed medium does not affect the phenotype and morphology of HUVEC cells. Upon performing proliferation and morphology analysis, no significant differences were observed between ECGM- Promocell ® and the mixed medium (Fig. 10 ), however, differences were observed between cultures with and without substrate. As previously demonstrated (Fig. 4), the substrate significantly enhances HUVEC proliferation. Phenotypic characterization of HUVECs through flow cytometry revealed their expression of endothelial cell markers CD31, CD144, and CD146, and were negative for the hematopoietic marker CD34 and for HLA-DR. No differences in the expression of these markers were observed either between culture media or with the use of the PL-protein substrate (Fig. 11 ). Figure 10 Comparison of mixed medium and ECGM- Promocell ® with and without protein substrate in HUVEC culture and proliferation. Data are represented in graphs A and B as mean ± SD of cell confluence percentage versus time (48, 72, 96, and 120 hours). Evaluation of HUVEC proliferation kinetics was carried out in culture with different media modifications (mixed medium and ECGM- Promocell ® with and without PL protein substrate). It was observed that mixed medium and ECGM- Promocell ® with PL protein substrate improved HUVEC adhesion and proliferation. To determine statistical differences in graph A, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test. Figure 11 HUVEC phenotype with mixed medium and ECGM- Promocell ® with and without PL protein substrate. Data are represented in the graph as the expression level of surface markers CD31, CD144, CD146, CD34, and HLA-DR. Evaluation of the HUVEC phenotype was carried out in culture with different media modifications (mixed medium and ECGM- Promocell ® with and without PL protein substrate). It was observed that CD31, CD144, and CD146 markers are expressed in more than 90%, while CD34 and HLA-DR markers are expressed in less than 10%. These results confirm that the profile of endothelial cells remains unaffected by any medium modification used. Discussion Human endothelial cells are known to be difficult to culture in vitro . In the past, attempts to culture these cells have been carried out using conventional media designed for the growth of fibroblast cells (DMEM, MEM), e.g., with serum, or media for the culture of different cell types without proteins, lipids, and growth factors, without serum (M199) or media for the protein-free growth of cells adapted to permanent cell lines (RPMI 1640). However, these media are usually not suitable for endothelial cell growth because these do not themselves provide the nutrients and growth factors necessary for their survival [ 10 ]. In several studies carried out by Jaffe et al. [ 23 , 24 ], Knedler and Ham [ 10 ], as described by Marin et at. [ 8 ] and Baudin et al. [ 7 ], conventional media used for EC culture have been supplemented with high concentrations of animal-derived serum (FBS); however, these are not sufficient to maintain EC growth and morphology, as reported by Bala et al. [ 17 ] and as shown in our study, where high concentrations of PLS also failed to maintain and did not have the best effect on cell proliferation and adhesion. Although the platelet derivatives used in our study showed high concentrations of biochemical components, hormones, growth factors, and cytokines, these did not prove to be sufficient to effectively nourish HUVEC. On the other hand, upon analyzing the biochemical parameters described in [ 22 ], we found high levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG), calcium (in the case of PLS), and fibrinogen (PL) in the platelet derivatives. However, this would not be the cause of the poor success in HUVEC growth in culture media with the platelet derivatives, since as evidenced in [ 22 ], WJ-MSCs, fibroblasts, and AdMSCs, grew and were maintained in culture with PL and PLS-supplemented media, in contrast to that described by Burnouf et al., where high IgG levels can affect cell growth and differentiation [ 19 ]. Even upon inactivating PL and PLS at 56°C for 40 minutes to reduce IgG concentrations, no improvement was achieved (Supplementary Figure S2). Therefore, the culture medium is a critical factor in maintaining the normal properties of ECs in vitro . These cells are highly sensitive to their environment and, thus, the culture medium must provide essential nutrients and conditions for cell growth, maintenance, and survival. Currently, different types of specialized (commercial) media for HUVEC culture have been developed. These come in different presentations, either media that are supplemented with defined concentrations of growth factors or media that are supplemented with extracts whose concentrations and composition of cell growth-promoting molecules are not described in the product; these may also be supplemented with hydrocortisone, L-glutamine, heparin, ascorbic acid, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which may be involved in ECs proliferation, viability, and differentiation [ 3 ]. However, specialized media are costly and have long import times in our case, resulting in limited availability, thereby restraining progress in research involving these cells. In this study, different culture media were formulated with platelet derivatives (DMEM-F12 with different PL and PLS concentrations), comparing them with the conventional standard medium with animal-derived serum (DMEM-F12 with 10% FBS) (Fig. 6 ), and commercial endothelial cell growth medium (ECGM- Promocell ®). When HUVEC were cultured using PL, PLS, and FBS, the same outcome as that achieved with ECGM- Promocell ® was not obtained. However, a mixed medium was implemented that combines ECGM- Promocell ® commercial medium with DMEM-F12 + 9% PLS, with results similar to those of commercial medium in terms of HUVEC culture and proliferation, which suggests that this option is a viable and cost-effective alternative for replacement at least 50% of the commercial medium mentioned, thereby reducing the high cost of this medium in our country. In a study developed by Busch et al. [ 12 ] with retinal microvascular endothelial cells (REC), they evaluated the capacity of these cells to grow in standard cultures with DMEM (5% FBS) and with ECGM- Promocell ® commercial medium, as well as in combinations of different media of both. A significant decrease in cell proliferation index was observed with DMEM, accompanied by changes in mRNA expression and tight junction proteins levels, as well as alterations in the subcellular localization of key EC proteins such as von Willebrand factor, VE-cadherin, and claudin-5. Also, monolayer cell density and metabolic activity of RECs were affected for culture in DMEM. Although these effects are not clearly understood when using DMEM and FBS in EC culture, the authors describe that it is possibly due to high IL-6 secretion during cellular stress, the effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on cell permeability, or unidentified components in FBS [ 12 ]. These results are concordant with ours due to the limited success of HUVECs when cultured with DMEM combined with FBS, PL, and PLS. Although the exact composition of ECGM- Promocell ® is not known due to intellectual property reasons, Bush et al., assume that its composition is based on that of MCDB131 medium, a composite cell culture medium designed to meet the special requirements of microvascular EC [ 3 , 10 , 12 ]. An important difference is the tenfold higher concentration of Mg2 + in the MCDB131 medium (i.e., 10 mM) compared with the DMEM medium, where a significant increase in microvascular EC growth response was observed at high Mg2 + concentrations [ 10 , 12 ]. The high presence of this cation could enhance microvascular EC adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins achieved with protein substrate on culture dishes since Mg2 + is an important component of integrins and their complexes [ 25 , 26 ]. However, it is not understood so far how cells can adhere to plastic supports without any extracellular matrix and how magnesium would help in this process. For example, in some cases, cells can express cell adhesion molecules, such as integrins or lectins, on their surface that directly interact with plastic components or indirectly with cofactors like magnesium. Other cells can secrete proteins, like fibronectin or laminin, which adhere to the plastic and act as anchors for the cells, or the medium used generates an environment rich in these adherent proteins, as commented by Terramani et al. [ 27 ]. Nonetheless, the maintenance of typical EC characteristics with ECGM- Promocell ® medium in cell culture is based on the combination of various components rather than a specific ingredient; to grow and expand HUVECs, the presence of hormones and other growth factors are essential to maintain the cells in long-term cultures, as reported by Bala et al. [ 17 ]. In our study, a HUVEC proliferation assay was performed in dishes coated with PL protein substrate, using ECGM- Promocell ® medium removing each supplementary component (Supplementary data). It was observed that the lack of FBS and EC growth supplement (ECGS) led to a significant decrease in HUVEC cell proliferation, in contrast to the lack of the other components where cells continued normal proliferation (Supplementary Figure S3). With these results and according to the literature reviewed, the addition of a source of growth factors, proteins, and hormones, such as an EC growth supplement (ECGS), would be the key to implementing a suitable medium for endothelial cells culture and maintenance, and would also be effective in preserving the phenotype of these cells [ 12 ]. This is demonstrated by the study performed by Kim et al. [ 28 ], investigating the optimal conditions of four different media for the proliferation and functional maintenance of human corneal ECs. They concluded that a single medium does not provide all the nutritional conditions required by ECs and that these media require more factors and supplements to adequately simulate the nutritional environment of these cells [ 17 , 28 – 30 ]. On the other hand, it was observed that when using a protein substrate derived from human platelet lysate during HUVEC culture, better results in terms of cell adhesion and proliferation were achieved compared to cultures without this substrate, where cells could not be maintained in culture for more than 3 passages, as also reported by Bala et al. [ 17 ]. These results are not comparable with studies carried out by Terramani et al. [ 27 ], Beekhuizen and van Furth. [ 31 ], who report that coating culture dishes with a protein substrate may not be required. In our study, using the PL protein substrate we were able to maintain the culture above passage 10, without affecting cells morphology and phenotype. The results obtained are comparable to those obtained by several authors when using a gel or