Knowledge, Behavioural Lifestyle, and Preventive Measures of Myopia among Undergraduates in the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State

Knowledge, Behavioural Lifestyle, and Preventive Measures of Myopia among Undergraduates in the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Knowledge, Behavioural Lifestyle, and Preventive Measures of Myopia among Undergraduates in the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State Simon-P Aroyehun, Mojisola Morenike Oluwasanu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5031412/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Myopia, or short-sightedness, affects many young people globally. The condition has witnessed a significant increase, especially among adolescents and young adults. By 2050, almost half of the global population may suffer from it. The youth population, particularly in Nigeria, shows higher prevalence rates of myopia, necessitating investigations into knowledge, behavioural lifestyles, and prevention among undergraduates. The study examined the knowledge, behavioural lifestyle, and prevention strategies related to myopia among undergraduates in the University of Ibadan. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted at the University of Ibadan, among 401 undergraduates from 10 faculties selected through a multistage sampling technique. Data on knowledge of myopia, behavioural lifestyles, and preventive measures were collected using a semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire. Analysis was done using SPSS software, employing both descriptive and inferential statistics, which includes Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests at α 0.05 . Results Respondents’ age was 21.7 ± 2.8, 64.8% were males and 35.2% were females. About 53.9% of the respondents demonstrated good knowledge of myopia. Less than half, (46.5%) reported using digital devices for more than 3 hours daily without breaks, while 31.6% admitted to reading under dim light more than 5 times a week. Almost two-fifth of the respondents, (45.9%) demonstrated good preventive measures against myopia. Significant associations were identified between knowledge levels and socio-demographic characteristics, including age, gender, faculty, and monthly allowance. Additionally, there was an association between knowledge levels and lifestyle behaviours, and the practice of preventive measures. Conclusion The study showed that the University of Ibadan undergraduates have knowledge gaps about myopia, along with common lifestyle behaviours contributing to it. It also highlights the need for targeted educational interventions to improve undergraduates' knowledge about myopia, promote healthier lifestyle behaviours, and encourage the adoption of effective preventive measures among university students. To address these gaps, it's crucial to include myopia education in the General Studies (GST) curriculum. This should cover causes and prevention, and promote eye-friendly habits. Additionally, students should have easy access to eye care services. Collaboration between health professionals and the university is essential for a comprehensive approach to eye health education. Myopia Knowledge Behavioral lifestyle Preventive measures Undergraduates Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Background Myopia, commonly referred to as short-sightedness, is a refractive error of the eye that affects a significant portion of the global population, particularly young individuals. This type of impairment occurs when distance vision becomes unclear. Distant objects appear blurry but near ones are relatively clear [ 1 ]. The incidence of myopia, especially among adolescents and young adults, has increased significantly over the past years [ 2 , 3 ]. Such concerns have made scholars and healthcare givers explored the underlying causes behind the occurrence or progress of short-sightedness among young populations [ 4 ]. In the past, myopia would sometimes be referred to as minor low vision requiring only glasses or perhaps contact lenses. Nevertheless, the extent of its impact is now evident with rising prevalence at an alarming rate [ 4 ]. By roughly 2050, nearly half of the world’s population is likely to develop myopia with this being considered as a severe public health problem in accordance to World Health Organization [ 5 ]. Management of myopia greatly relies on knowledge, behavioral lifestyles, and prevention measures. A lack of awareness and understanding results in a neglected mechanism that further makes one negligent with the necessary eye care practices [ 6 ]. The behavioral risk factors for developing onset and progressive myopia include prolonged near work and excessive use of the computer, low time spent outdoors, poor diet, and bad ergonomic setups [ 7 ]. Moreover, this problem has been further aggravated by a lack of regular checkups concerning the eyes and their early detection, as one can lead to a higher severity of visual impairment. A set of effective prevention measures needs to be established, which includes comprehensive health education and promoting healthy visual