Sustainability Strategy for Poor Fishermen's Livelihood to Overcome Resource Constraints

Sustainability Strategy for Poor Fishermen's Livelihood to Overcome Resource Constraints | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Sustainability Strategy for Poor Fishermen's Livelihood to Overcome Resource Constraints Jamaluddin Hos, Musadar Mappasomba, Muhammad Arsyad, La Ode Monto Bauto, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8495391/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study aims to identify the livelihood strategies of poor fishers in Tanjung Tiram Village, Southeast Sulawesi, who face various economic, social, and environmental challenges. To achieve this goal, a qualitative approach was used through in-depth interviews and participant observation with 34 heads of fishing families to understand the dynamics of their lives and their adaptation strategies for maintaining their livelihoods. The results show that fishers implement various adaptive strategies, including optimizing the use of coastal resources, diversifying income outside the fishing sector—such as working as daily laborers or starting small businesses—and actively involving family members in livelihood activities to increase total household income. Furthermore, the role of intermediary services in the catch marketing chain contributes to increased sales efficiency, despite the complex interdependencies involved. Social and cultural factors have also been shown to strongly influence strategic choices, including kinship networks and local norms. In conclusion, fishers' survival depends not only on the availability of natural resources but also on social adaptation, family structure, and the support of local economic systems and inclusive government policies. Therefore, more responsive and sustainable policy interventions are needed to empower poor fishing communities comprehensively. Sustainability of alimony Poor fishermen Coastal resources Income diversification Environmental changes Figures Figure 1 1. Introduction Fishing is one of the oldest professions in the world and remains the backbone of many global communities, particularly in developing countries (Ahmed et al., 2021 ; Ma et al., 2022 ; Tikadar et al., 2022 ). Even so, they face several serious challenges, including overfishing, the impacts of climate change, and the dynamics of government policies (Chen et al., 2020 ). Overfishing poses a serious threat to the survival of fishermen, as it can result in reduced fish stocks and reduced catches. Despite this, fishing is still a significant source of income and food for millions worldwide (Charlton et al., 2016 ). Fishermen, especially those on a traditional scale, are generally included in the poor group. Many choose jobs as oversized crew or have simple boats with conventional equipment (Mustafa et al., 2021). Several studies, as noted by Chen et al. ( 2020 ), described traditional fisheries as a "last resort" and fishermen as the "poorest of the poor." One cause of poverty in the fishing community is limited access to fishing resources. In addition, restricted access to markets is an obstacle for fishermen who rely on fisheries for subsistence, as Nielsen et al. (2018) noted. Limited financial capital is the main obstacle for traditional fishermen in obtaining sufficient resources for their production tools (Kleih et al., 2013 ; Pomeroy et al., 2020 ). This situation also impacts low compliance with natural resource management regulations. Some fishermen choose environmentally unfriendly methods or increase fishing intensity to gain greater profits (Kaluma & Umar, 2021 ). Income instability also contributes to the emergence of personal profit-seeking and corruption among leaders, ultimately hindering the implementation of fisheries regulations (Kaluma & Umar, 2021 ). Fishers' access to formal financial services or financial inclusion improves the economic resilience of rural fishing households (Pomeroy et al., 2020 ). However, research shows that in fishery communities undergoing a transition, one of the main reasons for their livelihood crisis is limited financial capital (Chen et al., 2020 ). Poor fishing families often have no option but to become small-scale fishermen due to a lack of alternative income opportunities. This situation, as shown by Selvaraj et al. ( 2022 ), contributes to the cycle of poverty. The fisheries sector's ability to provide income and serve as a means of welfare for the very poor is significantly hampered by this situation, as revealed by Larbi Ayisi et al. ( 2023 ). According to Islam et al. ( 2022 ), low skills also narrow opportunities for poor fishing families to start productive economic ventures. Working as a fisherman requires a lot of energy, so parents often need help with their work. Fishermen usually involve their children in working for a living at sea. According to Abdullah et al. ( 2022 ), with minimal income from the fishing business, hiring adult laborers is often not an option, leading to the involvement of children in the fishing process. In reality, people experiencing poverty still struggle to earn a living to maintain life with their families. Poor people generally work full-time but have low incomes (Řimnáčová & Kajanová, 2019 ). Poor fishermen also exhibit a strong work ethic in North Moramo, South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Despite their unfavorable conditions, 34 heads of families in Tanjung Tiram Village, North Moramo District, continue to survive as traditional fishermen. Facing socio-economic difficulties, the poor fishing community, of course, has its own strategy to overcome scarcity and ensure survival for its families. This research is essential for revealing the strategies poor fishermen use to overcome scarcity and maintain survival with their families. Because fishermen live in a particular social habitus (Çakmak et al., 2021 ), it is also essential to uncover the socio-cultural context behind their choice of strategy (Gustavsson et al., 2017 ). A better understanding of the lives of poor fishermen is expected to contribute to the birth of more effective fishermen empowerment policies. The research uses Max Weber's social action theory as an analytical tool. This research aims to (1) identify the strategies taken by poor fishermen to overcome scarcity to maintain survival with their families and (2) describe the socio-cultural context that is the background for the birth of these strategies. 2. Sustainability of Poor Fishermen's Livelihood: An Analytical Framework This research departs from the perspective of Max Weber's social action theory, which focuses on understanding the sustainability strategy of poor fishermen in overcoming resource constraints. In addition, this study seeks to understand the socio-cultural context behind the birth of livelihood strategies. Max Weber's theory of social action emphasizes the importance of social and cultural context in shaping individual actions and behaviors. Social action must be understood by the individual acting in a particular social context (Andreski, 2013 ; Eliaeson, 2022 ). Weber emphasizes that each individual's actions are inseparable from the broader social and cultural context, which shapes and influences their behavior (Eliaeson, 2017 ). Max Weber's Social Action Theory can be applied to understand the decision-making processes and actions of poor fishermen in the context of their livelihood sustainability. If referring to Max Weber, then the decision-making process of fishermen in choosing a livelihood sustainability strategy takes into account socio-cultural aspects in the community (Phillips, 2024 ; Waters & Waters, 2015 ). Various external and internal factors, such as religious values, social norms, and economic pressures, influence the actions of poor fishermen in choosing their livelihood sustainability strategies (A. Samad & Munawwarah, 2020 ; Polontoh & Yanuaria, 2023 ). From the above point of view, the strategy of fulfilling livelihoods adopted by poor fishermen to meet their basic needs is seen as not operating in a vacuum. However, he is in a particular social habitus that is laden with beliefs, values, and norms. In other words, it is always embedded in a specific socio-cultural context, institutionalized within a society (Sunesti et al., 2018 ). Everywhere and at any time, there is always a culture that organizes the meaning and behavior of everyday human beings. Different socio-cultural and environmental conditions create unique vulnerability and livelihood strategies for small-scale fishers in other locations (Suadi et al., 2021). The interaction between socioeconomic factors and the sustainability strategy of the manuscript was also shown to significantly influence socioeconomic status, income, and the number of family members on the consumption patterns of fishermen's households (Rusdiana et al., 2020 ). However, human beings' management of their lives is not mechanistic; it involves subjective interpretations and considerations (Kadir et al., 2021 ). Thus, the social reality of fishermen is also thick with a subjective dimension. There may be diversity in behavior, including livelihood fulfillment strategies for family survival. Talcott Parsons, a major follower of Weber, emphasized the situational factors that guide individual action. The main problem for Parsons is not particular actions but rather the social norms and values that guide and regulate behavior (Turowetz & Rawls, 2021 ). Therefore, an in-depth understanding of poor fishers' livelihood sustainability strategy choices must include an in-depth analysis of the social structure and underlying values (Turkel, 2005 ). In Parsons' view, social norms do not determine what he means to use; instead, they are determined by the actor's ability to choose the right way. In a brief schematic, the Conceptual Framework of the Livelihood Sustainability Strategy of Poor Fishermen can be seen in Fig. 1 below: Based on the conceptual framework above, the strategy of meeting the livelihood needs of poor fishermen as a sociological reality is understood as actors, in this case, poor fishermen, making subjective decisions about the selection of means and tools to meet the livelihood needs of their families. Cultural, normative, and social values limit the choice of a livelihood sustainability strategy. However, despite the situation being an obstacle for him, poor fishermen as actors still have free will. 3. Metode The research was conducted in Tanjung Tiram Village, a coastal village in North Moramo District, South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. This research uses a qualitative approach to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon successfully recorded. The study subjects were 34 heads of poor fishing families who still worked as fishermen despite various conditions. Of the 34 heads of families who were the research subjects, 24 were the primary research informants, plus the Head of Tanjung Tiram Village, the research location. Thus, this study collected data from 25 informants. The informant's initials, age, type of work pursued, and family status can be seen in the Table. 