One city to rule them all? The production of copper in Enkomi, Cyprus: the evidence from the metallurgical ceramic assemblage

One city to rule them all? 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The production of copper in Enkomi, Cyprus: the evidence from the metallurgical ceramic assemblage Demetrios Ioannides, Vasiliki Kassianidou, George Papasavvas This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4313680/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 16 Sep, 2024 Read the published version in Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The socio-political organisation of Cyprus during the Late Bronze Age (LBA) is still an active field of scholarly debate. In the second half of the 2nd mil. BCE, the prevailing interpretations favour either a unified or a decentralised administration model on the island. Enkomi is listed as one of the most important Late Cypriot (LC) sites in both models. The rise of this urban centre can be largely attributed to the control of copper production during the LC period. The results of the chemical and microstructural analysis of the archaeometallurgical ceramic assemblage from the copper workshops in Area III at Enkomi are presented here. Our research revealed that the ceramics were exclusively used for copper-based secondary metallurgical activities. This ground-breaking project, the first in Cypriot archaeometallurgy to focus solely on technical ceramics, adds significant new knowledge to the reconstruction of the copper production organisation and Enkomi’s standing among the LC polities. Furthermore, these new findings pave the way for the development of a comparative analysis of the various stages of the copper production sequence in Cyprus as reflected in metallurgical ceramic assemblages. Cyprus Late Bronze Age Enkomi Metallurgy Copper production Metallurgical ceramics Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Introduction Copper, Cyprus and socio-political organisation in the LC: an ongoing debate The production, distribution and consumption of copper played a crucial role in the economy of LBA (1680/1650 – 1050 Cal BCE [1] ) Cyprus. External demand for Cypriot copper was instrumental in the emergence of coastal urban centres (Knapp 2013). During this period, copper production witnessed a significant expansion and intensification across the island (Muhly 1989; Kassianidou 2013), with remains of metallurgical activity discovered at nearly every known Late Cypriot site (Fig. 1). While there is scholarly debate regarding the extent of local control over copper production in the early stages of the LC period (LC I, 1680/1650 – 1450/1425 Cal BCE) (Stech 1985; Keswani 2004), Enkomi emerges as the dominant site in the newly developing copper industry. It has been suggested that Enkomi exerted considerable influence over the entire island’s copper production (Courtois 1982; Muhly 1989; Peltenburg 1996; Pickles and Peltenburg 1998; Kassianidou 2012; 2016), with its metallurgical activities overseen by a centralised authority focused on copper production. The copper workshops, situated within a massive fortress in Area III in the northern part of the site, along with a network of forts was established for the protection and transportation of ore and agricultural surpluses, point to a significant investment of labour by the ruling class (Muhly 1989; Peltenburg 1996; contra Crewe 2007). The archaeological evidence from Area III underscores the close relationship between copper production, trade, and the exercise of political and administrative authority in Enkomi. Notably, the discovery of the earliest Cypro-Minoan tablet associated with metallurgical debris provides compelling evidence (Dikaios 1969-1971). Moreover, the presence of numerous seals adorned with symbolic images at the site hints at their potential role in ideological and organisational control (Webb 2002). Finally, the consumption and emulation of imported prestige goods from Egypt and the Levant by Enkomi’s élites underscore their direct access to foreign markets through copper exports (Keswani 1989; Pilides 2012). However, a consensus amongst scholars engaged in the study of Cypriot prehistory suggests that the island’s socio-political organisation was not static over the course of the LC period. Particularly significant is a shift in Cyprus’s existing geopolitical landscape observed in the 14 th to 13 th c. BCE (for a summary see Knapp 2013). By this point, Enkomi’s presumed hegemony over copper production had diminished, yielding to local polities led by regional élites aiming to exploit the growing demand for Cypriot copper abroad. The unprecedented urban prosperity witnessed in the 13 th c. BCE (Negbi 2005) is interpreted as inidcative of a process of political fragmentation and the collapse of centralised rule (Muhly 1989; Peltenburg 1996; Knapp 2006). The organisation of copper production in the LC: a model in need for revision The organisation of copper industry during the LC period has been a subject of interest for archaeologists for decades (e.g. Stech 1982; 1985; Knapp 1986; Muhly 1989; Keswani 1993). Examination of LC metallurgical remains has revealed that copper sulphide ores, or ores of mixed composition (Stech 1982), were smelted, typically requiring several stages of processing. The discovery of the Apliki Karamallos mining settlement (du Plat 1952; Kassianidou 2018) laid the foundation for a multi-stage copper production model, although the archaeometallurgical evidence has been insufficiently and inconclusively studied. Subsequent excavations at the primary smelting site of Politiko Phorades (Knapp and Kassianidou 2008) further confirmed the initial smelting of copper sulphide ores near the mines, at the foot of the Troodos Mountains, to produce copper-rich matte. The matte would then be transported to urban centres for further processing. However, analytical approaches to LC archaeometallurgical material from urban and cult sites have presented a more complex scenario of copper production organisation (see Ioannides 2022 for a recent review of the evidence). These sites exhibit a wide range of metallurgical activities, including primary smelting of sulphide ores, secondary processes such as smelting of matte or raw metal, melting of copper, manufacturing of copper alloys, and recycling of scrap metal. This diversity raises questions regarding whether copper production was carried out via a centralised system controlled by specific groups, or if regional élites competed for sulphide deposits. The logistical challenges of producing and supplying large quantities of oxhide ingots, as mentioned in textual evidence (e.g. Knapp 2011) and confirmed by Lead Isotope Analyses (LIA) (e.g. Stos 2009; Gale 2011; Kassianidou 2013), further complicate this narrative. The relatively small size of metallurgical assemblages at these sites suggests that copper production was intended to meet local and regional needs rather than large-scale distribution. As a result, it was not the raison d'être for the majority of the sites. However, it is crucial to keep in mind that there may be gaps in the overall picture of the metallurgical production at the LC sites. Production areas are typically cleaned on a regular basis, leaving behind small and frequently dislocated direct evidence of the production density (Kassianidou 2016). Additionally, the latter stages of the production sequence yield smaller amounts of slag, a material that provides archaeometallurgical operations with increased visibility. Additionally, modern activities such as farming and construction have fragmented the archaeological record, further complicating efforts to reconstruct the scale and organisation of production. This study focuses on the metallurgical ceramic assemblage discovered at the copper workshops of Area III in Enkomi. The goal is to characterise the technological aspects of metallurgical processes and the manufacturing of reaction vessels, building upon preliminary examinations using handheld X-ray fluorescence (hhXRF) spectrometry (Ioannides et al. 2021). These analyses contribute to understanding the complexity of metallurgical operations at Enkomi and shed light on the spatial reconstruction of Cyprus’s copper industry and, by extension, its socio-political framework during the Late Bronze Age. Material and methods Material The metallurgical ceramic assemblage under investigation was recovered from various rooms within the copper workshops situated in the northernmost sector of Enkomi, specifically at Area III, also referred to as the “fortress”. Although metallurgical ceramics were manufactured across all occupational levels (Table 1), the highest concentrations were observed in the earlier strata of the workshops (Ioannides et al. 2021). Comprising a total of 1112 fragments, the assemblage includes crucibles, tuyères, and a small number of components likely belonging to bowl furnace linings or a hearth buried in the ground used for heating smaller reaction vessels. Contextual information for the assemblage is provided by Dikaios (1969-1971), while Kassianidou (2016) offers insights into the typological and macroscopic characteristics of the pyrotechnical ceramics. Table 1: Correlation between Area III, Enkomi occupational levels and chronological phases of LBA Cyprus (after Dikaios 1969-1971; for a more recent discussion on the chronology of Enkomi’s phases see Crewe 2007). Level Relative Chronology Absolute Chronology Cal BCE A MC IIIA 1750 – 1680/1650 BCE IA LC I 1680/1650 – 1450/1425 BCE IB IIA LC IIA-B 1450/1425 – 1300 BCE IIB LC IIC 1340/1325 – 1200 BCE IIIA LC IIIA 1200 – 1125/1100 BCE IIIB IIIC LC IIIB 1125/1100 – 1050 BCE Sampling The sampling strategy was determined based on macroscopic analysis and data obtained from hhXRF elemental screening (Ioannides et al. 2021). Additionally, archaeological context played a crucial role in sample selection, with efforts made to collect samples from as many rooms as possible within each stratum (Table 2). This approach allowed for the investigation of both the temporal (vertical distribution) and spatial (horizontal distribution) aspects of metallurgical operations at the copper workshops in Enkomi. A total of 32 thin sections underwent petrographic analysis, while 26 samples were subjected to Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis. Practical considerations, such as the presence of entire wall thickness in ceramics and well-developed slag, were also taken into account for the latter. Method of analysis SEM-EDS For the SEM-EDS analysis, representative samples were carefully chosen to fabricate 74 polished sections perpendicular to the surface. The polished sections underwent examination using reflected light microscopy (Leica DM2500 P polarisation microscope). Subsequently they were carbon-coated and studied using a JEOL JMS6610-LV Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to characterise the structural and textural properties of both ceramic and slag layers. To collect and process compositional data, an Oxford Instruments X-Max 50 mm Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) and AZtec analytical software package was used. The EDS was configured with a 20kV accelerating voltage, a working distance of 10 mm, an operating dead time of approximately 40%, and a live time of 60 s. A cobalt standard was employed at regular intervals for quantitative optimisation, ensuring deadtime stability and beam intensity calibration. Bulk compositions of ceramic (matrix and paste) and slag layers were determined by averaging 4 to 8 area analyses of 0.6 mm by 0.4 mm. Quartz grains and other inclusions were deliberately included in the analysed area to prevent bias in the bulk chemical composition comparison across different crucible parts. During the examination of the clay matrix, a manual frame of analysis covering an area typically ranging from 50 μm to100 μm by 50 μm to100 μm was selected to avoid inclusions larger than 10 μm. The composition of mineral and metallic phases observed in the crucible slag was determined by averaging 3 measurements whenever possible. Table 2: Catalogue of samples analysed for this study. Sample Area Room Level Sample type Part Ceramic Petrography SEM-EDS ENK 2695B III 101 IA Crucible Body X X ENK 2502Ba III 106 IB Crucible Body X ENK 2502Bb III 106 IB Crucible Body X Table 2 ( continued ) Sample Area Room Level Sample type Part Ceramic Petrography SEM-EDS ENK 1678Ba III 106 IB Furnace lining Body X ENK 1678Bc III 106 IB Furnace lining Body X ENK 2500Ba III 106 IB Crucible Body X ENK 2500Ca III 106 IB Crucible Body X X ENK 2351a III 105 IB Crucible Body X ENK 2351c III 105 IB Crucible Rim-body X X ENK 2332a III 103 IB Crucible Rim-body X ENK 2332b III 103 IB Crucible Body X ENK 3791 III 108 IB Crucible Rim X ENK 4241Ha III 54 IIA Crucible Body X ENK 4241Hb III 54 IIA Crucible Body X ENK 4241Hc III 54 IIA Crucible Body X ENK 2609 III 8 IIA Crucible Body X X ENK 2885a III 7 IIB Crucible Rim-body X ENK 2885b III 7 IIB Crucible Body X ENK 2885c III 7 IIB Crucible Body X ENK 2470a III 45 IIB Crucible Body X ENK 2470b III 45 IIB Crucible Body X ENK Unnumbered Tray 3a III 45 IIB Crucible Body X ENK Unnumbered Tray 3b III 45 IIB Crucible Body X ENK 3794a III 32 IIIA Crucible Body X X ENK 3537Ba III 16 IIIA Crucible Body X ENK 4775 III 7 IIIA Crucible Body X X ENK 2886a III 7 IIIB Crucible Body X X ENK 2886b III 7 IIIB Crucible Body X X ENK 1485 III 42 IIIB Crucible Body X ENK 4077a III 45 IIIB Crucible Body ENK 1678Ab III 106 IB Tuyère Body X ENK 1678Ac III 106 IB Tuyère Body X ENK 2500Cc III 106 IB Tuyère Body X ENK 2336D III 103 IB Tuyère Body X ENK 2339a III 103 IB Tuyère Body X ENK 2348b III 103 IB Tuyère Body X ENK 3985 III 107 IB Tuyère Body X ENK 2384 III 57 IIA Tuyère Body X ENK 4241Hd III 54 IIA Tuyère Body X ENK 4241He III 54 IIA Tuyère Body X X ENK 4241Hf III 54 IIA Tuyère Body X ENK 3710Ba III 30 IIA Tuyère Body X ENK 2575b III 8 IIB Tuyère Body X ENK 4125Aa III 49 IIB Tuyère Body X ENK 4201Bb III 50 IIB Tuyère Body X ENK 4202Aa III 50 IIB Tuyère Body X ENK 4202Ab III 50 IIB Tuyère Body X ENK 5266 I 12 IIIA Crucible Rim X The concentration of oxygen in all bulk analyses was determined using predefined stoichiometry to all other analysable elements and expressed as oxides in wt%. This approach disregards the actual measured oxygen content. The oxidation state of each element is fixed; however, it can be modified using the AZtec software, irrespective of the element’s actual valency. Conversely, for all non-metallic and metallic phases examined at higher magnifications, the ‘All Elements’ setup was preferred over ‘oxygen by stoichiometry’. Here, oxygen is listed alongside other elements as wt%, providing clarity on the distribution of various elements measured during the bulk analysis and facilitating a better understanding of the oxidation state at the given phase. In assessing the quality of EDS data, a series of certified reference materials (CRMs) were employed (Table 3a & b). For the analysis of ceramics and crucible slag, three glass-fused basalts (BHVO-2, BIR-1, and BCR-2) were selected. Additionally, four mounted polished copper alloys blocks (32X SN5, 32X SN6, 32X SN7, 36X CUAS3) were used to correspond to the metal phases identified in the crucible slag. It is noted that when the concentrations of all relevant elements in the basalts exceed 0.1wt%, the analytical results of the SEM-EDS exhibit an error margin of less than 10%. Conversely, when the absolute concentrations of copper alloys are less than 0.5wt%, and in few instances less than 1wt%, the reliability of the analytical data may be compromised. Table 3a: Published values and measured results for three basalt standard materials (glass fused: BHVO-2, BIR-1, BCR-2). The analyses were performed in the “All elements” configuration. All results are normalised and presented in weight percent. Bdl = below detection limits. All standards still have some other trace elements but since their concentrations are too low to be detected by EDS, they are not listed here. Na 2 O MgO Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 P 2 O 5 K 2 O CaO TiO 2 MnO Fe 2 O 3 USGS BHVO-2 Recommended value 2.18 7.24 13.53 49.90 0.27 0.51 11.42 2.76 0.17 12.02 Mean (n = 8) 2.2 7.3 13.5 49.6 0.3 0.5 11.4 2.9 0.2 12.2 Relative error % 0.0 -0.2 0.1 0.7 -5.7 2.4 0.5 -5.2 -6.7 -1.8 USGS BIR-1 Recommended value 1.84 9.36 15.44 47.32 0.03 0.03 13.25 1.04 0.17 11.52 Mean (n = 9) 1.7 9.7 15.5 47.3 bdl bdl 13.3 1.0 0.2 11.3 Relative error % 7.0 -3.2 -0.1 0.0 - - -0.1 2.5 -12.8 1.5 USGS BCR-2 Recommended value 3.23 3.56 13.38 54.33 0.37 1.74 7.05 2.27 0.20 13.88 Mean (n = 9) 3.1 3.6 13.5 54.0 0.4 1.9 7.2 2.5 0.2 13.7 Relative error % 2.7 -0.9 -1.0 0.6 -0.5 -6.2 -1.4 -7.8 -5.7 1.2 Table 3b: Published values and measured results for four copper alloys (mounted polished blocks: 32X SN5, 32X SN6, 32X SN7, 36X CUAS3). The analyses were performed in the “All elements” configuration. All results are presented in weight percent. Bdl = below detection limits. All standards still have some other trace elements but since their concentrations are too low to be detected by EDS, they are not listed here. Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn As Ag Sn Sb Pb Bi 32X SN5 Recommended value 0.72 1.20 0.14 0.50 78.96 0.49 0.06 0.10 16.05 0.66 0.26 0.10 Mean (n = 11) 0.8 1.4 0.2 0.5 77.6 0.5 0.1 0.1 17.2 0.7 0.3 0.2 Relative error % -6.3 -12.6 -19.1 -8.1 1.9 -2.7 -7.9 70.6 -6.8 -8.8 0.9 -33.8 32X SN6 Recommended value < 0.01 0.10 0.66 0.20 86.39 1.17 0.76 1.16 7.31 0.32 1.56 0.16 Mean (n = 11) bdl 0.1 0.7 0.2 85.7 1.2 0.8 1.3 7.7 0.3 1.6 0.1 Relative error % - -16.3 -8.1 -3.8 1.0 -3.3 -9.8 -11.8 -5.1 0.4 -4.6 6.8 32X SN7 Recommended value < 0.01 0.05 0.43 0.18 80.30 1.95 1.07 0.31 12.30 0.27 2.60 0.05 Mean (n = 11) bdl 0.1 0.5 0.2 80.6 2.0 1.2 0.3 13.3 0.3 1.5 bdl Relative error % - -36.9 -11.3 0.2 -0.2 0.2 -8.8 -9.3 -4.9 -3.1 76.8 - 36X CUAS3 Recommended value - - - - - - 2.90 - 0.01 - - - Mean (n = 5) - - - - 96.3 - 3.2 - 0.6 - - - Relative error % - - - - - - -8.1 - -98.4 - - - Ceramic petrography Petrographic analysis was performed on 32 samples from the copper workshops at Area III, Enkomi, spanning all periods of occupation (Table 2). Since in preindustrial societies craftsmen made use of readily available raw materials for the manufacture of metallurgical ceramics (Freestone and Tite 1986; Freestone 1989), petrography has allowed the evaluation of provenance and compositional characterisation of ceramic fabrics with respect to local geology. Thus, the identification of the technological choices made regarding the raw materials selection and treatment reveals the complexity of the pyrotechnical ceramics production. Furthermore, the examination of the ceramic thin sections revealed the degree of link between the manufacturing processes of metallurgical ceramics and other locally produced pottery types. Results and discussion Ceramic paste Petrographic analysis The petrographic analysis showed that a notable degree of homogenisation across the examined samples. The majority of the samples belong to a single fabric group, further divided into two subgroups (Fabric group 1a & 1b). Importantly, the petrographic classification is independent to the temporal and spatial distribution of the samples or the identified metallurgical ceramic types (crucibles, furnace linings, tuyères) at Enkomi. Fabric 1 is characterised by residual clay originating from weathered basic igneous rock fragments. This clay likely stems from medium to coarse-grained gabbro containing plagioclase, uralised pyroxenes, and olivine gabbro. The phyllosilicate paste matrix of Subgroup 1a exhibits particle sizes ranging from clay to silt. The mineral composition of the fine fraction comprises sub-angular inclusions of monocrystalline quartz, feldspars, accessory iron oxides, and micas, all measuring 80 μm or smaller. The coarse fraction consists of poorly sorted, sub-angular to sub-rounded non-plastic inclusions of naturally mixed igneous lithologies, including quartz, feldspar, plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine, epidote, hornblende, and secondary actinolite grains, with modal amounts rarely exceeding 300 μm (Fig. 2). Additionally, a few rounded basaltic-gabbroic inclusions (250 – 500 μm) as well as rare radiolarians, chert, and sandstone fragments are observed. With a larger sample size, Subgroup 1b, characterised by better sorting of the coarse fraction, could potentially be distinguished as a separate group. Currently, it represents the end member of Fabric 1. While some compositional differences have been noted, the paste matrix of Subgroup 1b remains fundamentally similar to that of Subgroup 1a. Subgroup 1b displays higher amounts of sub-angular to sub-rounded quartz and feldspars inclusions, while mafic minerals are present in lower concentrations, typically as smaller (silt-sized) phenocrysts. Additionally, a slight increase in the abundance of radiolarian mudstones and chert is observed (Fig. 2). Voids tin Fabric 1 typically align parallel to the walls of the metallurgical ceramics, perpendicular to the heat flux, or at an angle of approximately 45° with respect to the section margins. Meso- and macro-voids are common, primarily taking the form of elongated sinuous pores or channels, indicative of organic matter tempering. Vesicles, ranging from small spherical pores (up to 50 μm) in intermediate glassy layers to larger unconnected pores (50 – 100 μm) and large vesicles exceeding 100 μm dominating heat-contact layers, are frequently observed in the microstructure of ceramics. These vesicles result from partial collapse of the ceramic due to locally high temperatures, followed by gas exsolution. The limited optical activity of the clay matrix, particularly evident in thin, yellow to orange external layers, suggests the application of high temperatures to the ceramic walls. Most sections exhibit a dark-brown sintering zone, transitioning to reduced and markedly bloated surfaces. Secondary microcrystalline calcite is irregularly distributed in the samples of Fabric group 1. When present, it forms extensive patches in the ceramic matrix, micritic clots, and micrite fringes around pores. Lower-fired areas of the samples contain a few well-rounded to rounded spherical plastic inclusions (clay pellets) and, to a lesser extent, amorphous textural concertation features (tcfs), with a maximum size of about 0.5 mm and a modal size of about 0.3 mm. The prevalence of rounded features over amorphous ones likely reflects natural variability in the clay matrix rather than intentional mixing of clay sources (Quinn 2013). Samples ENK2695B and ENK4241Ha exhibit mineralogical and textural differences compared to Fabric group 1. ENK2695B displays a carbonaceous fabric, characterized by calcite grains, foraminifera, and occasional micritic and, to a lesser extent, sparitic rock fragments (Fig. 3). Moreover, monocrystalline quartz, a few to rare igneous-related minerals and rock fragments, and rare fragments of sandstone are noted. In contrast, ENK4241Ha showcases a highly calcareous silty paste with micritic carbonate inclusions, along with foraminifera and mafic rock fragments (Fig. 3). Monocrystalline quartz, plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine, amphibole, and radiolarian inclusions are common, alongside grog tempering featuring clasts up to 700 μm. The petrographic examination of Enkomi’s metallurgical ceramics revealed the presence of a relatively uniform fabric group. Minor differences between the two subgroups lie in the amount of mafic minerals and the grain size distribution of the coarse fraction. The low relative abundance and consistent small size of the non-plastic inclusions in Fabric Group 1 suggest that they were not added as temper but are likely residual fragments of weathered basalt-gabbro rock. Conversely, the presence of elongate sinuous voids consistent with narrow leafy straw indicates the addition of organic material. The nearly complete absence of calcium carbonate inclusions, and the increased abundance of detrital igneous components and silicification products suggest that Fabric group 1 cannot be associated with raw materials in the immediate vicinity of Enkomi, characterised by the shallow marine carbonates of the Athalassa Formation and the overlying extensive Holocene alluvial and fluvial deposits (Bear 1963; GSD 1995; Newell et al . 