habits with regular vision screenings to reduce these risks and decrease the prevalence rate of myopia most especially among young adults [ 8 ]. While some studies have investigated the prevalence of myopia among young adults, there is a paucity of research focusing on the knowledge and awareness levels regarding myopia as well as the associated behavioural lifestyle in this specific population [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Understanding the awareness and knowledge levels among undergraduates regarding myopia can provide valuable insights for targeted interventions and educational campaigns. Moreover, exploring the knowledge gaps and the preventive measures taken against myopia among undergraduates is crucial for effective educational strategies. By identifying the lifestyle behaviours contributing to myopia, it becomes possible to develop targeted interventions and educational programs to address these risks. The study examines the knowledge, behavioural lifestyles, and prevention measures of myopia among undergraduates in the University of Ibadan. Study design A cross-sectional survey design was adopted for this study. This design is particularly suitable for this study as it allows for the collection of data from the target population at a specific point in time. The main objective explored the knowledge, behavioural lifestyle, and preventive measures of myopia among undergraduates in the University of Ibadan. The University of Ibadan was selected for this study because of its large and diverse undergraduate population. The university is appropriate for assessing myopia prevalence and associated lifestyle factors. The Institution has a well-established research structure that provides solid health services; hence, activities on data collection and analysis for this study are quite dependable, ensuring the validity and impact of the findings regarding addressing myopia among Nigerian undergraduates. This design enabled the researcher to collect and analyse the data without omitting necessary details, offering a snapshot of the current state of knowledge, behaviours and preventive measures related to myopia among the respondents. Description of study area/setting The study was conducted at the University of Ibadan (UI), an iconic academic institution of repute, situated in Ibadan, the capital city of Oyo State in south-western Nigeria. Founded in 1948, the University of Ibadan holds the distinction of being Nigeria's premier university and has since established itself as a beacon of academic excellence not only in Nigeria but across the African continent. The University of Ibadan is organised into 17 faculties consisting of over 16,000 undergraduates, encompassing a wide range of disciplines from the humanities to sciences, social sciences, and professional courses. The study was carried out across 10 faculties at the University of Ibadan between January and March 2024. Some of the prominent faculties include Medicine, Law, Arts, Science, Social Sciences, and Agriculture, among others. These faculties have consistently contributed ground-breaking research and produced alumni who have made notable contributions in various fields globally. University of Ibadan boasts of a diverse student population hailing from various states in Nigeria as well as international students, making it a melting pot of diverse cultures, backgrounds, and ideas. The vibrant campus life is complemented by a range of extracurricular activities, including cultural events, seminars, sports, and other student-led initiatives. Study population The study population consisted of undergraduates in the University of Ibadan, Oyo State. The students’ population in the University of Ibadan cut across 17 faculties namely: Agriculture; Faculty of Arts; Basic Medical Science; Clinical Sciences; Dentistry; Economics and Management Science; Education; Environmental Design and Management; Law; Pharmacy; Public Health; Renewable and Natural Resources; Science; Technology; Social Sciences, Multidisciplinary Studies and Veterinary Medicine. Variable The study assessed several key variables. The knowledge of myopia among undergraduates was measured using descriptive statistics, specifically frequencies, and percentages, to summarise respondents' understanding of the condition. A scoring system based on Bloom’s cut-off [18], was developed to categorise their knowledge into three levels: poor knowledge for scores ranging from 0 to 6, fair knowledge for scores ranging from 7 to 8, and good knowledge for scores ranging from 9 to 10. Behavioral lifestyle was evaluated using a 40-point scale. This scale categorised the students' lifestyle behaviors into three levels: poor, with scores ranging from 0 to 13; fair, with scores ranging from 14 to 26; and good, with scores ranging from 27 to 40. Preventive measures were assessed using a 14-point scale, categorising the students' practices into poor (scores ranging from 0 to 4), fair (scores ranging from 5 to 9), and good (scores ranging from 10 to 14). Attitudes towards myopia were also evaluated using descriptive statistics, with frequencies and