1 below: Table 1 List of Research Informants Anonymized Initials Age (Years) Type of Job Pursued Family Status EDM 49 Fisherman, gardener, Paula-ula Husband SD 46 Fisherman, stone breaker Husband EFD 51 Fishermen, construction workers Husband RST 47 Stone breaker, cake seller Wife BSM 47 Fisherman, gardener, construction worker Husband BJR 48 Fisherman, Paula-ula Husband KS 51 Fisherman, Paula-ula , Stone Breaker Husband SRD 52 Fisherman, Paula-ula Husband BMS 57 Fishermen, construction workers Husband SYT 57 Fisherman, gardener Husband MN 42 Stone breaker, cake seller Wife SND 45 Fishermen, construction workers, Paula-ula Husband FRM 50 Village head Husband LKM 48 Fisherman, Capital owner Husband AB 51 Fisherman, Paula-ula , Stone Breaker Husband STR 48 Fishermen, construction workers Husband SSD 53 Fisherman, Paula-ula Husband JH 23 Fishermen, construction workers, Paula-ula Adult Children BKR 47 Fisherman, Paula-ula , Stone Breaker Husband IRF 51 Fishermen, construction workers, Paula-ula Husband ANT 57 Fisherman, Paula-ula Husband RDW 21 Fisherman, Paula-ula , Stone Breaker Adult Children UD 48 Fisherman, Paula-ula Husband ST 46 Fisherman, gardener Husband SRT 41 Fishermen, construction workers, Paula-ula Husband Data collection is through in-depth interviews and observations. In-depth interviews are conducted in a relaxed atmosphere. Before conducting the interview, the researcher asked the informant for their consent. If they are unwilling, the researcher will not continue the interview and seek out other willing informants. Some prospective informants are reluctant to be interviewed at certain times due to the demands of making a living, but at other times they are eager to be interviewed. Observations were made on the "living table" through social practices, habits, and everyday expressions among fishermen, especially regarding their livelihood strategies. Data, especially primary information obtained through observation and in-depth interviews, were collected and analyzed simultaneously. Data is grouped to differentiate, sort, and select information from various sources for easy analysis. Interpretive understanding becomes the primary basis for data analysis, which involves explaining data and facts related to the selection of livelihood strategies and their socio-cultural context. Data analysis is grounded in social action theory, which states that human actions have subjective purpose and meaning, so it is essential to interpret actions in specific social and cultural contexts (Andreski, 2013 ; Eliaeson, 2022 ; Sica, 2022 ). The validity of the data was evaluated by extending the observation process, triangulating data and data-collection techniques, and conducting peer review through research seminars. 4. Results and Discussion As mentioned above, this study aims to explore the strategies of poor fishermen to overcome scarcity and sustain livelihoods in a socio-cultural context that involves essential factors in their lives. In this section, findings and discussion, the research findings relevant to the goal are explained in depth, and the theoretical and practical implications of the results are analyzed. 4.1 Livelihood Sustainability Strategy The fishing community's livelihood sustainability strategy is crucial to ensuring its survival and welfare (Tikadar et al., 2022 ). Faced with socio-economic difficulties, fishing families are trying to adapt and implement coping strategies to respond to extreme weather conditions (Amevenku et al., 2019 ; Susilo et al., 2021 ). Socio-economic adaptation in problem management strategies is an effort by poor fishing families to meet the needs and sustain the livelihoods of their families. Some techniques for the sustainable livelihoods of poor fishermen include optimizing the use of coastal resources, optimizing household labor, implementing double maintenance patterns, and using intermediary services. 4.1.1 Utilization of Biodiversity Around the Beach One strategy that poor fishermen use to meet their food needs is to use coastal resources to produce various edible commodities without going far out to sea. One way to utilize coastal resources to meet the food needs of fishermen is to search for resources in the mangrove ecosystem along the coast (Griggs & Reguero, 2021 ). When fishing in the open sea is impossible, poor fishermen in North Moramo look for crabs and shellfish on the sidelines of mangrove trees around the coast. Fishermen usually catch crabs and look for shellfish when the sea is receding. Poor fishermen in Tanjung Tiram Village always strive to use coastal resources optimally through various strategies and environmental adaptations. If they can't get good quality fish (here, the community identifies and calls it sunu fish, white fish, and katambak fish), they look for karapu fish (local people call it skewered fish). If they fail to catch fish, they look for crabs and shellfish. In addition, they always adjust the time and fishing gear used to natural and weather conditions. The goal is for them to be still able to carry out economic activities to meet the daily food needs of family members. The high-tide season, accompanied by strong winds, is the only period when they do not conduct economic activities at sea or along the coast. They described this season as "not shady," so it was a famine season for them. During this famine season, fishermen usually repair damaged fishing gear, such as torn nets and tangled fishing lines, while doing other work outside the sea, such as gardening, construction, etc. Poor fishermen use biodiversity around the coast from the perspective of Max Weber's social action theory, which shows the complexity of interactions between individuals, the environment, and fellow community members (Andreski, 2013 ; Eliaeson, 2022 ). Every decision made by fishermen is driven by economic needs and influenced by cultural norms and social relations between them (Phillips, 2024 ; Waters & Waters, 2015 ). 4.1.2 Diversification of Sources of Income Fishermen are forced to turn to alternative livelihoods when they face difficulties catching fish, such as becoming construction workers, farming, or doing odd jobs (Dee Fink, 1984 ; Ma et al., 2022 ). Some fishermen in Tanjung Tiram Village sometimes engage in a double livelihood. There are several jobs other than fishing to support livelihoods, including stone breaking, construction work, and gardening. Observations and interview results show that breaking stones is carried out by buying stones in logs, then breaking them to be split (building mix) or working as stone breaker workers for other parties who pay according to the volume of work. Construction workers work on electrical power construction projects in Moramo or as construction workers in Kendari City (the Capital of Southeast Sulawesi Province) and its surroundings. Usually, they are invited by friends or people who deliberately come to Tanjung Tiram Village to look for work. One type of labor activity famous in Moramo is paula-ula, a stone lifter who climbs onto a truck at a stone mining site. Gardening is also an alternative job for fishermen. One of the fishermen who was the subject of the study carried out gardening activities, such as planting sweet potatoes and corn, as an additional daily routine. This was done by borrowing vacant land in Tanjung Tiram Village, whose owners could not cultivate it themselves because they lived in Kendari City. The switch to alternative jobs outside fishing, such as construction work or gardening, can be seen as a rational response by poor fishermen to meet their family's economic needs (Kadir et al., 2021 ). When the catch is insufficient for daily life, fishermen actively seek other income sources. Similarly, the work of breaking stones, which involves buying blocks and splitting them into splits, involves economic calculations: they invest initial capital to make a larger profit from the sale of building materials. 4.1.3 Adaptation to Environmental Change Adaptation to environmental changes is crucial for fishermen in Tanjung Tiram Village, especially when facing the challenges posed by climate change and the decline of marine resources. One way they do this is by working longer than usual. By extending working hours, fishermen try to increase their chances of catching fish and getting better catches (Mulyasari et al., 2023 ; Shaffril et al., 2017 ). This impacts their income and the food security of the communities around them. In situations where resources are increasingly depleted, adapting is key to survival (Saksono et al., 2023 ). In addition, fishermen also venture further into the open seas as another adaptation strategy. By reaching out to areas of water they had never explored before, they hoped to find new fish populations or other species that previous fishing activities might not have touched. However, this move is not without risks; Long trips to the high seas require good navigation skills and a deep understanding of weather conditions and ocean currents (Fungueiriño-Suárez et al., 2018 ). Nevertheless, this effort demonstrates the perseverance and innovation of fishermen as they face environmental challenges to maintain their livelihoods and meet the community's needs for marine products. 