FTIR, XRD, EDX with SEM Spectroscopic Studies on Sedimentary Rocks of Bodamalai Hills, South India

FTIR, XRD, EDX with SEM Spectroscopic Studies on Sedimentary Rocks of Bodamalai Hills, South India | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article FTIR, XRD, EDX with SEM Spectroscopic Studies on Sedimentary Rocks of Bodamalai Hills, South India Surendar Krishnan, Rajkumar P This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4487593/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The sedimentary rocks are posses’ bunch amount of Minerals and Elements. Most of the Eastern Ghats were not much prevalence by Anthropogenic. These Natural Rock sediments undergone through proper investigation by spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, XRD and EDX with SEM are used to identify the Minerals and Elements. The Bodamalai hill is the part of Eastern Ghats, it is formed sedimentary rock samples have been carried out by these spectroscopic techniques to delineate the identification of Minerals and Elements through The Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) technique has been carried out to identify the minerals and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis is made for confirmation of identified minerals such as Quartz, Brunwigite, Calcite, Cristobalite, Gibbsite, Goethite, Halloysite, Hectorite, Illite, Kaolinite, Lepidocrocite, Microline Feldspar, Montmorillonite, Nacrite, Organic Compound, Palygorskite, Sepiolite, and Siderite are identified. The minerals were identified with help of available literature from IR absorption band of location of different peaks. The relative distribution of Quartz, Kaolinite and Felspar, Extinction coefficient, Crystallinity index and the Nature of Crystallinity are also discussed. This study demonstrates the Nature of Crystallinity, which was calculated by Crystalline Index of the Rock cementation in elevation wise from Top to Bottom are discussed. FTIR XRD EDX with SEM Crystallinity Index Extinction Coefficient Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 1. Introduction The Rocks are the natural sources of most of minerals. Such as artificial exploration or natural degradations the hidden minerals could be exposed. These exposed rocks as in the form of rock crystals. These materials are subjected to the proper investigation of various spectroscopic techniques like FTIR, XRD and EDX with SEM are used to identify the elements and minerals. Infrared spectra act as “finger print” technique and yield information about the atomic grouping present in the rock samples [R.Ravisankar et al]. IR tool in mineralogy is a most powerful tool conjunction with XRD. Using FTIR, unique information about the group of minerals in which the specimen belongs, the degree of Crystalline and Nature of Crystinallity also inferred. Energy Dispersive X ray Spectrometry was chosen for the quantitative analysis of potsherds because of its accurate, relatively cheap and easy to handle. It has short processing times and very low detection limits. The basic principle of EDX is that the electrons are in particular elements are excited by X-rays they emit or fluorescence a spectrum of X-ray that is specific to that element. In the present study, the Bodamalai hills from Tamilnadu state, South India is subjected to several analytical methodologists. FTIR and XRD were used for mineral identification and EDX with SEM for the determination of chemical elements characterisation. The combined studies of analysis may be used for characterization of rock samples of Bodamalai Hills. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Samples Collection 2.1.1 Bodhamalai (11 o 32’31” N 78 o 14’37” E – Longitude and Latitude) is a part of Eastern Ghats in Rasipuram Thaluk in Namakkal district in Tamil Nadu, India. It has Elevation of 1,100 m (3600 feet) with wide area of 180 km 2 . Its length is 19.3121 km (12.0000 mi) East – West side. The location of the Bodahills is shown in Fig. 1 . 2.2 Sample Preparation and Instruments used For Mineral analysis the sediments are collected from various 15 locations of hills. Depending upon the elevation the hills sample locations are divided in 15 places. The hills are even no proper way to reach top locations. Their foot paths approximately divided by 15 locations and collected the sufficient rock samples for spectroscopic analysis. The samples were collected from Elevation of the Hill from Top to Bottom. In all locations 1 kg of rock samples were collected in air tight Polythene bags. 2.2.1 Experimental Methods All the samples were cleaned with clear water and weathered in surface for an hour in order to removal to moisture. The samples are taken 30–50 mg and grinding in an agate mortar for 15–20 minutes till to get expected size of around 60–70 µm. By pellet techniques, the grinded samples were mixed with KBr with the ratio of 1:40. The mixed materials were made like transparent disc by using high pressure technique. Using ‘Perkin Elmer’ makes ‘Spectrum RX I’ Model FTIR spectrometer the maximum transmittance and peaks were observed. The resolution of the instrument is ± 4 cm − 1 and an accuracy of ± 0.01 cm − 1 . 2.2.2 FTIR Spectroscopic Technique The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Technique has been extensively used in the detailed characterization of Molecular Structure and used as a diagnostic tool since every species for which the molecular motion causes a change of in dipole moment [S. Mullainathan et al]. One of the most important and value added application of the of FTIR studies is the identification of minerals in rock samples. To provide a good characterization of a mineral by IR spectroscopy the spectrum should recorded in the range of 4000 − 400 cm − 1 . Such coverage ensures that most the useful vibration active IR will be included [R. Ravisankar et al]. The Nicolet-Avatar 330 series FTIR Spectrometer is used in this present work to obtain FTIR spectra of the rock samples at room temperature. This device scans the spectra 16 times in one minute. A standard polystyrene film is used to calibrate the accuracy of the instrument at every time before taking the readings. 2.2.3 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis FTIR plays a vital role to identify the minerals in the geological and rock samples as well. The determinations of major and minor mineral constituents present in the rock sample done by Qualitative analysis. The minerals are identified by sharpness or diffuseness of band. By locations of peak from graph the minerals are identified by comparing the literature values. The quantitative analysis gives clear information on the exact amount of particular minerals in the given sample. Minerals do not bend themselves readily to quantitative analysis by IR techniques as they are particulate in limitations on the relationships between concentration and the IR radiation. The quantitative determination through IR analysis could be done by Lambert-Beer’s Law $$A= - {log}_{10 }\left(\frac{I}{{I}_{0}}\right) ={log}_{10 }\left(\frac{{I}_{0}}{I}\right) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\left(1\right)$$ Where A – represents the absorbance, I and I 0 are the intensity of incident and transmitted radiation. The extinction coefficient (K) also calculated by using formula $$K= \frac{DA}{m}$$ Where D – logarithm of Intensity ratio, A – Area of the Pellet and m – mass of the Pellet For compound and minerals whose compositions is relatively invariant, eg., Quartz, Kaolinite and Feldsper are easy to find reference for the unknown mineral similar to those sample being analyzed. 2.2.4 XRD Technique The X ray diffraction pattern were recorded at room temperature using Siemens D500 X ray diffractometer having a curved graphite crystal diffracted monochromator, with source of CuKα radiation and NaI (TI) scintillation counter. The derived peaks and corresponding Minerals are given in table (02). The diffraction patterns were revealed over the 2θ values in the range of 20 o to 80 o [V Ramasamy et al]. The lattice parameter is the order of 0.005 Å is the estimated error of the device. Using the values of 2-Theta in degree and d-spacing in Å of XRD spectrum for various minerals have been identified from JCPDS data base [S Sivakumar et al], 2000 and reference journals as well. The sample spread as a flat sheet in an aluminium holder was allowed to rotate with respect to the impinging X-ray beam, instead of film, the different X-ray photos were recorded by scintillation counter which is connected to an electronic counting system. The later was synchronized with a strip chart recorder, a rate meter, a timer, a goniometry power supply and a pulse height analyser. There often connected to a digital prints for a printed output. The experiment pattern was compared with patterns obtained from JCPDS database [V Ramasamy et al]. The minerals such as Quartz, Sepiolite, Goethite, Albite, Microline Feldspar, Orthoclase Feldspar, Kyanite, Calcite, Zircon, Monazite, Aragonite, Magnetite and Hematite are identified and tabulated. The above mentioned minerals are confirmed by XRD technique earlier identified from FTIR graphs. The crystallinity index and their Nature of crystallinity of the sample of minerals are also tabulated. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Identification of minerals through FTIR Analysis The absorption frequencies of all spectra are tabulated in wave number (cm − 1 ) in Table (01). The observed wave number compared with available literature the minerals such as Burnswigite, Organic Carbon, Gibbsite, Quartz, Aragonite, Sepiolite, Calcite, Cristobalite, Hectorite, Kaolinite, Montmorillonite, Hallyosite, Nacrite, Goethite, Microcline Feldspar, Megnetite, Hematite and Pyrophyllite are identified and tabulated for Bodamalai Hills[03, 06]. The FTIR Spectrum is given in Fig. 2 . Sl. No. Name of the minerals Chemical Formula Site number Observed wave numbers (cm − 1 ) 1 Quartz SiO 2 1,3,5–7,10 & 14 1880 − 1876 7,11 1620 3,5,6 & 10 1084, 1083 1 to 15 780 − 778 1 to 15 694 − 692 1 & 3–15 467 − 463 2 Kaolinite [Al 4 Si 4 O 10 (OH 8 )] 1,3–5,7–9 & 12–15 3433 − 3430 2,6,10 & 11 3426 − 3423 2 1017 1, 3 ,7,9,12,13 & 15 1035, 1036 14 474 3 Calcite CaCO 3 1,3–5,8,9 & 12–15 1385 − 1383 6 & 7 1082 4 Cristobalite SiO 2 (Polymorph of silica) 1,4,8 & 9 1099 − 1093 5 Gibbsite Al(OH) 3 1,3–5,8,9 & 12–15 2026, 2025 6 Goethite α - FeO(OH) 2 to 15 636 − 632 14 455 7 Halloysite Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 14 1101 8 Hectorite Na0,3(Mg,Li) 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 15 1079 9 Hematite α - Fe 2 O 3 1,3–10 & 12–15 539 − 537 10 Illite (K,H 3 O)(Al,Mg,Fe) 2 (Si,Al) 4 O 10 [(OH) 2 ,(H 2 O)] 12 754 11 Lepidocrocite FeO(OH) 2 541 12 Microcline Feldspar (K)[AlSiO 3 O 8 ] 1 to 15 585 − 575 13 Montmorillonite (Na,Ca) 0.3 (Al,Mg) 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 nH 2 O 6 & 10 1027 14 Nacrite Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 14 1008 15 Organic Carbon C 1 to 15 2925 − 2921 1 to 15 2857 − 2853 16 Palygorskite (Mg,Al) 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 4 (H 2 O) 2 1634 11 517 17 Sepiolite Mg 4 Si 6 O 15 (OH) 2 6(H 2 O) 1,2–6,8–11 & 12–15 1635 − 1622 2 & 14 433 18 Siderite FeCO 3 7,11 1426 Table .1 - The observed absorption wave numbers and corresponding minerals from FTIR spectra 3.2 Quartz Quartz (SiO 2 ) is ubiquitous mineral and it is abundant constituent in all the Rock sediments which we were examined. It is a non-clay mineral, which is common and invariably present in almost all the samples. The Si-O bonds are the strongest bonds in the silicate structure and it could recognize in IR spectra. It is an important component of almost all the samples and its characteristics peaks are reported by several workers [V Ramasamy et al, S Sivakumar et al, A Chandrasekaran et al, Rajesh Paramasivam et al, S Mullainathan et al, S. Gnanasaravanan et al, Raju Jayappagol et al]. The presence of Quartz in Bodamalai hills available in almost all the site numbers. The presence of Quartz observes in various wave numbers and it is tabulated in Table (01). The FTIR absorption band 1880–1876 cm − 1 , 1084 cm − 1 , 1083 cm − 1 , 780–692cm − 1 , 467–463 cm − 1 are suggest the presence of Quartz in wave number [V.Ramasamy et al, S. Sivakumar et al, R. Ravisankar et al, Rajesh Paramasivam et al]. The presence of Quartz in the rock samples can be explained by Si-O asymmetrical bending vibration in the range of 455–460 and 470 cm-1,Si-O asymmetrical bending vibrations[V Ramasamy et al, S. Sivakumar et al, R. Ravisankar et al] are 693–695 cm − 1 frequency range[V Ramasamy et al, S Sivakumar et al, A Chandrasekaran et al, Rajesh Paramasivam et al, S Mullainathan et al, S. Gnanasaravanan et al, Raju Jayappagol et al]. The frequency ranges 775 cm − 1 and 780 cm − 1 shows the Si-O symmetrical stretching vibration [V Ramasamy et al, S. Sivakumar et al, R. Ravisankar et al] 780 cm − 1 are symmetrical bending vibrations. 