percentages used to present the undergraduates' attitudes toward myopia. Hypotheses The study tested three main hypotheses. The first hypothesis examined the association between socio-demographic characteristics and levels of knowledge about myopia among undergraduates. This was tested using a Chi-square test to determine if there was a significant association between these socio-demographic factors and the student’s level of knowledge about myopia. The second hypothesis examined the relationship between knowledge of myopia and lifestyle behaviors among undergraduates. This association was assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis H Test, a non-parametric statistical test used to determine if there were statistically significant differences between three or more independent groups, particularly when the data did not meet the assumptions required for parametric tests such as ANOVA. The third hypothesis examined the association between knowledge of myopia and the practice of preventive measures. This relationship was also assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis H Test to determine if there was a significant relationship between the students' knowledge about myopia and their practiced preventive measures. Sample size determination The sample size for this study is estimated using Leslie Kish formula for sample size determination which is: Where N = minimum sample size Z = Confidence Interval of 1.96 Using the Leslie Kish formula, ‘P’ was taken as 50%. P which represents the proportion of knowledge about myopia in Nigeria was taken as 50% as there is no established proportion for knowledge of myopia in Nigeria. q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.5 = 0.5 d = the level of precision which is 0.05 (5%) Therefore, Also, a non-response rate of 10% is to be added to the calculated sample size. Therefore, since 10% of 384.16 = 38.416 38.416 is added to 384.16 which is 422.576, approximately 423 students Sampling procedure A systematic multistage sampling procedure was employed for this study. Initially, a comprehensive list of all faculties along with their respective student populations was obtained from the Geography and Planning unit at the University of Ibadan. From this list, ten out of the seventeen faculties were selected using simple random sampling by balloting, which constituted the primary sampling units. Next, based on the student population of each selected faculty, a proportionate number of students to be included in the study from each faculty was determined. This step ensured that each faculty was represented according to its sise, providing a balanced and comprehensive sample. Following this, students within each faculty were chosen randomly until the desired sample size for that faculty was reached. Care was taken to ensure a balanced representation of both male and female participants. Only undergraduates who provided their consent were included in the study. Training of research assistants, pretesting of tools and data collection Prior to data collection, research assistants underwent comprehensive training on the proper administration of the questionnaire through Kobocollect. They were educated on respecting respondents' rights and avoiding any violations. Additionally, they were instructed on how to interact with participants, including obtaining informed consent and thoroughly explaining the study's purpose to all respondents. The reliability of the instrument was determined by carrying out a pre-test among 40 undergraduates in the University of Lagos, Lagos State. The overall Cronbach Alpha was 0.684. The data collection was carried out in the University of Ibadan among 402 respondents who completed the semi structured self-administered questionnaire through Kobocollect. Data analysis The IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM/SPSS version 26) was employed for the data analysis. Descriptive statistics summarised the data, and inferential statistics, including Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis tests and Ordinal Regression, assessed associations between variables at α=0.05. Ethics Consideration Ethics approval was obtained from the ethics committee in the University College Hospital., University of Ibadan. The ethics approval number is UI/EC/23/0714. The research participants were assured that their responses and information provided in the instrument will be kept confidential with all necessary information included in the informed consent. Their responses were stored in a privately. The instruments containing the responses of the research participants were only handled by the researcher and his assistants; the researcher’s supervisor; members of the ethics committee; other professional peers and mentors who the researcher trusts. The implementation of this research entails that several ethical considerations were taken into account to ensure the integrity of the research and the welfare of participants. Results Socio-demographics of respondents The study enrolled a total of 401 respondents. Their ages ranged from 16 to 40 years, with a mean age of 21.74. The majority