protein component from fibronectin, type I collagen, fibrin gels, and laminin in their culture protocols to facilitate endothelial cell adhesion and growth [ 7 – 9 , 29 , 32 – 35 ]. The success of implementing this PL substrate in our study, promoting HUVEC adhesion and proliferation, can be explained by several factors: I) PL preparations obtained in the laboratory contain high concentrations of growth factors, such as PDGF, TGF-β1, FGF-b, IGF-1, VEGF, and EGF, with essential bioactive molecules and cytokines for cell adhesion and migration; II) it provides a protein-rich extracellular matrix structure that is important for ECs anchoring and interaction, simulating the natural environment of cells in vascular tissue, facilitating their adhesion and expansion [ 8 , 36 ]; III) HUVECs and other endothelial cells have receptors on their surface, such as β1 integrins [ 8 , 25 , 26 ], which bind to proteins present on the PL substrate. These cell-substrate interactions promote adhesion and activate intracellular signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation and behavior. Conclusion The implementation of a culture system combining endothelial cell growth medium (ECGM- Promocell ®) and DMEM-F12 (50%-50% respectively) with 9% PLS on PL substrate demonstrated superiority over commercial medium when used without the PL substrate. This strategy allows for a reduction of up to 50% in the use of commercial medium and decreases associated EC culture costs, in addition, to allowing the long-term maintenance of these cells in culture (> 10 passages). Therefore, this culture strategy represents a promising and cost-effective alternative for the research and production of endothelial cells, not only in our country but also in other groups worldwide interested in obtaining well-characterized, sufficient, and suitable endothelial cells for research and therapeutic purposes. Declarations Acknowledgements We thank the School of Microbiology’ Blood Bank of Hospital Alma Mater and University of Antioquia for its contribution in the donation of platelet units. Funding This work was supported by funding from Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovación, Colombia, as part of the project: "Development of cellularized vascular implants from polyvinyl alcohol and comparison of their mechanical and functional properties with porcine arteries or vascular implants existing in the market" contract 642-2018. Authors and Affiliations Juan Manuel Duarte Rojas and Sergio Estrada Mira contributed equally to this work. Tissue Engineering and Cellular Therapies Group – GITTC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia Juan Manuel Duarte Rojas, Sergio Estrada Mira, and Luz Marina Restrepo Múnera Cellular Therapy and Biobank Laboratory, Hospital Alma Mater de Antioquia, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia Sergio Estrada Mira Basic Biomedical Sciences Academic Corporation, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia. Juan Manuel Duarte Rojas Contributions JMDR and SEM performed research, analyzed data, and wrote the manuscript. LMRM reviewed and made recommendations on the manuscript. JMD conducted experimental work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Corresponding author Correspondence to Juan Manuel Duarte Rojas Ethics declarations Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Ethical approval This study was performed according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and all studies were reviewed and approved by the host institutions. Resolution 008430/1993 of the National Ministry of Health and, International ethical standards for human research. Decree 2378 of 2008. Informed consent Informed consent attached to the University of Antioquia and Hospital Alma Mater de Antioquia signed by the patients and pregnant mothers who donate the different samples or tissues. Consent for publication Not applicable. 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Supplementary Files Supplementarymaterial.EvaluationPLbasedmediumproteinsubstrateforHUVECculture.docx Fig. S1 Comparison of HUVEC cells behavior cultured in DMEM/Ham-F12 supplemented with different concentrations of FBS, PL, and PLS. Data are shown as mean ± SD of cell confluence percentage versus time (4, 24, and 48 hours). Evaluation of HUVEC culture and proliferation behavior was carried out using different culture media, including DMEM-F12 supplemented with platelet derivatives and FBS, to the commercial ECGM- Promocell ® medium. It was observed that at 48 hours of culture, cell count the number did not increase, the expected normal proliferation curve was not seen, and cells began to detach from the culture dish. To determine statistical differences, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test. Fig. S2 Comparison of different media with various concentrations of inactivated PL and PLS on HUVEC culture and proliferation. Data are shown as mean ± SD of cell confluence percentage versus time (24, 48, 72, and 96 hours). Evaluation of HUVEC culture behavior and proliferation was carried out with different culture media using DMEM-F12 supplemented with 2 %, 4 %, 6 %, 8 %, and 10 % inactivated PL and PLS. Expected normal proliferation was not observed with inactivated platelet derivatives. To determine statistical differences, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test. Fig. S3 Comparison of different modifications of ECGM- Promocell ® medium on HUVEC culture, proliferation, and adhesion. Data are shown as mean ± SD of cell confluence percentage versus time (24, 48, 72, and 96 hours). Evaluation of HUVECs culture and proliferation behavior was carried out using different ECGM- Promocell ® medium modifications, in which each complementary component of the medium (complete ECGM- Promocell ®, ECGM- Promocell ® without ECGS, FCS, hydrocortisone, FGF and without EGF) was removed. It was observed that HUVEC proliferation at 96 hours was significantly decreased when ECGS and FBS were not added. To determine statistical differences, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3335410","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":231917978,"identity":"dfb74558-de73-4ddf-bfd6-f8307bbe4c2a","order_by":0,"name":"Juan Manuel Duarte Rojas","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA90lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYwxQzhfYAyJIjUwszAOIMYLVAA0cLMQ4wW5hnJzx7dYLBO7J99/uBj2zZrOf4G5oO3eRjs5HA6bEaauXEOQ3rijHPJzMa5benGEgfYkq15GJKNcWtJMJPOYTic2HCGmU06tw3IOMBjJs3DcCCxAaeW9G9gLfPPMLP/tmw7XD//AP83AlpyILZsANrCzNh2OMHgAA8bfi09b8qkcwzSjTeeYTaW7DmXbrjxMJux5RwD3H4xbE/fJp1TYS077wzjww8/yqzl5Y43P7zxpgJ3iBmCrTdAFmLGEEEF8rilRsEoGAWjYBRAAQDR8k4g+mUwqwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University of Antioquia","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juan","middleName":"Manuel Duarte","lastName":"Rojas","suffix":""},{"id":231917979,"identity":"fb55b71f-fac9-4664-9397-cc3cc76ecbb8","order_by":1,"name":"Luz Marina Restrepo Múnera","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Antioquia","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Luz","middleName":"Marina Restrepo","lastName":"Múnera","suffix":""},{"id":231917980,"identity":"a0b3d341-1bd3-456a-9ec7-1b6b05df8f05","order_by":2,"name":"Sergio Estrada Mira","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Antioquia","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sergio","middleName":"Estrada","lastName":"Mira","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-09-07 17:59:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3335410/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3335410/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":43146701,"identity":"456296f5-6f48-4841-8b45-11af06de2db4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-14 17:12:11","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":522959,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProcedure for the obtention, culture, comparison, and analysis of HUVEC cell performance. (Images created with Biorender).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3335410/v1/a6204d452a2634944452c488.png"},{"id":43145864,"identity":"486adf22-39f2-4b85-af69-28185996b8e9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-14 17:04:11","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":98654,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of growth factors content in platelet derivatives, FBS, and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e®. Growth factors IGF-1, PDGF-AB, FGF-b, TGF-β1, and EGF were analyzed by ELISA technique. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD) concentration of each factor (pg/mL and ng/mL in the case of IGF-1), across the 3 batches of PL, PLS and FBS, as well as ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e®. Both PL and PLS show higher concentrations of growth factors compared to FBS and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e®. To determine statistical differences, one-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3335410/v1/06a557313b25046fe3f79fbc.png"},{"id":43145867,"identity":"20994542-140e-4d54-936d-76f69555b65a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-14 17:04:11","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":153218,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of growth factors and cytokine concentrations in platelet derivatives, FBS and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e®. Growth factors PDGF-AA, VEGF-A, and cytokines G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-10, IL-6, IL-1RA, RANTES, and TNF-α, were analyzed using the Luminex technique. Data are shown as mean ± SD concentration of each factor (pg/mL), across the 3 batches of PL, PLS and FBS, as well as ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e®. Both PL and PLS show higher concentrations of growth factors and cytokines compared to FBS and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e®. To determine statistical differences, one-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3335410/v1/a10e8191c976856249f45047.png"},{"id":43146703,"identity":"5863c2fc-b105-40f8-8c4b-a425c87cf03f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-14 17:12:11","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":322028,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e® medium with and without PL protein substrate pretreatment in HUVEC culture. Data are shown as mean ± SD of cell number versus time (4, 24, 48, 48, 72 and 96 hours). Evaluation of the proliferation kinetics of HUVECs in culture with ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e® medium was carried out. At 96 hours of culture, the number of cells is higher using the protein substrate. To determine statistical differences, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3335410/v1/a42f2516bbeb4cdf73a8df95.png"},{"id":43145876,"identity":"bdd36891-484f-4a1d-baf7-10c98f4beac1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-14 