4.1.4 Involvement of Women and Children in Livelihood Matters Optimizing family labor by involving homemakers and children in earning a living is one of the economic strategies implemented by fishing families in facing the famine season (Abdullah et al., 2022 ). When the fishing season is erratic, and the frequency of fishermen's sea trips is reduced, children and housewives are actively looking for crabs and shellfish. The involvement of family members other than the head of the family in earning a living is vital to maintaining the family's economic stability (Sinclair et al., 2022 ; Stevens, 2010 ). Apart from looking for crabs and shellfish, household labor is also used to break split stones and make snack cakes. Some fishermen and homemakers are involved in breaking split stones (as cast mixed building materials) for sale. The cake-making activity is carried out at dawn, and the children who are still in school sell the cakes at their respective places. In addition to breaking rocks, baking cakes, and looking for crabs, mothers and children, especially older boys, work as construction workers or become paula-ula (stone lifters) when the construction season arrives. According to the Head of Tanjung Tiram Village, this paula-ula activity is crowded from September to November. This is due to the large number of development projects carried out in the city and its surroundings during these months, which require building materials in the form of stones, both split stones and logs. North Moramo District is famous as one of the stone-mining areas, so during the project season, trucks often cross the area to pick up stones, which are then transported to other places, especially to Kendari City, the provincial capital. 4.1.5 Utilization of Middleman Services Another strategy adopted by poor fishermen to meet their family's livelihood needs is to use intermediaries. One of the problems faced by poor fishermen in the fishing business is the limited operational costs. Financial inclusion can help reduce the vulnerability of poor fishermen's households and rural communities (Pomeroy et al., 2020 ). This problem worsens, especially during the famine season, when business uncertainty increases, and fishermen's incomes are uncertain. Therefore, a provider or buffer institution is needed to help cover fishermen's operational costs. In the shady season, fishermen use intermediaries to borrow money to finance sea activities. The operational costs include renting a boat equipped with an engine, buying fuel oil, and buying fishing rods and trawlers. Meanwhile, during the famine season, poor fishermen use intermediaries to borrow money to meet their families' food needs, buy logs (which will be split into splits), and buy ingredients to make cakes to be sold. Although it is not always economically profitable, using middleman services is a "social cushion" for the survival of poor fishermen's families. The cooperation between the "fish boss," who plays the role of the middleman, and the client, who plays the role of the poor fisherman, results in a patron-client relationship that creates an unbalanced dependency (Miñarro et al., 2016 ). The capital intermediaries provide to fishermen must be paid back by returning the loan. The middleman offers this loan with certain conditions, such as interest or a goods guarantee. The intermediaries and the poor fishermen agreed on the terms of the loan repayment. This can be a weekly, monthly, or, according to the agreement reached. Poor fishermen can sometimes pay off the entire loan in a lump sum at the end of the term. 4.2 The Social and Cultural Context of Fishermen Poor fishing families do not live in a void but in a socio-cultural environment rich in beliefs, values, and norms (Çakmak et al., 2021 ). Therefore, it is essential to understand the socio-cultural context affecting fishermen's sustainability in Tanjung Tiram. This socio-cultural context encompasses the community's social, cultural, and economic aspects and shapes the livelihood strategies fishermen adopt. One aspect that affects the sustainability of fishermen's livelihoods is economic resources (Asche et al., 2018 ; Jones, 2009 ). These financial resources include ownership of production equipment, production costs, education level, skills, ability to invest or save, and the condition of the marine natural resources where they catch fish. Cultural aspects also play an essential role in the lifestyle of fishermen. These cultural aspects can influence their behavior, awareness, and consumption patterns (Tamale et al., 2017 ). Cultural elements include value systems, mentalities, traditions, and life habits that shape fishermen's behavior patterns. Fishing activities are associated with material culture, such as boats, fish houses, shipyards, and crafts, as well as with rituals, cuisines, and traditions related to fishing (Khakzad & Griffith, 2016 ). Structural aspects also affect the sustainability of fishermen's livelihoods. This involves production relationships, profit-sharing patterns, access to resources, and government policies related to the economic life of fishermen. Livelihood capital, which relates to a way of life based on earning capacity, assets, and income-generating activities, plays a significant role in the sustainability of fishermen's livelihoods (Wintergalen et al., 2022 ). By understanding and analyzing these aspects, we can gain a more complete understanding of the sustainability strategy of fishermen in Tanjung Tiram. 4.2.1 Fishermen's Economic Resources The majority of fishermen in Tanjung Tiram are small-scale traditional fishermen. Traditional fishers often face several challenges, including limited capital, inadequate means of production, and a lack of technical skills (Ikoja-Odongo & Ocholla, 2003 ). They are divided into two groups: fishermen with motorized boats and their own fishing gear, or with motorized boats provided by other parties, and fishermen without engines who generally use small canoes. The educational level of fishermen in Tanjung Tiram is generally low, with most completing only up to high school or lower. The low level of education among fishermen leads to a limited understanding of technology and poor future planning. Low levels of education among fishermen do not contribute significantly to future production increases (Wilde, 2002 ). Fishermen in Tanjung Tiram face difficulties saving due to minimal income and erratic work patterns. Their income is mainly used to meet the children's daily needs and educational expenses. Although there is a fishermen's cooperative in the village, it does not function properly and does not help the fishermen market their marine catches. Natural conditions and seasonal fluctuations in Tanjung Tiram Village make it impossible for fishermen to go to sea year-round. Simple, limited production facilities and infrastructure often leave them unsure about where to fish. 4.2.2 Fisherman's Culture The people in Tanjung Tiram Village engage in fishing as a hereditary livelihood. They believe this work is a way of life set by Almighty God, even though, in reality, it cannot lift them out of poverty. The income from going to sea is only sufficient to cover daily food needs. As fishermen, they have a structured lifestyle. For example, fishermen leave for the sea around 6 pm and return home around 7 am. After resting until noon, they resumed their activities, including lunch and gardening. Then, they prepared to go back to sea. The weather also affects their activities: during the west and southeast wind seasons, fishermen generally do not go to sea and instead engage in other activities such as gardening or construction work. Despite the potential and opportunity to improve economic life, fishermen tend to adopt a fatalistic attitude toward life, manifested in the belief that God has determined life while humans merely live and receive it (Hakim, 2019 ; Kwiringira et al., 2019 ). Sikap ini dapat menyebabkan kurangnya upaya untuk memperbaiki kondisi kehidupan mereka. Fishermen in Tanjung Tiram Village use traditional equipment. The values that develop in their lives related to their work in the marine sector are greatly influenced by natural conditions. They consider nature harsh and invincible, thus maintaining harmony with nature and accepting fate with open arms. They highly value the fishing-related customs passed down from generation to generation, even though they no longer provide economic benefits. Hereditary work patterns, lack of awareness of saving, and lack of work planning reflect this attitude. The values of togetherness, cooperation, and harmony with nature precede those that encourage economic success (Ignatius et al., 2019 ). Some informants do not consider a life as a fisherman to guarantee welfare. Limited production facilities, capital, and minimal yield are the causes. However, every fisherman has better ideals and a life orientation. Some informants aspire to have a permanent home or a motor vehicle. Despite hoping for a better future, most fishermen do not change their behavior by improving their knowledge, skills, creativity, and awareness of saving or investing. Fishermen's attitudes and work patterns remain more focused on the current situation than the future. 