PSO and Fuzzy Tuned Optimal Location of Gateway for LoRa based Smart Fertigation System

PSO and Fuzzy Tuned Optimal Location of Gateway for LoRa based Smart Fertigation System | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article PSO and Fuzzy Tuned Optimal Location of Gateway for LoRa based Smart Fertigation System Nithya Annadurai, Nammalvar Pachaivannan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8740004/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract To create an efficient irrigation system, need to be able to measure the environment and soil conditions with a high degree of accuracy and have a reliable means for the sensor nodes to communicate with the control unit. Therefore, this paper outlines an intelligent irrigation system that uses LoRa connectivity; Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO); and fuzzy logic control to improve the precision of irrigation and to optimize the operation of the network. The LoRa nodes send data received by the sensors measuring temperature, rainfall, nutrient content and soil moisture to a central gateway. PSO is used to find the optimum distance from the gateway for a stable link and thus minimize the use of power. In PSO each particle is representative of a possible entrance to the gateway. The decision-making of the controller will take into consideration the quality of communication. This methodology allows the acquisition of extra water and fertilizers. The system efficiency improvisation is considered in the proposed irrigation design. The simulated results demonstrate that a reduction in the distance between gateways will reduce packet loss; maintain data freshness; and facilitate the management of water and fertilizers. This study shows, communication is an important part in managing irrigation. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing Fuzzy Logic Particle Swarm Optimization Smart Irrigation LoRaWAN IoT Gateway Distance Optimization Precision Agriculture Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 17 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 15 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 13 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 03 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 17 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 17 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 17 Mar, 2026 Editor invited by journal 10 Feb, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 08 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 08 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8740004","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":609039621,"identity":"5ba19828-ec12-4f09-8599-df955e475f36","order_by":0,"name":"Nithya Annadurai","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Kangeyam Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nithya","middleName":"","lastName":"Annadurai","suffix":""},{"id":609039622,"identity":"f5a7a004-442f-40ef-925c-891358e48e87","order_by":1,"name":"Nammalvar Pachaivannan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kangeyam Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nammalvar","middleName":"","lastName":"Pachaivannan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-30 09:54:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8740004/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8740004/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":105563315,"identity":"b4ac07fc-114c-4059-87d1-33393494399e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-27 12:46:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":737855,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"paper1correctedcopynewone.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8740004/v1_covered_9f7adc53-aed8-440e-a271-577f6ab5d48b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"PSO and Fuzzy Tuned Optimal Location of Gateway for LoRa based Smart Fertigation System","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Fuzzy Logic, Particle Swarm Optimization, Smart Irrigation, LoRaWAN, IoT, Gateway Distance Optimization, Precision Agriculture","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8740004/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8740004/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTo create an efficient irrigation system, need to be able to measure the environment and soil conditions with a high degree of accuracy and have a reliable means for the sensor nodes to communicate with the control unit. 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