17:04:11","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":7924927,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScanning electron microscopy evaluation of culture dish surfaces and HUVEC adhesion. \u003c/strong\u003eImages show the culture surface without the PL protein substrate (A) and the culture surface with the PL protein substrate (B). HUVECs are observed to adhere to the protein substrate (C and D), maintaining their morphological characteristics and normal proliferation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3335410/v1/8f345681ee2ed2308c6c4ea7.png"},{"id":43145872,"identity":"dc3738df-49e1-4567-b4ea-e028bc76b22e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-14 17:04:11","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14323,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of different culture media with PL, PLS, and FBS with PL protein substrate pretreatment of dishes. Data are shown as mean ± SD of cell number vs time (4, 24, 48, 48, 72, and 96 hours). Evaluation of HUVEC proliferation kinetics of HUVECs was carried out using different media and concentrations of platelet derivatives and FBS. Normal expected proliferation is not observed; cells remain static over time. To determine statistical differences, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3335410/v1/e6692350ccf49ebf2811bf0f.png"},{"id":43145869,"identity":"acc510f9-197d-4fda-a435-77d2814d2ffe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-14 17:04:11","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":545263,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of the effect of PL and PLS different concentrations as DMEM-F12 supplements, mixed medium, and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e® on HUVEC culture and proliferation. Data are shown as mean ± SD of cell confluence percentage \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e time (24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours). Evaluation of HUVEC proliferation kinetics was carried out using different media and concentrations of platelet derivatives, comparing them with mixed medium and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e®. Expected normal proliferation is not observed with DMEM-F12 media supplemented with different concentrations of platelet derivatives, in contrast to mixed medium and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e® where proliferation was normal and morphology was not affected, being cell confluence above 90 % at 120 hours. To determine statistical differences, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3335410/v1/8c64e04fa111215fee2a4af5.png"},{"id":43146702,"identity":"84a51e50-0618-4f2c-a4a7-a6a426472319","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-14 17:12:11","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":40853,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of different culture media with various combined proportions of ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e® and mixed medium. Data are shown as mean ± SD of cell confluence percentage \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e time (72 and 96 hours). Evaluation of HUVEC proliferation kinetics was carried out using different proportions of mixed medium and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e®. A combination of ≤ 40 % DMEM-F12 + 9 % PLS and ≥ 50 % ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e® allows normal HUVEC proliferation kinetics. To determine statistical differences, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3335410/v1/1e0f912956874bef18ea0d75.png"},{"id":43145868,"identity":"bce26333-d5c8-4917-9599-b45d69a267d7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-14 17:04:11","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":30529,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of DMEM-F12 with different concentrations of PLS and mixed medium in HUVEC culture and proliferation. Data are shown as mean ± SD of cell confluence percentage \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003etime (24, 48, and 120 hours). Evaluation of HUVEC proliferation kinetics was carried out with different media and PLS concentrations and compared with the mixed medium. It was observed that the media with different PLS concentrations did not improve HUVEC cell proliferation, compared to the mixed medium culture.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3335410/v1/97ddcc2891330d882b4fcbd2.png"},{"id":43146704,"identity":"67448df0-34cc-4e39-b6a6-66b2e6437666","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-14 17:12:11","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":856959,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of mixed medium and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e® with and without protein substrate in HUVEC culture and proliferation. Data are represented in graphs A and B as mean ± SD of cell confluence percentage versus time (48, 72, 96, and 120 hours). Evaluation of HUVEC proliferation kinetics was carried out in culture with different media modifications (mixed medium and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e® with and without PL protein substrate). It was observed that mixed medium and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e® with PL protein substrate improved HUVEC adhesion and proliferation. To determine statistical differences in graph A, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3335410/v1/9a0fdfcb31563cc7a3bb1988.png"},{"id":43145871,"identity":"86f9bacc-5c43-489d-9124-46edc63588ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-14 17:04:11","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":400177,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHUVEC phenotype with mixed medium and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e® with and without PL protein substrate.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3335410/v1/3f3d93d493bff6c356380573.png"},{"id":43148196,"identity":"7c29cc0e-98ae-4ea2-8bf3-0c6003594173","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-14 17:28:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3668027,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3335410/v1/4466c699-1674-4d4e-8539-decef08a1146.pdf"},{"id":43145874,"identity":"cd96734d-7c89-441f-8a1e-7258ebadcbc1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-14 17:04:11","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":339902,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. S1\u003c/strong\u003e Comparison of HUVEC cells behavior cultured in DMEM/Ham-F12 supplemented with different concentrations of FBS, PL, and PLS. Data are shown as mean ± SD of cell confluence percentage versus time (4, 24, and 48 hours). Evaluation of HUVEC culture and proliferation behavior was carried out using different culture media, including DMEM-F12 supplemented with platelet derivatives and FBS, to the commercial ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e® medium. It was observed that at 48 hours of culture, cell count the number did not increase, the expected normal proliferation curve was not seen, and cells began to detach from the culture dish. To determine statistical differences, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. S2\u003c/strong\u003e Comparison of different media with various concentrations of inactivated PL and PLS on HUVEC culture and proliferation. Data are shown as mean ± SD of cell confluence percentage versus time (24, 48, 72, and 96 hours). Evaluation of HUVEC culture behavior and proliferation was carried out with different culture media using DMEM-F12 supplemented with 2 %, 4 %, 6 %, 8 %, and 10 % inactivated PL and PLS. Expected normal proliferation was not observed with inactivated platelet derivatives. To determine statistical differences, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. S3\u003c/strong\u003e Comparison of different modifications of ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e® medium on HUVEC culture, proliferation, and adhesion. Data are shown as mean ± SD of cell confluence percentage versus time (24, 48, 72, and 96 hours). Evaluation of HUVECs culture and proliferation behavior was carried out using different ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e® medium modifications, in which each complementary component of the medium (complete ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e®, ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e® without ECGS, FCS, hydrocortisone, FGF and without EGF) was removed. It was observed that HUVEC proliferation at 96 hours was significantly decreased when ECGS and FBS were not added. To determine statistical differences, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Supplementarymaterial.EvaluationPLbasedmediumproteinsubstrateforHUVECculture.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3335410/v1/f39c1aca283117f66745b28b.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Evaluation of platelet lysate-based medium and protein substrate for HUVEC cell culture and expansion","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eEndothelial cells (ECs) are a type of epithelial cells that line the inner surface of blood vessels, forming a continuous layer known as the vascular endothelium [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. These cells are highly versatile, and their diverse functions are regulated by numerous factors present in the circulation or locally available in the vascular microenvironment. ECs express several surface antigens, such as CD31, CD34, CD144, CD146, and von Willebrand factor (vWF), which are used as markers to identify and characterize ECs in immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry studies [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe endothelium participates in several physiological processes such as the regulation of vascular tone, the establishment of an immunological barrier, the transmigration of leukocytes, blood coagulation, angiogenesis, and the repair of damaged blood vessels. Endothelial function and dysfunction have been involved in inflammation, cardiovascular disease, long-term complications of diabetes, as well as tumor growth driven by exaggerated angiogenesis. Therefore, endothelial cell culture is a crucial tool in vascular biology research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. There are a large number of scientific publications using endothelial cells \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e, either alone or in combination with other cell types, to study physiological and disease models, facilitating a better understanding of pathophysiology and guiding potential treatments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter successful isolation, the expansion of ECs for subsequent experiments depends on the effectiveness