2004). Instead, the paste of this group shows a stronger affinity for rocks from the Troodos ophiolite (McCallum and Robertson 1995). Mafic clasts likely originated from isolated outcrops in the eastern Troodos Mountain range or the main outcrop in the core of the Troodos Massif. The relative low abundance, shape variation, and low angularity of non-plastic inclusions may indicate weathered clays that have undergone some transport. Derivation from the eastern Troodos is likely as present-day rivers, such as the Yialias and Pedhieos, flow generally eastward across the Mesaoria Plain into Famagusta Bay (Poole and Robertson 1998). The coexistence of carbonate-rich fabric with included igneous-related grains in loners suggests the procurement of clays with a longer transportation history, possibly from Pleistocene and Holocene sediments in the settlement’s surrounding area (Bear 1963; GSD 1995; Newell et al . 2004). Pilides and Boileau (2011) identified a mineralogical fabric resembling Fabric group 1 in their petrographic investigation of LBA pottery from Enkomi. Similarly, Tschegg et al. (2009) reported consistency between the ceramic paste of Plain White Wheelmade (PWW) and Red on Black (RoB) pottery discovered at Enkomi and other Cypriot sites and the composition of the two petrographic outliers. Hence, it seems that Enkomi artisans utilised raw materials already familiar to them in the production of technical ceramics. Bulk chemical composition of the ceramic layers The bulk analyses of the ceramic bodies and matrices revealed a range of chemical compositions, influenced by variations in lime concentration. The samples can be classified into three chemical groups based on their bulk major and minor constituents. Table 4 reports the means and standard deviations of each oxide component, while the total bulk chemical compositions of all 26 samples are provided in D1 (Ioannides et al. 2024). Table 4: Bulk mean chemical composition of the groups discerned from the EDS analysis of ceramic pastes. A = Al 2 O 3 , S = SiO 2 , Flux = the aggregate of FeO, CaO, MgO, K 2 O, Na 2 O. Chemical group Na 2 O MgO Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 P 2 O 5 SO 3 Cl 2 O K 2 O CaO TiO 2 MnO FeO CuO (A + S) / (Flux) Group 1 Body Mean 1.5 3.2 16.7 61.8 0.1 0.6 0.1 3.3 3.4 1.0 0.1 8.4 n.d. 4.0 Stdev 0.4 0.4 1.1 1.8 0.0 1.3 0.1 0.3 1.6 0.2 0.1 1.5 Matrix Mean 1.2 4.5 20.5 55.6 n.d. n.d. 0.1 3.7 2.8 1.0 0.1 10.1 n.d. 3.4 Stdev 0.4 1.2 1.1 1.5 0.1 0.5 1.9 0.1 0.1 1.4 Group 2 Body Mean 1.5 4.0 15.7 54.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 2.5 11.0 0.8 0.1 8.3 0.8 2.6 Stdev 0.3 0.6 1.3 2.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.7 2.2 0.1 0.0 0.6 1.9 Matrix Mean 1.7 4.5 18.2 50.3 0.2 n.d. 0.1 2.5 11.9 0.9 0.2 9.0 0.3 2.3 Stdev 0.6 0.6 0.9 1.7 0.2 0.1 0.9 2.9 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.6 Group 3 Body Mean 1.5 4.1 12.9 47.7 0.3 0.3 0.2 2.0 23.1 0.6 0.1 6.2 1.0 1.6 Stdev 0.8 1.4 1.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.5 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.6 Matrix Mean 1.5 4.9 15.3 48.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 2.0 18.2 0.6 0.1 7.1 0.9 1.9 Stdev 0.3 1.6 1.9 3.8 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 6.4 0.1 0.0 1.7 0.7 The samples exhibited both low-calcareous and calcareous compositions. In groups 1 and 2, the calcium concentration seemed to be inherent to the actual clay matrix, likely reflecting minor compositional changes and the influence of secondary calcite. Conversely, the increase in CaO content in the body of group 3 samples could be attributed to the nature of the non-plastic inclusions, suggesting the selection of a carbonaceous, possibly marine, clay enriched with limestones or shells, as indicated in the petrographic loners. Non-plastic inclusions made a limited contribution to the chemical composition of ceramics, as depicted in Fig. 4. The observed increase in SiO 2 in the ceramic bodies of groups 1 and 2, expected to primarily reflect the presence of quartz inclusions, averaged around 5%. According to interpretations in studies of ancient metallurgical ceramics (Freestone and Tite 1986; Freestone 1989; Martinón-Torres and Rehren 2014), the ratios of Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 to other oxides were elevated, enhancing the refractoriness of the body relative to the clay matrix. In terms of composition, samples in Chemical group are anticipated to possess superior refractory properties compared to others due to higher Si and Al values and a lower fraction of basic oxides. The increased flux content in groups 2 and 3 can primarily be attributed to lime, which dilutes the concentration of the remaining oxides. Discussion The petrographic and chemical investigation determined that the ceramic pastes used in the fabrication of metallurgical ceramics at Enkomi are not constrained by chronological or typological considerations. Moreover, these ceramic pastes were not adequately prepared to meet the requirements of metallurgical processes. The low volume fraction and variability in the shape and size distributions of non-plastic inclusions minimally affect the thermal properties of the clay employed in the metallurgical ceramic production (Kilikoglou et al. 1995; Müller et al. 2014; Hein et al. 2015). One of the few modifications to enhance the ceramic paste involves the addition of organic matter, while another approach involves constructing thick walls. The addition of fibres could have facilitated the manipulation of the clay and reinforced the walls during construction, particularly while the paste was still in a plastic state (Freestone 1989; Hein et al. 2013). However, the established practice of incorporating organic fibres into the ceramic paste primarily aims to increase thermal conductivity by generating more pores after firing (Hein and Kilikoglou 2007; Hein et al. 2013). Thus, it appears that the selection and treatment of raw materials are not aligned with the effort of the craftspeople to produce a fabric capable of withstanding the temperatures required for metallurgical processes. Instead, this discrepancy may be attributed to the existence of specific recipes or processes derived from local pottery production, adapted for the manufacture of metallurgical ceramics. Slag layers and metal remains The examination of slag layers adhering to crucible and tuyère samples through optical microscopy and SEM-EDS showed that the metallurgical ceramic assemblage at Area III, Enkomi, was diachronically used in the processing of copper (Cu). The chemical and microstructural analyses of the crucible slag has led to the identification of two distinct groups. Importantly, this differentiation is not based on parameters such as the ceramic type or its archaeological context. Instead, it is contingent upon technological aspects associated with the metallurgical operations conducted within the workshops. Table 5 provides the average bulk composition of the crucible slag groups, while complete compositional data are available in D2 (Ioannides et al. 2024). Table 5: Bulk mean chemical composition of the crucible slag groups discerned from the EDS analysis. Crucible slag group Na 2 O MgO Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 P 2 O 5 SO 3 Cl 2 O K 2 O CaO TiO 2 MnO FeO CoO CuO ZnO Group 1 Mean 2.7 3.5 14.6 51.2 0.2 n.d. 0.2 3.1 10.2 0.8 0.1 10.6 0.4 2.3 n.d. Stdev 1.4 0.7 2 4.6 0.2 0.1 0.8 5 0.1 0.1 3.3 0.8 1 Δoxide/ Al 2 O 3 (%) 112 13 2 64 12 125 -2 56 Group 2 Mean 1.1 2.6 9.1 35 0.4 0.2 0.7 1.3 10.1 0.5 0.1 31.7 0.6 6.4 0.1 Stdev 0.4 0.6 1.9 5.7 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.4 3.4 0.1 0.1 5.8 0.9 4.8 0.1 Δoxide/ Al 2 O 3 (%) 41 24 7 1373 -14 221 -6 634 When comparing the changing ratios of oxides to alumina in slag with respect to ceramic [2] , a consistent trend emerges: enrichment occurs across various elements. This enrichment underscores the contribution of the charge, ceramic, and fuel in the formation of the slag. Specifically, the relative increases in CaO, MgO and Na 2 O can be attributed to the contribution of fuel ash, which results from the combustion of charcoal during metallurgical operations (Evans and Tylecote 1967; Tylecote et al . 1977). Silica, a major component of charcoal ash, is abundantly present in the ceramic body. Additionally, while an increase in SiO 2 content within the slag might be expected due to gangue material (such as fractured residual quartz grains encountered in the slag microstructure), any contributions from fuel ash are likely minimal compared to background presence. Interestingly, potash content experiences a significant drop in crucibles operating at temperatures around 1200°C. Consequently, potash does not significantly contribute to the fuel ash. This phenomenon arises from the disassociation of K 2 CO 3 and simultaneous volatilisation of K 2 O formed at temperatures exceeding 900°C (Misra et al . 1993). The distinguishing factor between the two observed groups lies in their relative iron enrichment and copper content. Group 1 exhibits a composition closely aligned with the bulk chemistry of the ceramic layers, with limited iron enrichment in the slag. In contrast, Group 2 comprises samples where iron-rich compounds were processed. Crucible Slag Group 1 (SG1) In the examined samples of SG1 (IB: ENK2332b, ENK2339a(T); IIA: ENK2885b, ENK2885c, ENK4241He(T); IIIA: ENK3794a, ENK5266(Area I)), the bulk chemistry is characterised by low iron (Fe) and copper enrichment. The dominant phases within the thin and fine-textured slag layers are Ca-Mg silicates, identified through optical microscopy and SEM-EDS spot analysis (for a detailed analysis, refer to D3). Pyroxenes, with a general formula: XYZ 2 O 6 or (Fe, Mn, Mg) CaSi 2 O 6 , are consistently present across all samples. These pyroxenic crystals typically constitute the predominant phase, embedded within a glassy matrix. They exhibit diverse morphologies and dimensions dependent on their spatial distribution within the crucible, ranging from acicular prisms and hopper-like structures to blocky grains and occasionally skeletal forms (Fig. 5), these silicate minerals often display a weak perpendicular orientation to the crucible wall surface (spinifex texture), indicative of rapid cooling rates. The chemical composition of the pyroxene phenocrysts varies inconsistently within the group and occasionally even within the same sample. Typically, they represent intermediate compositions along the hedenbergite – diopside series (FeCaSi 2 O 6 – MgCaSi 2 O 6 ), with a variable Fe/Mg ratio. Despite this variability, the generally low Fe enrichment and the greater contribution from alkalis and alkaline earths tend to favour the presence of Fe-rich diopside grains. In a limited number of samples, plagioclase tabular crystals occur as accessory minerals. Notably, in the case of ENK2332b, they represent the primary calcium silicate phase (Fig. 6). These plagioclase grains predominantly exhibit an approximate bytownite composition, comprising roughly 70 – 90% anorthite (CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 ) and 10 – 30% albite (NaAlSi 3 O 8 ), with minor enrichments of iron (< 3 wt%) and magnesium (< 0.5 wt%). Plagioclase phenocrysts with anorthite composition are evident in the slag of tuyère sample ENK4241He, which displays the highest lime enrichment (455%) within the group. Furthermore, melilite grains (general formula XYZ 2 O 7 or (Ca, Na, K) 2 (Mg, Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Al)(Si, Al) 2 O 7 ) have replaced pyroxenes as the predominant phase in the same sample due to an increased CaO/SiO 2 ratio. Typically, these melilite crystals crystallise as elongated prisms or planar slabs and occasionally as rhombohedral grains (Fig. 6). SEM-EDS spot analysis reveals their chemical composition to fall between that of åkermanite (Ca 2 MgSi 2 O 7 ) and alumoåkermanite (Ca, Na) 2 (Al, Mg, Fe 2+ )Si 2 O 7 . Interestingly, when the CaO/SiO 2 ratio diminishes along one edge of the exterior surface of the tuyère, Fe-rich diopside grains (pyroxenes) form at the expense of melilites alongside anorthite plagioclase crystals. Undissolved, fractured quartz grains are consistently present in all slagged layers, indicating that the slag rarely underwent complete liquefaction (Fig. 6). Iron oxides exhibit varying occurrences within the context of SG1, being exclusively present in three crucible samples (ENK2885b, ENK2885c and ENK5266). In ENK2885b and ENK5266, iron oxide abundances are both limited and unevenly distributed within the slag matrix. They predominantly manifest as minute, potentially recrystallised cobalt (Co)-rich particles (up to 8.5 wt%). Moreover, a few larger, irregular iron oxide aggregates have been observed, partially dissolving in the slag matrix. These Co-bearing formations (3.3 wt%) often incorporate very small copper prills and closely resemble the composition of magnetite (Fe 2+ Fe 2 3+ O 4 ). Notably, these formations likely represent intermediate phases of partially reacted limonitic ore intergrown with copper minerals (Hauptmann 2003). Conversely, in the microstructure of ENK2885c, higher abundances of angular and rarely skeletal magnetites are observed (Fig. 5). Some Cu 2+ (< 2 wt%) substitutes for Fe 2+ in the composition of these iron oxides. Inclusions of copper, copper oxide, and, less commonly, copper sulphide have been observed in the microstructure of the slag. They primarily appear as individual rounded particles, occasionally intergrown with each other, with a crescent shaped rim of sulphide typically surrounding the metal. The average composition of the prills found in each sample is detailed in D4. With very few exceptions, the metallic phases are consistently small (< 50 μm). Iron is the main contaminant in the copper metal (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the presence of iron oxides in the microstructure of samples ENK2885b, ENK2885c and ENK5266 correlates with elevated Fe concentration in the copper (> 2 wt%). This observation suggests that the metal was the source from which iron is introduced into the slag, rather than the addition of iron-rich fluxes. Cobalt, nickel (Ni) and arsenic (As) are inconsistently traced in the chemical composition of the prills, typically occurring in minor amounts (less than 1 wt%). Additionally, sulphur (S) is detected in a significant number of copper prills (< 0.5 wt%), confirming that the metal originates from the smelting of a sulphide-rich charge. Very few and consistently small blueish copper sulphide inclusions have been detected in two samples (ENK2885c and ENK3794a). The composition of the sulphides closely resembles that of chalcocite (Cu 2 S) and digenite (Cu 9 S 5 ). Discussion The bulk chemical analysis and microstructural examination indicate a significantly limited of the charge to the formation of slag in the SG1 samples. This limitation stems from the purity of the metal processed in these samples, characterised by lower impurity levels compared to SG2 samples (as discussed below). Iron, introduced alongside copper, oxidises into the slag, primarily incorporating into the Ca-silicates formed through the reaction between the vitrified ceramic and fuel ash. Small iron oxides enriched in cobalt and zinc are uncommon in the microstructure of this group, potentially attributed to an excess of trivalent iron that remains unreacted with the silicates. Based on our observations, we suggest that the fine-textured, thin alkali-rich slag layers observed in SG1 samples may indicate copper melting operations. During these operations, the crucible contents reached rapidly the liquidus state and subsequently were tapped off preventing the formation of large crystals in the crucible slag (Fig. 8). The presence of finely dispersed globules of cuprite prills and/or copper-cuprite intergrowths in the crucible slag is consistent with a pre-casting melting process (Bachmann 1982; Hauptmann et al. 2002). Furthermore, limited slagging has been observed in copper melting and casting experiments leaving the furnace suitable for repeated operations (Merkel 1986). While the crucible slag of sample ENK2885c falls within SG1, its microstructural analysis reveals a distinctive formation process. The elevated iron concentration detected in the bulk chemistry of the slag and the silicate phases, as well as the frequent occurrence of iron oxides (see D2, 3 & 4), unequivocally indicates enrichment in iron content within the processed metal. Interestingly, the distribution of iron within the microstructure of the slag appears heterogeneous (Fig. 9). Spot analysis of copper prills from various sections of the sample reveals that the metal in the upper regions of the vessel exhibits elevated iron levels (with a median value of 3.8 % [3] ) whereas the metal in the lower sections contains less iron (with a median value of 1.6 wt%). Additionally, ENK2885c differs from the other SG1 samples due to its increased presence of sulphidic halos and chalcocite (Cu 2 S) prills dispersed throughout the slag. The processing of raw metal emerges a plausible scenario for the formation of this crucible slag. Particularly, the metal undergoes effective oxidation in the upper parts of the crucible, facilitated by a thin layer of charcoal, a common feature in crucible-related operations. This oxidation process yields Fe-rich silicates and oxides in the slag. Subsequently, the “purer” or more refined copper precipitates toward the bottom of the reaction vessel, aided by low-melting sulphides (Hauptmann et al. 2003). Remarkably, the metallurgical operation captured in the crucible slag of this sample likely represents a remelting process – an intermediate stage between the initial phases observed in the microstructure of SG2 samples and the final steps evident in SG1 samples. Crucible Slag Group 2 (SG2) Crucible Slag Group 2 exhibits notable increase in iron levels across its bulk chemistry in the examined samples (IA: ENK2695B; IB: ENK1678Ba, ENK2332a, ENK2351a, ENK2500Ba, ENK2500Ca; IIA: ENK2609, ENK2885a, ENK4241Hf(T); IIB: 2470b, ENKUn. Tray 3b; IIIA: 4775; IIIB: ENK2886a, ENK2886b), which correlates with the microstructural composition of the crucible slag. Through reflected light microscopy and SEM-EDS spot analysis, the dominant phases identified in these samples are Fe-Ca silicates (Ioannides et al. 2024, D3). Pyroxenes are consistently observed within the microstructure, often as the primary phase embedded in a glassy matrix. The pyroxenic crystals present diverse morphologies, ranging from large needle-shaped or well-formed blocky and/or rhombohedral particles to less common smaller skeletal crystals (< 50 μm) (Fig. 10). Spot analyses consistently indicate a chemical composition resembling that of hedenbergite (FeCaSi 2 O 6 ), with minor diopside content (Mg < 5 wt%). Additionally, orthopyroxenes occur in a limited number of samples (ENKUn. Tr. 3b, ENK2886a, ENK2609), displaying chemistry intermediate between the ferrosilite – enstatite series (Fe 2 Si 2 O 6 – Mg 2 Si 2 O 6 ). Their Fe/Mg ratio resembles that of ferrosilite, with some Ca contamination (3 wt%). Orthopyroxenes tend to crystallise in samples with low lime content in the ceramic body or in slag areas where and excess of iron prompts the formation of olivines or orthopyroxenes, depending on the Fe/Si ratio. Interestingly, an abundance of lime in the crucible slag of ENK2351a, originating from a notably Ca-rich ceramic body, results in the predominance of Fe-rich wollastonite (CaSiO 3 ) as the primary mineral phase. Pyroxenes, commonly identified in areas with higher Fe/Si ratios, frequently coexist with olivine grains ((Fe x Mg 1-x ) 2 SiO 4 ). These olivines, resembling pyroxenes in shape and size, are typically recognised as fayalites (Fe 2 SiO 4 ) with minor forsterite content (Mg 2 SiO 4 ), featuring an average Fe/Mg ratio of about 12.5. Additionally, small amounts of Ca (up to 5 wt%) are incorporated into these grains. With increased availability of CaO, enabling it to react and combine with FeO (while maintaining a consistent FeO/SiO 2 ratio), calcio-olivines with a kirschsteinite composition (CaFeSiO 4 ) are formed. Microstructural examination further revealed oxidised olivines (Fe 2+ Fe 3+ 2 (SiO 4 ) 2 ) in the form of large laths or smaller tabs, frequently associated with iron oxides (Fig. 10). These formations may represent altered or recrystallized Fe-silicates resulting from an oxygen excess at lower temperatures, potentially occurring towards the conclusion of metallurgical operations (Metten 2003). Noteworthily, olivines exhibit greater prevalence in samples from the site’s early strata, indicating more pronounced redox conditions during the metallurgical processes. In a small number of samples, tabular plagioclase crystals have been identified as accessory mineral formations . The majority of these plagioclase grains are predominantly composed of bytownite , typically comprising 70–90% anorthite (CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 ) and 10–30% albite (NaAlSi 3 O 8 ) . Notably, these grains exhibit significant iron content (averaging 3.8 wt% ) and minor magnesium contamination (below 0.5 wt% ). Iron oxides are ubiquitous in the microstructure of SG2, primarily crystallising as angular grains, often forming small aggregates, skins, and crystal skeletons embedded in the matrix or intergrown with the silicates. In specific samples (ENK1678Ba, ENKUn. Tr. 