Orthogonal-Surface Gear Tooth Milling Processing and Measurement Analysis Research

Orthogonal-Surface Gear Tooth Milling Processing and Measurement Analysis Research | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Orthogonal-Surface Gear Tooth Milling Processing and Measurement Analysis Research Juan Wang, Xiaozhen Li This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9025083/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract To validate the feasibility of milling orthogonal-surface gears (surface gears), the tooth surface equation was derived based on the envelope method and gear meshing principles. Building upon this, a tooth surface parametric model and 3D solid model were established. Combining the kinematics of a five-axis CNC machine, tooth surface toolpath planning and CNC program generation were completed. A five-axis ball-end mill milling test was conducted on a three-tooth gear specimen. Subsequently, the tooth surface point cloud data was acquired using MetraSCAN 3D optical scanning. Quantitative evaluation of the machined tooth surface was performed through point cloud registration and deviation calculation. Results indicate that machining errors primarily concentrate in the crown and root regions, with relatively minor deviations in the mid-section. Key factors contributing to excessive crown/root errors include tool posture constraints in confined spaces, abrupt local cutting condition changes, and insufficient path continuity in transition zones. To address these issues, this study proposes adopting segmented constant residual height/constant chord height strategies in root transition zones, optimizing tool axis inclination and feed rates, and integrating tool radius compensation with machine geometric error calibration to enhance forming accuracy in both crown and root regions. This research provides reference for five-axis milling and measurement evaluation of orthogonal-surface gear tooth surfaces. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing Spur gears Milling Measurement Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 09 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 31 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 30 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 17 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 17 Mar, 2026 Editor invited by journal 17 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 13 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 12 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9025083","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":607657078,"identity":"76c88ff3-58ce-4ed9-a4e3-b95e3b0378c9","order_by":0,"name":"Juan Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Anhui Science and Technology University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juan","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":607657080,"identity":"c66f20ac-9b70-4d91-b29e-54096291fe11","order_by":1,"name":"Xiaozhen Li","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA50lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPmYGhgNAOoGBgfmAAVFa2BBa2BKgWpgJaIHSQC08MEsIaWHnMTzwo6Iuj1+650PBmz91DObs/QcIOIwt4WDPGbZiyTlnNxjO4WFjsOw5TMAWZuYDB3jbeBI33MjdYMwjwcNgcCOZkBbGhoN/2yQS99/IeWDMYyDBYHD/MWFbDvO2GSRukMhhMOYBBprBDULeB/rlsMyZhMQZN9IMDOccSOAxOJOMP374+c8Yf3xTUZfYPyP5mQEwxOQMjh98gN8aZBsNeICxQ7RyEGB+QJr6UTAKRsEoGCkAAEPrQKsmem+xAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Anhui Science and Technology University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaozhen","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-04 03:08:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9025083/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9025083/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":105903903,"identity":"248ad517-ad10-400e-8abe-19229ad2c328","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-01 09:57:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":884582,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"maindocument.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9025083/v1_covered_bf0b062b-8b25-490d-8a5e-6b94ca769812.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Orthogonal-Surface Gear Tooth Milling Processing and Measurement Analysis Research","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Spur gears, Milling, Measurement","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9025083/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9025083/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTo validate the feasibility of milling orthogonal-surface gears (surface gears), the tooth surface equation was derived based on the envelope method and gear meshing principles. 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