of respondents (96.5%) fell within the age range of 16-26 years, indicating a youthful population within the study. Respondents were distributed across various faculties, with the highest representation in Education (22.7%) and Science (22.7%) faculties. Male respondents constituted the majority (64.8%) compared to female respondents (35.2%) (Table 1). Christianity was the predominant religion among respondents (81.8%), followed by Islam (17.5%). The majority of respondents were single (92.0%), while a smaller percentage were married (7.2%). Regarding the family setting, most respondents came from monogamous households (83.0%) compared to polygamous households (17.0%). The distribution of monthly allowances varied, with 59.4% falling within the range of less than or equal to #30,000 (Table 1). Respondents’ knowledge of myopia More than half of respondents (59.1%) correctly identified prolonged close-up tasks, such as reading or writing, as a cause of myopia. The most commonly recognised symptoms of myopia were difficulty seeing distant objects (65.3%) and blurred vision (78.6%). Prescription glasses were widely recognised as a common treatment for myopia (64.3%). Factors like limited outdoor exposure (9.5%) and poor illumination (53.9%) were acknowledged as potential risk factors for developing myopia (Table 2). Reading with dim light (71.8%) was identified as a lifestyle behaviour associated with myopia. Preventive measures such as physical activity (59.1%) and working/reading in well-lit environments (29.2%) were acknowledged by respondents (Table 2). The overall knowledge of respondents was deduced to be fair based on the 10 items knowledge scale questions that were presented to them. About (30.9%) of respondents demonstrated a good knowledge of myopia. While (22.9%) had fair knowledge of myopia and (46.1%) had poor knowledge about myopia (Figure 1). The mean score of respondents is 6.23 (Table 2) Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of Respondents (n=401) Variables Frequency Percentage Age (years) 16-26 387 96.5 27-37 12 3.0 38-48 2 0.5 Faculty Environmental Design and Management 6 1.5 Dentistry 7 1.7 Public Health 14 3.5 Veterinary Medicine 17 4.2 Basic Medical Sciences 22 5.5 Law 27 6.7 The Social Sciences 34 8.5 Education 91 22.7 Science 91 22.7 Arts 92 22.9 Gender Male 260 64.8 Female 141 35.2 Religion Christianity 328 81.8 Islam 70 17.5 Traditional 3 0.7 Table 1 Cont’d: Socio-demographic characteristics of Respondents (n=401) Variables Frequency Percentage Level 100 66 16.5 200 94 23.4 300 149 37.2 400 92 22.9 Marital Status Single 369 92.0 Married 29 7.2 Separated 2 0.5 Divorced 1 0.2 Family setting Monogamy 333 83.0 Polygamy 68 17.0 Monthly allowance Less than or equal to #30,000 238 59.4 Greater than #30,000 to less than #50,000 123 30.7 Greater than #50,000 40 10.0 Table 2: Knowledge of myopia (n=401) Variables Frequency Percentage Which of the following is a cause of myopia? Obesity Vitamin D deficiency Excessive exposure to UV rays Prolonged close-up tasks, such as reading or writing* 237 110 39 15 59.1 27.4 9.7 3.7 Which of the following is another cause of myopia? Routine usage of digital devices in dim light conditions* Eating too much sugar Excessive consumption of dairy products High blood pressure 253 75 29 44 63.1 18.7 7.2 11.0 Which of the following is a symptom of myopia? Seeing halos around lights Painful eyes Difficulty seeing distant objects* Dry eyes 262 88 38 13 65.3 21.9 9.5 3.2 Which of the following is another symptom of myopia? Blurred vision* Sore eyes Colour blindness Night blindness 19 315 53 14 4.7 78.6 13.2 3.5 Which treatment is commonly recommended for myopia? Prescription glasses* Antibiotics Taking vitamins Eye exercises 258 71 57 15 64.3 17.7 14.2 3.7 * Correct Response Table 2 Cont’d: Knowledge of myopia (n=401) Variables Frequency Percentage Which of the following is a factor that might increase a person’s risk of developing myopia? Bad hygiene Excessive consumption of fruits Infrequent blinking Limited Outdoor exposure* 180 105 78 38 44.9 26.2 19.5 9.5 Which of the following is another factor that might increase a person’s risk of developing myopia? Insomnia Poor illumination* Physical inactivity Genotype 84 216 36 65 20.9 53.9 9.0 16.2 Which of the following professions or activities is associated with an increased risk of myopia due to visual demands? Lawyer Computer programming* Driving Gardening 252 57 91 1 62.8 14.2 22.3 0.2 Which of the following lifestyle behaviour is associated with myopia? Jogging Reading with dim light* Excessive sugar intake Sedentary lifestyle 34 288 58 21 8.5 71.8 14.5 5.2 * Correct Response Table 2 Cont’d: Knowledge of myopia (n=401) Variables Frequency Percentage Which of the following is a preventive measures that can be taken against myopia? Physical activity Meditation Working and reading in well-lit environments* Sleeping in well-ventilated environments 237 117 25 22 59.1 29.2 6.2 5.5 * Correct Response Table 3: Overall knowledge score of the respondents (n=401) Knowledge score Frequency Percentage Poor (0-6) 185 46.1 Fair (7-8) 92 22.9 Good (9-10) 124 30.9 Total 401 