4.2.3 Socio-Economic Structure of Fishermen Imbalances in economic access occur in fishing communities due to various factors such as climate change, vulnerability, and unequal relationships between developed and developing countries (Ayilu et al., 2023 ; Islam et al., 2022 ; Senapati & Gupta, 2017 ). An imbalance in economic access occurs in the fishing community of Tanjung Tiram Village due to limited production facilities, including boats and simple fishing gear. They also have difficulty catching fish in the surrounding waters and must travel farther to obtain a sufficient catch. Fishermen also have limited access to productive capital assistance due to a lack of understanding of management and the required technical skills. The low level of education also leads to a lack of knowledge in managing resources and businesses. In addition, the fishing community of Tanjung Tiram Village is affected by the entry of mining entrepreneurs who employ fishermen as stone-breaker workers without a work agreement that protects their rights. The workers rely solely on physical labor, without health insurance or protection. Employers set wages unilaterally, so employment relationships tend to be vertical, leaving workers vulnerable to exploitation. There is a pattern of exploitative patron-client relationships in fishermen's social interactions. Traditional fishermen in Tanjung Tiram Village become clients who depend on patrons such as boat owners, catch collectors, or capital owners/intermediaries. Fishermen rely on their patrons for their daily lives when they cannot go to sea, especially at high tide. There are no financial institutions that can replace the role of patrons, so the relationship with capital owners is getting stronger. In this context, conservative financial institutions often fail to provide access to fishermen. 5. Conclusion This study reveals that their socio-cultural context and economic challenges greatly influence the livelihood sustainability strategy of poor fishermen in Tanjung Tiram Village. The study's findings show that fishermen are implementing various adaptation strategies to overcome resource scarcity, such as optimizing the use of coastal resources and involving family members in earning a living. Implementing these various adaptation strategies reflects their socio-economic resilience despite challenging conditions. The practical implications of this study emphasize the importance of empowering fishing communities through more effective policies. By understanding the cultural and social context behind their strategy choices, policymakers can Design more appropriate intervention programs to improve the welfare of poor fishers. In addition, support for education and access to capital is also key to strengthening their adaptability to environmental changes and future economic challenges. Declarations Statement of Ethics Approval: This research has obtained ethical approval from the Institute for Research and Community Service, Halu Oleo University, Indonesia. This approval was granted based on a research contract agreement with reference number 518c/UN29.20/PPM/2019, which ensures that the entire research process complies with applicable ethical standards. The data collection protocols and instruments used in this study fully align with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and all its amendments. The data collection process emphasizes the importance of establishing a close and equal relationship between the researcher and the informants. Each research subject was given the freedom to make decisions. New interviews were conducted after the informant provided voluntary verbal consent. Informant anonymity was a top priority in this research. The informants' identities were not disclosed in any way in the research report. Each informant will be referred to using initials to protect their privacy. Funding Declaration This research was funded by the Directorate of Research and Community Service, Directorate General of Research and Development, Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia. Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used superai.id to improve the grammar and readability of the manuscript. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication. Clinical trial number: not applicable. References A. Samad, S. A., & Munawwarah, M. (2020). Adat Pernikahan dan Nilai-Nilai Islami dalam Masyarakat Aceh Menurut Hukum Islam. 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Livelihood strategies of two small-scale fisher communities: adaptation strategies under different fishery resource at southern and northern coast of Java. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science , 919 (1), 012010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/919/1/012010 Sunesti, Y., Hasan, N., & Azca, M. N. (2018). Young Salafi-niqabi and hijrah:agency and identity negotiation. Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies , 8 (2), 173. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v8i2.173-197 Susilo, E., Purwanti, P., Fattah, M., Qurrata, V. A., & Narmaditya, B. S. (2021). Adaptive coping strategies towards seasonal change impacts: Indonesian small-scale fisherman household. Heliyon , 7 (4), e06919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06919 Tamale, A., Ejobi, F., Muyanja, C., Naigaga, I., Nakavuma, J., Drago, C. K., & Amulen, D. R. (2017). Sociocultural factors associated with fish consumption in Lake Albert fishing community: Guidelines for lead and mercury. Cogent Environmental Science , 3 (1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2017.1304604 Tikadar, K. K., Islam, M. J., Saha, S. M., Alam, M. M., Barman, S. K., & Rahman, M. A. (2022). Livelihood status of small-scale fishermen and determinants of their income: Insights from north-eastern floodplains of Bangladesh. Geography and Sustainability , 3 (3), 204–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2022.06.002 Turkel, G. (2005). Talcott Parsons: The Social Relations of Individualism and Economy. Sociological Focus , 38 (1), 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2005.10571257 Turowetz, J., & Rawls, A. W. (2021). Talcott Parsons and Harold Garfinkel. In The Routledge International Handbook of Talcott Parsons Studies (pp. 249–260). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429321139-23 Waters, T., & Waters, D. (Eds.). (2015). Weber’s Rationalism and Modern Society . Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137365866 Wilde, W. De. (2002). The Impact of Technological Progress on Fishing Effort. Reproduction , 25–27. Wintergalen, E. W., Oyanedel, R., Villaseñor-Derbez, J. C., Fulton, S., & Molina, R. (2022). Opportunities and challenges for livelihood resilience in urban and rural Mexican small-scale fisheries. Ecology and Society , 27 (3). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-13471-270346 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32649,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConceptual Framework of Poor Fishermen's Livelihood Sustainability Strategy\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8495391/v1/0e386f2575d5d4f3ec6fa528.png"},{"id":99795456,"identity":"648cbb84-e85b-4559-9579-e3f8353396ee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:38:09","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":775501,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8495391/v1/83d0dea1-eab6-41a9-8b11-4d919db11dad.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eSustainability Strategy for Poor Fishermen's Livelihood to Overcome Resource Constraints\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eFishing is one of the oldest professions in the world and remains the backbone of many global communities, particularly in developing countries (Ahmed et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Ma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Tikadar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Even so, they face several serious challenges, including overfishing, the impacts of climate change, and the dynamics of government policies (Chen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Overfishing poses a serious threat to the survival of fishermen, as it can result in reduced fish stocks and reduced catches. Despite this, fishing is still a significant source of income and food for millions worldwide (Charlton et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFishermen, especially those on a traditional scale, are generally included in the poor group. Many choose jobs as oversized crew or have simple boats with conventional equipment (Mustafa et al., 2021). Several studies, as noted by Chen et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), described traditional fisheries as a \"last resort\" and fishermen as the \"poorest of the poor.\" One cause of poverty in the fishing community is limited access to fishing resources. In addition, restricted access to markets is an obstacle for fishermen who rely on fisheries for subsistence, as Nielsen et al. (2018) noted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimited financial capital is the main obstacle for traditional fishermen in obtaining sufficient resources for their production tools (Kleih et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Pomeroy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). This situation also impacts low compliance with natural resource management regulations. Some fishermen choose environmentally unfriendly methods or increase fishing intensity to gain greater profits (Kaluma \u0026amp; Umar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Income instability also contributes to the emergence of personal profit-seeking and corruption among leaders, ultimately hindering the implementation of fisheries regulations (Kaluma \u0026amp; Umar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Fishers' access to formal financial services or financial inclusion improves the economic resilience of rural fishing households (Pomeroy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). However, research shows that in fishery communities undergoing a transition, one of the main reasons for their livelihood crisis is limited financial capital (Chen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor fishing families often have no option but to become small-scale fishermen due to a lack of alternative income opportunities. This situation, as shown by Selvaraj et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), contributes to