of the method employed to achieve their proliferation and maintain their viability. \u003cem\u003eIn vivo\u003c/em\u003e, endothelial cell proliferation is a highly regulated phenomenon, with vasculogenesis restricted to embryonic and placental development, while angiogenesis occurs in postnatal life to supply the demand for nutrients and oxygen as tissues grow. In adulthood, this process is much more restricted, although it persists with other associated phenomena such as increased body fat, menstruation, or wound healing; this restriction causes the cell cycle of vascular endothelial cells to remain inactive in most of the vascular tree; however, during cell culture, endothelial cells are required to proliferate and expand for experimental or therapeutic use [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], which represents a great challenge to researchers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are among the most widely used in human endothelial research and the development of potential cell therapies for a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular, metabolic, neurological, and autoimmune diseases. Although this model does not represent all endothelial cell types found in the vascular tree, HUVECs have been used for their proliferative and differentiation capacity, to study the properties of the vascular endothelium, in addition, it has been shown that these cells have an increased ability to secrete growth factors and cytokines that are important for tissue repair and regeneration [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the isolation of endothelial cells, it is important to use appropriate culture media that provide essential nutrients and conditions for the growth, maintenance, and survival of these cells. The first culture media used for EC isolation and recovery were medium 199 (M199) supplemented mainly with different concentrations of fetal bovine serum (FBS), from 10\u0026ndash;30%, as well as Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM) supplemented with FBS (8\u0026ndash;10) and the MCDB131 basal nutritional medium which is characterized by the presence of many components not found in previous basal media, including putrescine, adenine, thymidine, and higher levels of some amino acids and vitamins, as well as high levels of magnesium cofactor involved in cell proliferation. These additions make it possible to supplement the medium with low levels of serum, but in most cases, it is still necessary to maintain supplementation with growth factors, hydrocortisone, and glutamine, among others [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrently, specialized and commercial culture media are supplemented with a variety of growth factors to stimulate endothelial cell proliferation without affecting their phenotype or function. Indeed, the optimization of culture conditions for EC proliferation is a recurring concern in vascular biology research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Several endothelial cell culture media are available, differing fundamentally in the composition of growth supplements [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile some media are supplemented with defined concentrations of recombinant growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), others contain endothelial cell growth supplements derived from bovine brain extract (BBE), pituitary extract (BPE) or hypothalamus extract (BHE) and are rich in growth-promoting molecules of unspecified composition and amount. In addition to growth factors, endothelial cell media may be supplemented with hydrocortisone or may contain L-glutamine, heparin, ascorbic acid, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), as endothelial cell growth, proliferation, viability, and differentiation are regulated by endocrine factors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommonly used commercial culture media include endothelial cell growth basal medium (EBM, Lonza\u0026reg;) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], complete endothelial cell culture medium (ECM, Endothelial Cell Medium; ScienCell\u0026reg;)\u0026reg;) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], vascular cell basal medium (ATTC\u0026reg;) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], and endothelial cell growth medium for large, medium, and microvascular tissue vessels (ECGM, PromoCell\u0026reg;) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. These media contain essential nutrients and growth factors for endothelial cells [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Although it is possible to obtain them in our country, these specialized media are expensive and must be imported, which increases the time required before effective use (commercialization, availability, shipping, and delivery). In addition, most of these media are supplemented with FBS, which may contain factors interfering with endothelial cell growth and, therefore, their elimination from the medium may improve cell isolation and growth. Furthermore, in the case of cell therapy applications, it is preferable to use xeno-free media to reduce the likelihood of immunogenic reactions and post-infusion complications of these cells [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR20\" citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth specialized and conventional culture media used for the nutrition, maintenance, and differentiation of endothelial cells must be carefully selected to ensure that they do not affect the physical, functional, and phenotypic properties of these cells.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aim of this work was to develop a culture medium supplemented with platelet unit derivatives (platelet lysate -PL and platelet lysate serum - PLS) and to compare its performance for the isolation, proliferation, and maintenance of HUVEC cells with the commercial endothelial cell growth medium, \u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e (ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u0026reg;\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eObtaining and preparation of PL and PLS.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe implementation of an endothelial cell culture medium using PL and PLS preparations was performed as described previously [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnalysis of growth factors and cytokines in PL, PLS, and FBS preparations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluation of growth factors and cytokines in the endothelial cell growth medium (ECGM, \u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg;) was performed as described previously for PL, PLS, and FBS [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eProliferation assays of HUVECs with ECGM-\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ePromocell\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u0026reg; medium with and without protein substrate.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePreparation of HUVEC culture dishes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on preliminary assays performed in the laboratory, low adherence, and proliferation of HUVECs to the culture dish were observed (Supplementary Material, Figure \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e), therefore, dishes pretreated with a protein substrate derived from PL were utilized. For its preparation, 0.0285 mL of PL/cm2 and 0.01 mL of calcium gluconate (9.4 mg/mL; Calcium: 0.301mg/mL) were added for each mL of PL, followed by incubation for 20 minutes at 37\u0026deg;C with 5% carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e). HUVECs were seeded at 7.0 x 10\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e cells/cm2. A control plate without the protein substrate was used. Photographic follow-up was performed at 4, 24, 48, 48, 72, and 96 hours, and a count of the number of cells at various times was carried out. The assay was duplicated in three independent samples, with three images captured per well at each monitoring time. Image J software was used for image processing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eScanning electron microscopy evaluation of HUVEC culture dishes with and without protein substrate.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCulture dishes were taken with and without the protein substrate, as well as dishes with the protein substrate where the HUVEC were cultured. After cell culture, the samples were fixed with 10% buffered formaldehyde for 24 hours. The formaldehyde was then removed, 2.5% glutaraldehyde was added, and the samples were left in this solution for 2 hours. Successive dehydration steps were performed with 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, 95% and 99% ethanol. Complete culture surfaces were sectioned, and the sections were left to dehydrate in a laminar flow chamber for 24 hours. These were then fixed with graphite tape, coated with gold (Denton Vacuum Desk IV), and evaluated in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Jeol JSM 6490 LV) under high vacuum conditions to obtain high-resolution images. The secondary electron detector was used to evaluate the morphology and topography of the samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIsolation and Culture of HUVECs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter signing an informed consent form, three umbilical cords were obtained from healthy pregnant mothers. Each cord was fragmented into approximately 10 cm sections in a laminar flow cabinet. The umbilical vein was cannulated and washed with antibiotic-containing saline (penicillin 500 U/mL and streptomycin 500 mg/mL) to remove clots; then the ends of the umbilical vein were ligated, and collagenase type I at a concentration of 0.1% (1 mg/mL; Gibco) was added to the interior of the umbilical vein, approximately 1 to 5 mL, depending on the caliber and length of the vein. It was incubated at 37\u0026deg;C for 2 hours, and manual pressure was applied along the umbilical vein to complete detaching of the endothelial cells. The extracted cell component was taken and centrifuged at 2500 RPM for 10 minutes to obtain the cell pellet. The supernatant was discarded, and the cells were resuspended in endothelial cell growth medium (ECGM, \u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg;) and seeded in pretreated or non-pretreated 25 cm\u0026sup2; culture dishes with the PL protein substrate for 10\u0026ndash;15 days: upon completing\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;70% confluence. ECs were dissociated with 0.05% trypsin-EDTA (T/E) (Sigma-Aldrich). Cell counting and viability were then performed using trypan blue.