3b, and ENK2695B), larger magnetite bands extend across the outer slag layer, indicating a sudden decrease in the CO/CO 2 ratio. Silicates frequently display a columnar growth pattern perpendicular to both the magnetite band and the outer surface, attributed to rapid cooling of the melt under oxidising conditions, likely in contact with air during the casting process. Additionally, iron oxides often solidify in association with or incorporating copper or copper sulphide inclusions due to the preferential oxidation of Fe to Cu into the slag before the formation of copper oxide under oxidising conditions (Ellingham 1944). Spot analyses showed that the iron oxides can be identified as spinels with a magnetite composition, with Cu (up to 6 wt%), Co (up to 7 wt%) and minor Zn and Ni (< 0.5 wt%) substitute for Fe, suggesting that raw copper metal and/or matte were sources of iron introduction into the slag (Fig. 11). Conversely, hercynite (FeAl 2 O 4 ) grains are only noted in samples ENK2470b and ENK2886b, linked to Fe-rich copper sulphides and areas with stronger redox conditions. Furthermore, large iron oxide aggregates of partially reacted limonitic ore intimately intergrown with copper minerals, are evident in nearly all SG2 samples (Fig. 10). These compounds represent natural occurrences within the Cyprus-type massive ore (Constantinou 1972). Elongated globules of wüstite (FeO) have also been observed in a limited number of samples dating to the early IB and IIA Levels (Fig. 10). The wüstites crystallise in specific areas of the crucible slag, particularly near the top, where they come into contact with charcoal Conditions there are more favourable for the formation of such phases. Additionally, wüstite exsolution lamellae are locally present within magnetite grains in the same samples. Delafossite (CuFeO 2 ) has been detected in specific samples from Level IIB onwards. It can occur as elongated crystals, exsolution lamellae, or rims, often in associated with magnetite grains. Notably, it occasionally forms eutectic intergrowths with cuprite (Fig. 12). These mineral phases precipitate under slightly reducing conditions, at temperatures just below 1100°C (Hauptmann et al. 1993; Hauptmann 2007), highlighting the prevalence of weaker redox conditions locally. Inclusions of raw copper metal are found throughout the slag matrix of all examined samples (Ioannides et al. 2024, D4). The primary contaminant in the copper metal is iron, with an average concentration ranging from 3.6 to 5.6 wt% (Fig. 13). Interestingly, there is a gradual decrease in the concentration of Fe over time, suggesting improved control over redox conditions and charge composition. Arsenic emerges as the second most prevalent impurity detected in the prills, exhibiting significant variation in concentration averaging between 0.5 and 7.0 wt%. Additionally, minor occurrences of tin (Sn) (< 1 wt%) have only been observed in samples dating to the early occupational phases of Enkomi. Sn occurrences are often accompanied by As and Ni (< 1wt%). Furthermore, cobalt, zinc, antimony, and lead inconsistently appear in the chemical composition of the prills, with concentrations rarely exceeding 0.5 wt%. Copper sulphides have been detected across all SG2 samples, typically, exhibitng a composition resembling digenite or chalcocite, with a low iron content (< 5 wt%). Bornite inclusions are rarely observed (Ioannides et al. 2024, D4). The sulphides occur as individual rounded particles or form eutectic phases – appearing as a halo or a crescent-shaped rim – either in association with copper or within Fe-rich spinels. These compounds provide evidence of the matte conversion process carried out in the workshops of Area III. Fe-rich copper sulphide inclusions are predominant as the primary metallic compounds in specific samples – such as ENK2695B (Level IA), ENK4241Hf (Level IIA), and ENK2470b (Level IIB) – while copper metal typically precipitates in the form of minute globules. Phase analyses indicate that these sulphides can be identified as troilite (FeS), chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ), and covellite (CuS). Common phases consist of idaite (Cu 5 FeS 6 ) and bornite (Cu 5 FeS 4 ). The composition of these sulphides likely represents an early stage in the multi-stage process of copper sulphide reduction. The low-grade matte, enriched in iron and sulphur, could undergo further processing in Area III workshops to yield a purer form of copper matte under relatively weak redox conditions. This process is evidenced by the coexistence of copper sulphides and copper prills within the slag matrix. Discussion Chemical and microstructural examination has revealed that the SG2 metallurgical ceramics were used in the processing of raw copper and matte, both of which contained varying amounts of iron. The elevated iron content observed in the crucible slag resulted from this processing. During crucible metallurgical operations, the thin charcoal cover typically used may lead to an oxygen surplus, limiting the reactivity of excess trivalent Fe introduced by metallic phases and/or ore with the silicate melt, which consumes most of the divalent Fe. As a result, most of the Fe 3+ solidifies as free iron oxides (Burger et al. 2010). Under mildly reducing to oxidising conditions, the iron content is reduced, leading to strong iron enrichment in the crucible slag and effective refinement of copper and/or production of high-grade matte. However, as demonstrated in the previous section, intentional refining of raw metal may involve several remelting stages until the desired purity is achieved. The intentional addition of iron-rich fluxes has not been confirmed. Relicts of ore detected in the slag microstructure, such as partially reacted iron oxide aggregates and quartz, could have been unintentional additions to the charge as they are natural occurences in Cypiot-type ore deposits, particularly in the higher secondary zones containing significant amounts of silica and iron (hydr)oxides (Adamides 2010; Antivachis 2015). Therefore, the ore itself provides all the necessary fluxes for lowering the melting point and viscosity of the melt, allowing the smelting process to function effectively under various conditions. The addition of metal oxides as solid-state oxidants may have eliminated the need for ore roasting prior to smelting. However, it would have resulted a FeS-rich matte, requiring additional smelting stages to remove excess iron and sulphur and eventually produce copper metal (Van Brempt 2016). Another potential source of iron is the inclusion of copper-rich slag fragments in the charge, a practice attested by Hauptmann (2011) while examining slag samples from Kition – Kathari and Enkomi. However, the material investigation of the Enkomi metallurgical ceramic assemblage does not support this specific approach. Recycling and the case of arsenic The discovery of scrap metal lumps amongst the workshops finds (Dikaios 1969-1971) provides clear evidence of recycling old metal. On a microscopic level identifying recycling practices becomes less distinct and relies on the presence or absence, as well as concentration levels, of specific elements or mineral phases in the chemical composition or microstructure of the slag and metal. Tin (Sn) has been sporadically measured in copper prills of samples dating only to the earliest IB occupational Level (LC IB, c. 1550 – 1450 BC) (Ioannides et al. 2024, D4). Tin concentration rarely exceeds 1 wt%. Given that tin is typically absent in concentrations greater than 0.1 wt% in copper ores, any concentration exceeding this level should be considered a deliberate or unintentional addition to the charge, possibly through the recycling of bronze scrap (Klein and Hauptmann 1999). Cyprus ore deposits are generally tin-deficient making such additions likely to be from recycling practices. The effects of less than 1% tin on alloy properties are negligible (Pernicka et al. 1990), suggesting that the measured tin concentrations are likely from recycling tin-containing scrap rather than intentional bronze fabrication. The paucity of tin in copper metal processed with the Enkomi metallurgical ceramic assemblage contrasts sharply with the tin content found in copper artefacts (Charalambous et al. 2021). Specifically, more than 50% of the assemblage contains highrt than 5% of Sn. This indicates that the production of copper alloys did not occur in the workshops of Area III, but was rather conducted in foundries excavated in other Quartiers of the town (Courtois 1982), illustrating a clear spatial separation of metalworking activities. Consistently, tin was detected in arsenic-rich copper prills (Fig. 14), suggesting that arsenical tin bronze scrap was amongst the components of the charge. The presence of such alloys first appears during the Middle Cypriot period when increased quantities of tin arrive on the island. Until the early stages of the LBA, some of the tin bronzes were melted down with arsenical copper objects, the dominating alloy of this time, or with fresh As-rich copper (Balthazar 1990; Charalambous and Webb 2020). Hence, the data from the Enkomi refractories support the recycling of As-Sn bronzes, indicating that the metalworkers at Enkomi were familiar with recycling practices used throughout Cyprus. The metal spill detected on ENK3537Ba (LC IIIA, see Ioannides et al. 2024, D5) provides further evidence for the recycling of arsenical tin bronze. Abundant oxidised Cu-Sn phases have been identified scattered within two bands of oxidised copper metal. These phases are indicative of highly oxidising conditions at elevated temperatures, likely during casting operations. Interestingly, some of the Sn-rich phases contain low amounts of As (< 1%), implying that arsenical bronze scrap was likely melted with fresh and/or scrap bronze. This sample also highlights that recycling was not confined to the early phases of the site but was also practiced in the Level IIIA (LC IIIA) workshops. Lead (Pb) has only been detected in seven measured prills dating to LC IB, with concentrations typically below 1% (Fig. 14). It is commonly associated with arsenic and tin. Lead was a common bronze additive (Klein and Hauptmann 1999), with only 2 – 3% lead required to achieve optimal fluidity during casting (Philip 1991) and to lower the melting temperature of the alloy (Giumlia-Mair 1992). Considering that Cypriot copper ores are deficient in Pb (< 100 ppm) (Constantinou 1982; Antivachis 2015), the presence of lead at the detected levels in the crucible slag of Area III suggests an unintentional addition from the recycling of leaded copper-base artefacts. Arsenic (As) is present in varying amounts in copper metal, ranging from 0.1 to 14.1 wt%. The highest levels of arsenic were detected in samples dating to the early IB and IIA Levels (Fig. 14). Less than a quarter of the copper prills measured exceed the suggested As demarcation of 2% (Pernicka et al. 1990) between arsenical copper and purposefully produced As bronze. Such arsenic levels significantly increase the ductility and hardness of copper (Buchwald and Leisner 1990; Budd 1991). However, arsenic levels in Cypriot ores are extremely low (Antivachis 2015). The association of low tin content with arsenic in copper indicates that melting/recycling of Early/Middle Cypriot arsenical – bronze objects may explain the presence of As in the metallurgical ceramics. Arsenic concentrations in these artefacts range between 0.1 and 5.0% (Balthazar 1990). Thereby, higher arsenic levels cannot be solely attributed to the recycling of arsenical bronzes. A weathered copper – iron arsenide ore fragment was noted in the crucible slag of Level IB sample ENK2500Ba (Fig. 15 & Table 6). The absence of a distinct texture or thermally altered phases may indicate that this is a natural mineral aggregate rather than an artificial speiss compound. Had copper-bearing iron arsenide ore been the main charge component with the aim of producing arsenical copper, higher As concentrations (average value of 1.1%) are expected to accompany the iron content in the metallic prills (Hauptmann et al. 2003). Instead, the arsenic concentration in the sample varies from 0 to 2.9%. Such variability in arsenic content may be indicative of the addition of speiss to low-arsenic copper (Rehren et al. 2012). Considering that there is no significant correlation between the concentrations of As and Fe in the copper of ENK2500Ba (r[4] = -0.218, p[5] = 0.68), and the As-rich IB and IIA Levels (r = -0.011, p = 0.92), coupled with the absence of speiss inclusions in the crucible slag of the assemblage, indicate that such a practice appears unlikely to have occurred at Enkomi. Nevertheless, the intention to produce high As copper is indisputable, as evidenced by the documented presence of elevated arsenic levels in Level IA crucibles ENK1678Ba, ENK2351a, ENK2351c, ENK2502Ba and Level IIA tuyère ENK4241Hf (see Ioannides et al. 2024, D4). On average, the metal in these samples contains over 4% As, along with low tin levels (< 1%). While no iron arsenide minerals were identified in these fragments, deliberate co-smelting of As-Fe minerals with As-poor copper ore and/or with As-Sn bronze scrap in later stages to produce arsenical copper should may have been practiced during the LC I period. Nevertheless, the dearth of contemporary relevant evidence on the island warrants caution against assuming such practice on a well-organised and established scale. The discovery of a single copper-rich iron arsenide fragment likely indicates the exploitation of copper ores with higher arsenic content at the outset of the Late Bronze Age, reflecting an intentional effort to preserve an Early and Middle Bronze Age technological tradition. Table 6: Bulk and spot chemical measurements of the weathered ore fragment found in ENK2500Ba. O Na Al Si P S Cl K Ca Ti V Cr Fe Cu As Se Sb MT Bulk (X200) 36.9 0.5 2.6 11.2 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.8 3.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 22.0 2.4 10.1 n.d. n.d. 91.0 Phase 1 29.6 0.4 0.2 1.8 n.d. 0.2 n.d. 0.3 2.7 n.d. n.d. n.d. 29.4 3.8 25.2 n.d. n.d. 93.5 Phase 2 31.7 0.4 n.d. 1.6 n.d. n.d. 0.1 0.1 2.9 n.d. n.d. n.d. 33.0 1.5 24.7 n.d. n.d. 96.0 Phase 3 35.3 0.4 1.0 3.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.9 3.9 n.d. n.d. n.d. 26.8 1.8 21.3 n.d. 0.8 96.4 Sulphide inclusion 13.5 0.3 0.1 0.5 n.d. 16.6 0.4 0.3 1.7 n.d. n.d. n.d. 7.0 52.1 7.9 0.2 n.d. 100.4 Such high-As minerals can only be found in the polymetallic mineralization of the Limassol Forest orebodies, with arsenic levels ranging from 0.5 up to 7.6% in the Laxia tou Mavrou deposit (Bear 1963; Panayiotou 1980; Gass et al. 1994). However, no direct evidence of LBA exploitation has been found for this mining region (Stos-Gale et al. 1997). Conclusions The comprehensive investigation of the metallurgical ceramic assemblage from Area III has provided valuable insights into the copper production in Enkomi. The copper workshops were diachronically dedicated to the final stages of copper production, including matte smelting, refining, melting and casting of copper metal. Additionally, evidence suggests that recycling of arsenical-tin bronzes was predominantly carried out during the early occupational levels. Contextualising these results, it appears that the copper workshops at Area III were the final stage of an integral multi-phased organisation system of copper production that existed on the island during the latter half of the 2 nd millennium BC. The longevity of the metallurgical activities in Area III, as well as the persistence of producing As-rich copper in LC I, and the suggested spatial separation of metalworking activities (copper processing versus fabrication of copper alloys) between the foundries found scattered in the town, suggest that copper production was organized under a central authority. Considering that Enkomi is the only excavated LC site where complete oxhide ingots were recovered, as well as the evidence for specialised secondary metallurgical activities provided by the metallurgical ceramics’ analysis, the site emerges as a key player in this system, potentially involved in the production of oxhide ingots. Considering that the vast majority of oxhide ingots dating after 1400 BC can be traced back to a single mining region, the Solea Axis deposits (Gale and Stos-Gale 2012), it is clear that the production and trade of copper for the international market was a highly specialised activity attached to or administered by a single centre or élite group. According to the archaeological and analytical evidence, Enkomi is the best candidate to assume this role. Based on the available evidence, it is improbable that Enkomi reliquinshed or shared control of copper production with emerging, heterarchical, regional polities after LC I. Regardless of the political configuration of the island, Enkomi appears to maintain its prominence in copper production and trade, likely until the end of the 12 th century BC. Declarations Funding: This study was partially funded by the University of Cyprus; project title: Enkomi: a site at the forefront of technological innovation in metallurgy and artistic excellence in metalwork ; the University of UCL Qatar and the A.G. Leventis Foundation Conflicts of interest: not applicable Author Contribution D.I. collected the data and wrote the main manuscript text.All authors reviewed the manuscript. Acknowledgement The findings reported in this study are part of the doctoral research conducted by the first author at the University of Cyprus (Ioannides 2022), supported by funding from the European Union: Marie Curie ITN (FP7-PEOPLE-2010) NARNIA project (grant 265010, led by V. Kassianidou), as well as a University of Cyprus project titled “Enkomi: a site at the forefront of technological innovation in metallurgy and artistic excellence in metalwork” (coordinated by G. Papasavvas). The analyses were carried out at the Archaeological Research Unit Lab, University of Cyprus, and the Materials Science Laboratories, UCL Qatar. We would like to express our gratitude to the Cyprus Department of Antiquities and its then director, Dr. Marina Solomidou-Ieronymidou, for granting us permission to sample and analyse the metallurgical assemblage. The first author would like to thank Dr Myrto Georgakopoulou for sharing her expertise and providing feedback during his research visit at UCL Qatar; Dr Michael Charlton for his guidance on statistical applications in archaeometallurgical inquiries; and Prof. Thilo Rehren for his valuable and instructive insight on various aspects of crucible slag microstructure. Extended thanks to Philip Connolly for his technical support with the analytical work at UCL Qatar. Data Availability The dataset generated during the current study is available in the Zenodo repository, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1104517 References Adamides NG (2010) Mafic-dominated volcanogenic sulphide deposits in the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus, part 1 - The deposits of the Solea-Graben. Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. B 119(2): 65-77. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743275811Y.0000000001. Antivachis DN (2015) The geology of the northern part of the Apliki Cyprus-type ore deposit. Bull. Geol Soc Greece 49: 4-28. https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11047. Bachmann H-G, (1982) The identification of slags from archaeological sites. Institute of Archaeology, London. Balthazar JW (1990) Copper and bronze working in Early through Middle Bronze Age Cyprus. Paul Åströms Förlag, Jonsered. Bear LM (1963) The mineral resources and mining industry of Cyprus. Geological Survey Department, Ministry of Science and Industry, Nicosia. 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Pierides Foundation and Department of Antiquities, Nicosia, pp 81-104. Van Brempt L (2016) The production and trade of Cypriot copper in the Late Bronze Age. From ore to ingot: unravelling the metallurgical chain. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cyprus. Webb JM (2002) Device, image and coercion. The role of glyptic in the political economy of Late Bronze Age Cyprus. In: Smith J (ed) Script and seal use on Cyprus in the Bronze and Iron Ages . Archaeological Institute of America, Colloquia and Conference Papers 4, Archaeological Institute of America, Boston, pp 111-154. Footnotes The absolute chronology divisions utilized for this study are after Manning 2013 . As suggested by Rademakers and Rehren ( 2016 ), the relative increase of oxides in the slag with respect to the ceramic can be estimated by looking at the changing ratios of these oxides to alumina. The normalisation to Al 2 O 3 , a rare charge component, removes possible dilution effects from base metal oxides and quartz grains included in the crucible slag. The relative increase of oxide concentration to alumina (%) is calculated as: {\varDelta }_{\raisebox{1ex}{$oxide$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{${Al}_{2}{O}_{3}$}\right.}= \frac{\frac{{oxide}_{slag}}{{{Al}_{2}{O}_{3}}_{slag} } - \frac{{oxide}_{ceramic}}{{{Al}_{2}{O}_{3}}_{ceramic}}}{\raisebox{1ex}{${oxide}_{ceramic}$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{${{Al}_{2}{O}_{3}}_{ceramic}$}\right.} * 100 The median value of Fe measured in all the Cu prills of ENK2885c is 2.0 wt%. The linear correlation coefficient (r) has been calculated using Pearson Product-Moment Correlation. A probability (p) value is a statistical measure used to determine the likelihood that an observed outcome is the result of chance. For p ≤ 0.05, the test result is statistically significant. For p > 0.05, the test result is statistically insignificant. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 16 Sep, 2024 Read the published version in Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 24 Jun, 2024 Reviews received at journal 24 Jun, 2024 Reviews received at journal 10 May, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 May, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Apr, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Apr, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 29 Apr, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 28 Apr, 2024 First submitted to journal 23 Apr, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4313680","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":297542010,"identity":"ad7f0739-2b3b-4e69-8ff1-479bb0b7f78c","order_by":0,"name":"Demetrios Ioannides","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNjBpwMwDIg8ACSCD+QApWhJAWtgSiLGMGayRgQGsmMcAr1o+9uZnjwsKrGXkG5g3Hrr5454MP/+ZbxI/2xjk+RuYn0lgcxjPMXPjGQbpPAYH2AoO5yQU80jOyN0m2dvGYDjjAJsZVi0SCWbSPAaHgY4BkjkJCTwGN3i3STO2MTBuYOBhw64l/RtYi3wDTMv5M89AWuxxa8mB2MJwAKblQA4bSEsiTi08Z8qAWoB+OQzyS1oC0C9pxpY95ySSZxxmM7bAokW+vX2bNM8fa3v59ubNn3NsEuz5+Q8/vPGjzMa2v7354Q18oQ2JGhhgBDmJmYEFm8NwgT8QYz6QoGUUjIJRMAqGLQAAKi5TFBV9k/0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"The Cyprus Institute","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Demetrios","middleName":"","lastName":"Ioannides","suffix":""},{"id":297542011,"identity":"38f76714-1cca-44e1-a9b7-e519784066a4","order_by":1,"name":"Vasiliki Kassianidou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Cyprus","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vasiliki","middleName":"","lastName":"Kassianidou","suffix":""},{"id":297542012,"identity":"14950c34-0108-418d-a489-9fc5d2f2a65c","order_by":2,"name":"George Papasavvas","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Cyprus","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"George","middleName":"","lastName":"Papasavvas","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-23 17:36:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4313680/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4313680/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-024-02067-5","type":"published","date":"2024-09-16T15:57:56+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":55811970,"identity":"8fdeaa2d-398e-4bd6-9d06-754ffc6f86c8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-03 16:51:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":83060,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of Cyprus showing the Pillow Lava formation and LBA sites with archaeometallurgical evidence (map prepared by D. Ioannides with digital geological data provided by the Cyprus Department of Geological Survey).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4313680/v1/ce7793eac43c0dc1c23f20dc.jpg"},{"id":55812222,"identity":"b470c390-3e17-4348-a42a-e8fc0ac24207","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-03 16:59:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":158086,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhotomicrographs (4X, XP) of selected samples from Fabric subgroup 1a (up) with large igneous minerals and Fabric subgroup 1b (bottom). Note the increased quantities of quartz and feldspar.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4313680/v1/314f9a6f6028189be391c159.jpg"},{"id":55811968,"identity":"fd351926-fe56-40b4-ae3f-a7e89038cb60","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-03 16:51:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":113419,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhotomicrographs (4X, XP) of samples ENK2695B (left) and ENK4241Ha (right).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4313680/v1/9f7449af749ffe4118bedbde.jpg"},{"id":55811972,"identity":"27a5d05e-496a-4cef-ba06-3d65153b921e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-03 16:51:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":79781,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTernary diagram showing the composition of the major oxides in the ceramic matrix and ceramic paste of the metallurgical ceramics.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4313680/v1/c90306308e0713d7a6d57c74.jpg"},{"id":55811969,"identity":"3fa35eb4-e64a-4697-b711-9fc303a44aed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-03 16:51:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":123640,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBackscattered SEM-micrographs (mag. 200X) of SG1 samples ENK2885c and ENK2339a showing general microstructure of the slag: pyroxenes dominate the slag microtexture (1, medium grey), iron oxides (2, light grey), copper prills (3, bright).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4313680/v1/62185fea22a17d88e481de1c.jpg"},{"id":55812223,"identity":"801de7cd-ed54-44ed-afb7-3bc3fa1abd59","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-03 16:59:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":109918,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBackscattered SEM-micrographs (mag. 200X) of SG1 samples ENK2332b and ENK4241He showing general microstructure of the slag. Right: plagioclase (1, dark grey laths), residual quartz (left, dark grey fractured subhedral grains, 2), pyroxenes (3, medium grey), recrystallized iron silicates (4, light grey) and copper prills (bright). Left: melilites (5, medium grey) and various-sized copper prills (6, bright).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4313680/v1/7b4b6bf33349e262eaffb3ac.jpg"},{"id":55811978,"identity":"90d5b897-57eb-4ad5-8871-a7d917986115","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-03 16:51:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15507,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConcentration of impurities in Cu prills of SG1 samples.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4313680/v1/3c1403acc23b4d1b93e89f4e.jpg"},{"id":55811971,"identity":"d60dd634-338f-479e-a8ba-9a64de23c639","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-03 16:51:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":86410,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBackscattered SEM micrographs (mag. 200X). Fine-textured/glassy, thin slag layers of ENK3794a (left) and ENK2885b (right).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4313680/v1/c0d4ccd2c36ee42fc374e176.jpg"},{"id":55811975,"identity":"cc9a89f8-109b-48ab-8e04-0cc7333ede9e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-03 16:51:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":120001,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBackscattered SEM micrographs (mag. 200X). ENK2885c: the upper parts of the sample enriched in Fe (left), and the lower surface with decreased iron oxide abundancies (right).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4313680/v1/a86d2f3260e5114d065b6578.jpg"},{"id":55811982,"identity":"f25343e5-32ca-4c07-9509-d56a70c65f8f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-03 16:51:24","extension":"jpg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":128894,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBackscattered SEM-micrographs (mag. 200X) of SG2 samples showing general microstructure of the slag: Left: ENK2609: pyroxene tabular and rhombohedral grains (1, dark grey), ferrifayalite laths (2, medium grey), iron oxide angular grains and partially unreacted agglomeration (3, light grey) incorporating copper prills (4, bright). Right: ENK2500Ca: a partially decomposed ore fragment of approximately limonitic composition embedded in a silicate matrix consisting of pyroxenes and magnetites. The heavier (bright) phases consist of Pb-Ba-As rich copper iron sulphides.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4313680/v1/d29150426e34a182a08b0eb3.jpg"},{"id":55811980,"identity":"9c3ded01-7dc1-46cb-81c8-38384797288f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-03 16:51:24","extension":"jpg","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":143087,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBackscattered SEM-micrographs (mag. 200X) of SG2 samples showing the general microstructure of the slag: Left: ENK4775: magnetite grains (1, light grey) formed from the oxidation of Fe from copper and/or matte (2). Right: ENK2351a: light grey magnetite angular grains have been formed in the inner layers of the crucible slag (1, right hand side of the figure) while wüstite rounded inclusions (2) precipitate in the external upper body layers in contact with the charcoal.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4313680/v1/1c518340eddd71531b0aa2fe.jpg"},{"id":55811976,"identity":"7dbfb66e-76c5-4aa3-8158-6c85a4f48060","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-03 16:51:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":68516,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLeft: ENKUn. Tray 3b, magnetite crystals (1) with exsolution lamellae of delafossite (2) appearing in brighter colour. Right: ENK2575b, eutectic intergrowth of delafossite lath-shaped grains (2) with cuprite (3).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4313680/v1/8d1abd69748deb098247f927.jpg"},{"id":55811974,"identity":"fba16a6b-8375-4ac6-932c-978a7943f634","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-03 16:51:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":29487,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLeft: Concentration of impurities in Cu prills of SG2 samples. Right: Concentration of Fe (wt%) in Cu prills of SG2 samples per occupational level.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4313680/v1/401c20722afae6fa0300bb9f.jpg"},{"id":55811981,"identity":"8adf283e-5faf-4fcf-accb-fe22e400600b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-03 16:51:24","extension":"jpg","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50951,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe concentrations of arsenic (As), tin (Sn), lead (Pb) and iron (Fe) in the copper prills measured in the crucible slag of the metallurgical ceramic assemblage from Area III, Enkomi.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4313680/v1/617cbe9cfe59e5a055396bf3.jpg"},{"id":55811979,"identity":"18416a5d-f427-4a93-97b8-315b89c6e436","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-03 16:51:24","extension":"jpg","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":103365,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBackscattered SEM-micrographs (mag. 200X) of weathered iron arsenide ore fragment in SG2 sample ENK2500Ba. Note the minute oxidised copper sulphides (bright), and the quartz grains (dark).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4313680/v1/e6250741c0ce456f9b76204b.jpg"},{"id":65104124,"identity":"75b49462-6193-45ea-b8cc-4be6a01f1689","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-23 16:11:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2926644,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4313680/v1/7d7c83ec-d7af-4e3f-a3ae-41ebf7528c5a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"One city to rule them all? The production of copper in Enkomi, Cyprus: the evidence from the metallurgical ceramic assemblage","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003ch2\u003eCopper, Cyprus and socio-political organisation in the LC: an ongoing debate\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe production, distribution and consumption of copper played a crucial role in the economy of LBA (1680/1650 \u0026ndash; 1050 Cal BCE\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c/sup\u003e) Cyprus. External demand for Cypriot copper was instrumental in the emergence of coastal urban centres (Knapp 2013). During this period, copper production witnessed a significant expansion and intensification across the island (Muhly 1989; Kassianidou 2013), with remains of metallurgical activity discovered at nearly every known Late Cypriot site (Fig. 1). While there is scholarly debate regarding the extent of local control over copper production in the early stages of the LC period (LC I, 1680/1650 \u0026ndash; 1450/1425 Cal BCE) (Stech 1985; Keswani 2004), Enkomi emerges as the dominant site in the newly developing copper industry. It has been suggested that Enkomi exerted considerable influence over the entire island\u0026rsquo;s copper production (Courtois 1982; Muhly 1989; Peltenburg 1996; Pickles and Peltenburg 1998; Kassianidou 2012; 2016), with its metallurgical activities overseen by a centralised authority focused on copper production.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe copper workshops, situated within a massive fortress in Area III in the northern part of the site, along with a network of forts was established for the protection and transportation of ore and agricultural surpluses, point to a significant investment of labour by the ruling class (Muhly 1989; Peltenburg 1996; contra Crewe 2007). The archaeological evidence from Area III underscores the close relationship between copper production, trade, and the exercise of political and administrative authority in Enkomi. Notably, the discovery of the earliest Cypro-Minoan tablet associated with metallurgical debris provides compelling evidence (Dikaios 1969-1971). Moreover, the presence of numerous seals adorned with symbolic images at the site hints at their potential role in ideological and organisational control (Webb 2002). Finally, the consumption and emulation of imported prestige goods from Egypt and the Levant by Enkomi\u0026rsquo;s \u0026eacute;lites underscore their direct access to foreign markets through copper exports (Keswani 1989; Pilides 2012).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, a consensus amongst scholars engaged in the study of Cypriot prehistory suggests that the island\u0026rsquo;s socio-political organisation was not static over the course of the LC period. Particularly significant is\u0026nbsp;a shift in Cyprus\u0026rsquo;s existing geopolitical landscape observed in the 14\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e to 13\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e c. BCE (for a summary see Knapp 2013). By this point, Enkomi\u0026rsquo;s presumed hegemony over copper production had diminished, yielding to local polities led by regional \u0026eacute;lites aiming to exploit the growing demand for Cypriot copper abroad. The unprecedented urban prosperity witnessed in the 13\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e c. BCE (Negbi 2005) is interpreted as inidcative of a process of political fragmentation and the collapse of centralised rule (Muhly 1989; Peltenburg 1996; Knapp 2006).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe organisation of copper production in the LC: a model in need for revision\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe organisation of copper industry during the LC period has been a subject of interest for archaeologists for decades (e.g. Stech 1982; 1985; Knapp 1986; Muhly 1989; Keswani 1993).\u0026nbsp;Examination of LC metallurgical remains has revealed that copper sulphide ores, or ores of mixed composition (Stech 1982), were smelted, typically requiring several stages of processing.\u0026nbsp;The discovery of the Apliki \u003cem\u003eKaramallos\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003emining settlement\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(du Plat 1952; Kassianidou 2018)\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003elaid the foundation for a multi-stage copper production model, although the archaeometallurgical evidence has been insufficiently and inconclusively studied. Subsequent excavations at the primary smelting site of Politiko \u003cem\u003ePhorades\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Knapp and Kassianidou 2008)\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003efurther\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003econfirmed the initial smelting of copper sulphide ores near the mines, at the foot of the Troodos Mountains, to produce copper-rich matte. The matte would then be transported to urban centres for further processing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, analytical approaches to LC archaeometallurgical material from urban and cult sites have presented a more complex scenario of copper production organisation\u0026nbsp;(see Ioannides 2022 for a recent review of the evidence).\u0026nbsp;These sites exhibit a wide range of metallurgical activities, including primary smelting of sulphide ores, secondary processes such as smelting of matte or raw metal, melting of copper, manufacturing of copper alloys, and recycling of scrap metal. This diversity raises questions regarding whether copper production was carried out via a centralised system controlled by specific groups, or if regional \u0026eacute;lites competed for sulphide deposits. The logistical challenges of producing and supplying large quantities of oxhide ingots, as mentioned in textual evidence (e.g. Knapp 2011) and confirmed by Lead Isotope Analyses (LIA) (e.g.\u0026nbsp;Stos 2009; Gale 2011; Kassianidou 2013), further complicate this narrative.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe relatively small size of metallurgical assemblages at these sites suggests that copper production was intended to meet local and regional needs rather than large-scale distribution. As a result, it was not the\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eraison d\u0026apos;\u0026ecirc;tre\u003c/em\u003e for the majority of the sites. However, it is crucial to keep in mind that there may be gaps in the overall picture of the metallurgical production at the LC sites.\u0026nbsp;Production areas are typically cleaned on a regular basis, leaving behind small and frequently dislocated direct evidence of the production density (Kassianidou 2016). Additionally, the latter stages of the production sequence yield smaller amounts of slag, a material that provides archaeometallurgical operations with increased visibility. Additionally, modern activities\u0026nbsp;such as farming and construction have\u0026nbsp;fragmented the archaeological record, further complicating efforts to reconstruct the scale and organisation of production.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study focuses on the metallurgical ceramic assemblage discovered at the copper workshops of Area III in Enkomi. The goal is to characterise the technological aspects of metallurgical processes and the manufacturing of reaction vessels, building upon preliminary examinations using handheld X-ray fluorescence (hhXRF) spectrometry (Ioannides et al. 2021). These analyses contribute to understanding the complexity of metallurgical operations at Enkomi and shed light on the spatial reconstruction of Cyprus\u0026rsquo;s copper industry and, by extension, its socio-political framework during the Late Bronze Age.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003eMaterial\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe metallurgical ceramic assemblage under investigation was recovered from various rooms within the copper workshops situated in the northernmost sector of Enkomi, specifically at Area III, also referred to as the \u0026ldquo;fortress\u0026rdquo;. Although metallurgical ceramics were manufactured across all occupational levels (Table 1), the highest concentrations were observed in the earlier strata of the workshops (Ioannides et al. 2021). Comprising a total of 1112 fragments, the assemblage includes crucibles, tuy\u0026egrave;res, and a small number of components likely belonging to bowl furnace linings or a hearth buried in the ground used for heating smaller reaction vessels. Contextual information for the assemblage is provided by Dikaios (1969-1971), while Kassianidou (2016) offers insights into the typological and macroscopic characteristics of the pyrotechnical ceramics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1: Correlation between Area III, Enkomi occupational levels and chronological phases of LBA Cyprus (after Dikaios 1969-1971; for a more recent discussion on the chronology of Enkomi\u0026rsquo;s phases see Crewe 2007).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"359\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.384401114206128%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.26183844011142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelative Chronology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.353760445682454%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbsolute Chronology\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCal BCE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.384401114206128%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.26183844011142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMC IIIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.353760445682454%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1750 \u0026ndash; 1680/1650 BCE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.384401114206128%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.26183844011142%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLC I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.353760445682454%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1680/1650 \u0026ndash; 1450/1425 BCE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.384401114206128%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.26183844011142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLC IIA-B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.353760445682454%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1450/1425 \u0026ndash; 1300 BCE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.384401114206128%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.26183844011142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLC IIC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.353760445682454%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1340/1325 \u0026ndash; 1200 BCE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.384401114206128%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.26183844011142%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLC IIIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.353760445682454%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1200 \u0026ndash; 1125/1100 BCE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.384401114206128%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIIC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.26183844011142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLC IIIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.353760445682454%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1125/1100 \u0026ndash; 1050 BCE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSampling\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sampling strategy was determined based on macroscopic analysis and data obtained from hhXRF elemental screening (Ioannides et al. 2021). Additionally, archaeological context played a crucial role in sample selection, with efforts made to collect samples from as many rooms as possible within each stratum (Table 2). This approach allowed for the investigation of both the temporal (vertical distribution) and spatial (horizontal distribution) aspects of metallurgical operations at the copper workshops in Enkomi. A total of 32 thin sections underwent petrographic analysis, while 26 samples were subjected to Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis. Practical considerations, such as the presence of entire wall thickness in ceramics and well-developed slag, were also taken into account for the latter.