the cycle of poverty. The fisheries sector's ability to provide income and serve as a means of welfare for the very poor is significantly hampered by this situation, as revealed by Larbi Ayisi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). According to Islam et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), low skills also narrow opportunities for poor fishing families to start productive economic ventures. Working as a fisherman requires a lot of energy, so parents often need help with their work. Fishermen usually involve their children in working for a living at sea. According to Abdullah et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), with minimal income from the fishing business, hiring adult laborers is often not an option, leading to the involvement of children in the fishing process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn reality, people experiencing poverty still struggle to earn a living to maintain life with their families. Poor people generally work full-time but have low incomes (Řimn\u0026aacute;čov\u0026aacute; \u0026amp; Kajanov\u0026aacute;, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Poor fishermen also exhibit a strong work ethic in North Moramo, South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Despite their unfavorable conditions, 34 heads of families in Tanjung Tiram Village, North Moramo District, continue to survive as traditional fishermen. Facing socio-economic difficulties, the poor fishing community, of course, has its own strategy to overcome scarcity and ensure survival for its families.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research is essential for revealing the strategies poor fishermen use to overcome scarcity and maintain survival with their families. Because fishermen live in a particular social habitus (\u0026Ccedil;akmak et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), it is also essential to uncover the socio-cultural context behind their choice of strategy (Gustavsson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). A better understanding of the lives of poor fishermen is expected to contribute to the birth of more effective fishermen empowerment policies. The research uses Max Weber's social action theory as an analytical tool.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research aims to (1) identify the strategies taken by poor fishermen to overcome scarcity to maintain survival with their families and (2) describe the socio-cultural context that is the background for the birth of these strategies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Sustainability of Poor Fishermen's Livelihood: An Analytical Framework","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis research departs from the perspective of Max Weber's social action theory, which focuses on understanding the sustainability strategy of poor fishermen in overcoming resource constraints. In addition, this study seeks to understand the socio-cultural context behind the birth of livelihood strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax Weber's theory of social action emphasizes the importance of social and cultural context in shaping individual actions and behaviors. Social action must be understood by the individual acting in a particular social context (Andreski, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Eliaeson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Weber emphasizes that each individual's actions are inseparable from the broader social and cultural context, which shapes and influences their behavior (Eliaeson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax Weber's Social Action Theory can be applied to understand the decision-making processes and actions of poor fishermen in the context of their livelihood sustainability. If referring to Max Weber, then the decision-making process of fishermen in choosing a livelihood sustainability strategy takes into account socio-cultural aspects in the community (Phillips, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Waters \u0026amp; Waters, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Various external and internal factors, such as religious values, social norms, and economic pressures, influence the actions of poor fishermen in choosing their livelihood sustainability strategies (A. Samad \u0026amp; Munawwarah, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Polontoh \u0026amp; Yanuaria, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the above point of view, the strategy of fulfilling livelihoods adopted by poor fishermen to meet their basic needs is seen as not operating in a vacuum. However, he is in a particular social habitus that is laden with beliefs, values, and norms. In other words, it is always embedded in a specific socio-cultural context, institutionalized within a society (Sunesti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Everywhere and at any time, there is always a culture that organizes the meaning and behavior of everyday human beings. Different socio-cultural and environmental conditions create unique vulnerability and livelihood strategies for small-scale fishers in other locations (Suadi et al., 2021). The interaction between socioeconomic factors and the sustainability strategy of the manuscript was also shown to significantly influence socioeconomic status, income, and the number of family members on the consumption patterns of fishermen's households (Rusdiana et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). However, human beings' management of their lives is not mechanistic; it involves subjective interpretations and considerations (Kadir et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, the social reality of fishermen is also thick with a subjective dimension. There may be diversity in behavior, including livelihood fulfillment strategies for family survival.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTalcott Parsons, a major follower of Weber, emphasized the situational factors that guide individual action. The main problem for Parsons is not particular actions but rather the social norms and values that guide and regulate behavior (Turowetz \u0026amp; Rawls, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, an in-depth understanding of poor fishers' livelihood sustainability strategy choices must include an in-depth analysis of the social structure and underlying values (Turkel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). In Parsons' view, social norms do not determine what he means to use; instead, they are determined by the actor's ability to choose the right way. In a brief schematic, the Conceptual Framework of the Livelihood Sustainability Strategy of Poor Fishermen can be seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e below:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the conceptual framework above, the strategy of meeting the livelihood needs of poor fishermen as a sociological reality is understood as actors, in this case, poor fishermen, making subjective decisions about the selection of means and tools to meet the livelihood needs of their families. Cultural, normative, and social values limit the choice of a livelihood sustainability strategy. However, despite the situation being an obstacle for him, poor fishermen as actors still have free will.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Metode","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe research was conducted in Tanjung Tiram Village, a coastal village in North Moramo District, South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. This research uses a qualitative approach to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon successfully recorded. The study subjects were 34 heads of poor fishing families who still worked as fishermen despite various conditions. Of the 34 heads of families who were the research subjects, 24 were the primary research informants, plus the Head of Tanjung Tiram Village, the research location. Thus, this study collected data from 25 informants. The informant's initials, age, type of work pursued, and family status can be seen in the Table. 1 below:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Research Informants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnonymized\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitials\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (Years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of Job Pursued\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFisherman, gardener, \u003cem\u003ePaula-ula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFisherman, stone breaker\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEFD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFishermen, construction workers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStone breaker, cake seller\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBSM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFisherman, gardener, construction worker\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBJR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFisherman, \u003cem\u003ePaula-ula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFisherman, \u003cem\u003ePaula-ula\u003c/em\u003e, Stone Breaker\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSRD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFisherman, \u003cem\u003ePaula-ula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFishermen, construction workers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSYT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFisherman, gardener\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStone breaker, cake seller\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFishermen, construction workers, \u003cem\u003ePaula-ula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFRM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVillage head\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLKM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFisherman, Capital