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEvaluation of the effect of PL, PLS, and FBS concentrations on HUVEC proliferation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCell behavior in terms of proliferation and adhesion of HUVECs on PL substrate was assessed by comparing at 4, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours using different culture media, including DMEM-F12 supplemented with PL and PLS at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, and a standard medium (DMEM-F12\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% FBS).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEvaluation of HUVEC proliferation using ECGM-\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ePromocell\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u0026reg; medium and different culture media with PL and PLS.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; medium, [supplemented with 0.02 mL v/v FBS, 0.004 mL v/v ECGS supplement, 0.1 ng/mL human recombinant EGF, 1 ng/mL human recombinant FGF-b, 90 \u0026micro;g/mL heparin, and 1 \u0026micro;g/mL hydrocortisone], was compared with culture media supplemented with different concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%) of PL and PLS, and with mixed ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; - DMEM-F12 medium with ratios 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50 and 60:40 supplemented with 9% PLS. HUVEC cell proliferation rate and cell behavior were evaluated at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEvaluation of the effect of PLS concentration on HUVEC proliferation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the previous experiments, HUVEC behavior was evaluated using different concentrations of PLS between 5% and 50%. Adhesion and cell proliferation rates were determined at 24, 48, and 120 hours to assess early adhesion, initial proliferation, and long-term cell growth. For the above assays, 100 U/ml penicillin and streptomycin (Lonza), 2 \u0026micro;g/mL hydrocortisone (Vitalis), 1% L-glutamine (Lonza) were added to all culture media supplemented with PL and PLS, and 50 IU/mL sodium heparin (B. Braun) was added to media supplemented with PL.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll assays were performed in 12-well plates (3.5 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e per well), pretreated with PL protein substrate; HUVECs were seeded at 7.0 x 10\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e cells/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. Each assay was conducted in duplicate for each medium and supplement concentration, and cell morphology, adhesion, and proliferation were compared by taking photographs in triplicate in each well. Image J software was used to analyze the results (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese experiments were designed to determine the optimal concentration of platelet-derived media for HUVEC proliferation and adhesion at different time points.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e Procedure for the obtention, culture, comparison, and analysis of HUVEC cell performance. (Images created with Biorender).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEvaluation of the effect of PL substrate and mixed medium on HUVEC phenotype\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHUVECs were cultured in 25 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e dishes with and without PL protein substrate; cells were cultured with ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; medium and mixed medium (ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg;, DMEM-F12 with 9% PLS). The effect of protein substrate and medium on cell phenotype was evaluated. Phenotypic characterization was conducted by flow cytometry using the following antibodies: CD31 FITC (Clone: WM59), CD144 PE (Clone: 55-7H1), CD146 PE (Clone: P1H12) (Becton-Dickinson BD PharmingenTM), CD34 FITC (Molecular Probes, Life Technologies), HLA-DR FITC (Clone: L243) (Biolegend). Samples analysis was performed at the Flow Cytometry Laboratory of the University of Antioquia\u0026rsquo;s Research Headquarters (BD LSRFortessa\u0026trade; flow cytometer from Beckton-Dickinson). The results were analyzed using FlowJo\u0026trade; software version 10.8.1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Analysis of Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eAll data are presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis of the data was performed using one-way ANOVA or two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test, using GraphPad Prism software version 9.5.1 (La Jolla, CA, USA) with a significance level of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePL and PLS present higher concentrations of growth factors and cytokines compared to FBS and ECGM-\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ePromocell\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u0026reg;.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs described in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], the analysis of growth factors presents in the different supplements and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg;, it was observed that FGF-b, TGF-B1, PDGF-AB, and IGF-1 were significantly increased in all PL and PLS preparations compared to FBS and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001), as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Additionally, EGF concentrations in PL preparations were higher concerning PLS, FBS, and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e Comparison of growth factors content in platelet derivatives, FBS, and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg;. Growth factors IGF-1, PDGF-AB, FGF-b, TGF-β1, and EGF were analyzed by ELISA technique. Data are shown as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (SD) concentration of each factor (pg/mL and ng/mL in the case of IGF-1), across the 3 batches of PL, PLS and FBS, as well as ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg;. Both PL and PLS show higher concentrations of growth factors compared to FBS and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg;. To determine statistical differences, one-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concentration of 9 cytokines and growth factors (IL-6, IL-10, RANTES, PDGF-AA, VEGF-A, TNF-α, IL1RA, GM-CSF, and G-CSF) involved in cell stimulation and differentiation, proinflammatory, and anti-inflammatory responses were evaluated by Luminex technique. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, there were no significant differences in concentrations when comparing PL vs PLS (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). However, statistically significant differences were observed when comparing PL-PLS vs FSB and PL-PLS vs ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; in the concentration of all the molecules (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0005 PL-PLS vs FBS; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001 PL-PLS vs ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg;).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e Comparison of growth factors and cytokine concentrations in platelet derivatives, FBS and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg;. Growth factors PDGF-AA, VEGF-A, and cytokines G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-10, IL-6, IL-1RA, RANTES, and TNF-α, were analyzed using the Luminex technique. Data are shown as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD concentration of each factor (pg/mL), across the 3 batches of PL, PLS and FBS, as well as ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg;. Both PL and PLS show higher concentrations of growth factors and cytokines compared to FBS and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg;. To determine statistical differences, one-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe use of a PL-derived protein substrate promotes adhesion and proliferation of HUVECs.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering the low adherence of HUVECs observed in previous assays with conventional culture systems and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; medium, a PL-derived protein substrate was implemented to pretreat the culture dishes to be used in the HUVEC assays.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;4, the HUVECs culture on a PL protein substrate improves cell adhesion and proliferation at all time points evaluated, being more relevant at 96 hours of culture with ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; medium\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;pretreatment compared to cells seeded in this medium without dishes pretreatment (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.005).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;4\u003c/b\u003e Comparison of ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; medium with and without PL protein substrate pretreatment in HUVEC culture. Data are shown as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD of cell number versus time (4, 24, 48, 48, 72 and 96 hours). Evaluation of the proliferation kinetics of HUVECs in culture with ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; medium was carried out. At 96 hours of culture, the number of cells is higher using the protein substrate. To determine statistical differences, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe use of protein substrate generates a basis for HUVEC growth and adhesion.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, when using the culture surface with a PL protein substrate (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eB), a mesh is formed that simulates the extracellular matrix, providing an environment conducive to HUVEC adhesion, signaling, and, proliferation (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eC and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eD), compared to the culture surface without this substrate (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003eScanning electron microscopy evaluation of culture dish surfaces and HUVEC adhesion.\u003c/b\u003e Images show the culture surface without the PL protein substrate (A) and the culture surface with the PL protein substrate (B). HUVECs are observed to adhere to the protein substrate (C and D), maintaining their morphological characteristics and normal proliferation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFBS standard concentration in culture media does not promote HUVEC proliferation.