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eMethod of analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eSEM-EDS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the SEM-EDS analysis, representative samples were carefully chosen to fabricate 74 polished sections perpendicular to the surface. The polished sections underwent examination using reflected light microscopy (Leica DM2500 P polarisation microscope). Subsequently they were carbon-coated and studied using a JEOL JMS6610-LV Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to characterise the structural and textural properties of both ceramic and slag layers. To collect and process compositional data, an Oxford Instruments X-Max 50 mm Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) and AZtec analytical software package was used. The EDS was configured with a 20kV accelerating voltage, a working distance of 10 mm, an operating dead time of approximately 40%, and a live time of 60 s. A cobalt standard was employed at regular intervals for quantitative optimisation, ensuring deadtime stability and beam intensity calibration. Bulk compositions of ceramic (matrix and paste) and slag layers were determined by averaging 4 to 8 area analyses of 0.6 mm by 0.4 mm. Quartz grains and other inclusions were deliberately included in the analysed area to prevent bias in the bulk chemical composition comparison across different crucible parts. During the examination of the clay matrix, a manual frame of analysis covering an area typically ranging from 50 \u0026mu;m to100 \u0026mu;m by 50 \u0026mu;m to100 \u0026mu;m was selected to avoid inclusions larger than 10 \u0026mu;m. The composition of mineral and metallic phases observed in the crucible slag was determined by averaging 3 measurements whenever possible.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2: Catalogue of samples analysed for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"623\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArea\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRoom\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample type\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePart\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCeramic Petrography\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEM-EDS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2695B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2502Ba\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2502Bb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 (\u003cem\u003econtinued\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArea\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRoom\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample type\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePart\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCeramic Petrography\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEM-EDS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 1678Ba\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFurnace lining\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 1678Bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFurnace lining\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2500Ba\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2500Ca\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2351a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2351c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRim-body\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2332a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRim-body\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2332b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 3791\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 4241Ha\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 4241Hb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 4241Hc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2609\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2885a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRim-body\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2885b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2885c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2470a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2470b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK Unnumbered Tray 3a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK Unnumbered Tray 3b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 3794a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 3537Ba\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 4775\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2886a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2886b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 1485\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 4077a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 1678Ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTuy\u0026egrave;re\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 1678Ac\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTuy\u0026egrave;re\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2500Cc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTuy\u0026egrave;re\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n 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\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2339a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTuy\u0026egrave;re\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2348b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTuy\u0026egrave;re\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 3985\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTuy\u0026egrave;re\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTuy\u0026egrave;re\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 4241Hd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTuy\u0026egrave;re\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 4241He\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTuy\u0026egrave;re\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 4241Hf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTuy\u0026egrave;re\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 3710Ba\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTuy\u0026egrave;re\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 2575b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTuy\u0026egrave;re\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 4125Aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTuy\u0026egrave;re\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 4201Bb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTuy\u0026egrave;re\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 4202Aa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTuy\u0026egrave;re\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 4202Ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTuy\u0026egrave;re\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.23756019261637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENK 5266\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544141252006421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.149277688603531%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.38362760834671%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIIIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.804173354735152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.593900481540931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.088282504012842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe concentration of oxygen in all bulk analyses was determined using predefined\u0026nbsp;stoichiometry to all other analysable elements and expressed as oxides in wt%. This approach disregards the actual measured oxygen content. The oxidation state of each element is fixed; however, it can be modified using the AZtec software, irrespective of the element\u0026rsquo;s actual valency. Conversely, for all non-metallic and metallic phases examined at higher magnifications, the \u0026lsquo;All Elements\u0026rsquo; setup was preferred over \u0026lsquo;oxygen by stoichiometry\u0026rsquo;. Here, oxygen is listed alongside other elements as wt%, providing clarity on the distribution of various elements measured during the bulk analysis and facilitating a better understanding of the oxidation state at the given phase.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn assessing the quality of EDS data, a series of certified reference materials (CRMs) were employed (Table 3a \u0026amp; b). For the analysis of ceramics and crucible slag, three glass-fused basalts (BHVO-2, BIR-1, and BCR-2) were selected. Additionally, four mounted polished copper alloys blocks (32X SN5, 32X SN6, 32X SN7, 36X CUAS3) were used to correspond to the metal phases identified in the crucible slag. It is noted that when the concentrations of all relevant elements in the basalts exceed 0.1wt%, the analytical results of the SEM-EDS exhibit an error margin of less than 10%. Conversely, when the absolute concentrations of copper alloys are less than 0.5wt%, and in few instances less than 1wt%, the reliability of the analytical data may be compromised.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3a: Published values and measured results for three basalt standard materials (glass fused: BHVO-2, BIR-1, BCR-2). The analyses were performed in the \u0026ldquo;All elements\u0026rdquo; configuration. All results are normalised and presented in weight percent. Bdl = below detection limits. All standards still have some other trace elements but since their concentrations are too low to be detected by EDS, they are not listed here.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"647\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.30232558139535%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.27906976744186%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.906976744186046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.906976744186046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.906976744186046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMnO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.906976744186046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.30232558139535%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUSGS BHVO-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.27906976744186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecommended value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.906976744186046%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.906976744186046%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.906976744186046%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.906976744186046%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.94871794871795%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean (n = 8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.94871794871795%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative error %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.30232558139535%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUSGS BIR-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.27906976744186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecommended value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.906976744186046%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.906976744186046%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.906976744186046%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.906976744186046%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.94871794871795%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean (n = 9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebdl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebdl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.94871794871795%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative error %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.30232558139535%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUSGS BCR-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.27906976744186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecommended value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.906976744186046%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.906976744186046%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.906976744186046%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.131782945736434%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.906976744186046%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.94871794871795%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean (n = 9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.94871794871795%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative error %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.863247863247863%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.717948717948717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3b: Published values and measured results for four copper alloys (mounted polished blocks: 32X SN5, 32X SN6, 32X SN7, 36X CUAS3). The analyses were performed in the \u0026ldquo;All elements\u0026rdquo; configuration. All results are presented in weight percent. Bdl = below detection limits. All standards still have some other trace elements but since their concentrations are too low to be detected by EDS, they are not listed here.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"647\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.223300970873787%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.210355987055015%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.9288025889967635%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.223300970873787%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32X SN5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.210355987055015%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecommended value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.9288025889967635%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.75579322638146%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean (n = 11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73440285204991%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.75579322638146%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative error %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73440285204991%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-19.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-33.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.223300970873787%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32X SN6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.210355987055015%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecommended value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.9288025889967635%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.75579322638146%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean (n = 11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73440285204991%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebdl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.75579322638146%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative error %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73440285204991%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-16.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.223300970873787%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32X SN7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.210355987055015%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecommended value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.9288025889967635%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.75579322638146%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean (n = 11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73440285204991%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebdl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebdl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.75579322638146%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative error %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73440285204991%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-36.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.223300970873787%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36X CUAS3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.210355987055015%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecommended value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.9288025889967635%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.148867313915858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.75579322638146%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean (n = 5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73440285204991%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.75579322638146%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative error %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73440285204991%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-98.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.7736185383244205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeramic petrography\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePetrographic analysis was performed on 32 samples from the copper workshops at Area III, Enkomi, spanning all periods of occupation (Table 2). Since in preindustrial societies craftsmen made use of readily available raw materials for the manufacture of metallurgical ceramics (Freestone and Tite 1986; Freestone 1989), petrography has allowed the evaluation of provenance and compositional characterisation of ceramic fabrics with respect to local geology. Thus, the identification of the technological choices made regarding the raw materials selection and treatment reveals the complexity of the pyrotechnical ceramics production. \u0026nbsp;Furthermore, the examination of the ceramic thin sections revealed the degree of link between the manufacturing processes of metallurgical ceramics and other locally produced pottery types.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and discussion","content":"\u003ch2\u003eCeramic paste\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003ePetrographic analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe petrographic analysis showed that a notable degree of homogenisation across the examined samples. The majority of the samples belong to a single fabric group, further divided into two subgroups (Fabric group 1a \u0026amp; 1b). Importantly, the petrographic classification is independent to the temporal and spatial distribution of the samples or the identified metallurgical ceramic types (crucibles, furnace linings, tuy\u0026egrave;res) at Enkomi.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFabric 1\u003c/em\u003e is characterised by residual clay originating from weathered basic igneous rock fragments. This clay likely stems from medium to coarse-grained gabbro containing plagioclase, uralised pyroxenes, and olivine gabbro. The phyllosilicate paste matrix of Subgroup 1a exhibits particle sizes ranging from clay to silt. The mineral composition of the fine fraction comprises sub-angular inclusions of monocrystalline quartz, feldspars, accessory iron oxides, and micas, all measuring 80 \u0026mu;m or smaller. The coarse fraction consists of poorly sorted, sub-angular to sub-rounded non-plastic inclusions of naturally mixed igneous lithologies, including quartz, feldspar, plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine, epidote, hornblende, and secondary actinolite grains, with modal amounts rarely exceeding 300 \u0026mu;m (Fig. 2). Additionally, a few rounded basaltic-gabbroic inclusions (250 \u0026ndash; 500 \u0026mu;m) as well as rare radiolarians, chert, and sandstone fragments are observed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith a larger sample size, Subgroup 1b, characterised by better sorting of the coarse fraction, could potentially be distinguished as a separate group. Currently, it represents\u0026nbsp;the end member of Fabric 1. While some compositional differences have been noted, the paste matrix of Subgroup 1b remains fundamentally similar to that of Subgroup 1a. Subgroup 1b displays higher amounts of sub-angular to sub-rounded quartz and feldspars inclusions, while mafic minerals are present in lower concentrations, typically as smaller (silt-sized) phenocrysts. Additionally, a slight increase in the abundance of radiolarian mudstones and chert is observed (Fig. 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVoids tin Fabric 1 typically align parallel to the walls of the metallurgical ceramics,\u0026nbsp;perpendicular to the heat flux, or at an angle of approximately 45\u0026deg; with respect to the section margins. Meso- and macro-voids are common, primarily taking the form of elongated sinuous pores or channels, indicative of organic matter tempering. Vesicles, ranging from small spherical pores (up to 50 \u0026mu;m) in intermediate glassy layers\u0026nbsp;to larger unconnected\u0026nbsp;pores (50 \u0026ndash; 100 \u0026mu;m) and large vesicles exceeding 100 \u0026mu;m dominating heat-contact layers, are frequently observed in the microstructure of ceramics. These vesicles result from partial collapse of the ceramic due to locally high temperatures, followed by gas exsolution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe limited optical activity of the clay matrix, particularly evident in thin, yellow to orange external layers, suggests\u0026nbsp;the application of high temperatures to the ceramic walls. Most sections exhibit a dark-brown sintering zone, transitioning to reduced and markedly bloated surfaces. Secondary microcrystalline calcite is irregularly distributed in the samples of Fabric group 1. When present, it forms extensive patches in the ceramic matrix, micritic clots, and micrite fringes around pores. Lower-fired areas of the samples contain a few well-rounded to rounded spherical plastic inclusions (clay pellets) and, to a lesser extent, amorphous textural concertation features (tcfs), with a maximum size of about 0.5 mm and a modal size of about 0.3 mm. The prevalence of rounded features over amorphous ones likely reflects natural variability in the clay matrix rather than intentional mixing of clay\u0026nbsp;sources (Quinn 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSamples \u003cem\u003eENK2695B\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eENK4241Ha\u003c/em\u003e exhibit mineralogical and textural differences compared to Fabric group 1. ENK2695B displays a carbonaceous fabric, characterized by calcite grains, foraminifera, and occasional micritic and, to a lesser extent, sparitic rock fragments (Fig. 3). Moreover, monocrystalline quartz, a few to rare igneous-related minerals and rock fragments, and rare fragments of sandstone are noted. In contrast, ENK4241Ha showcases a highly calcareous silty paste with micritic carbonate inclusions, along with foraminifera and mafic rock fragments (Fig. 3). Monocrystalline quartz, plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine, amphibole, and radiolarian inclusions are common, alongside grog tempering featuring clasts up to 700 \u0026mu;m.