owner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFisherman, \u003cem\u003ePaula-ula\u003c/em\u003e, Stone Breaker\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFishermen, construction workers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFisherman, \u003cem\u003ePaula-ula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFishermen, construction workers, \u003cem\u003ePaula-ula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult Children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBKR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFisherman, \u003cem\u003ePaula-ula\u003c/em\u003e, Stone Breaker\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIRF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFishermen, construction workers, \u003cem\u003ePaula-ula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eANT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFisherman, \u003cem\u003ePaula-ula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRDW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFisherman, \u003cem\u003ePaula-ula\u003c/em\u003e, Stone Breaker\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult Children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFisherman, \u003cem\u003ePaula-ula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFisherman, gardener\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSRT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFishermen, construction workers, \u003cem\u003ePaula-ula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData collection is through in-depth interviews and observations. In-depth interviews are conducted in a relaxed atmosphere. Before conducting the interview, the researcher asked the informant for their consent. If they are unwilling, the researcher will not continue the interview and seek out other willing informants. Some prospective informants are reluctant to be interviewed at certain times due to the demands of making a living, but at other times they are eager to be interviewed. Observations were made on the \"living table\" through social practices, habits, and everyday expressions among fishermen, especially regarding their livelihood strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData, especially primary information obtained through observation and in-depth interviews, were collected and analyzed simultaneously. Data is grouped to differentiate, sort, and select information from various sources for easy analysis. Interpretive understanding becomes the primary basis for data analysis, which involves explaining data and facts related to the selection of livelihood strategies and their socio-cultural context. Data analysis is grounded in social action theory, which states that human actions have subjective purpose and meaning, so it is essential to interpret actions in specific social and cultural contexts (Andreski, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Eliaeson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Sica, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The validity of the data was evaluated by extending the observation process, triangulating data and data-collection techniques, and conducting peer review through research seminars.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs mentioned above, this study aims to explore the strategies of poor fishermen to overcome scarcity and sustain livelihoods in a socio-cultural context that involves essential factors in their lives. In this section, findings and discussion, the research findings relevant to the goal are explained in depth, and the theoretical and practical implications of the results are analyzed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Livelihood Sustainability Strategy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fishing community's livelihood sustainability strategy is crucial to ensuring its survival and welfare (Tikadar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Faced with socio-economic difficulties, fishing families are trying to adapt and implement coping strategies to respond to extreme weather conditions (Amevenku et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Susilo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Socio-economic adaptation in problem management strategies is an effort by poor fishing families to meet the needs and sustain the livelihoods of their families. Some techniques for the sustainable livelihoods of poor fishermen include optimizing the use of coastal resources, optimizing household labor, implementing double maintenance patterns, and using intermediary services.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1.1 Utilization of Biodiversity Around the Beach\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne strategy that poor fishermen use to meet their food needs is to use coastal resources to produce various edible commodities without going far out to sea. One way to utilize coastal resources to meet the food needs of fishermen is to search for resources in the mangrove ecosystem along the coast (Griggs \u0026amp; Reguero, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). When fishing in the open sea is impossible, poor fishermen in North Moramo look for crabs and shellfish on the sidelines of mangrove trees around the coast. Fishermen usually catch crabs and look for shellfish when the sea is receding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor fishermen in Tanjung Tiram Village always strive to use coastal resources optimally through various strategies and environmental adaptations. If they can't get good quality fish (here, the community identifies and calls it \u003cem\u003esunu\u003c/em\u003e fish, white fish, and \u003cem\u003ekatambak\u003c/em\u003e fish), they look for \u003cem\u003ekarapu\u003c/em\u003e fish (local people call it skewered fish). If they fail to catch fish, they look for crabs and shellfish. In addition, they always adjust the time and fishing gear used to natural and weather conditions. The goal is for them to be still able to carry out economic activities to meet the daily food needs of family members.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe high-tide season, accompanied by strong winds, is the only period when they do not conduct economic activities at sea or along the coast. They described this season as \"not shady,\" so it was a famine season for them. During this famine season, fishermen usually repair damaged fishing gear, such as torn nets and tangled fishing lines, while doing other work outside the sea, such as gardening, construction, etc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor fishermen use biodiversity around the coast from the perspective of Max Weber's social action theory, which shows the complexity of interactions between individuals, the environment, and fellow community members (Andreski, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Eliaeson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Every decision made by fishermen is driven by economic needs and influenced by cultural norms and social relations between them (Phillips, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Waters \u0026amp; Waters, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1.2 Diversification of Sources of Income\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFishermen are forced to turn to alternative livelihoods when they face difficulties catching fish, such as becoming construction workers, farming, or doing odd jobs (Dee Fink, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e; Ma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Some fishermen in Tanjung Tiram Village sometimes engage in a double livelihood. There are several jobs other than fishing to support livelihoods, including stone breaking, construction work, and gardening. Observations and interview results show that breaking stones is carried out by buying stones in logs, then breaking them to be split (building mix) or working as stone breaker workers for other parties who pay according to the volume of work. Construction workers work on electrical power construction projects in Moramo or as construction workers in Kendari City (the Capital of Southeast Sulawesi Province) and its surroundings. Usually, they are invited by friends or people who deliberately come to Tanjung Tiram Village to look for work. One type of labor activity famous in Moramo is paula-ula, a stone lifter who climbs onto a truck at a stone mining site.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGardening is also an alternative job for fishermen. One of the fishermen who was the subject of the study carried out gardening activities, such as planting sweet potatoes and corn, as an additional daily routine. This was done by borrowing vacant land in Tanjung Tiram Village, whose owners could not cultivate it themselves because they lived in Kendari City.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe switch to alternative jobs outside fishing, such as construction work or gardening, can be seen as a rational response by poor fishermen to meet their family's economic needs (Kadir et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). When the catch is insufficient for daily life, fishermen actively seek other income sources. Similarly, the work of breaking stones, which involves buying blocks and splitting them into splits, involves economic calculations: they invest initial capital to make a larger profit from the sale of building materials.