100.0 *Mean knowledge score = 6.22±3.03 Bloom’s cut-off [18] Respondents’ Lifestyle behaviour associated with myopia Most of respondents (43.6%), reported often spending more than 2 hours continuously on close-up tasks like reading or writing. Many respondents (30.9%), indicated often using digital devices for more than 3 hours daily without taking breaks. Reading with dim light was commonly reported, with 28.2% doing so often and 47.4% sometimes. Tasks requiring prolonged focus on small details were also common, with 45.6% doing so sometimes and 23.4% often (Table 4). Many of the respondents (32.2%), also reported often foregoing outdoor activities to stay indoors Smoking or using tobacco products regularly was reported by 48.1% of the respondents. Regularly skipping meals or having an inconsistent eating schedule was reported by 22.7% often and 49.4% sometimes. Respondents mean lifestyle score was 19.13 (Table 4.). Majority of the respondents’ demonstrated fair lifestyle towards myopia (68.8%), about (21.9%) demonstrated poor lifestyle towards myopia, while a few of the respondents (9.2%) had good lifestyle towards myopia (Figure 2). Overall, the data suggest that certain lifestyle behaviours associated with myopia, such as prolonged digital device usage without breaks, reading with dim light, and engaging in tasks that strain the eyes, are relatively common among respondents. Table 4: Lifestyle behaviour associated with myopia (n=401) Variables Never Freq (%) Rarely Freq (%) Sometimes Freq (%) Often Freq (%) Always Freq (%) Do you often spend more than 2 hours continuously on close-up tasks, such as reading or writing? 8 (2.0) 46 (11.5) 147 (36.7) 175 (43.6) 25 (6.2) Do you use digital devices (e.g., computer, smartphone, tablet) for more than 3 hours daily without taking breaks? 3 (0.7) 85 (21.2) 99 (24.7) 124 (30.9) 90 (22.4) Do you read with dim light for more than 5 times a week? 15 (3.7) 71 (17.7) 190 (47.4) 113 (28.2) 12 (3.0) Do you frequently engage in tasks that require you to focus on small details for prolonged periods? 15 (3.7) 50 (12.5) 183 (45.6) 94 (23.4) 59 (14.7) Is your daily screen time mainly during night-time or in dimly lit environments? 6 (1.5) 67 (16.7) 207 (51.6) 94 (23.4) 27 (6.7) Do you find yourself often foregoing outdoor activities to stay indoors? 8 (2.0) 56 (14.0) 184 (45.9) 129 (32.2) 24 (6.0) When reading, do you often have to squint or move the material closer see clearly? 25 (6.2) 87 (21.7) 155 (38.7) 119 (29.7) 15 (3.7) Table 4 Cont’d: Lifestyle behaviour associated with myopia (n=401) Variables Never Freq (%) Rarely Freq (%) Sometimes Freq (%) Often Freq (%) Always Freq (%) Do you regularly smoke more than 5 cigarettes or use other tobacco products for more than an hour a day? 193 (48.1) 48 (12.0) 126 (31.4) 19 (4.7) 15 (3.7) Do you often consume processed or junk foods more than fresh fruits and vegetables? 36 (9.0) 61 (15.2) 192 (47.9) 90 (22.4) 22 (5.5) Do you regularly skip meals or have an inconsistent eating schedule? 37 (9.2) 55 (13.7) 198 (49.4) 91 (22.7) 20 (5.0) Respondents’ attitude towards myopia Most of the respondents (76.3%) agreed or strongly agreed that adopting preventive measures and a healthy lifestyle can positively impact eye health and reduce myopia risk. More than 70% of the respondents recognised the significance of good eye care habits in affecting vision. Many of the respondents (77.3 %), considered regular outdoor activities, such as spending time in natural sunlight, crucial for preventing myopia. Many of the respondents (74.8%), disagreed or strongly disagreed that genetic factors alone determine myopia likelihood. Similarly, many of the respondents (66.6%), disagreed that family history guarantees myopia development, even with preventive measures. Most of the respondents (76.0%), recognised lifestyle factors like prolonged screen time and inadequate lighting as important contributors to myopia development. Influence of subjective norms on respondents’ behaviour towards myopia prevention Majority of respondents (66.3%) indicated that their friends exhibit lifestyle behaviours that encourage them to adopt preventive measures against myopia. Similarly, a high percentage of respondents (68.8%) reported that their family members expressed support for engagement in activities aimed at preventing myopia. Table 6 also show that a substantial number of respondents (72.8%) believe that their peers consider it important for them to follow recommended guidelines to avoid myopia. Additionally, 66.8% of respondents stated that there are influential figures in their lives who actively promote the significance of preventive measures for myopia. A considerable percentage of respondents (63.8%) reported experiencing social pressure from significant others to adhere to a lifestyle that minimises the risk of developing myopia (Table 6). Table 5: Influence of subjective norms on respondents’ behaviour towards myopia prevention (n=401) Variables Yes Freq (%) No Freq (%) My friends exhibit lifestyle behaviours that encourage me to adopt preventive measures against myopia. 