778 cm − 1 frequency shows the Si-O symmetrical bending vibration [S. Gnanasaravanan et al]. These assignments are good agreement with that reported for quartz mineral by Hlavay et.al. [V.Ramasamy et al][ Rajesh Paramasivam et al] and other many workers. 3.3 Feldspar (Orthoclase, Microcline, Albite) Feldspars [AlSi 3 O 8 ] are most important mineral group in all rock sediments types which make up perhaps as much as 60% of the Earth’s Crust [01,02,06]. The general formula is WZ 4 O 8 . “W” may be Na, K, Ca and/or Ba, “Z” is Si and/or Al. Its group of minerals such as Orthoclase, Microcline (K)[AlSiO 3 O 8 ], sanidine (K-feldspar), aorthite (Ca-feldspar), Albite [NaAlSi 3 O 8 ] are identified by many researchers by analysing the FTIR spectroscopic techniques[03]. They differ in structure Orthoclase Feldspar is Monoclinic, Microline Feldspar is Triclinic and Sanidine is Tetraheral [V. Ramasamy et.al]The frequency range 435 cm − 1 lies Si-O mixed vibration range and 533–540 cm − 1 are Si-O asymmetric bending vibration, 570 cm − 1 shows the Si-O symmetrical bending vibration, 585 cm − 1 is O - Si(Al) - O bending vibration and 640–644 cm − 1 frequency ranges are shows Al - O - Co-ordination vibration [Rajesh Paramasivam et al, S. Gnanasaravanan et el, R. Ravisankar et al, J. D. Russell et al, Rajesh Paramasivam et al]. These assignments are good agreed with V. Ramasamy et.al and Ravisankar et.al. 3.4 Clay Minerals (Kaolinite, Montomorilinte, Iltite) Kaolinite [Al 4 Si 4 O 10 (OH 8 )] is a clay mineral crystallizing the Monoclinic form and forming major component of China clay and Kaolin[S. Sivakumar et al]. It is softy earthy usually white mineral. It is basic raw material for ceramics and large quantities are used in manufacture of coated paper [S. Sivakumar et al]. In FTIR frequency spectrum 3433 − 343 cm − 1 ,3426 − 3423 cm − 1 shows the presence of Kaolinite in the site numbers (2,6,10 & 11), 1017 cm − 1 , 1037–1035 cm − 1 shows the presence of Kaolinite minerals in site numbers (1,3,7,9,12,13 & 15) were examined[08]. Accroding to Russell, montmorillonite contain both tetrahedral and octahedral isomoujphous substitution, Al (and occasionally Fe 3+ ) for Si in the former case, and Fe3 + and Mg for Al in the latter. As a result of these substitutions, crystalline order is reduced [J D Russell et al.]. Montomorilinte is a very soft phyllosilicate mineral and it forms in microscopic crystals and forming clay [Rajesh Paramasivam]. 3.5 Carbonate Minerals (Calcite, Aragonite, Dolomite) The Calcite is one of the major minerals in rock sediments and it is present in abundant nature in almost all the site numbers in the Hills were examined. It contains the anions (CO 3 ) 2− and includes Ca, Aragonite (both calcium carbonate), dolomite (Magnesium/calcium carbonate), Siderite (iron carbonate). From the table (1) 1383 cm − 1 and 1384 cm − 1 are shows the presence of Calcite [V Ramasamy et al.]. 3.6 Orgonic Carbon These minerals are in very weak absorption band, due C-H absorption of contaminants present in the samples. In Bodamalai hills the wave number region of (2925–2921) cm − 1 and (2857 − 2853) cm − 1 the organic carbon are identified in all site numbers. 3.7 Other Minerals Minerals such as Organic Carbon, Cristobalite, Gibbsite, Sepiolite and Hematite are also exhibit in more site numbers of the examined hills. In Infra red spectrum the frequency ranges 3432–3434 cm − 1 , 2922–2852 cm − 1 , 1099 − 1093 cm − 1 , 2025–2026 cm − 1 , 1623 cm − 1 and 1008 cm − 1 are showing the occurrence of minerals in the rock sediments respectively. Palygorskite mineral is a complex nature of absorption bands in stretching and bending regions of water molecules 1634 cm − 1 and 517 cm − 1 in site number 11. Hematitie is the most abundant iron mineral which is identified in sample collected from site numbers (1,3–10,12 and 15) with wave number range of (539 − 537) cm − 1 [V Ramasamy et al]. Sepiolite and Palygorskite are hydroux Mg Silicate clay minerals with fibrous-like morphologies that tycally occur fine grained, partly crystallime mass [V Ramasamy et al]. 4. Crystallinity Index of Quartz The CrystallinityIndex could be defined as the fraction of crystalline materials in a mixture of crystalline and non-crystalline materials [R Ravisankar et al.]. It cannot be found directly and is determined from crystallinity index which is inversely proportional to crystallinity. Quartz is the major mineral present in all the sediment samples, the crystallinity index could be found. If crystallinity is minimum, then the minerals are said to be disordered. If it is maximum then the minerals are considered to be ordered state [04] The Ratio of absorption band around 777 cm − 1 (I 777 ) and 695 cm − 1 (I 695 ) are taken to calculate the crystallinity index of the minerals. When crystallinity index is minimum, the minerals are said to be in well crystallized and if it is maximum, the minerals are considered to be poorly crystallized state[S Sivakumar et al, R Ravisankar et al]. 5. Extinction Coefficient Table 2 The Extinction Coefficient of Quartz, Feldspar and Kaolinite Site Number Extinction Coefficient Crystanillity Index Nature of Crystanillity Quartz (778 cm − 1 ) Microline Feldspar (585 cm − 1 ) Kaolinite (1015 cm − 1 ) S-1 8.781 3.827 35.996 0.882 1.134 S-2 6.374 12.46 5.781 0.923 1.083 S-3 16.367 7.18 53.881 0.806 1.241 S-4 10.531 4.816 40.933 0.867 1.154 S-5 18.68 4.686 61.758 0.775 1.291 S-6 18.928 10.192 80.074 0.778 1.286 S-7 23.846 8.2 112.398 0.738 1.356 S-8 12.889 3.852 51.252 0.839 1.192 S-9 9.926 6.803 65.351 0.901 1.109 S-10 19.918 10.531 77.616 0.773 1.294 S-11 35.011 4.411 105.388 0.692 1.444 S-12 2.606 22.991 75.663 0.938 1.066 S-13 11.427 4.411 57.549 0.842 1.188 S-14 7.844 45.723 59.668 0.932 1.073 S-15 10.22 5.336 67.869 0.816 1.226 Average 14.223 10.361 63.412 0.833 1.209 Maximum 35.011 45.723 112.398 0.938 1.444 Minimum 2.606 3.827 5.781 0.692 1.066 5.1 Pearson Correlation coefficient matrix among the parameters for sediment sample Table 3 The Pearson correlation coefficient of Quartz, Feldspar and Kaolinit Ex. Quartz Ex. Feldspar Ex. Kaolinite Ex. Quartz 1.00 Ex. Feldspar 0.316 1.00 Ex. Kaolinite 1.00 0.316 1.00 The correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the strength of a linear relationship between two variables. Its values can range from − 1 to 1. A correlation coefficient of -1 describes a perfect negative, or inverse, correlation, with values in one series rising as those in the other decline, and vice versa [Rajesh Paramasivam et al.]. From the observation of Table 3 , the linear relationship between Quartz and Felspar of the Pearson correlation coefficient value is 0.316 indicates low correlation same results obtained between Feldspar and Kaolinite. Quartz and Kaolinite have the correlation coefficient value is 1.00 exists very high correlation between them. X-Ray Diffraction Analysis The minerals identified by FTIR spectrum are confirmed by XRD Technique. This analysis also used to know the mineralogical composition and analysis of crystalline nature of minerals [06]. The selected site numbers from Bodamalai (2,4,6,9),. Bodamalai (site no 2) XRD spectrum has shown in Fig. (4) and their respective values of Position of 2θ values, d-spacing, Relative intensity and (hkl) parameter are given in Table No 3. 1. Comparison of d value gives distinct from minerals to minerals. The two minerals having same “d” values are not possible 2. Comparison of 2θ value are Bragg angle of diffraction give specified the particular mineral. 3. Comparison of Miller Indices (hkl) gives the mineral phase and the relative intensities are most dependent factor for the angle of diffraction. 4. Many minerals are in composite form in rocks. Hence, the peek could be superimposed and don’t overlap with each other. This property will be considered for analysis. [V Ramasamy et al.] XRD Elements Identification and Comparison of Position (2q) and d-spacing in Bodahills (Site No − 02, 03, 06 & 09) Table 4 Identification of Minerals through XRD pattern for Site number (2, 4, 6 & 9 S. No Mineral Name Site No − 02 Site No − 04 Site No − 06 Site No − 09 Pos. [°2q] d-spacing [Å] Pos. [°2q] d-spacing [Å] Pos. [°2q] d-spacing [Å] Pos. [°2q] d-spacing [Å] 1 Q-Quartz 21.015 4.227 20.812 4.268 20.882 4.254 26.772 3.33 2 S-Sepiolite 22.027 4.035 3 A-Albite 23.724 3.75 4 MF-Microline Feldspar 24.473 3.637 5 Q-Quartz 26.668 3.343 26.723 3.336 26.589 3.353 6 OF-Orthoclase Felsper 27.586 3.234 7 K-Kyanite 28.115 3.174 8 C-Calcite 29.896 2.989 9 Z-Zircon 30.358 2.944 10 Ar-Aragonite 33.294 2.691 34.639 2.59 11 Mon-Montmorillonite 35.694 2.515 35.785 2.509 12 MF-Microline Feldspar 36.561 2.458 36.655 2.452 36.6 2.46 36.544 2.459 13 Q-Quartz 39.496 2.282 40.357 2.235 39.72 2.27 39.434 2.285 14 H-Hematite 40.298 2.238 15 Q-Quartz 40.335 2.236 42.613 2.122 42.504 2.127 42.456 2.129 16 C-Calcite 42.85 2.11 17 Q-Quartz 45.831 1.98 45.741 1.984 18 A-Albite 48.46 1.88 19 M-Magnetite 50.17 1.818 50.314 1.814 49.85 1.83 50.123 1.82 20 OF-Orthoclase Feldspar 59.944 1.543 59.71 1.55 59.917 1.544 21 Ar-Aragonite 67.683 1.384 252 Q-Quartz 68.325 1.373 68.372 1.372 68.263 1.374 73.449 1.289 73.509 1.288 6. Band Assignment Table 5 The Band Assignment of Bodahills Minerals Wave Number (cm − 1 ) Tentative Assignments Reference Quartz 455–460, 470 Si - O asymmetrical bending vibration 6, 22, 24 693–695 Si - O symmetrical bending vibration 6, 9, 13, 22, 24, 50 775 Si - O symmetrical stretching vibration 6, 22, 24 778 Si-O symmetrical bending vibration 9 780 Si - O symmetrical stretching vibration 13 Feldspar 435 Si-O mixed vibration 9 533–540 Si - O asymmetrical bending vibration 6, 9, 13, 23, 24 570 Si-O symmetrical bending vibration 50 585 O - Si(Al) - O bending vibration 6, 23 640–644 Al - O - Co-ordination vibration 13, 24 Kaolinite 1030–1035 Si-O Stretching 6, 22, 24 Montormorilinte 3440 O-H stretching of absorbed water molecule 9, 13 Calcite 875 Fe3+ (Al-OH) 13 7. EDX with SEM Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer analysis enables one to identify and confirm micro minerals and inspect the distribution of these within the rock samples. These individual spectra give the information about the additional basic minerals for better comparative scrutiny [14]. In our studies diverse elemental composition in rock samples like Aluminium (Al), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), Sodium (Na), Silicon (Si), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Copper (Cu), Carbon (C) and Oxygen (O), and their mass fraction and atomic percentage were measured by EDX. The rock powder samples were dried at 110 o C in an oven until no further weight loss was observed. One gram of the sample and 0.5 g of the Boric acid were mixed. The mixture is made as pellet of 30 mm diameter using a 15 ton hydraulic press. The prepared sample were undergone the study of EDX (Energy Dispersive X ray Spectrometry) at National College, Tiruchirappalli, India. The power specifications of the tube are 4–30 kV; 1 µA – 1 mA. Removable sample charger of the instrument accommodates 12 samples at a time. Selection of filters, tube voltage, filters, current and sample position are fully controlled by computer. The elliptical beam spot area instrument 81.7 mm 2 . The instrument has features of Multi channel Analyser (MCA) test, standardless determination and Gain correction. The beam stop is in the reference position the Gain correction could performed. Beam spot contains a reference sample (an alloy of aluminium and copper). Copper is used for gain correction. Cu along with Al could be used for instrument energy calibration. The standard stream (GBW 7305) sediment was used as reference material for standardizing the instrument and the values are presented in Table 5 ,6 of site numbers 2,5 [05]. Concentrations of elements of interest Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, C, O in Bodamalai Hills using EDX are reported in Table 5 . From EDX analysis the abundant amount of Si, Al, Mg, Fe, K, Ca and Na was founded and it supports the vibrational spectroscopic findings; the presence of Quartz, Iron oxides (Hematite), Alumino silicates and Feldspar [R Ravisankar et al.]