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1.3 Adaptation to Environmental Change\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdaptation to environmental changes is crucial for fishermen in Tanjung Tiram Village, especially when facing the challenges posed by climate change and the decline of marine resources. One way they do this is by working longer than usual. By extending working hours, fishermen try to increase their chances of catching fish and getting better catches (Mulyasari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Shaffril et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). This impacts their income and the food security of the communities around them. In situations where resources are increasingly depleted, adapting is key to survival (Saksono et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, fishermen also venture further into the open seas as another adaptation strategy. By reaching out to areas of water they had never explored before, they hoped to find new fish populations or other species that previous fishing activities might not have touched. However, this move is not without risks; Long trips to the high seas require good navigation skills and a deep understanding of weather conditions and ocean currents (Fungueiri\u0026ntilde;o-Su\u0026aacute;rez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Nevertheless, this effort demonstrates the perseverance and innovation of fishermen as they face environmental challenges to maintain their livelihoods and meet the community's needs for marine products.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1.4 Involvement of Women and Children in Livelihood Matters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptimizing family labor by involving homemakers and children in earning a living is one of the economic strategies implemented by fishing families in facing the famine season (Abdullah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). When the fishing season is erratic, and the frequency of fishermen's sea trips is reduced, children and housewives are actively looking for crabs and shellfish. The involvement of family members other than the head of the family in earning a living is vital to maintaining the family's economic stability (Sinclair et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Stevens, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Apart from looking for crabs and shellfish, household labor is also used to break split stones and make snack cakes. Some fishermen and homemakers are involved in breaking split stones (as cast mixed building materials) for sale. The cake-making activity is carried out at dawn, and the children who are still in school sell the cakes at their respective places.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to breaking rocks, baking cakes, and looking for crabs, mothers and children, especially older boys, work as construction workers or become \u003cem\u003epaula-ula\u003c/em\u003e (stone lifters) when the construction season arrives. According to the Head of Tanjung Tiram Village, this \u003cem\u003epaula-ula\u003c/em\u003e activity is crowded from September to November. This is due to the large number of development projects carried out in the city and its surroundings during these months, which require building materials in the form of stones, both split stones and logs. North Moramo District is famous as one of the stone-mining areas, so during the project season, trucks often cross the area to pick up stones, which are then transported to other places, especially to Kendari City, the provincial capital.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1.5 Utilization of Middleman Services\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother strategy adopted by poor fishermen to meet their family's livelihood needs is to use intermediaries. One of the problems faced by poor fishermen in the fishing business is the limited operational costs. Financial inclusion can help reduce the vulnerability of poor fishermen's households and rural communities (Pomeroy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). This problem worsens, especially during the famine season, when business uncertainty increases, and fishermen's incomes are uncertain. Therefore, a provider or buffer institution is needed to help cover fishermen's operational costs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the shady season, fishermen use intermediaries to borrow money to finance sea activities. The operational costs include renting a boat equipped with an engine, buying fuel oil, and buying fishing rods and trawlers. Meanwhile, during the famine season, poor fishermen use intermediaries to borrow money to meet their families' food needs, buy logs (which will be split into splits), and buy ingredients to make cakes to be sold.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough it is not always economically profitable, using middleman services is a \"social cushion\" for the survival of poor fishermen's families. The cooperation between the \"fish boss,\" who plays the role of the middleman, and the client, who plays the role of the poor fisherman, results in a patron-client relationship that creates an unbalanced dependency (Mi\u0026ntilde;arro et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe capital intermediaries provide to fishermen must be paid back by returning the loan. The middleman offers this loan with certain conditions, such as interest or a goods guarantee. The intermediaries and the poor fishermen agreed on the terms of the loan repayment. This can be a weekly, monthly, or, according to the agreement reached. Poor fishermen can sometimes pay off the entire loan in a lump sum at the end of the term.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 The Social and Cultural Context of Fishermen\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor fishing families do not live in a void but in a socio-cultural environment rich in beliefs, values, and norms (\u0026Ccedil;akmak et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, it is essential to understand the socio-cultural context affecting fishermen's sustainability in Tanjung Tiram. This socio-cultural context encompasses the community's social, cultural, and economic aspects and shapes the livelihood strategies fishermen adopt.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne aspect that affects the sustainability of fishermen's livelihoods is economic resources (Asche et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Jones, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). These financial resources include ownership of production equipment, production costs, education level, skills, ability to invest or save, and the condition of the marine natural resources where they catch fish.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultural aspects also play an essential role in the lifestyle of fishermen. These cultural aspects can influence their behavior, awareness, and consumption patterns (Tamale et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Cultural elements include value systems, mentalities, traditions, and life habits that shape fishermen's behavior patterns. Fishing activities are associated with material culture, such as boats, fish houses, shipyards, and crafts, as well as with rituals, cuisines, and traditions related to fishing (Khakzad \u0026amp; Griffith, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructural aspects also affect the sustainability of fishermen's livelihoods. This involves production relationships, profit-sharing patterns, access to resources, and government policies related to the economic life of fishermen. Livelihood capital, which relates to a way of life based on earning capacity, assets, and income-generating activities, plays a significant role in the sustainability of fishermen's livelihoods (Wintergalen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy understanding and analyzing these aspects, we can gain a more complete understanding of the sustainability strategy of fishermen in Tanjung Tiram.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2.1 Fishermen's Economic Resources\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority of fishermen in Tanjung Tiram are small-scale traditional fishermen. Traditional fishers often face several challenges, including limited capital, inadequate means of production, and a lack of technical skills (Ikoja-Odongo \u0026amp; Ocholla, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). They are divided into two groups: fishermen with motorized boats and their own fishing gear, or with motorized boats provided by other parties, and fishermen without engines who generally use small canoes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe educational level of fishermen in Tanjung Tiram is generally low, with most completing only up to high school or lower. The low level of education among fishermen leads to a limited understanding of technology and poor future planning. Low levels of education among fishermen do not contribute significantly to future production increases (Wilde, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFishermen in Tanjung Tiram face difficulties saving due to minimal income and erratic work patterns. Their income is mainly used to meet the children's daily needs and educational expenses. Although there is a fishermen's cooperative in the village, it does not function properly and does not help the fishermen market their marine catches.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural conditions and seasonal fluctuations in Tanjung Tiram Village make it impossible for fishermen to go to sea year-round. Simple, limited production facilities and infrastructure often leave them unsure about where to fish.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2.2 Fisherman's Culture\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe people in Tanjung Tiram Village engage in fishing as a hereditary livelihood. They believe this work is a way of life set by Almighty God, even though, in reality, it cannot lift them out of poverty. The income from going to sea is only sufficient to cover daily food needs. As fishermen, they have a structured lifestyle. For example, fishermen leave for the sea around 6 pm and return home around 7 am. After resting until noon, they resumed their activities, including lunch and gardening. Then, they prepared to go back to sea. The weather also affects their activities: during the west and southeast wind seasons, fishermen generally do not go to sea and instead engage in other activities such as gardening or construction work. Despite the potential and opportunity to improve economic life, fishermen tend to adopt a fatalistic attitude toward life, manifested in the belief that God has determined life while humans merely live and receive it (Hakim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Kwiringira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Sikap ini dapat menyebabkan kurangnya upaya untuk memperbaiki kondisi kehidupan mereka.