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, when evaluating HUVEC adhesion and proliferation using PL protein substrate and different culture media with PL and PLS concentrations between 5 and 15%, and with standard medium supplemented with 10% FBS, adequate cell proliferation kinetics were not observed, as cells remained static throughout the evaluation period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e Comparison of different culture media with PL, PLS, and FBS with PL protein substrate pretreatment of dishes. Data are shown as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD of cell number vs time (4, 24, 48, 48, 72, and 96 hours). Evaluation of HUVEC proliferation kinetics of HUVECs was carried out using different media and concentrations of platelet derivatives and FBS. Normal expected proliferation is not observed; cells remain static over time. To determine statistical differences, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHUVEC culture with the mixed medium is similar using ECGM-\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ePromocell\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u0026reg; medium.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, when evaluating HUVEC adhesion and proliferation on PL protein substrate using culture media with concentrations of PL and PLS between 2% and 10%, compared to ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; and mixed medium, it was observed that with supplemented media only with platelet derivatives, cell expansion was not achieved and the cells remained static during the follow-up time, without observing differences even between PL and PLS.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen HUVECs were cultured with the mixed medium (50% DMEM-F12\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;9% PLS and 50% ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg;) these showed a similar behavior to ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg;, compared to other mixed media with different proportions (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e), thus achieving a growth curve with a linear doubling rate up to 96 hours (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) with a confluence of 100% at 120 hours (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e Comparison of the effect of PL and PLS different concentrations as DMEM-F12 supplements, mixed medium, and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; on HUVEC culture and proliferation. Data are shown as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD of cell confluence percentage \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e time (24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours). Evaluation of HUVEC proliferation kinetics was carried out using different media and concentrations of platelet derivatives, comparing them with mixed medium and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg;. Expected normal proliferation is not observed with DMEM-F12 media supplemented with different concentrations of platelet derivatives, in contrast to mixed medium and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; where proliferation was normal and morphology was not affected, being cell confluence above 90% at 120 hours. To determine statistical differences, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e Comparison of different culture media with various combined proportions of ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; and mixed medium. Data are shown as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD of cell confluence percentage \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e time (72 and 96 hours). Evaluation of HUVEC proliferation kinetics was carried out using different proportions of mixed medium and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg;. A combination of \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;40% DMEM-F12\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;9% PLS and \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50% ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; allows normal HUVEC proliferation kinetics. To determine statistical differences, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHigher PLS concentrations do not enhance cell proliferation.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, when HUVECs were cultured with higher PLS concentrations, a lower cell confluence percentage was observed concerning the culture with mixed medium, which could infer an inhibitory effect at high PLS concentrations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e Comparison of DMEM-F12 with different concentrations of PLS and mixed medium in HUVEC culture and proliferation. Data are shown as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD of cell confluence percentage \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e time (24, 48, and 120 hours). Evaluation of HUVEC proliferation kinetics was carried out with different media and PLS concentrations and compared with the mixed medium. It was observed that the media with different PLS concentrations did not improve HUVEC cell proliferation, compared to the mixed medium culture.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCulture with PL protein substrate and mixed medium does not affect the phenotype and morphology of HUVEC cells.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpon performing proliferation and morphology analysis, no significant differences were observed between ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; and the mixed medium (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e), however, differences were observed between cultures with and without substrate. As previously demonstrated (Fig.\u0026nbsp;4), the substrate significantly enhances HUVEC proliferation. Phenotypic characterization of HUVECs through flow cytometry revealed their expression of endothelial cell markers CD31, CD144, and CD146, and were negative for the hematopoietic marker CD34 and for HLA-DR. No differences in the expression of these markers were observed either between culture media or with the use of the PL-protein substrate (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e Comparison of mixed medium and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; with and without protein substrate in HUVEC culture and proliferation. Data are represented in graphs A and B as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD of cell confluence percentage versus time (48, 72, 96, and 120 hours). Evaluation of HUVEC proliferation kinetics was carried out in culture with different media modifications (mixed medium and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; with and without PL protein substrate). It was observed that mixed medium and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; with PL protein substrate improved HUVEC adhesion and proliferation. To determine statistical differences in graph A, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e HUVEC phenotype with mixed medium and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; with and without PL protein substrate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData are represented in the graph as the expression level of surface markers CD31, CD144, CD146, CD34, and HLA-DR. Evaluation of the HUVEC phenotype was carried out in culture with different media modifications (mixed medium and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; with and without PL protein substrate). It was observed that CD31, CD144, and CD146 markers are expressed in more than 90%, while CD34 and HLA-DR markers are expressed in less than 10%. These results confirm that the profile of endothelial cells remains unaffected by any medium modification used.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eHuman endothelial cells are known to be difficult to culture \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e. In the past, attempts to culture these cells have been carried out using conventional media designed for the growth of fibroblast cells (DMEM, MEM), e.g., with serum, or media for the culture of different cell types without proteins, lipids, and growth factors, without serum (M199) or media for the protein-free growth of cells adapted to permanent cell lines (RPMI 1640). However, these media are usually not suitable for endothelial cell growth because these do not themselves provide the nutrients and growth factors necessary for their survival [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn several studies carried out by Jaffe et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], Knedler and Ham [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], as described by Marin et at. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] and Baudin et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], conventional media used for EC culture have been supplemented with high concentrations of animal-derived serum (FBS); however, these are not sufficient to maintain EC growth and morphology, as reported by Bala et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] and as shown in our study, where high concentrations of PLS also failed to maintain and did not have the best effect on cell proliferation and adhesion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough the platelet derivatives used in our study showed high concentrations of biochemical components, hormones, growth factors, and cytokines, these did not prove to be sufficient to effectively nourish HUVEC. On the other hand, upon analyzing the biochemical parameters described in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], we found high levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG), calcium (in the case of PLS), and fibrinogen (PL) in the platelet derivatives. However, this would not be the cause of the poor success in HUVEC growth in culture media with the platelet derivatives, since as evidenced in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], WJ-MSCs, fibroblasts, and AdMSCs, grew and were maintained in culture with PL and PLS-supplemented media, in contrast to that described by Burnouf et al., where high IgG levels can affect cell growth and differentiation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Even upon inactivating PL and PLS at 56\u0026deg;C for 40 minutes to reduce IgG concentrations, no improvement was achieved (Supplementary Figure S2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, the culture medium is a critical factor in maintaining the normal properties of ECs \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e. These cells are highly sensitive to their environment and, thus, the culture medium must provide essential nutrients and conditions for cell growth, maintenance, and survival. Currently, different types of specialized (commercial) media for HUVEC culture have been developed. These come in different presentations, either media that are supplemented with defined concentrations of growth factors or media that are supplemented with extracts whose concentrations and composition of cell growth-promoting molecules are not described in the product; these may also be supplemented with hydrocortisone, L-glutamine, heparin, ascorbic acid, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which may be involved in ECs proliferation, viability, and differentiation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, specialized media are costly and have long import times in our case, resulting in limited availability, thereby restraining progress in research involving these cells. In this study, different culture media were formulated with platelet derivatives (DMEM-F12 with different PL and PLS concentrations), comparing them with the conventional standard medium with animal-derived serum (DMEM-F12 with 10% FBS) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e), and commercial endothelial cell growth medium (ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg;). When HUVEC were cultured using PL, PLS, and FBS, the same outcome as that achieved with ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; was not obtained. However, a mixed medium was implemented that combines ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; commercial medium with DMEM-F12\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;9% PLS, with results similar to those of commercial medium in terms of HUVEC culture and proliferation, which suggests that this option is a viable and cost-effective alternative for replacement at least 50% of the commercial medium mentioned, thereby reducing the high cost of this medium in our country.