. Element Site Number 02 Site Number 05 Weight% Atomic% Weight% Atomic% C 26.29 35.64 7.7 11.93 O 50.03 50.91 54.75 63.69 Na 1.87 1.32 2.32 1.88 Mg 0.18 0.12 - - Al 4.24 2.56 5.46 3.76 Si 14.59 8.46 25.75 17.06 K 0.45 0.19 0.89 0.43 Ca 1.09 0.44 1.59 0.74 Fe 1.12 0.33 1.54 0.51 Cu 0.14 0.04 - - Totals 100 100 The size the powdered rock samples size around 60–70 µm is shown in Fig. 7 . Table 6. The percentage of Minerals in Site No 02 and 05 From EDX analysis Aluminium presents 4.2% and 5.46% in the site numbers of 2 and 5 due availability of Kaolinite and Feldspar. Magnesium (Mg) presented in 0.18%, Copper (Cu) in 0.14% available in site number 02. Silicon (Si) presents maximum 25.75% and 14.59% in site numbers 5 and 2 respectively. 1.12% and 1.54% of Iron minerals shows their presence in rock samples. Sodium (Na) shows the percentage of weight is 1.87% and 2.32%. Carbon occupies the weight among the samples 26.29% and 7.7% along with Atomic % is 35.64% and 11.93% in site numbers 02 and 05 respectively. Among the all elements Oxygen (O) plays vital role in two site numbers, 50.03% and 54.75% of weight in rock materials due it is the part of the almost all the minerals such as Quartz, Calcite, Cristobalite, Gibbsite, Goethite etc.,. 8. Conclusion Using FTIR techniques the Rock sediments of Bodamalai hills were carried out, 19 minerals were identified and tabulated with their respective wave number, the crystallinity index and nature of crystallinity are tabulated and graph are plotted and Extinction co-efficient of Quartz, Feldspar and Kaolinite are also calculated and tabulated. For confirmation of minerals identification the samples has undergone the studies of XRD, from this analysis the minerals such as Burnswigite, Organic Carbon, Gibbsite, Quartz, Aragonite, Sepiolite, Calcite, Cristobalite, Hectorite, Kaolinite, Montmorillonite, Hallyosite, Nacrite, Goethite, Microcline Feldspar, Megnetite, Hematite and Pyrophyllite are confirmed. From XRD studies “5” additional minerals were identified. The Graph and Table of content of XRD has given. From the above experiment analysis we inferred that Quartz, Kaolinite, Calcite and Aragonite are in Crystalline form and other minerals are non-crystalline form which also confirmed in XRD studies. However, disordered nature of crystal found using crystallinity index in rock samples. Among these minerals Quartz showed large number of peaks in diffractogram. This indicates that Quartz is the most abundant mineral in the sediment sampls. FTIR, XRD ad EDX with SEM combined technique gives the information for the minerals and elemental composition in rocks and its formation. Some of the minerals observed through FTIR analysis are not identified in XRD study which indicates its loss of crystalline nature. Declarations Author Contribution K Surendar, author contributed his spectroscopic studies on rock materials to identify the minerals and elements presents in the hill. Using FTIR technique the minerals and elements were identified by absorption spectra with wave number by using available literature. By XRD spectrum the identified minerals were confirmed by referring available literature. The amount of presence of minerals were exposed by calculating extinction coefficient of the major minerals like Quarts, Feldspar and Kaolinite. All data are clearly tabulated and respective figures are given in right place. The spectrum comparison done using Origin Software.The EDX with SEM studies are also done in this work. Through those studies the geometrical shape are shown in SEM images. The percentage of elements presented in rock samples are given in table.All work done by the corresponding author - K Surendar References India by spectroscopic techniques R.Ravisankar, Analysis of ancient potteries of Tamilnadu, Kiruba S, Chandrasekaran A, Senthilkumar G and C. Maheswaran Indian J Sci Technol. 3 No. 8 (Aug 2010) India by spectroscopic techniques A. Analysis of beach rock samples of Andaman Island, Chandrasekaran A, Rajalakshmi R, Ravisankar & S. Kalarasai Egypt J Basic Appl Sci, 2:1, 55–64 Baseline Study of Rock Samples Collected From Paleolithic Archaeological Site of Attirampakkam, Nadu T, Tamilarasi A, Chandrasekaran A, Sathish V, Manigandan S, Lakshmi A Research Square, rs. 3.rs-75978/v1 Beach Rocks from the South East Coast of Tamilnadu, India, Spectroscopic Study A, Ravisankar R, Eswaran P, Rajalakshmi A, Chandrasekaran A, Thillaivelavan KK, Dhinakaran B (2012) Adv Appl Sci Res 3(1):95–102 Characterisation Of Minerals And Relative Distribution Of Quartz (2004) ; P. 1–7 Characterization of minerals in natural and manufactured sand in Cauvery River belt, Tamilnadu, India, Gnanasaravanan S, Rajkumar P (2013) Infrared Physics & Technology, 58 21–31 excavated Vellar river sediments through FTIR and XRD studies, Depth wise analysis of recently, Ramasamy V, Rajkumar P, Ponnusamy V (2009) Indian J Phys, 1295–1308 Determination of firing temperature of some ancient potteries of Tamil Nadu, India by FT-IR Spectroscopic technique, Ravisankar R, Kiruba S, Chandrasekaran A A.Naseerutheen, M.Seran and P.D.Balaji. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. Vol. 3 No. 9 (Sep 2010) Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform (DRIFT) (1991) Spectroscopy in Soil Studies. Tam Nguyen, Leslie J. ~anikan ~ d Maxwell RaupachB. Aust J Soil Res 29:49–67 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Characterization of Kaolinite from Assam and Meghalaya, India N, Saikia BJ, Parthasarathy G (2010) J Mod Phys 1:206–210 Fourier transform infrared, Bhaskar J, Saikia G, Parthasarathy And NC, Sarmah (October 2008) spectroscopic estimation of crystallinity in SiO 2 based rocks. Bull Mater Sci 31(5):775–779 FTIR and FT-Raman Spectroscopic studies of fired clay artifacts recently excavated in Tamilnadu, India. Indian Journal of pure and applied Physics. Vol 45 (2007) pp 501–508 FT-IR And Micro-Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Archaeological Potteries Recently Excavated (2010) 2(10): 94–99 FTIR Spectroscopic Analysis and Mineralogical Characterization of Vellar River Sediments, V.Ramasamy, P.Rajkumar and V.Ponnusamy FTIR spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction analysis of archaeological grey potteries excavated in Alagankulam, Tamil nadu, India. P. Sathya1 and G. Velraj. J Experimental Sci 2, Issue 5, Pages 04–06 [2011] FTIR spectroscopic studies of rock sediments in, Mullainathan S, Nithiyanantham S (2016) Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, South India, for vegetations. Environ Earth Sci 75:692 FTIR Spectroscopic Studies on Coastal Sediment Samples from Cuddalore District, Tamilnadu, India S, Sivakumar R, Raghu A, Chandrasekaran J, Chandramohan (2012) Indian J Adv Chem Sci 1:40–46 FT-IR Spectroscopic Studies on Coastal Sediment Samples from Nagapattinum District, Tamilnadu, India S, Sivakumar R, Ravisankar A, Chandrasekaran (2013) Prince Prakash Jebakumar. Int Res J Pure Appl Chem 3(4):366–376 FTIR Spectroscopic Study of Dolomite From The Central Part of Kaladgi-Badami Basin, Bagalkot District, Karnataka, India, Raju Jayappagol and, Ugarkar AG (2019) E-ISSN International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.7, No.4, April : 2321–9637 FTlR-characterisation and thermal analysis of natural calcite and aragonite, Dheenathayalu VRM, Ponnusamy V, Henialatha J, Presannalakshmi P (2003) IJP – B 77B(4):443–450 Infra-red spectra, Ghosh SN (1978) of some selected minerals, rocks and products. J Mater Sci 13:1877–1886 Infrared spectroscopy in the mineralogical characterization of ancient pottery, De Benedetto GE, Laviano R, Sabbatini L, Zambonin PG (2002) J Cult Herit 177–186 Infrared Spectroscopy of Ferrihydrite: Evidence for the presence of structural Hydroxyl Groups. J. D. Russell, Clay Minerals (1979) 14, 109 (1978) Instrumental characterization of clay by XRF, XRD and FTIR, PREETI SAGAR NAYAK, Singh BK (June 2007) Bull Mater Sci 30(3):235–238 Kaolinite-to-dickite reaction in sandstone Reservoirs D, Beaufort A, Cassagnabere S, Petit B, Lanson G, Berger JC, Lacharpagne T (1998) H Johansen ~ T Clay Minerals 33:297–316 Metamorphic confirmation through spectroscopic, Appaji M, Kumararaman S, Kumaradhas P (June 2013) analysis of elements and minerals present in the Rock crystals of Velimalai Hills (Western Ghats), Andrew. Int J Eng Res Dev 7:14–21 Mineral analysis in beach rocks of Andaman Island, Ravisankara* R, Chandrasekaranb A, Kalaiarsia S, Eswaranc P, Rajashekhare C, Vanasundaria K, Athavalee A (2011) India by spectroscopic techniques. Archives Appl Sci Res 3(3):77–84 Mineral analysis of coastal sediment samples of Tuna, Gujarat, India, Ravisankar R, Senthilkumar G, Kiruba S A. Chandrasekaran and Prince Prakash Jebakumar, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 3 No. 7 (July 2010) Mineralogical Characterization of Sediments, Kalrayan Hills South India - A FTIR Study (2021) Rajesh Paramasivam, Senthil Shanmugam, Ramasamy Venkidasamy, Arivoli Shanmugam. J Adv Sci Res 12(1):66–74 Mineralogical Characterization of Sediments, Kalrayan Hills South India - A FTIR Study (2021) Rajesh Paramasivam, Senthil Shanmugam, Ramasamy Venkidasamy, Arivoli Shanmugam. J Adv Sci Res 12(1):66–74 Mineralogical composition and C/N contents in soil and water among betel vineyards of coastal Odisha, India Biswajit Patra, Pal R, Paulraj R (2020) Surya Narayan Pradhan, Ramovatar Meena. SN Applied Sciences 2:998 Quantitative Analysis of Bulk Mineralogy: The Applicability and Performance of XRD and FTIR S.H. Ruessink, Shell Research S.V., and, Harville DG Core Laboratories. SPE 23828 Spectroscopic and rock magnetic studies on some ancient Indian pottery samples, Manoharan C, Sutharsan P, Venkatachalapathy R, Vasanthi S, Dhanapandian S, Veeramuthu K Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences Spectroscopic Characterization and Quantitative Estimation of Natural Weathering of Silicates in Sediments of Dikrong River, India, Bhaskar J, Saiki SR, Goswami R, Borthakur IB, Roy (2015) Rashmi R Borah J Mod Phys 6:1631–1641 The absorption of Infrared radiation by Clay minerals W. D. Keller, E. E. Pickett The determination of (2008) kaolinite clay content in limestones of western Tamil Nadu by methylene blue adsorption using UV–vis spectroscopy V. Ramasamy, K. Anandalakshmi. Spectrochimica Acta Part A 70:25–29 The Infra-Red Determination of Quartz In Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, R. CHESTER and R.N. GREEN, Chemical Geology - Elsevier Thermoluminesnscence study of recently excavated river sediments from Tamil Nadu, India V, Ramasamy P, Rajkumar V, Ponnusamy MT, Jose (June 2013) Indian J Puer Appl Phys Volume 7:14–21 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4487593","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":312291702,"identity":"a74992b8-6afa-4e27-9c16-5f5aabfc595a","order_by":0,"name":"Surendar Krishnan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNCCAwwJDOwNQIaBBSlaeA6AtEiQokUiAcQiQov8jNyHjwvO3MkzuPn86oYfBRIM/O3dCXi1GNxINzaeceNZscHtnLKbPUCHSZw5uwG/Fok0NmmeD4cTN9zOSbvBA9RiIJGLX4v8jDT232AtN8+k3fxDjBaGG2lszDw3gFpusB+7TZQtBmeeMUvznHmWOPNMDtttGQMJHoJ+kW9PY/zMc+xOYt/x489uvvljI8ff3kvAYRBwgEHhAI8BiMVDjHKIFvkG9gfEqh4Fo2AUjIIRBgDYJVDRgsmYVAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Bharathidasan University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Surendar","middleName":"","lastName":"Krishnan","suffix":""},{"id":312291703,"identity":"0d04531c-b970-4165-b46e-8bf32dad44b9","order_by":1,"name":"Rajkumar