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFishermen in Tanjung Tiram Village use traditional equipment. The values that develop in their lives related to their work in the marine sector are greatly influenced by natural conditions. They consider nature harsh and invincible, thus maintaining harmony with nature and accepting fate with open arms. They highly value the fishing-related customs passed down from generation to generation, even though they no longer provide economic benefits. Hereditary work patterns, lack of awareness of saving, and lack of work planning reflect this attitude. The values of togetherness, cooperation, and harmony with nature precede those that encourage economic success (Ignatius et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome informants do not consider a life as a fisherman to guarantee welfare. Limited production facilities, capital, and minimal yield are the causes. However, every fisherman has better ideals and a life orientation. Some informants aspire to have a permanent home or a motor vehicle. Despite hoping for a better future, most fishermen do not change their behavior by improving their knowledge, skills, creativity, and awareness of saving or investing. Fishermen's attitudes and work patterns remain more focused on the current situation than the future.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2.3 Socio-Economic Structure of Fishermen\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eImbalances in economic access occur in fishing communities due to various factors such as climate change, vulnerability, and unequal relationships between developed and developing countries (Ayilu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Islam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Senapati \u0026amp; Gupta, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). An imbalance in economic access occurs in the fishing community of Tanjung Tiram Village due to limited production facilities, including boats and simple fishing gear. They also have difficulty catching fish in the surrounding waters and must travel farther to obtain a sufficient catch. Fishermen also have limited access to productive capital assistance due to a lack of understanding of management and the required technical skills. The low level of education also leads to a lack of knowledge in managing resources and businesses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, the fishing community of Tanjung Tiram Village is affected by the entry of mining entrepreneurs who employ fishermen as stone-breaker workers without a work agreement that protects their rights. The workers rely solely on physical labor, without health insurance or protection. Employers set wages unilaterally, so employment relationships tend to be vertical, leaving workers vulnerable to exploitation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is a pattern of exploitative patron-client relationships in fishermen's social interactions. Traditional fishermen in Tanjung Tiram Village become clients who depend on patrons such as boat owners, catch collectors, or capital owners/intermediaries. Fishermen rely on their patrons for their daily lives when they cannot go to sea, especially at high tide. There are no financial institutions that can replace the role of patrons, so the relationship with capital owners is getting stronger. In this context, conservative financial institutions often fail to provide access to fishermen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study reveals that their socio-cultural context and economic challenges greatly influence the livelihood sustainability strategy of poor fishermen in Tanjung Tiram Village. The study's findings show that fishermen are implementing various adaptation strategies to overcome resource scarcity, such as optimizing the use of coastal resources and involving family members in earning a living. Implementing these various adaptation strategies reflects their socio-economic resilience despite challenging conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe practical implications of this study emphasize the importance of empowering fishing communities through more effective policies. By understanding the cultural and social context behind their strategy choices, policymakers can Design more appropriate intervention programs to improve the welfare of poor fishers. In addition, support for education and access to capital is also key to strengthening their adaptability to environmental changes and future economic challenges.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eStatement of Ethics Approval: This research has obtained ethical approval from the Institute for Research and Community Service, Halu Oleo University, Indonesia. This approval was granted based on a research contract agreement with reference number 518c/UN29.20/PPM/2019, which ensures that the entire research process complies with applicable ethical standards. The data collection protocols and instruments used in this study fully align with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and all its amendments. The data collection process emphasizes the importance of establishing a close and equal relationship between the researcher and the informants. Each research subject was given the freedom to make decisions. New interviews were conducted after the informant provided voluntary verbal consent. Informant anonymity was a top priority in this research. The informants' identities were not disclosed in any way in the research report. Each informant will be referred to using initials to protect their privacy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding Declaration\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was funded by the Directorate of Research and Community Service, Directorate General of Research and Development, Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDeclaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the preparation of this work, the author(s) used superai.id to improve the grammar and readability of the manuscript. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number:\u003c/strong\u003e not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. Samad, S. A., \u0026amp; Munawwarah, M. (2020). Adat Pernikahan dan Nilai-Nilai Islami dalam Masyarakat Aceh Menurut Hukum Islam. \u003cem\u003eEl-USRAH: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e(2), 289. https://doi.org/10.22373/ujhk.v3i2.7716\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdullah, A., Huynh, I., Emery, C. R., \u0026amp; Jordan, L. P. (2022). 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C., Fulton, S., \u0026amp; Molina, R. (2022). Opportunities and challenges for livelihood resilience in urban and rural Mexican small-scale fisheries. \u003cem\u003eEcology and Society\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c/em\u003e(3). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-13471-270346\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Sustainability of alimony, Poor fishermen, Coastal resources, Income diversification, Environmental changes","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8495391/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8495391/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to identify the livelihood strategies of poor fishers in Tanjung Tiram Village, Southeast Sulawesi, who face various economic, social, and environmental challenges. To achieve this goal, a qualitative approach was used through in-depth interviews and participant observation with 34 heads of fishing families to understand the dynamics of their lives and their adaptation strategies for maintaining their livelihoods. The results show that fishers implement various adaptive strategies, including optimizing the use of coastal resources, diversifying income outside the fishing sector\u0026mdash;such as working as daily laborers or starting small businesses\u0026mdash;and actively involving family members in livelihood activities to increase total household income. Furthermore, the role of intermediary services in the catch marketing chain contributes to increased sales efficiency, despite the complex interdependencies involved. Social and cultural factors have also been shown to strongly influence strategic choices, including kinship networks and local norms. In conclusion, fishers' survival depends not only on the availability of natural resources but also on social adaptation, family structure, and the support of local economic systems and inclusive government policies. Therefore, more responsive and sustainable policy interventions are needed to empower poor fishing communities comprehensively.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Sustainability Strategy for Poor Fishermen's Livelihood to Overcome Resource Constraints","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-07 08:53:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8495391/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6c3507dc-ca43-4e97-9b92-6428597656d6","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 7th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-07T08:53:04+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-07 08:53:04","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8495391","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8495391","identity":"rs-8495391","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}