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe petrographic examination of Enkomi\u0026rsquo;s metallurgical ceramics revealed the presence of a relatively uniform fabric group. Minor differences between the two subgroups lie in the amount of mafic minerals and the grain size distribution of the coarse fraction. The low relative abundance and consistent small size of the non-plastic inclusions in Fabric Group 1 suggest that they were not added as temper but are likely residual fragments of weathered basalt-gabbro rock. Conversely, the presence of\u0026nbsp;elongate sinuous voids consistent with narrow leafy straw\u0026nbsp;indicates the addition of organic material.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe nearly complete absence of calcium carbonate inclusions, and the increased abundance of detrital igneous components and silicification products suggest that Fabric group 1 cannot be associated with raw materials in the immediate vicinity of Enkomi, characterised by the shallow marine carbonates of the Athalassa Formation and the overlying extensive Holocene alluvial and fluvial deposits (Bear 1963; GSD 1995; Newell et al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2004). Instead, the paste of this group shows a stronger affinity for rocks from the Troodos ophiolite (McCallum and Robertson 1995). Mafic clasts likely originated from isolated outcrops in the eastern Troodos Mountain range or the main outcrop in the core of the Troodos Massif. The relative low abundance, shape variation, and low angularity of non-plastic inclusions may indicate weathered clays that have undergone some transport. Derivation from the eastern Troodos is likely as present-day rivers, such as the Yialias and Pedhieos, flow generally eastward across the Mesaoria Plain into Famagusta Bay (Poole and Robertson 1998).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe coexistence of carbonate-rich fabric with included igneous-related grains in loners suggests the procurement of clays with a longer transportation history, possibly from Pleistocene and Holocene sediments in the settlement\u0026rsquo;s surrounding area (Bear 1963; GSD 1995; Newell et al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2004).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePilides and Boileau (2011) identified a mineralogical fabric resembling Fabric group 1 in their petrographic investigation of LBA pottery from Enkomi. Similarly, Tschegg et al. (2009) reported consistency between the ceramic paste of Plain White Wheelmade (PWW) and Red on Black (RoB) pottery discovered at Enkomi and other Cypriot sites and the composition of the two petrographic outliers. Hence, it seems that Enkomi artisans utilised raw materials already familiar to them in the production of technical ceramics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eBulk chemical composition of the ceramic layers\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe bulk analyses of the ceramic bodies and matrices revealed a range of chemical compositions, influenced by variations in lime concentration. The samples can be classified into three chemical groups based on their bulk major and minor constituents. Table 4 reports the means and standard deviations of each oxide component, while the total bulk chemical compositions of all 26 samples are provided in D1 (Ioannides et al. 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4: Bulk mean chemical composition of the groups discerned from the EDS analysis of ceramic pastes. A = Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, S = SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, Flux = the aggregate of FeO, CaO, MgO, K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"643\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.566978193146417%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.697819314641745%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7632398753894085%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.451713395638629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.8286604361370715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMnO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7383177570093458%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCuO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.878504672897197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(A + S) / (Flux)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.566978193146417%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.697819314641745%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7632398753894085%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.451713395638629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.8286604361370715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7383177570093458%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.878504672897197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.325383304940375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.6439522998296425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStdev\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.303236797274276%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.6439522998296425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.792163543441227%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.9625212947189095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.281090289608177%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.132879045996593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.621805792163544%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.792163543441227%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.132879045996593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.621805792163544%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.088586030664395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.710391822827939%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.566978193146417%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.697819314641745%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMatrix\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7632398753894085%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.451713395638629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.8286604361370715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7383177570093458%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.878504672897197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.566978193146417%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.697819314641745%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStdev\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7632398753894085%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.451713395638629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.8286604361370715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7383177570093458%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.878504672897197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.566978193146417%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.697819314641745%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7632398753894085%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.451713395638629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.8286604361370715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7383177570093458%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.878504672897197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.566978193146417%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.697819314641745%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStdev\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7632398753894085%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.451713395638629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.8286604361370715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7383177570093458%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.878504672897197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.566978193146417%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.697819314641745%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMatrix\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7632398753894085%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.451713395638629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.8286604361370715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7383177570093458%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.878504672897197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.566978193146417%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.697819314641745%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStdev\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7632398753894085%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.451713395638629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.8286604361370715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7383177570093458%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.878504672897197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.566978193146417%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.697819314641745%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7632398753894085%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.451713395638629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.8286604361370715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7383177570093458%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.878504672897197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.325383304940375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.6439522998296425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStdev\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.303236797274276%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.6439522998296425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.792163543441227%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.9625212947189095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.281090289608177%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.132879045996593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.621805792163544%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.792163543441227%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.132879045996593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.621805792163544%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.088586030664395%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.710391822827939%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.566978193146417%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.697819314641745%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMatrix\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7632398753894085%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.451713395638629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.8286604361370715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7383177570093458%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.878504672897197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.566978193146417%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.697819314641745%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStdev\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7632398753894085%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.074766355140187%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.451713395638629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.8286604361370715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.29595015576324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.607476635514018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.919003115264798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.140186915887851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.7383177570093458%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.878504672897197%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe samples exhibited both low-calcareous and calcareous compositions. In groups 1 and 2, the calcium concentration seemed to be inherent to the actual clay matrix, likely reflecting minor compositional changes and the influence of secondary calcite. Conversely, the increase in CaO content in the body of group 3 samples could be attributed to the nature of the non-plastic inclusions, suggesting the selection of a carbonaceous, possibly marine, clay enriched with limestones or shells, as indicated in the petrographic loners. Non-plastic inclusions made a limited contribution to the chemical composition of ceramics, as depicted in Fig. 4. The observed increase in SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in the ceramic bodies of groups 1 and 2, expected to primarily reflect the presence of quartz inclusions, averaged around 5%. According to interpretations in studies of ancient metallurgical ceramics (Freestone and Tite 1986; Freestone 1989; Martin\u0026oacute;n-Torres and Rehren 2014), the ratios of Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e to other oxides were elevated, enhancing the refractoriness of the body relative to the clay matrix. In terms of composition, samples in Chemical group are anticipated to possess superior refractory properties compared to others due to higher Si and Al values and a lower fraction of basic oxides. The increased flux content in groups 2 and 3 can primarily be attributed to lime, which dilutes the concentration of the remaining oxides.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiscussion\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe petrographic and chemical investigation determined that the ceramic pastes used in the fabrication of metallurgical ceramics at Enkomi are not constrained by chronological or typological considerations. Moreover, these ceramic pastes were not adequately prepared to meet the requirements of metallurgical processes. The low volume fraction and variability in the shape and size distributions of non-plastic inclusions minimally affect the thermal properties of the clay employed in the metallurgical ceramic production (Kilikoglou et al. 1995; M\u0026uuml;ller et al. 2014; Hein et al. 2015). One of the few modifications to enhance the ceramic paste involves the addition of organic matter, while another approach involves constructing thick walls. The addition of fibres could have facilitated the manipulation of the clay and reinforced the walls during construction, particularly while the paste was still in a plastic state (Freestone 1989; Hein et al. 2013). However, the established practice of incorporating organic fibres into the ceramic paste primarily aims to increase thermal conductivity by generating more pores after firing (Hein and Kilikoglou 2007; Hein et al. 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThus, it appears that the selection and treatment of raw materials are not aligned with the effort of the craftspeople to produce a fabric capable of withstanding the temperatures required for metallurgical processes. Instead, this discrepancy may be attributed to the existence of specific recipes or processes derived from local pottery production, adapted for the manufacture of metallurgical ceramics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSlag layers and metal remains\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe examination of slag layers adhering to crucible and tuy\u0026egrave;re samples through optical microscopy and SEM-EDS showed that the metallurgical ceramic assemblage at Area III, Enkomi, was diachronically used in the processing of copper (Cu). The chemical and microstructural analyses of the crucible slag has led to the identification of two distinct groups. Importantly, this differentiation is not based on parameters such as the ceramic type or its archaeological context. Instead, it is contingent upon technological aspects associated with the metallurgical operations conducted within the workshops. Table 5 provides the average bulk composition of the crucible slag groups, while complete compositional data are available in D2 (Ioannides et al. 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5: Bulk mean chemical composition of the crucible slag groups discerned from the EDS analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"643\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.242612752721618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrucible slag group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.465007776049767%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.065318818040436%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.909797822706065%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.376360808709176%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.443234836702955%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.598755832037325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.976671850699844%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7542768273716955%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.287713841368585%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.443234836702955%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.598755832037325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.909797822706065%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMnO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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width=\"6.440677966101695%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.9491525423728815%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.932203389830509%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.101694915254237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.423728813559322%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.271186440677966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.762711864406779%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.932203389830509%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.101694915254237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.440677966101695%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.762711864406779%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.101694915254237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.101694915254237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.932203389830509%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.242612752721618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.465007776049767%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Delta;oxide/ Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.065318818040436%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.909797822706065%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.376360808709176%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.443234836702955%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.598755832037325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.976671850699844%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7542768273716955%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.287713841368585%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.443234836702955%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.598755832037325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.909797822706065%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.287713841368585%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.598755832037325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.598755832037325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.443234836702955%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.242612752721618%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.465007776049767%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.065318818040436%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.909797822706065%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.376360808709176%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.443234836702955%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.598755832037325%\"\u003e\n 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\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.101694915254237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.423728813559322%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.271186440677966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.762711864406779%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.932203389830509%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.101694915254237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.440677966101695%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.762711864406779%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.101694915254237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.101694915254237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.932203389830509%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.242612752721618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.465007776049767%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Delta;oxide/ Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.065318818040436%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.909797822706065%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.376360808709176%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.443234836702955%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.598755832037325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.976671850699844%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7542768273716955%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1373\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.287713841368585%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.443234836702955%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.598755832037325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.909797822706065%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.287713841368585%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e634\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.598755832037325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.598755832037325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.443234836702955%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen comparing the changing ratios of oxides to alumina in slag with respect to ceramic\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c/sup\u003e, a consistent trend emerges: enrichment occurs across various elements. This enrichment underscores the contribution of the charge, ceramic, and fuel in the formation of the slag. Specifically, the relative increases in CaO, MgO and Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO can be attributed to the contribution of fuel ash, which results from the combustion of charcoal during metallurgical operations (Evans and Tylecote 1967; Tylecote et al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 1977). Silica, a major component of charcoal ash, is abundantly present in the ceramic body. Additionally, while an increase in SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003econtent within the slag might be expected due to gangue material (such as fractured residual quartz grains encountered in the slag microstructure), any contributions from fuel ash are likely minimal compared to background presence. Interestingly, potash content experiences a significant drop in crucibles operating at temperatures around 1200\u0026deg;C. Consequently, potash does not significantly contribute to the fuel ash. This phenomenon arises from the disassociation of K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and simultaneous volatilisation of K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO formed at temperatures exceeding 900\u0026deg;C (Misra et al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 1993).