P","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bharathidasan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rajkumar","middleName":"","lastName":"P","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-28 02:29:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4487593/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4487593/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":58597515,"identity":"1aba8f9b-97b2-4b83-b433-9505dc72db85","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-18 17:00:19","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":84099,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation of Bodhamalai Hills, Tamilnadu\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4487593/v1/4ec6bb46937ac10c4642ca95.jpeg"},{"id":58596787,"identity":"852e2047-3a55-40de-9369-cf8c23b00596","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-18 16:52:19","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":38669,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ea FTIR Spectrum – Bodamali hills – Site Number 09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eb FTIR Spectrum – Bodamalai hills – Site Number (01-15)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"F2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4487593/v1/ff056257c08cca0fb2050947.png"},{"id":58596780,"identity":"5c2e47b0-5052-4602-9567-0f5e307a9da9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-18 16:52:18","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":91292,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExtinction Coefficient of Quartz, Feldspar, Kaolinite\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"F3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4487593/v1/19edb8eb2f4f832b2d4b981e.jpg"},{"id":58596783,"identity":"09efce44-8e9f-4818-9762-871fdeb65e53","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-18 16:52:18","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":29667,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExtinction Coefficient of Quartz, Feldspar, Kaolinite\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"F4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4487593/v1/d0c9c09f127dbfe4c8537259.jpg"},{"id":58596781,"identity":"4881867f-6943-4e75-81e3-079ec39b3a50","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-18 16:52:18","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":140760,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNature of Crystanillity of Bodahills from Top to Bottom\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"F5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4487593/v1/e41b14942285a6454ec1e2d3.jpg"},{"id":58597505,"identity":"2e9db07e-1089-488d-a17b-658510897016","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-18 17:00:18","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":37268,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eXRD Spectrum of Bodahills\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"F6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4487593/v1/f0e00c8d737b4c0ecc09cb27.jpg"},{"id":58596789,"identity":"d5814acc-8bfe-4f8c-8b3a-9506aeb040cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-18 16:52:19","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":47728,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEDX of Site No 02 and 05\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"F7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4487593/v1/a08414fcf4f1c3f7ae3ba64f.jpg"},{"id":58596788,"identity":"47096c58-63f3-4534-9b07-62722100db06","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-18 16:52:19","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":61309,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM image of Bodahills powered samples – Site No 2, 5\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"F8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4487593/v1/755c9d65fb8e407b66865f8c.jpg"},{"id":58812855,"identity":"9140bce8-4411-4f5a-b348-9fdbe69121f0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-21 12:26:58","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1619145,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4487593/v1/b91de9e7-16fa-4df7-a0d1-9716dec64788.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"FTIR, XRD, EDX with SEM Spectroscopic Studies on Sedimentary Rocks of Bodamalai Hills, South India","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Rocks are the natural sources of most of minerals. Such as artificial exploration or natural degradations the hidden minerals could be exposed. These exposed rocks as in the form of rock crystals. These materials are subjected to the proper investigation of various spectroscopic techniques like FTIR, XRD and EDX with SEM are used to identify the elements and minerals. Infrared spectra act as \u0026ldquo;finger print\u0026rdquo; technique and yield information about the atomic grouping present in the rock samples [R.Ravisankar et al]. IR tool in mineralogy is a most powerful tool conjunction with XRD. Using FTIR, unique information about the group of minerals in which the specimen belongs, the degree of Crystalline and Nature of Crystinallity also inferred.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy Dispersive X ray Spectrometry was chosen for the quantitative analysis of potsherds because of its accurate, relatively cheap and easy to handle. It has short processing times and very low detection limits. The basic principle of EDX is that the electrons are in particular elements are excited by X-rays they emit or fluorescence a spectrum of X-ray that is specific to that element.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, the Bodamalai hills from Tamilnadu state, South India is subjected to several analytical methodologists. FTIR and XRD were used for mineral identification and EDX with SEM for the determination of chemical elements characterisation. The combined studies of analysis may be used for characterization of rock samples of Bodamalai Hills.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Samples Collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Bodhamalai (11\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e32\u0026rsquo;31\u0026rdquo; N 78\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e14\u0026rsquo;37\u0026rdquo; E \u0026ndash; Longitude and Latitude) is a part of Eastern Ghats in Rasipuram Thaluk in Namakkal district in Tamil Nadu, India. It has Elevation of 1,100 m (3600 feet) with wide area of 180 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. Its length is 19.3121 km (12.0000 mi) East \u0026ndash; West side. The location of the Bodahills is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Sample Preparation and Instruments used\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Mineral analysis the sediments are collected from various 15 locations of hills. Depending upon the elevation the hills sample locations are divided in 15 places. The hills are even no proper way to reach top locations. Their foot paths approximately divided by 15 locations and collected the sufficient rock samples for spectroscopic analysis. The samples were collected from Elevation of the Hill from Top to Bottom. In all locations 1 kg of rock samples were collected in air tight Polythene bags.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.1 Experimental Methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll the samples were cleaned with clear water and weathered in surface for an hour in order to removal to moisture. The samples are taken 30\u0026ndash;50 mg and grinding in an agate mortar for 15\u0026ndash;20 minutes till to get expected size of around 60\u0026ndash;70 \u0026micro;m. By pellet techniques, the grinded samples were mixed with KBr with the ratio of 1:40. The mixed materials were made like transparent disc by using high pressure technique. Using \u0026lsquo;Perkin Elmer\u0026rsquo; makes \u0026lsquo;Spectrum RX I\u0026rsquo; Model FTIR spectrometer the maximum transmittance and peaks were observed. The resolution of the instrument is \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and an accuracy of \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.2 FTIR Spectroscopic Technique\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Technique has been extensively used in the detailed characterization of Molecular Structure and used as a diagnostic tool since every species for which the molecular motion causes a change of in dipole moment [S. Mullainathan et al]. One of the most important and value added application of the of FTIR studies is the identification of minerals in rock samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo provide a good characterization of a mineral by IR spectroscopy the spectrum should recorded in the range of 4000\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;400 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Such coverage ensures that most the useful vibration active IR will be included [R. Ravisankar et al]. The Nicolet-Avatar 330 series FTIR Spectrometer is used in this present work to obtain FTIR spectra of the rock samples at room temperature. This device scans the spectra 16 times in one minute. A standard polystyrene film is used to calibrate the accuracy of the instrument at every time before taking the readings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.3 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFTIR plays a vital role to identify the minerals in the geological and rock samples as well. The determinations of major and minor mineral constituents present in the rock sample done by Qualitative analysis. The minerals are identified by sharpness or diffuseness of band. By locations of peak from graph the minerals are identified by comparing the literature values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quantitative analysis gives clear information on the exact amount of particular minerals in the given sample. Minerals do not bend themselves readily to quantitative analysis by IR techniques as they are particulate in limitations on the relationships between concentration and the IR radiation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quantitative determination through IR analysis could be done by Lambert-Beer\u0026rsquo;s Law\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$A= - {log}_{10 }\\left(\\frac{I}{{I}_{0}}\\right) ={log}_{10 }\\left(\\frac{{I}_{0}}{I}\\right) \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\left(1\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere A \u0026ndash; represents the absorbance, I and I\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e are the intensity of incident and transmitted radiation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe extinction coefficient (K) also calculated by using formula\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$K= \\frac{DA}{m}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere D \u0026ndash; logarithm of Intensity ratio, A \u0026ndash; Area of the Pellet and m \u0026ndash; mass of the Pellet\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor compound and minerals whose compositions is relatively invariant, eg., Quartz, Kaolinite and Feldsper are easy to find reference for the unknown mineral similar to those sample being analyzed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.4 XRD Technique\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe X ray diffraction pattern were recorded at room temperature using Siemens D500 X ray diffractometer having a curved graphite crystal diffracted monochromator, with source of CuKα radiation and NaI (TI) scintillation counter. The derived peaks and corresponding Minerals are given in table (02). The diffraction patterns were revealed over the 2θ values in the range of 20\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e to 80\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e [V Ramasamy et al]. The lattice parameter is the order of 0.005 \u0026Aring; is the estimated error of the device. Using the values of 2-Theta in degree and d-spacing in \u0026Aring; of XRD spectrum for various minerals have been identified from JCPDS data base [S Sivakumar et al], 2000 and reference journals as well.