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a study developed by Busch et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] with retinal microvascular endothelial cells (REC), they evaluated the capacity of these cells to grow in standard cultures with DMEM (5% FBS) and with ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; commercial medium, as well as in combinations of different media of both. A significant decrease in cell proliferation index was observed with DMEM, accompanied by changes in mRNA expression and tight junction proteins levels, as well as alterations in the subcellular localization of key EC proteins such as von Willebrand factor, VE-cadherin, and claudin-5. Also, monolayer cell density and metabolic activity of RECs were affected for culture in DMEM. Although these effects are not clearly understood when using DMEM and FBS in EC culture, the authors describe that it is possibly due to high IL-6 secretion during cellular stress, the effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on cell permeability, or unidentified components in FBS [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. These results are concordant with ours due to the limited success of HUVECs when cultured with DMEM combined with FBS, PL, and PLS.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough the exact composition of ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; is not known due to intellectual property reasons, Bush et al., assume that its composition is based on that of MCDB131 medium, a composite cell culture medium designed to meet the special requirements of microvascular EC [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. An important difference is the tenfold higher concentration of Mg2\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;in the MCDB131 medium (i.e., 10 mM) compared with the DMEM medium, where a significant increase in microvascular EC growth response was observed at high Mg2\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;concentrations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. The high presence of this cation could enhance microvascular EC adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins achieved with protein substrate on culture dishes since Mg2\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;is an important component of integrins and their complexes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. However, it is not understood so far how cells can adhere to plastic supports without any extracellular matrix and how magnesium would help in this process. For example, in some cases, cells can express cell adhesion molecules, such as integrins or lectins, on their surface that directly interact with plastic components or indirectly with cofactors like magnesium. Other cells can secrete proteins, like fibronectin or laminin, which adhere to the plastic and act as anchors for the cells, or the medium used generates an environment rich in these adherent proteins, as commented by Terramani et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNonetheless, the maintenance of typical EC characteristics with ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; medium in cell culture is based on the combination of various components rather than a specific ingredient; to grow and expand HUVECs, the presence of hormones and other growth factors are essential to maintain the cells in long-term cultures, as reported by Bala et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. In our study, a HUVEC proliferation assay was performed in dishes coated with PL protein substrate, using ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; medium removing each supplementary component (Supplementary data). It was observed that the lack of FBS and EC growth supplement (ECGS) led to a significant decrease in HUVEC cell proliferation, in contrast to the lack of the other components where cells continued normal proliferation (Supplementary Figure S3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith these results and according to the literature reviewed, the addition of a source of growth factors, proteins, and hormones, such as an EC growth supplement (ECGS), would be the key to implementing a suitable medium for endothelial cells culture and maintenance, and would also be effective in preserving the phenotype of these cells [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. This is demonstrated by the study performed by Kim et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], investigating the optimal conditions of four different media for the proliferation and functional maintenance of human corneal ECs. They concluded that a single medium does not provide all the nutritional conditions required by ECs and that these media require more factors and supplements to adequately simulate the nutritional environment of these cells [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR29\" citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, it was observed that when using a protein substrate derived from human platelet lysate during HUVEC culture, better results in terms of cell adhesion and proliferation were achieved compared to cultures without this substrate, where cells could not be maintained in culture for more than 3 passages, as also reported by Bala et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. These results are not comparable with studies carried out by Terramani et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], Beekhuizen and van Furth. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e], who report that coating culture dishes with a protein substrate may not be required. In our study, using the PL protein substrate we were able to maintain the culture above passage 10, without affecting cells morphology and phenotype. The results obtained are comparable to those obtained by several authors when using a gel or protein component from fibronectin, type I collagen, fibrin gels, and laminin in their culture protocols to facilitate endothelial cell adhesion and growth [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR33 CR34\" citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe success of implementing this PL substrate in our study, promoting HUVEC adhesion and proliferation, can be explained by several factors: I) PL preparations obtained in the laboratory contain high concentrations of growth factors, such as PDGF, TGF-β1, FGF-b, IGF-1, VEGF, and EGF, with essential bioactive molecules and cytokines for cell adhesion and migration; II) it provides a protein-rich extracellular matrix structure that is important for ECs anchoring and interaction, simulating the natural environment of cells in vascular tissue, facilitating their adhesion and expansion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]; III) HUVECs and other endothelial cells have receptors on their surface, such as β1 integrins [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], which bind to proteins present on the PL substrate. These cell-substrate interactions promote adhesion and activate intracellular signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation and behavior.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe implementation of a culture system combining endothelial cell growth medium (ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg;) and DMEM-F12 (50%-50% respectively) with 9% PLS on PL substrate demonstrated superiority over commercial medium when used without the PL substrate. This strategy allows for a reduction of up to 50% in the use of commercial medium and decreases associated EC culture costs, in addition, to allowing the long-term maintenance of these cells in culture (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10 passages). Therefore, this culture strategy represents a promising and cost-effective alternative for the research and production of endothelial cells, not only in our country but also in other groups worldwide interested in obtaining well-characterized, sufficient, and suitable endothelial cells for research and therapeutic purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank the School of Microbiology\u0026rsquo; Blood Bank of Hospital Alma Mater and University of Antioquia for its contribution in the donation of platelet units.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by funding from Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovaci\u0026oacute;n, Colombia, as part of the project: \u0026quot;Development of cellularized vascular implants from polyvinyl alcohol and comparison of their mechanical and functional properties with porcine arteries or vascular implants existing in the market\u0026quot; contract 642-2018.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors and Affiliations\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJuan Manuel Duarte Rojas and Sergio Estrada Mira contributed equally to this work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTissue Engineering and Cellular Therapies Group \u0026ndash; GITTC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medell\u0026iacute;n, Colombia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eJuan Manuel Duarte Rojas, Sergio Estrada Mira, and Luz Marina Restrepo M\u0026uacute;nera\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCellular Therapy and Biobank Laboratory, Hospital Alma Mater de Antioquia, University of Antioquia, Medell\u0026iacute;n, Antioquia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSergio Estrada Mira\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBasic Biomedical Sciences Academic Corporation, University of Antioquia, Medell\u0026iacute;n, Antioquia.