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe distinguishing factor between the two observed groups lies in their relative iron enrichment and copper content. Group 1 exhibits a composition closely aligned with the bulk chemistry of the ceramic layers, with limited iron enrichment in the slag. In contrast,\u0026nbsp;Group 2 comprises samples where iron-rich compounds were processed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eCrucible Slag Group 1 (SG1)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the examined samples of SG1 (IB: ENK2332b, ENK2339a(T); IIA: ENK2885b, ENK2885c, ENK4241He(T); IIIA: ENK3794a, ENK5266(Area I)), the bulk chemistry is characterised by low iron (Fe) and copper enrichment. The dominant phases within the thin and fine-textured slag layers are Ca-Mg silicates, identified through optical microscopy and SEM-EDS spot analysis (for a detailed analysis, refer to D3). Pyroxenes, with a general formula: XYZ\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eor (Fe, Mn, Mg) CaSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e, are consistently present across all samples. These pyroxenic crystals typically constitute the predominant phase, embedded within a glassy matrix.\u0026nbsp;They exhibit diverse morphologies and dimensions dependent on their spatial distribution within the crucible, ranging from acicular prisms and hopper-like structures to blocky grains and occasionally skeletal forms\u0026nbsp;(Fig. 5), these silicate minerals often display a weak perpendicular orientation to the crucible wall surface (spinifex texture), indicative of rapid cooling rates. The chemical composition of the pyroxene phenocrysts varies inconsistently within the group and occasionally even within the same sample. Typically, they represent intermediate compositions along the hedenbergite \u0026ndash; diopside series (FeCaSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; MgCaSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e), with a variable Fe/Mg ratio. Despite this variability, the generally low Fe enrichment and the greater contribution from alkalis and alkaline earths tend to favour the presence of Fe-rich diopside grains.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn a limited number of samples, plagioclase tabular crystals occur as accessory minerals. Notably, in the case of ENK2332b, they represent the primary calcium silicate phase (Fig. 6). These plagioclase grains predominantly exhibit an approximate bytownite composition, comprising roughly 70 \u0026ndash; 90% anorthite (CaAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e) and 10 \u0026ndash; 30% albite (NaAlSi\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e), with minor enrichments of iron (\u0026lt; 3 wt%) and magnesium (\u0026lt; 0.5 wt%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlagioclase phenocrysts with anorthite composition are evident in the slag of tuy\u0026egrave;re sample ENK4241He, which displays the highest lime enrichment (455%) within the group. Furthermore, melilite grains (general formula XYZ\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eor (Ca, Na, K)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e(Mg, Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e, Al)(Si, Al)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e) have replaced pyroxenes as the predominant phase in the same sample due to an increased CaO/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eratio. Typically, these melilite crystals crystallise as elongated prisms or planar slabs and occasionally as rhombohedral grains (Fig. 6). SEM-EDS spot analysis reveals their chemical composition to fall between that of \u0026aring;kermanite (Ca\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eMgSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e) and alumo\u0026aring;kermanite (Ca, Na)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e(Al, Mg, Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e)Si\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e. Interestingly, when the CaO/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e ratio diminishes along one edge of the exterior surface of the tuy\u0026egrave;re, Fe-rich diopside grains (pyroxenes) form at the expense of melilites alongside anorthite plagioclase crystals.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUndissolved, fractured quartz grains are consistently present in all slagged layers, indicating that the slag rarely underwent complete liquefaction (Fig. 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIron oxides exhibit varying occurrences within the context of SG1, being exclusively present in three crucible samples (ENK2885b, ENK2885c and ENK5266).\u0026nbsp;In ENK2885b and ENK5266, iron oxide abundances are both limited and unevenly distributed within the slag matrix. They predominantly manifest as minute, potentially recrystallised cobalt (Co)-rich particles (up to 8.5 wt%). Moreover, a few larger, irregular iron oxide aggregates have been observed, partially dissolving in the slag matrix. These Co-bearing formations (3.3 wt%) often incorporate very small copper prills and closely\u0026nbsp;resemble the composition of magnetite (Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e). \u0026nbsp;Notably, these formations likely represent intermediate phases of partially reacted limonitic ore intergrown with copper minerals (Hauptmann 2003). Conversely, in the microstructure of ENK2885c, higher abundances of angular and rarely skeletal magnetites are observed (Fig. 5). Some Cu\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e (\u0026lt; 2 wt%) substitutes for Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e in the composition of these iron oxides.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInclusions of copper, copper oxide, and, less commonly, copper sulphide have been observed in the microstructure of the slag. They primarily appear as individual rounded particles, occasionally intergrown with each other, with a crescent shaped rim of sulphide typically surrounding the metal. The average composition of the prills found in each sample is detailed in D4. With very few exceptions, the metallic phases are consistently small (\u0026lt; 50 \u0026mu;m).\u0026nbsp;Iron is the main contaminant in the copper metal (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the presence of iron oxides in the microstructure of samples ENK2885b, ENK2885c and ENK5266 correlates with elevated Fe concentration in the copper (\u0026gt; 2 wt%). This observation suggests that the metal was the source from which iron is introduced into the slag, rather than the addition of iron-rich fluxes. Cobalt, nickel (Ni) and arsenic (As) are inconsistently traced in the chemical composition of the prills, typically occurring in minor amounts (less than 1 wt%). Additionally, sulphur (S) is detected in a significant number of copper prills (\u0026lt; 0.5 wt%), confirming that the metal originates from the smelting of a sulphide-rich charge. Very few and consistently small blueish copper sulphide inclusions have been detected in two samples (ENK2885c and ENK3794a). The composition of the sulphides closely resembles that of chalcocite (Cu\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS) and digenite (Cu\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiscussion\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe bulk chemical analysis and microstructural examination indicate a significantly limited of the charge to the formation of slag in the SG1 samples. This limitation stems from the purity of\u0026nbsp;the metal processed in these samples, characterised by lower impurity levels compared to SG2 samples (as discussed below). Iron, introduced alongside copper, oxidises into the slag, primarily incorporating into the Ca-silicates formed\u0026nbsp;through the reaction between the vitrified ceramic and fuel ash.\u0026nbsp;Small iron oxides enriched in cobalt and zinc are uncommon in the microstructure of this group, potentially attributed to an excess of trivalent iron that remains unreacted with the silicates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on our observations, we suggest that the fine-textured, thin alkali-rich slag layers observed in SG1 samples may indicate copper melting operations. During these operations, the crucible contents reached rapidly the liquidus state and subsequently were tapped off preventing the formation of large crystals in the crucible slag (Fig. 8). The presence of finely dispersed globules of cuprite prills and/or copper-cuprite intergrowths in the crucible slag is consistent with a pre-casting melting process (Bachmann 1982; Hauptmann et al. 2002). Furthermore, limited slagging has been observed in copper melting and casting experiments leaving the furnace suitable for repeated operations (Merkel 1986).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the crucible slag of sample ENK2885c falls within SG1, its microstructural analysis reveals a distinctive formation process. The elevated iron concentration detected in the bulk chemistry of the slag and the silicate phases, as well as the frequent occurrence of iron oxides (see D2, 3 \u0026amp; 4), unequivocally indicates enrichment in iron content within the processed metal. Interestingly, the distribution of iron within the microstructure of the slag appears heterogeneous (Fig. 9). Spot analysis of copper prills from various sections of the sample reveals that the metal in the upper regions of the vessel exhibits elevated iron levels (with a median value of 3.8 %\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c/sup\u003e) whereas the metal in the lower sections contains less iron (with a median value of 1.6 wt%). Additionally, ENK2885c differs from the other SG1 samples due to its increased presence of sulphidic halos and chalcocite (Cu\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS) prills dispersed throughout the slag.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe processing of raw metal emerges a plausible scenario for the formation of this crucible slag. Particularly, the metal undergoes effective oxidation in the upper parts of the crucible, facilitated by a thin layer of charcoal, a common feature in crucible-related operations. This oxidation process yields Fe-rich silicates and oxides in the slag. Subsequently, the \u0026ldquo;purer\u0026rdquo; or more refined copper precipitates toward the bottom of the reaction vessel, aided by low-melting sulphides (Hauptmann et al. 2003). Remarkably, the metallurgical operation captured in the crucible slag of this sample likely represents a remelting process \u0026ndash; an intermediate stage between the initial phases observed in the microstructure of SG2 samples and the final steps evident in SG1 samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eCrucible Slag Group 2 (SG2)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCrucible Slag Group 2 exhibits notable increase in iron levels across its bulk chemistry in the examined samples (IA: ENK2695B; IB: ENK1678Ba, ENK2332a, ENK2351a, ENK2500Ba, ENK2500Ca; IIA: ENK2609, ENK2885a, ENK4241Hf(T); IIB: 2470b, ENKUn. Tray 3b; IIIA: 4775; IIIB: ENK2886a, ENK2886b), which correlates with the microstructural composition of the crucible slag. Through reflected light microscopy and SEM-EDS spot analysis, the dominant phases identified in these samples are Fe-Ca silicates (Ioannides et al. 2024, D3). Pyroxenes are consistently observed within the microstructure, often as the primary phase embedded in a glassy matrix. The pyroxenic crystals present diverse morphologies, ranging from large needle-shaped or well-formed blocky and/or rhombohedral particles to less common smaller skeletal crystals (\u0026lt; 50\u0026nbsp;\u0026mu;m) (Fig. 10). Spot analyses consistently indicate a chemical composition resembling that of hedenbergite (FeCaSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e), with minor diopside content (Mg \u0026lt; 5 wt%). Additionally, orthopyroxenes occur in a limited number of samples (ENKUn. Tr. 3b, ENK2886a, ENK2609), displaying chemistry intermediate between the ferrosilite \u0026ndash; enstatite series (Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; Mg\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e). Their Fe/Mg ratio resembles that of ferrosilite, with some Ca contamination (3 wt%). Orthopyroxenes tend to crystallise in samples with low lime content in the ceramic body or in slag areas where and excess of iron prompts the formation of olivines or orthopyroxenes, depending on the Fe/Si ratio. Interestingly, an abundance of lime in the crucible slag of ENK2351a, originating from a notably Ca-rich ceramic body, results in the predominance of Fe-rich wollastonite (CaSiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) as the primary mineral phase.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePyroxenes, commonly identified in areas with higher Fe/Si ratios, frequently coexist with olivine grains ((Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eMg\u003csub\u003e1-x\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e). These olivines, resembling pyroxenes in shape and size, are typically recognised as fayalites (Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) with minor forsterite content (Mg\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), featuring an average Fe/Mg ratio of about 12.5. Additionally, small amounts of Ca (up to 5 wt%) are incorporated into these grains.\u0026nbsp;With increased availability of CaO, enabling it to react and combine with FeO (while maintaining a consistent FeO/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e ratio), calcio-olivines with a kirschsteinite composition (CaFeSiO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) are formed. Microstructural examination further revealed oxidised olivines (Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003eFe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e(SiO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) in the form of large laths or smaller tabs, frequently associated with iron oxides (Fig. 10). These formations may represent altered or recrystallized Fe-silicates resulting from an oxygen excess at lower temperatures, potentially occurring towards the conclusion of metallurgical operations (Metten 2003). Noteworthily, olivines exhibit greater prevalence in samples from the site\u0026rsquo;s early strata, indicating more pronounced redox conditions during the metallurgical processes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn a small number of samples, tabular plagioclase crystals\u003c/strong\u003e have been\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;identified\u003c/strong\u003e as \u003cstrong\u003eaccessory mineral formations\u003c/strong\u003e. The \u003cstrong\u003emajority\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eof these plagioclase grains are predominantly composed of \u003cstrong\u003ebytownite\u003c/strong\u003e, typically comprising \u003cstrong\u003e70\u0026ndash;90% anorthite (CaAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003e10\u0026ndash;30% albite (NaAlSi\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e. Notably, these grains exhibit \u003cstrong\u003esignificant iron content\u003c/strong\u003e (averaging \u003cstrong\u003e3.8 wt%\u003c/strong\u003e) and minor \u003cstrong\u003emagnesium contamination\u003c/strong\u003e (below \u003cstrong\u003e0.5 wt%\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIron oxides are ubiquitous in the microstructure of SG2, primarily crystallising as angular grains, often forming small aggregates, skins, and crystal skeletons embedded in the matrix or intergrown with the silicates. In specific samples (ENK1678Ba, ENKUn. Tr. 3b, and ENK2695B), larger magnetite bands extend across the outer slag layer, indicating a sudden decrease in the CO/CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e ratio. Silicates frequently display a columnar growth pattern perpendicular to both the magnetite band and the outer surface, attributed to rapid cooling of the melt under oxidising conditions, likely in contact with air during the casting process. Additionally, iron oxides often solidify in association with or incorporating copper or copper sulphide inclusions due to the preferential oxidation of Fe to Cu into the slag before the formation of copper oxide under oxidising conditions (Ellingham 1944). Spot analyses showed that the iron oxides can be identified as spinels with a magnetite composition, with Cu (up to 6 wt%), Co (up to 7 wt%) and minor Zn and Ni (\u0026lt; 0.5 wt%) substitute for Fe, suggesting that raw copper metal and/or matte were sources of iron introduction into the slag (Fig. 11). Conversely, hercynite (FeAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) grains are only noted in samples ENK2470b and ENK2886b, linked to Fe-rich copper sulphides and areas with stronger redox conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, large iron oxide aggregates of partially reacted limonitic ore intimately intergrown with copper minerals, are evident in nearly all SG2 samples (Fig. 10). These compounds represent natural occurrences within the Cyprus-type massive ore (Constantinou 1972).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eElongated globules of w\u0026uuml;stite (FeO) have also been observed in a limited number of samples dating to the early IB and IIA Levels (Fig. 10). The w\u0026uuml;stites crystallise in specific areas of the crucible slag, particularly near the top, where they come into contact with charcoal Conditions there are more favourable for the formation of such phases. Additionally, w\u0026uuml;stite exsolution lamellae are locally present within magnetite grains in the same samples.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDelafossite (CuFeO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) has been detected in specific samples from Level IIB onwards. It can occur as elongated crystals, exsolution lamellae, or rims, often in associated with magnetite grains. Notably, it occasionally forms eutectic intergrowths with cuprite (Fig. 12). These mineral phases precipitate under slightly reducing conditions, at temperatures just below 1100\u0026deg;C (Hauptmann et al. 1993; Hauptmann 2007), highlighting the prevalence of weaker redox conditions locally.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInclusions of raw copper metal are found throughout the slag matrix of all examined samples (Ioannides et al. 2024, D4). The primary contaminant in the copper metal is iron, with an average concentration ranging from 3.6 to 5.6 wt% (Fig. 13). Interestingly, there is a gradual decrease in the concentration of Fe over time, suggesting improved control over redox conditions and charge composition.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArsenic emerges as the second most prevalent impurity detected in the prills, exhibiting significant variation in concentration averaging between 0.5 and 7.0 wt%. Additionally, minor occurrences of tin (Sn) (\u0026lt; 1 wt%) have only been observed in samples dating to the early occupational phases of Enkomi. Sn occurrences are often accompanied by As and Ni (\u0026lt; 1wt%). Furthermore, cobalt, zinc, antimony, and lead inconsistently appear in the chemical composition of the prills, with concentrations rarely exceeding 0.5 wt%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCopper sulphides have been detected across all SG2 samples, typically, exhibitng a composition resembling digenite or chalcocite, with a low iron content (\u0026lt; 5 wt%). Bornite inclusions are rarely observed (Ioannides et al. 2024, D4). The sulphides occur as individual rounded particles or form eutectic phases \u0026ndash; appearing as a halo or a crescent-shaped rim \u0026ndash; either in association with copper or within Fe-rich spinels. These compounds provide evidence of the matte conversion process carried out in the workshops of Area III.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFe-rich copper sulphide inclusions are predominant as the primary metallic compounds in specific samples \u0026ndash; such as ENK2695B (Level IA), ENK4241Hf (Level IIA), and ENK2470b (Level IIB) \u0026ndash; while copper metal typically precipitates in the form of minute globules. Phase analyses indicate that these sulphides can be identified as troilite (FeS), chalcopyrite (CuFeS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), and covellite (CuS). Common phases consist of idaite (Cu\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eFeS\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e) and bornite (Cu\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eFeS\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e). The composition of these sulphides likely represents an early stage in the multi-stage process of copper sulphide reduction. The low-grade matte, enriched in iron and sulphur, could undergo further processing in Area III workshops to yield a purer form of copper matte under relatively weak redox conditions. This process is evidenced by the coexistence of copper sulphides and copper prills within the slag matrix.