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample spread as a flat sheet in an aluminium holder was allowed to rotate with respect to the impinging X-ray beam, instead of film, the different X-ray photos were recorded by scintillation counter which is connected to an electronic counting system. The later was synchronized with a strip chart recorder, a rate meter, a timer, a goniometry power supply and a pulse height analyser. There often connected to a digital prints for a printed output. The experiment pattern was compared with patterns obtained from JCPDS database [V Ramasamy et al].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe minerals such as Quartz, Sepiolite, Goethite, Albite, Microline Feldspar, Orthoclase Feldspar, Kyanite, Calcite, Zircon, Monazite, Aragonite, Magnetite and Hematite are identified and tabulated. The above mentioned minerals are confirmed by XRD technique earlier identified from FTIR graphs. The crystallinity index and their Nature of crystallinity of the sample of minerals are also tabulated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Identification of minerals through FTIR Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe absorption frequencies of all spectra are tabulated in wave number (cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) in Table\u0026nbsp;(01). The observed wave number compared with available literature the minerals such as Burnswigite, Organic Carbon, Gibbsite, Quartz, Aragonite, Sepiolite, Calcite, Cristobalite, Hectorite, Kaolinite, Montmorillonite, Hallyosite, Nacrite, Goethite, Microcline Feldspar, Megnetite, Hematite and Pyrophyllite are identified and tabulated for Bodamalai Hills[03, 06]. The FTIR Spectrum is given in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSl. No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eName of the minerals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Formula\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSite number\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObserved wave numbers (cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuartz\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,3,5\u0026ndash;7,10 \u0026amp; 14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1880\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1876\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1620\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,5,6 \u0026amp; 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1084, 1083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 to 15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e780\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;778\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 to 15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e694\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;692\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 \u0026amp; 3\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e467\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;463\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKaolinite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[Al\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e(OH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e)]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,3\u0026ndash;5,7\u0026ndash;9 \u0026amp; 12\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3433\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3430\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,6,10 \u0026amp; 11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3426\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3423\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 3 ,7,9,12,13 \u0026amp; 15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1035, 1036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e474\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,3\u0026ndash;5,8,9 \u0026amp; 12\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1385\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1383\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 \u0026amp; 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCristobalite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Polymorph\u0026nbsp;of silica)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,4,8 \u0026amp; 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1099\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1093\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGibbsite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl(OH)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,3\u0026ndash;5,8,9 \u0026amp; 12\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2026, 2025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoethite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα - FeO(OH)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 to 15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e636\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;632\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e455\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHalloysite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e(OH)\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHectorite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa0,3(Mg,Li)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHematite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα - Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,3\u0026ndash;10 \u0026amp; 12\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e539\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;537\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIllite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(K,H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO)(Al,Mg,Fe)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Si,Al)\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e[(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e,(H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO)]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e754\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLepidocrocite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeO(OH)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e541\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrocline Feldspar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(K)[AlSiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 to 15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e585\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;575\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMontmorillonite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Na,Ca)\u003csub\u003e0.3\u003c/sub\u003e(Al,Mg)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 \u0026amp; 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNacrite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e(OH)\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic Carbon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 to 15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2925\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2921\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 to 15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2857\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2853\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePalygorskite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Mg,Al)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e(OH)\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1634\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e517\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSepiolite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e6(H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,2\u0026ndash;6,8\u0026ndash;11 \u0026amp; 12\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1635\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1622\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 \u0026amp; 14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiderite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1426\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable .1 - The observed absorption wave numbers and corresponding minerals from FTIR spectra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Quartz\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuartz (SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) is ubiquitous mineral and it is abundant constituent in all the Rock sediments which we were examined. It is a non-clay mineral, which is common and invariably present in almost all the samples. The Si-O bonds are the strongest bonds in the silicate structure and it could recognize in IR spectra. It is an important component of almost all the samples and its characteristics peaks are reported by several workers [V Ramasamy et al, S Sivakumar et al, A Chandrasekaran et al, Rajesh Paramasivam et al, S Mullainathan et al, S. Gnanasaravanan et al, Raju Jayappagol et al]. The presence of Quartz in Bodamalai hills available in almost all the site numbers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe presence of Quartz observes in various wave numbers and it is tabulated in Table\u0026nbsp;(01). The FTIR absorption band 1880\u0026ndash;1876 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1084 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1083 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 780\u0026ndash;692cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 467\u0026ndash;463 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e are suggest the presence of Quartz in wave number [V.Ramasamy et al, S. Sivakumar et al, R. Ravisankar et al, Rajesh Paramasivam et al]. The presence of Quartz in the rock samples can be explained by Si-O asymmetrical bending vibration in the range of 455\u0026ndash;460 and 470 cm-1,Si-O asymmetrical bending vibrations[V Ramasamy et al, S. Sivakumar et al, R. Ravisankar et al] are 693\u0026ndash;695 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e frequency range[V Ramasamy et al, S Sivakumar et al, A Chandrasekaran et al, Rajesh Paramasivam et al, S Mullainathan et al, S. Gnanasaravanan et al, Raju Jayappagol et al]. The frequency ranges 775 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 780 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e shows the Si-O symmetrical stretching vibration [V Ramasamy et al, S. Sivakumar et al, R. Ravisankar et al] 780 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e are symmetrical bending vibrations. 778 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e frequency shows the Si-O symmetrical bending vibration [S. Gnanasaravanan et al]. These assignments are good agreement with that reported for quartz mineral by Hlavay et.al. [V.Ramasamy et al][ Rajesh Paramasivam et al] and other many workers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.3 Feldspar (Orthoclase, Microcline, Albite)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeldspars [AlSi\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e] are most important mineral group in all rock sediments types which make up perhaps as much as 60% of the Earth\u0026rsquo;s Crust [01,02,06]. The general formula is WZ\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e. \u0026ldquo;W\u0026rdquo; may be Na, K, Ca and/or Ba, \u0026ldquo;Z\u0026rdquo; is Si and/or Al. Its group of minerals such as Orthoclase, Microcline (K)[AlSiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e], sanidine (K-feldspar), aorthite (Ca-feldspar), Albite [NaAlSi\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e] are identified by many researchers by analysing the FTIR spectroscopic techniques[03].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThey differ in structure Orthoclase Feldspar is Monoclinic, Microline Feldspar is Triclinic and Sanidine is Tetraheral [V. Ramasamy et.al]The frequency range 435 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e lies Si-O mixed vibration range and 533\u0026ndash;540 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e are Si-O asymmetric bending vibration, 570 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e shows the Si-O symmetrical bending vibration, 585 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e is O - Si(Al) - O bending vibration and 640\u0026ndash;644 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e frequency ranges are shows Al - O - Co-ordination vibration [Rajesh Paramasivam et al, S. Gnanasaravanan et el, R. Ravisankar et al, J. D. Russell et al, Rajesh Paramasivam et al]. These assignments are good agreed with V. Ramasamy et.al and Ravisankar et.al.