A meta-analysis of the inhibin network reveals prognostic value in multiple solid tumors

ABSTRACT Inhibins and activins are dimeric ligands belonging to the TGFβ superfamily with emergent roles in cancer. Inhibins contain an α-subunit ( INHA ) and a β-subunit (either INHBA or INHBB ), while activins are mainly homodimers of either β A ( INHBA ) or β B ( INHBB ) subunits. Inhibins are biomarkers in a subset of cancers and utilize the coreceptors betaglycan ( TGFBR3 ) and endoglin ( ENG ) for physiological or pathological outcomes. Given the array of prior reports on inhibin, activin and the coreceptors in cancer, this study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis, assessing their functional prognostic potential in cancer using a bioinformatics approach. We identify cancer cell lines and cancer types most dependent and impacted, which included p53 mutated breast and ovarian cancers and lung adenocarcinomas. Moreover, INHA itself was dependent on TGFBR3 and ENG in multiple cancer types. INHA , INHBA , TGFBR3, and ENG also predicted patients’ response to anthracycline and taxane therapy in luminal A breast cancers. We also obtained a gene signature model that could accurately classify 96.7% of the cases based on outcomes. Lastly, we cross-compared gene correlations revealing INHA dependency to TGFBR3 or ENG influencing different pathways themselves. These results suggest that inhibins are particularly important in a subset of cancers depending on the coreceptor TGFBR3 and ENG and are of substantial prognostic value, thereby warranting further investigation.