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiscussion\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChemical and microstructural examination has revealed that the SG2 metallurgical ceramics were used in the processing of raw copper and matte, both of which contained varying amounts of iron. The elevated iron content observed in the crucible slag resulted from this processing. During crucible metallurgical operations, the thin charcoal cover typically used may lead to an oxygen surplus, limiting the reactivity of excess trivalent Fe introduced by metallic phases and/or ore with the silicate melt, which consumes most of the divalent Fe. As a result, most of the Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e solidifies as free iron oxides (Burger et al. 2010). Under mildly reducing to oxidising conditions, the iron content is reduced, leading to strong iron enrichment in the crucible slag and effective refinement of copper and/or production of high-grade matte. However, as demonstrated in the previous section, intentional refining of raw metal may involve several remelting stages until the desired purity is achieved.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe intentional addition of iron-rich fluxes has not been confirmed. Relicts of ore detected in the slag microstructure, such as partially reacted iron oxide aggregates and quartz, could have been unintentional additions to the charge as they are natural occurences in Cypiot-type ore deposits, particularly in the higher secondary zones containing significant amounts of silica and iron (hydr)oxides (Adamides 2010; Antivachis 2015). Therefore, the ore itself provides all the necessary fluxes for lowering the melting point and viscosity of the melt, allowing the smelting process to function effectively under various conditions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe addition of metal oxides as solid-state oxidants may have eliminated the need for ore roasting prior to smelting. However, it would have resulted a FeS-rich matte, requiring additional smelting stages to remove excess iron and sulphur and eventually produce copper metal (Van Brempt 2016). Another potential source of iron is the inclusion of copper-rich slag fragments in the charge, a practice attested by Hauptmann (2011) while examining slag samples from Kition \u0026ndash; \u003cem\u003eKathari\u003c/em\u003e and Enkomi. However, the material investigation of the Enkomi metallurgical ceramic assemblage does not support this specific approach.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eRecycling and the case of arsenic\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe discovery of scrap metal lumps amongst the workshops finds (Dikaios 1969-1971) provides clear evidence of recycling old metal. On a microscopic level identifying recycling practices becomes less distinct and relies on the presence or absence, as well as concentration levels, of specific elements or mineral phases in the chemical composition or microstructure of the slag and metal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTin (Sn) has been sporadically measured in copper prills of samples dating only to the earliest IB occupational Level (LC IB, c. 1550 \u0026ndash; 1450 BC) (Ioannides et al. 2024, D4). Tin concentration rarely exceeds 1 wt%. Given that tin is typically absent in concentrations greater than 0.1 wt% in copper ores, any concentration exceeding this level should be considered a deliberate or unintentional addition to the charge, possibly through the recycling of bronze scrap (Klein and Hauptmann 1999). Cyprus ore deposits are generally tin-deficient making such additions likely to be from recycling practices. The effects of less than 1% tin on alloy properties are negligible (Pernicka et al. 1990), suggesting that the measured tin concentrations are likely from recycling tin-containing scrap rather than intentional bronze fabrication.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe paucity of tin in copper metal processed with the Enkomi metallurgical ceramic assemblage contrasts sharply with the tin content found in copper artefacts (Charalambous et al. 2021). Specifically, more than 50% of the assemblage contains highrt than 5% of Sn. This indicates that the production of copper alloys did not occur in the workshops of Area III, but was rather conducted in foundries excavated in other \u003cem\u003eQuartiers\u003c/em\u003e of the town (Courtois 1982), illustrating a clear spatial separation of metalworking activities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsistently, tin was detected in arsenic-rich copper prills (Fig. 14), suggesting that arsenical tin bronze scrap was amongst the components of the charge. The presence of such alloys first appears during the Middle Cypriot period when increased quantities of tin arrive on the island. Until the early stages of the LBA, some of the tin bronzes were melted down with arsenical copper objects, the dominating alloy of this time, or with fresh As-rich copper (Balthazar 1990; Charalambous and Webb 2020). Hence, the data from the Enkomi refractories support the recycling of As-Sn bronzes, indicating that the metalworkers at Enkomi were familiar with recycling practices used throughout Cyprus.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe metal spill detected on ENK3537Ba (LC IIIA, see\u0026nbsp;Ioannides et al. 2024, D5) provides further evidence for the recycling of arsenical tin bronze. Abundant oxidised Cu-Sn phases\u0026nbsp;have been identified scattered within two bands of oxidised copper metal. These phases are indicative of highly oxidising conditions at elevated temperatures, likely during casting operations.\u0026nbsp;Interestingly, some of the Sn-rich phases contain low amounts of As (\u0026lt; 1%),\u0026nbsp;implying that arsenical bronze scrap was likely melted with fresh and/or scrap bronze.\u0026nbsp;This sample also highlights that recycling was not confined to the early phases of the site but was also practiced in the Level IIIA (LC IIIA) workshops.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLead (Pb) has only been detected in seven measured prills dating to LC IB, with concentrations typically below 1% (Fig. 14).\u0026nbsp;It is commonly associated with arsenic and tin. Lead was a common bronze additive (Klein and Hauptmann 1999), with only 2 \u0026ndash; 3% lead required to achieve optimal fluidity during casting (Philip 1991) and to lower the melting temperature of the alloy (Giumlia-Mair 1992). Considering that Cypriot copper ores are deficient in Pb (\u0026lt; 100 ppm) (Constantinou 1982; Antivachis 2015), the presence of lead at the detected levels in the crucible slag of Area III suggests an unintentional addition from the recycling of leaded copper-base artefacts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArsenic (As) is present in varying amounts in copper metal, ranging from 0.1 to 14.1 wt%. The highest levels of arsenic were detected in samples dating to the early IB and IIA Levels (Fig. 14). Less than a quarter of the copper prills measured exceed the suggested As demarcation of 2% (Pernicka et al. 1990) between arsenical copper and purposefully produced As bronze. Such arsenic levels significantly increase the ductility and hardness of copper (Buchwald and Leisner 1990; Budd 1991). However, arsenic levels in Cypriot ores are extremely low (Antivachis 2015). The association of low tin content with arsenic in copper indicates that melting/recycling of Early/Middle Cypriot arsenical \u0026ndash; bronze objects may explain the presence of As in the metallurgical ceramics. Arsenic concentrations in these artefacts range between 0.1 and 5.0% (Balthazar 1990). Thereby, higher arsenic levels cannot be solely attributed to the recycling of arsenical bronzes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA weathered copper \u0026ndash; iron arsenide ore fragment was noted in the crucible slag of Level IB sample ENK2500Ba (Fig. 15 \u0026amp; Table 6). The absence of a distinct texture or thermally altered phases may indicate that this is a natural mineral aggregate rather than an artificial speiss compound. Had copper-bearing iron arsenide ore been the main charge component with the aim of producing arsenical copper, higher As concentrations (average value of 1.1%) are expected to accompany the iron content in the metallic prills (Hauptmann et al. 2003). Instead, the arsenic concentration in the sample varies from 0 to 2.9%. Such variability in arsenic content may be indicative of the addition of speiss to low-arsenic copper (Rehren et al. 2012). Considering that there is no significant correlation between the concentrations of As and Fe in the copper of ENK2500Ba (r[4] = -0.218, p[5] = 0.68), and the As-rich IB and IIA Levels (r = -0.011, p = 0.92), coupled with the absence of speiss inclusions in the crucible slag of the assemblage, indicate that such a practice appears unlikely to have occurred at Enkomi.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNevertheless, the intention to produce high As copper is indisputable, as evidenced by the documented presence of elevated arsenic levels in Level IA crucibles ENK1678Ba, ENK2351a, ENK2351c, ENK2502Ba and Level IIA tuy\u0026egrave;re ENK4241Hf (see Ioannides et al. 2024, D4). On average, the metal in these samples contains over 4% As, along with low tin levels (\u0026lt; 1%). While no iron arsenide minerals were identified in these fragments, deliberate co-smelting of As-Fe minerals with As-poor copper ore and/or with As-Sn bronze scrap in later stages to produce arsenical copper should may have been practiced during the LC I period. Nevertheless, the dearth of contemporary relevant evidence on the island warrants caution against assuming such practice on a well-organised and established scale. The discovery of a single copper-rich iron arsenide fragment likely indicates the exploitation of copper ores with higher arsenic content at the outset of the Late Bronze Age, reflecting an intentional effort to preserve an Early and Middle Bronze Age technological tradition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6: Bulk and spot chemical measurements of the weathered ore fragment found in ENK2500Ba.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"586\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBulk (X200)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhase 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhase 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhase 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSulphide inclusion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003en.d.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuch high-As minerals can only be found in the polymetallic mineralization of the Limassol Forest orebodies, with arsenic levels ranging from 0.5 up to 7.6% in the Laxia tou Mavrou deposit (Bear 1963; Panayiotou 1980; Gass et al. 1994). However, no direct evidence of LBA exploitation has been found for this mining region (Stos-Gale et al. 1997).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe comprehensive investigation of the metallurgical ceramic assemblage from Area III has provided valuable insights into the copper production in Enkomi. The copper workshops were diachronically dedicated to the final stages of copper production, including matte smelting, refining, melting and casting of copper metal. Additionally, evidence suggests that recycling of arsenical-tin bronzes was predominantly carried out during the early occupational levels.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContextualising these results, it appears that the copper workshops at Area III were the final stage of an integral multi-phased organisation system of copper production that existed on the island during the latter half of the 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e millennium BC. The longevity of the metallurgical activities in Area III, as well as the persistence of producing As-rich copper in LC I, and the suggested spatial separation of metalworking activities (copper processing versus fabrication of copper alloys) between the foundries found scattered in the town, suggest that copper production was organized under a central authority. Considering that Enkomi is the only excavated LC site where complete oxhide ingots were recovered, as well as the evidence for specialised secondary metallurgical activities provided by the metallurgical ceramics\u0026rsquo; analysis, the site emerges as a key player in this system, potentially involved in the production of oxhide ingots. Considering that the vast majority of oxhide ingots dating after 1400 BC can be traced back to a single mining region, the Solea Axis deposits (Gale and Stos-Gale 2012), it is clear that the production and trade of copper for the international market was a highly specialised activity attached to or administered by a single centre or \u0026eacute;lite group. According to the archaeological and analytical evidence, Enkomi is the best candidate to assume this role.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the available evidence, it is improbable that Enkomi reliquinshed or shared control of copper production with emerging, heterarchical, regional polities after LC I. Regardless of the political configuration of the island, Enkomi appears to maintain its prominence in copper production and trade, likely until the end of the 12\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e century BC. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was partially funded by the University of Cyprus; project title: \u003cem\u003eEnkomi: a site at the forefront of technological innovation in metallurgy and artistic excellence in metalwork\u003c/em\u003e; the University of UCL Qatar and the A.G. Leventis Foundation\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interest:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003enot applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eD.I. collected the data and wrote the main manuscript text.All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings reported in this study are part of the doctoral research conducted by the first author at the University of Cyprus (Ioannides 2022), supported by funding from the European Union: Marie Curie ITN (FP7-PEOPLE-2010) NARNIA project (grant 265010, led by V. Kassianidou), as well as a University of Cyprus project titled \u0026ldquo;Enkomi: a site at the forefront of technological innovation in metallurgy and artistic excellence in metalwork\u0026rdquo; (coordinated by G. Papasavvas). The analyses were carried out at the Archaeological Research Unit Lab, University of Cyprus, and the Materials Science Laboratories, UCL Qatar. We would like to express our gratitude to the Cyprus Department of Antiquities and its then director, Dr. Marina Solomidou-Ieronymidou, for granting us permission to sample and analyse the metallurgical assemblage. The first author would like to thank Dr Myrto Georgakopoulou for sharing her expertise and providing feedback during his research visit at UCL Qatar; Dr Michael Charlton for his guidance on statistical applications in archaeometallurgical inquiries; and Prof. Thilo Rehren for his valuable and instructive insight on various aspects of crucible slag microstructure. Extended thanks to Philip Connolly for his technical support with the analytical work at UCL Qatar.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe dataset generated during the current study is available in the Zenodo repository, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1104517\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdamides NG (2010) Mafic-dominated volcanogenic sulphide deposits in the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus, part 1 - The deposits of the Solea-Graben. Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. B 119(2): 65-77. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743275811Y.0000000001.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAntivachis DN (2015) The geology of the northern part of the Apliki Cyprus-type ore deposit. Bull. Geol Soc\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eGreece\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e49: 4-28. https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11047. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBachmann H-G, (1982) The identification of slags from archaeological sites. 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In: Smith J (ed) Script and seal use on Cyprus in the Bronze and Iron Ages\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e Archaeological Institute of America, Colloquia and Conference Papers 4, Archaeological Institute of America, Boston, pp 111-154.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Footnotes","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026nbsp;The absolute chronology divisions utilized for this study are after Manning \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026nbsp;As suggested by Rademakers and Rehren (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), the relative increase of oxides in the slag with respect to the ceramic can be estimated by looking at the changing ratios of these oxides to alumina. The normalisation to Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, a rare charge component, removes possible dilution effects from base metal oxides and quartz grains included in the crucible slag. The relative increase of oxide concentration to alumina (%) is calculated as:\u0026nbsp;\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" style=\"width: 290px; height: 57.3256px;\" width=\"290\" height=\"57.3256\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"IEq1\" class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathinline\" id=\"FileID_IEq1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n \u003cscript type=\"math/tex; mode=inline\"\u003e {\\varDelta }_{\\raisebox{1ex}{$oxide$}\\!\\left/ \\!\\raisebox{-1ex}{${Al}_{2}{O}_{3}$}\\right.}= \\frac{\\frac{{oxide}_{slag}}{{{Al}_{2}{O}_{3}}_{slag} } - \\frac{{oxide}_{ceramic}}{{{Al}_{2}{O}_{3}}_{ceramic}}}{\\raisebox{1ex}{${oxide}_{ceramic}$}\\!\\left/ \\!\\raisebox{-1ex}{${{Al}_{2}{O}_{3}}_{ceramic}$}\\right.}\u003c/script\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e* 100\n \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026nbsp;The median value of Fe measured in all the Cu prills of ENK2885c is 2.0 wt%.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026nbsp;The linear correlation coefficient (r) has been calculated using Pearson Product-Moment Correlation.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026nbsp;A probability (p) value is a statistical measure used to determine the likelihood that an observed outcome is the result of chance. For p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05, the test result is statistically significant. For p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, the test result is statistically insignificant.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"archaeological-and-anthropological-sciences","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"aasc","sideBox":"Learn more about [Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences](http://link.springer.com/journal/12517)","snPcode":"12520","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12520/3","title":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Cyprus, Late Bronze Age, Enkomi, Metallurgy, Copper production, Metallurgical ceramics","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4313680/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4313680/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe socio-political organisation of Cyprus during the Late Bronze Age (LBA) is still an active field of scholarly debate. In the second half of the 2nd mil. BCE, the prevailing interpretations favour either a unified or a decentralised administration model on the island. Enkomi is listed as one of the most important Late Cypriot (LC) sites in both models. The rise of this urban centre can be largely attributed to the control of copper production during the LC period. The results of the chemical and microstructural analysis of the archaeometallurgical ceramic assemblage from the copper workshops in Area III at Enkomi are presented here. Our research revealed that the ceramics were exclusively used for copper-based secondary metallurgical activities. This ground-breaking project, the first in Cypriot archaeometallurgy to focus solely on technical ceramics, adds significant new knowledge to the reconstruction of the copper production organisation and Enkomi\u0026rsquo;s standing among the LC polities. Furthermore, these new findings pave the way for the development of a comparative analysis of the various stages of the copper production sequence in Cyprus as reflected in metallurgical ceramic assemblages.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"One city to rule them all? The production of copper in Enkomi, Cyprus: the evidence from the metallurgical ceramic assemblage","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-03 16:51:18","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4313680/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-06-24T11:12:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-06-24T06:53:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-05-10T12:42:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"261417581641765056517712651603506353710","date":"2024-05-07T15:03:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"196718389942439773380064519173942376530","date":"2024-04-29T09:17:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-04-29T09:04:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-04-29T08:38:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-04-29T03:48:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","date":"2024-04-23T17:21:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"archaeological-and-anthropological-sciences","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"aasc","sideBox":"Learn more about [Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences](http://link.springer.com/journal/12517)","snPcode":"12520","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12520/3","title":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fc881073-4035-4fcb-a94b-9d377af37af1","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 3rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-23T16:05:04+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4313680","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-024-02067-5","journal":{"identity":"archaeological-and-anthropological-sciences","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences"},"publishedOn":"2024-09-16 15:57:56","publishedOnDateReadable":"September 16th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-03 16:51:18","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s12520-024-02067-5","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-024-02067-5","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4313680","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4313680","identity":"rs-4313680","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}