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Clay Minerals (Kaolinite, Montomorilinte, Iltite)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eKaolinite [Al\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e(OH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e)] is a clay mineral crystallizing the Monoclinic form and forming major component of China clay and Kaolin[S. Sivakumar et al]. It is softy earthy usually white mineral. It is basic raw material for ceramics and large quantities are used in manufacture of coated paper [S. Sivakumar et al]. In FTIR frequency spectrum 3433\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;343 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e,3426\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3423 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e shows the presence of Kaolinite in the site numbers (2,6,10 \u0026amp; 11), 1017 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1037\u0026ndash;1035 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e shows the presence of Kaolinite minerals in site numbers (1,3,7,9,12,13 \u0026amp; 15) were examined[08].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccroding to Russell, montmorillonite contain both tetrahedral and octahedral isomoujphous substitution, Al (and occasionally Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e) for Si in the former case, and Fe3\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;and Mg for Al in the latter. As a result of these substitutions, crystalline order is reduced [J D Russell et al.]. Montomorilinte is a very soft phyllosilicate mineral and it forms in microscopic crystals and forming clay [Rajesh Paramasivam].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Carbonate Minerals (Calcite, Aragonite, Dolomite)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Calcite is one of the major minerals in rock sediments and it is present in abundant nature in almost all the site numbers in the Hills were examined. It contains the anions (CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e and includes Ca, Aragonite (both calcium carbonate), dolomite (Magnesium/calcium carbonate), Siderite (iron carbonate). From the table (1) 1383 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1384 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e are shows the presence of Calcite [V Ramasamy et al.].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.6 Orgonic Carbon\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese minerals are in very weak absorption band, due C-H absorption of contaminants present in the samples. In Bodamalai hills the wave number region of (2925\u0026ndash;2921) cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and (2857\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2853) cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e the organic carbon are identified in all site numbers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.7 Other Minerals\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinerals such as Organic Carbon, Cristobalite, Gibbsite, Sepiolite and Hematite are also exhibit in more site numbers of the examined hills. In Infra red spectrum the frequency ranges 3432\u0026ndash;3434 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 2922\u0026ndash;2852 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1099\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1093 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 2025\u0026ndash;2026 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1623 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1008 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e are showing the occurrence of minerals in the rock sediments respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePalygorskite mineral is a complex nature of absorption bands in stretching and bending regions of water molecules 1634 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 517 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in site number 11. Hematitie is the most abundant iron mineral which is identified in sample collected from site numbers (1,3\u0026ndash;10,12 and 15) with wave number range of (539\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;537) cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e[V Ramasamy et al].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSepiolite and Palygorskite are hydroux Mg Silicate clay minerals with fibrous-like morphologies that tycally occur fine grained, partly crystallime mass [V Ramasamy et al].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Crystallinity Index of Quartz","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe CrystallinityIndex could be defined as the fraction of crystalline materials in a mixture of crystalline and non-crystalline materials [R Ravisankar et al.]. It cannot be found directly and is determined from crystallinity index which is inversely proportional to crystallinity. Quartz is the major mineral present in all the sediment samples, the crystallinity index could be found. If crystallinity is minimum, then the minerals are said to be disordered. If it is maximum then the minerals are considered to be ordered state [04]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ratio of absorption band around 777 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (I\u003csub\u003e777\u003c/sub\u003e) and 695 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (I\u003csub\u003e695\u003c/sub\u003e) are taken to calculate the crystallinity index of the minerals. When crystallinity index is minimum, the minerals are said to be in well crystallized and if it is maximum, the minerals are considered to be poorly crystallized state[S Sivakumar et al, R Ravisankar et al].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Extinction Coefficient","content":"\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Extinction Coefficient of Quartz, Feldspar and Kaolinite\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite Number\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtinction Coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrystanillity Index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNature of Crystanillity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuartz (778 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicroline Feldspar (585 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKaolinite (1015 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.781\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.827\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.996\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.374\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.781\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.923\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.367\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.881\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.806\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.241\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.531\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.816\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.933\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.867\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.686\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.758\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.775\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.291\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.928\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.778\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.286\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.846\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112.398\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.738\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.356\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.889\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.852\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.252\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.839\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.926\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.803\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.351\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.901\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.918\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.531\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.616\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.773\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.294\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.411\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105.388\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.692\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.606\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.991\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.663\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.938\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.427\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.411\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.549\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.842\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.844\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.723\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.668\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.932\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.336\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.869\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.816\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14.223\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10.361\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e63.412\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.833\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.209\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaximum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35.011\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e45.723\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e112.398\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.938\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.444\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMinimum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.606\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.827\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.781\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.692\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.066\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.1 Pearson Correlation coefficient matrix among the parameters for sediment sample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Pearson correlation coefficient of Quartz, Feldspar and Kaolinit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEx. Quartz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEx. Feldspar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEx. Kaolinite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEx. Quartz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEx. Feldspar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEx. Kaolinite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the strength of a linear relationship between two variables. Its values can range from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1 to 1. A correlation coefficient of -1 describes a perfect negative, or inverse, correlation, with values in one series rising as those in the other decline, and vice versa [Rajesh Paramasivam et al.].