The Evacuation of Kiss Nightclub Fire

The Evacuation of Kiss Nightclub Fire | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Case Report The Evacuation of Kiss Nightclub Fire Rodrigo Freitas, João Rodrigues This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8264958/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract It is a fact that nightclub’s fires can, unfortunately, cause many injuries and casualties. Canecão Mineiro and Kiss, in Brazil, The Station, in US, Republic Cromañon, in Argentina and Lame Horse, in Russia, are examples of nightclub’s fires with a lot of victims. All these cases had the same pattern, fire outbroken in the insulation materials and developed very fast in the interior, showing the weaknesses of these spaces in case of fire. Emergency exits, that are one of the fundamental building safety measures, showed to be inadequate and the evacuation of the occupants was not appropriate. In a nutshell, they must provide a quick and safe exit for the occupants of a building, as well as allowing rescue teams to enter via the least unhealthy route possible. In Kiss nightclub fire, emergency exits proved to be ineffective in fulfilling these objectives, especially when it came to evacuating people. Videos showed a chaotic evacuation during the fire. This paper reveals and analyses the violations and vulnerabilities of the emergency exits in Kiss nightclub fire, correlating the existing non-conformities with the causes of injuries and deaths. Using appropriate fire investigation methodologies, data gathering, hypothesis selection and computer simulations of fire and evacuation, it was possible to reveal the causes of injury and death correlated with the violations and vulnerabilities of the emergency exits, serving the results for preventing identical future cases. investigation fire evacuation emergency exits violations Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 08 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 06 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 02 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 08 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 24 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 08 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 02 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8264958","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Case Report","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":572457768,"identity":"08528417-2740-4d32-b8ca-e1b3529b271d","order_by":0,"name":"Rodrigo Freitas","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Coimbra","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rodrigo","middleName":"","lastName":"Freitas","suffix":""},{"id":572457769,"identity":"714bde1f-d76a-4b6c-8d47-b83d0ccd5f14","order_by":1,"name":"João 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13:02:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2328428,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ENGKissartigo2025sadaswithout.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8264958/v1_covered_13ee82e4-03d8-4db1-a184-c35d29208b21.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eThe Evacuation of Kiss Nightclub Fire\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"fire-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"fire","sideBox":"Learn more about [Fire Technology](http://link.springer.com/journal/10694)","snPcode":"10694","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/10694/3","title":"Fire Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"investigation, fire, evacuation, emergency exits, violations","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8264958/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8264958/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIt is a fact that nightclub\u0026rsquo;s fires can, unfortunately, cause many injuries and casualties. Canec\u0026atilde;o Mineiro and Kiss, in Brazil, The Station, in US, Republic Croma\u0026ntilde;on, in Argentina and Lame Horse, in Russia, are examples of nightclub\u0026rsquo;s fires with a lot of victims. All these cases had the same pattern, fire outbroken in the insulation materials and developed very fast in the interior, showing the weaknesses of these spaces in case of fire. Emergency exits, that are one of the fundamental building safety measures, showed to be inadequate and the evacuation of the occupants was not appropriate. In a nutshell, they must provide a quick and safe exit for the occupants of a building, as well as allowing rescue teams to enter via the least unhealthy route possible. In Kiss nightclub fire, emergency exits proved to be ineffective in fulfilling these objectives, especially when it came to evacuating people. Videos showed a chaotic evacuation during the fire. This paper reveals and analyses the violations and vulnerabilities of the emergency exits in Kiss nightclub fire, correlating the existing non-conformities with the causes of injuries and deaths. Using appropriate fire investigation methodologies, data gathering, hypothesis selection and computer simulations of fire and evacuation, it was possible to reveal the causes of injury and death correlated with the violations and vulnerabilities of the emergency exits, serving the results for preventing identical future cases.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Evacuation of Kiss Nightclub Fire","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-12 03:36:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8264958/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-08T09:18:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-06T08:48:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-02T19:58:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"234442298786550962954815989108104355992","date":"2026-01-10T10:00:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"219524581766125727840450387362586125641","date":"2026-01-09T14:38:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-08T09:12:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-24T09:06:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-08T14:18:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Fire Technology","date":"2025-12-03T02:01:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"fire-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"fire","sideBox":"Learn more about [Fire Technology](http://link.springer.com/journal/10694)","snPcode":"10694","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/10694/3","title":"Fire Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"272df819-3364-4f51-9c06-bfa6b5904e62","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 12th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-08T09:50:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-12 03:36:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8264958","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8264958","identity":"rs-8264958","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}