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eJuan Manuel Duarte Rojas\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eContributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJMDR and SEM performed research, analyzed data, and wrote the manuscript. LMRM reviewed and made recommendations on the manuscript. JMD conducted experimental work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorresponding author\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence to Juan Manuel Duarte Rojas\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics declarations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis study was performed according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and all studies were reviewed and approved by the host institutions. Resolution 008430/1993 of the National Ministry of Health and, International ethical standards for human research. Decree 2378 of 2008.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eInformed consent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent attached to the University of Antioquia and Hospital Alma Mater de Antioquia signed by the patients and pregnant mothers who donate the different samples or tissues.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKr\u0026uuml;ger-Genge A, Blocki A, Franke RP, Jung F (2019). Vascular Endothelial Cell Biology: An Update. 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Tissue and Cell. 43(4):216\u0026ndash;22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tice.2011.03.004\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSiow RCM (2012). Culture of Human Endothelial Cells from Umbilical Veins. En: Mitry RR, Hughes RD, editores. Human Cell Culture Protocols [Internet]. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; [citado el 3 de mayo de 2023]. p. 265\u0026ndash;74. (Methods in Molecular Biology). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-367-7_18\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBurnouf T, Strunk D, Koh MBC, Schallmoser K (2016). Human platelet lysate: Replacing fetal bovine serum as a gold standard for human cell propagation? Biomaterials. 76:371\u0026ndash;87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.065\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChelladurai KS, Christyraj JDS, Rajagopalan K, Yesudhason BV, Venkatachalam S, Mohan M, et al (2021). Alternative to FBS in animal cell culture - An overview and future perspective. Heliyon; 7(8). https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2021.e07686\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTekkatte C, Gunasingh GP, Cherian KM, Sankaranarayanan K (2011). \u0026ldquo;Humanized\u0026rdquo; Stem Cell Culture Techniques: The Animal Serum Controversy. Stem Cells International; 2011:e504723. https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/504723\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDuarte Rojas JM, Restrepo M\u0026uacute;nera LM, Estrada Mira S (2023). Comparison between platelet lysate, platelet lysate serum, and fetal bovine serum as a supplement for cell culture, expansion, and cryopreservation. PrePrint (Version 1) available at Research Squeare [Internet]. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3171753/v1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJaffe EA, Nachman RL, Becker CG, Minick CR (1973). Culture of Human Endothelial Cells Derived from Umbilical Veins. Identification by morphologic and immunologic criteria. J Clin Invest. 52(11):2745\u0026ndash;56. https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI107470\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNachman RL, Jaffe EA (2004). Endothelial cell culture: beginnings of modern vascular biology. J Clin Invest. 114(8):1037\u0026ndash;40. https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI23284\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAkiyama SK (1996). Integrins in cell adhesion and signaling. Hum Cell. 9(3):181\u0026ndash;6. PMID: 9183647.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKadry YA, Calderwood DA (2020). Chapter 22: Structural and signaling functions of integrins. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes. 1862(5):183206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183206\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTerramani TT, Eton D, Bui PA, Wang Y, Weaver FA, Yu H (2000). Human macrovascular endothelial cells: Optimization of culture conditions. In Vitro CellDevBiol-Animal. 36(2):125\u0026ndash;32. https://doi.org/10.1290/1071-2690(2000)036%3C0125:hmecoo%3E2.0.co;2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKim E, Kim JJ, Hyon JY, Chung ES, Chung TY, Yi K, et al (2014). The Effects of Different Culture Media on Human Corneal Endothelial Cells. Investigative Ophthalmology \u0026amp; Visual Science. 55(8):5099\u0026ndash;108. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.14-14564\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHofbauer P, Riedl S, Witzeneder K, Hildner F, Wolbank S, Groeger M, et al (2014). Human platelet lysate is a feasible candidate to replace fetal calf serum as medium supplement for blood vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells. Cytotherapy. 16(9):1238\u0026ndash;44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.04.009\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePeters K, Helmert T, Gebhard S, Mail\u0026auml;nder V, Unger RE, Nezi-Cahn S, et al (2022). Standardized Human Platelet Lysates as Adequate Substitute to Fetal Calf Serum in Endothelial Cell Culture for Tissue Engineering. Biomed Res Int. 2022:3807314. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3807314\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBeekhuizen H, van Furth R (2008). Growth Characteristics of Cultured Human Macrovascular Venous and Arterial and Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Journal of Vascular Research. 31(4):230\u0026ndash;9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000159048\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUriel S, Labay E, Francis-Sedlak M, Moya ML, Weichselbaum RR, Ervin N, et al (2009). Extraction and Assembly of Tissue-Derived Gels for Cell Culture and Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 15(3):309\u0026ndash;21. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0309\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeeger JM, Klingman N (1985). Improved endothelial cell seeding with cultured cells and fibronectin-coated grafts. J Surg Res. 38(6):641\u0026ndash;7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4804(85)90087-3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFortunato TM, Beltrami C, Emanueli C, De Bank PA, Pula G (2016). Platelet lysate gel and endothelial progenitors stimulate microvascular network formation in vitro: tissue engineering implications. Sci Rep. 6(1):25326. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25326\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKim H, Prasain N, Vemula S, Ferkowicz MJ, Yoshimoto M, Voytik-Harbin SL, et al (2015). Human platelet lysate improves human cord blood derived ECFC survival and vasculogenesis in three dimensional (3D) collagen matrices. Microvascular Research. 101:72\u0026ndash;81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mvr.2015.06.006\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHutchings H, Ortega N, Plou\u0026euml;t J (2003). Extracellular matrix-bound vascular endothelial growth factor promotes endothelial cell adhesion, migration, and survival through integrin ligation. The FASEB Journal. 17(11):1\u0026ndash;27. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.02-0691fje\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Human umbilical vein endothelial cells - HUVEC, human platelet lysate and platelet lysate serum, mixed medium, PL protein substrate, adhesion, proliferation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3335410/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3335410/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eEndothelial cell (EC) culture requires specialized and commercial culture media that differ fundamentally in the composition of growth supplements. These media are expensive and must be imported, increasing the time to effective use. Human platelet lysate (PL) and platelet lysate serum (PLS) media are emerging alternatives to commercial media. This study evaluated the performance and behavior of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) using the commercial medium ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; and media supplemented with PL and PLS. After obtaining informed consent, umbilical cords were collected and HUVEC were isolated. The performance of HUVECs was compared between ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; commercial medium and media developed from PL and PLS. A PL-derived protein substrate was introduced to pre-treat and form a thin layer on culture plates. The cells were characterized by flow cytometry using the markers CD31, CD144, CD146, CD34, and HLA-DR. A mixed culture medium was obtained from the combination of PLS and ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; commercial medium, which was able to maintain the viability, adhesion, and proliferation of ECs. At the same time, a protein substrate was implemented using PL, which was added to the surface of the culture plates, being able to simulate an extracellular matrix, facilitating enhanced endothelial cell adhesion, proliferation, and yield. Cells cultured with ECGM-\u003cem\u003ePromocell\u0026reg;\u003c/em\u003e and the mixed medium, with and without the PL protein substrate, expressed the surface markers CD31, CD144, and CD146, and were negative for CD34 and HLA-DR markers. The mixed medium together with the PL protein substrate represents excellent alternatives for the culture, maintenance, and proliferation of endothelial cells; being a promising and profitable strategy for the research and production of these cells for therapeutic and research purposes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluation of platelet lysate-based medium and protein substrate for HUVEC cell culture and expansion","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-09-14 17:04:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3335410/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0bbee858-793f-47a5-968c-f97f607c0fe5","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 14th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-09-14T17:04:08+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-09-14 17:04:05","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3335410","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3335410","identity":"rs-3335410","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"cBFmMYwuxLRRLfASyISRj","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}