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the observation of Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, the linear relationship between Quartz and Felspar of the Pearson correlation coefficient value is 0.316 indicates low correlation same results obtained between Feldspar and Kaolinite. Quartz and Kaolinite have the correlation coefficient value is 1.00 exists very high correlation between them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX-Ray Diffraction Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe minerals identified by FTIR spectrum are confirmed by XRD Technique. This analysis also used to know the mineralogical composition and analysis of crystalline nature of minerals [06]. The selected site numbers from Bodamalai (2,4,6,9),. Bodamalai (site no 2) XRD spectrum has shown in Fig. (4) and their respective values of Position of 2\u0026theta; values, d-spacing, Relative intensity and (hkl) parameter are given in Table No 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. Comparison of d value gives distinct from minerals to minerals. The two minerals having same \u0026ldquo;d\u0026rdquo; values are not possible\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. Comparison of 2\u0026theta; value are Bragg angle of diffraction give specified the particular mineral.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. Comparison of Miller Indices (hkl) gives the mineral phase and the relative intensities are most dependent factor for the angle of diffraction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4. Many minerals are in composite form in rocks. Hence, the peek could be superimposed and don\u0026rsquo;t overlap with each other. This property will be considered for analysis. [V Ramasamy et al.]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eXRD Elements Identification and Comparison of Position (2q) and d-spacing in Bodahills (Site No \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;02, 03, 06 \u0026amp; 09)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIdentification of Minerals through XRD pattern for Site number (2, 4, 6 \u0026amp; 9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS. No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMineral Name\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite No \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite No \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite No \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSite No \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePos. [\u0026deg;2q]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ed-spacing [\u0026Aring;]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePos. [\u0026deg;2q]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ed-spacing [\u0026Aring;]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePos. [\u0026deg;2q]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ed-spacing [\u0026Aring;]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePos. [\u0026deg;2q]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ed-spacing [\u0026Aring;]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQ-Quartz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.812\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.254\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.772\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS-Sepiolite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA-Albite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.724\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMF-Microline Feldspar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.473\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.637\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQ-Quartz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.668\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.343\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.723\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.336\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.589\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOF-Orthoclase Felsper\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.586\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK-Kyanite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC-Calcite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.896\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.989\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ-Zircon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.358\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.944\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAr-Aragonite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.294\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.691\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.639\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMon-Montmorillonite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.694\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.515\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.785\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.509\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMF-Microline Feldspar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.561\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.458\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.655\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.452\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.544\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.459\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQ-Quartz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.496\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.357\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.235\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.434\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH-Hematite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQ-Quartz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.335\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.613\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.504\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.456\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC-Calcite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQ-Quartz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.831\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.741\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.984\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA-Albite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-Magnetite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.818\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.314\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.814\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOF-Orthoclase Feldspar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.944\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.543\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.917\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.544\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAr-Aragonite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.683\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e252\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQ-Quartz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.325\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.373\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.372\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.372\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.263\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.374\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.449\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.289\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.509\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Band Assignment","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Band Assignment of Bodahills\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinerals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWave Number (cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTentative Assignments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuartz\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e455\u0026ndash;460, 470\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSi - O asymmetrical bending vibration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6, 22, 24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e693\u0026ndash;695\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSi - O symmetrical bending vibration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6, 9, 13, 22, 24, 50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e775\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSi - O symmetrical stretching vibration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6, 22, 24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e778\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSi-O symmetrical bending vibration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e780\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSi - O symmetrical stretching vibration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeldspar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e435\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSi-O mixed vibration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e533\u0026ndash;540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSi - O asymmetrical bending vibration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6, 9, 13, 23, 24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e570\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSi-O symmetrical bending vibration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e585\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eO - Si(Al) - O bending vibration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6, 23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e640\u0026ndash;644\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl - O - Co-ordination vibration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13, 24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKaolinite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1030\u0026ndash;1035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSi-O Stretching\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6, 22, 24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMontormorilinte\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eO-H stretching of absorbed water molecule\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9, 13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e875\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe3+ (Al-OH)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"7. EDX with SEM","content":"\u003cp\u003eEnergy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer analysis enables one to identify and confirm micro minerals and inspect the distribution of these within the rock samples. These individual spectra give the information about the additional basic minerals for better comparative scrutiny [14]. In our studies diverse elemental composition in rock samples like Aluminium (Al), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), Sodium (Na), Silicon (Si), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Copper (Cu), Carbon (C) and Oxygen (O), and their mass fraction and atomic percentage were measured by EDX.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rock powder samples were dried at 110\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC in an oven until no further weight loss was observed. One gram of the sample and 0.5 g of the Boric acid were mixed. The mixture is made as pellet of 30 mm diameter using a 15 ton hydraulic press. The prepared sample were undergone the study of EDX (Energy Dispersive X ray Spectrometry) at National College, Tiruchirappalli, India. The power specifications of the tube are 4\u0026ndash;30 kV; 1 \u0026micro;A \u0026ndash; 1 mA. Removable sample charger of the instrument accommodates 12 samples at a time. Selection of filters, tube voltage, filters, current and sample position are fully controlled by computer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe elliptical beam spot area instrument 81.7 mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. The instrument has features of Multi channel Analyser (MCA) test, standardless determination and Gain correction. The beam stop is in the reference position the Gain correction could performed. Beam spot contains a reference sample (an alloy of aluminium and copper). Copper is used for gain correction. Cu along with Al could be used for instrument energy calibration. The standard stream (GBW 7305) sediment was used as reference material for standardizing the instrument and the values are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e,6 of site numbers 2,5 [05].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentrations of elements of interest Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, C, O in Bodamalai Hills using EDX are reported in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. From EDX analysis the abundant amount of Si, Al, Mg, Fe, K, Ca and Na was founded and it supports the vibrational spectroscopic findings; the presence of Quartz, Iron oxides (Hematite), Alumino silicates and Feldspar [R Ravisankar et al.].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSite Number 02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSite Number 05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtomic%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtomic%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe size the powdered rock samples size around 60\u0026ndash;70 \u0026micro;m is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;6. The percentage of Minerals in Site No 02 and 05\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom EDX analysis Aluminium presents 4.2% and 5.46% in the site numbers of 2 and 5 due availability of Kaolinite and Feldspar. Magnesium (Mg) presented in 0.18%, Copper (Cu) in 0.14% available in site number 02. Silicon (Si) presents maximum 25.75% and 14.59% in site numbers 5 and 2 respectively. 1.12% and 1.54% of Iron minerals shows their presence in rock samples. Sodium (Na) shows the percentage of weight is 1.87% and 2.32%. Carbon occupies the weight among the samples 26.29% and 7.7% along with Atomic % is 35.64% and 11.93% in site numbers 02 and 05 respectively. Among the all elements Oxygen (O) plays vital role in two site numbers, 50.03% and 54.75% of weight in rock materials due it is the part of the almost all the minerals such as Quartz, Calcite, Cristobalite, Gibbsite, Goethite etc.,.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"8. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eUsing FTIR techniques the Rock sediments of Bodamalai hills were carried out, 19 minerals were identified and tabulated with their respective wave number, the crystallinity index and nature of crystallinity are tabulated and graph are plotted and Extinction co-efficient of Quartz, Feldspar and Kaolinite are also calculated and tabulated. For confirmation of minerals identification the samples has undergone the studies of XRD, from this analysis the minerals such as Burnswigite, Organic Carbon, Gibbsite, Quartz, Aragonite, Sepiolite, Calcite, Cristobalite, Hectorite, Kaolinite, Montmorillonite, Hallyosite, Nacrite, Goethite, Microcline Feldspar, Megnetite, Hematite and Pyrophyllite are confirmed. From XRD studies \u0026ldquo;5\u0026rdquo; additional minerals were identified.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Graph and Table of content of XRD has given. From the above experiment analysis we inferred that Quartz, Kaolinite, Calcite and Aragonite are in Crystalline form and other minerals are non-crystalline form which also confirmed in XRD studies. However, disordered nature of crystal found using crystallinity index in rock samples. Among these minerals Quartz showed large number of peaks in diffractogram. This indicates that Quartz is the most abundant mineral in the sediment sampls.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFTIR, XRD ad EDX with SEM combined technique gives the information for the minerals and elemental composition in rocks and its formation. Some of the minerals observed through FTIR analysis are not identified in XRD study which indicates its loss of crystalline nature.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eK Surendar, author contributed his spectroscopic studies on rock materials to identify the minerals and elements presents in the hill. Using FTIR technique the minerals and elements were identified by absorption spectra with wave number by using available literature. By XRD spectrum the identified minerals were confirmed by referring available literature. The amount of presence of minerals were exposed by calculating extinction coefficient of the major minerals like Quarts, Feldspar and Kaolinite. All data are clearly tabulated and respective figures are given in right place. The spectrum comparison done using Origin Software.The EDX with SEM studies are also done in this work. Through those studies the geometrical shape are shown in SEM images. The percentage of elements presented in rock samples are given in table.All work done by the corresponding author - K Surendar\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIndia by spectroscopic techniques R.Ravisankar, Analysis of ancient potteries of Tamilnadu, Kiruba S, Chandrasekaran A, Senthilkumar G and C. 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Bull Mater Sci 31(5):775\u0026ndash;779\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFTIR and FT-Raman Spectroscopic studies of fired clay artifacts recently excavated in Tamilnadu, India. Indian Journal of pure and applied Physics. Vol 45 (2007) pp 501\u0026ndash;508\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFT-IR And Micro-Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Archaeological Potteries Recently Excavated (2010) 2(10): 94\u0026ndash;99\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFTIR Spectroscopic Analysis and Mineralogical Characterization of Vellar River Sediments, V.Ramasamy, P.Rajkumar and V.Ponnusamy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFTIR spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction analysis of archaeological grey potteries excavated in Alagankulam, Tamil nadu, India. P. Sathya1 and G. Velraj. J Experimental Sci 2, Issue 5, Pages 04\u0026ndash;06 [2011]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFTIR spectroscopic studies of rock sediments in, Mullainathan S, Nithiyanantham S (2016) Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, South India, for vegetations. Environ Earth Sci 75:692\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFTIR Spectroscopic Studies on Coastal Sediment Samples from Cuddalore District, Tamilnadu, India S, Sivakumar R, Raghu A, Chandrasekaran J, Chandramohan (2012) Indian J Adv Chem Sci 1:40\u0026ndash;46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFT-IR Spectroscopic Studies on Coastal Sediment Samples from Nagapattinum District, Tamilnadu, India S, Sivakumar R, Ravisankar A, Chandrasekaran (2013) Prince Prakash Jebakumar. Int Res J Pure Appl Chem 3(4):366\u0026ndash;376\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFTIR Spectroscopic Study of Dolomite From The Central Part of Kaladgi-Badami Basin, Bagalkot District, Karnataka, India, Raju Jayappagol and, Ugarkar AG (2019) E-ISSN International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.7, No.4, April : 2321\u0026ndash;9637\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFTlR-characterisation and thermal analysis of natural calcite and aragonite, Dheenathayalu VRM, Ponnusamy V, Henialatha J, Presannalakshmi P (2003) IJP \u0026ndash; B 77B(4):443\u0026ndash;450\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eInfra-red spectra, Ghosh SN (1978) of some selected minerals, rocks and products. J Mater Sci 13:1877\u0026ndash;1886\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eInfrared spectroscopy in the mineralogical characterization of ancient pottery, De Benedetto GE, Laviano R, Sabbatini L, Zambonin PG (2002) J Cult Herit 177\u0026ndash;186\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eInfrared Spectroscopy of Ferrihydrite: Evidence for the presence of structural Hydroxyl Groups. J. D. 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SPE 23828\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSpectroscopic and rock magnetic studies on some ancient Indian pottery samples, Manoharan C, Sutharsan P, Venkatachalapathy R, Vasanthi S, Dhanapandian S, Veeramuthu K Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSpectroscopic Characterization and Quantitative Estimation of Natural Weathering of Silicates in Sediments of Dikrong River, India, Bhaskar J, Saiki SR, Goswami R, Borthakur IB, Roy (2015) Rashmi R Borah J Mod Phys 6:1631\u0026ndash;1641\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe absorption of Infrared radiation by Clay minerals W. D. Keller, E. E. Pickett\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe determination of (2008) kaolinite clay content in limestones of western Tamil Nadu by methylene blue adsorption using UV\u0026ndash;vis spectroscopy V. Ramasamy, K. Anandalakshmi. Spectrochimica Acta Part A 70:25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe Infra-Red Determination of Quartz In Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, R. CHESTER and R.N. GREEN, Chemical Geology - Elsevier\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThermoluminesnscence study of recently excavated river sediments from Tamil Nadu, India V, Ramasamy P, Rajkumar V, Ponnusamy MT, Jose (June 2013) Indian J Puer Appl Phys Volume 7:14\u0026ndash;21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"FTIR, XRD, EDX with SEM, Crystallinity Index, Extinction Coefficient","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4487593/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4487593/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe sedimentary rocks are posses\u0026rsquo; bunch amount of Minerals and Elements. Most of the Eastern Ghats were not much prevalence by Anthropogenic. These Natural Rock sediments undergone through proper investigation by spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, XRD and EDX with SEM are used to identify the Minerals and Elements. The Bodamalai hill is the part of Eastern Ghats, it is formed sedimentary rock samples have been carried out by these spectroscopic techniques to delineate the identification of Minerals and Elements through The Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) technique has been carried out to identify the minerals and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis is made for confirmation of identified minerals such as Quartz, Brunwigite, Calcite, Cristobalite, Gibbsite, Goethite, Halloysite, Hectorite, Illite, Kaolinite, Lepidocrocite, Microline Feldspar, Montmorillonite, Nacrite, Organic Compound, Palygorskite, Sepiolite, and Siderite are identified. The minerals were identified with help of available literature from IR absorption band of location of different peaks. The relative distribution of Quartz, Kaolinite and Felspar, Extinction coefficient, Crystallinity index and the Nature of Crystallinity are also discussed. This study demonstrates the Nature of Crystallinity, which was calculated by Crystalline Index of the Rock cementation in elevation wise from Top to Bottom are discussed.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"FTIR, XRD, EDX with SEM Spectroscopic Studies on Sedimentary Rocks of Bodamalai Hills, South India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-18 16:52:09","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4487593/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2d0fa895-35ae-4639-bc86-8cd1cbc38e96","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 18th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-26T08:23:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-18 16:52:09","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4487593","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4487593","identity":"rs-4487593","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}