226 (66.3) 135 (33.7) My family members expressed support for engagement in activities aimed at preventing myopia. 276 (68.8) 125 (31.2) My peers consider it important for me to follow recommended guidelines to avoid myopia. 292 (72.8) 109 (27.2) There are influential figures in my life who actively promote the significance of preventive measures for myopia 268 (66.8) 113 (33.2) I have experienced social pressure from significant others to adhere to a lifestyle that minimises the risk of developing myopia 256 (63.8) 145 (36.2) Respondents’ preventive measures taken against myopia Majority of respondents (79.1%), reported actively engaging in eye care habits. Interestingly, a high percentage (69.6%) mentioned making an effort to spend time outdoors daily, which is beneficial for eye health. Additionally, many respondents (65.8%) engage in activities that require a diverse range of vision. Majority of the respondents, (74.3%) are aware of situations or habits that can induce eye strain and consciously avoid them (Table 7). A notable percentage (63.1%) mentioned using ergonomic setups and adjusting digital device settings for comfortable reading. Respondents mean preventive measures score was 8.87 (Table 8). Almost two-fifths, (45.9%), demonstrated good preventive measures against myopia (Figure 3). About (43.9%) demonstrated fair preventive measures against myopia, while a few of the respondents (9.2%) practiced poor preventive measures against myopia (Figure 3). Table 6: Preventive measures taken against myopia (n=401) Variables Yes Freq (%) No Freq (%) I regularly take breaks, such as the 20-20-20 rule (every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds), when using screens. 205 (51.1) 196 (48.9) I make an effort to spend at least 2 hours outdoors daily. 279 (69.6) 122 (30.4) I use blue light filters or glasses when working on digital devices. 192 (47.9) 209 (52.1) I ensure that I work and read in well-lit environments to reduce eye strain. 317 (79.1) 84 (20.9) I've adjusted the settings on my digital devices to have larger text for comfortable reading. 253 (63.1) 148 (36.9) I prioritise activities that don't involve screens during my free time. 219 (54.6) 182 (45.4) I have regular eye check-ups, at least annually, to monitor my vision. 233 (58.1) 168 (41.9) I perform eye exercises or follow eye relaxation techniques regularly. 249 (62.1) 152 (37.9) I consciously maintain a reading distance of at least an arm's length from my eyes. 287 (71.6) 114 (28.4) I'm aware of and avoid situations or habits that can induce eye strain. 294 (73.3) 107 (26.7) Table 6 Cont’d: Preventive measures taken against myopia (n=401) Variables Yes Freq (%) No Freq (%) I use ergonomic setups, like adjustable chairs and desks, to maintain a proper posture while reading or using screens. 234 (58.4) 167 (41.6) I often engage in activities that require a diverse range of vision (e.g., switching between reading and looking at distant objects). 264 (65.8) 137 (34.2) I've sought advice or attended workshops on preventing myopia or maintaining good eye health. 232 (57.9) 169 (42.1) I make dietary choices, like eating leafy greens and fish, which are beneficial for eye health. 298 (74.3) 103 (25.7) Hypotheses The first hypothesis H1 states that “There is no association between socio-demographic characteristics and levels of knowledge about myopia among undergraduate at the University of Ibadan.” Chi-square was used to test H1. Chi-square test is a statistical method used to determine significant association between two categorical variables. The test is particularly valuable when analysing data that involves categorical variables such as gender, age groups or educational levels just as present in this particular hypothesis. For age, the p-value was 0.248, indicating that there is no significant association between age and levels of knowledge about myopia. This result leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis, which states that there is no association between age and levels of knowledge about myopia. Regarding gender, the p-value was 0.000, suggesting a significant association between gender and levels of knowledge about myopia. Consequently, the null hypothesis, which posits that there is no association between gender and levels of knowledge about myopia, is rejected. The faculty to which students belong also showed a significant association with levels of knowledge about myopia, as evidenced by a p-value of 0.000. This result necessitates the rejection of the null hypothesis that there is no association between faculty and levels of knowledge about myopia. Finally, the monthly allowance received by students was significantly associated with their levels of knowledge about myopia, with a p-value of 0.000. This finding leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis, which states that there is no association between monthly allowance and levels of knowledge about myopia. The second hypothesis states that, “There is no association between knowledge about myopia and lifestyle behaviours prevalent among undergraduates in the University of Ibadan.” The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to test hypothesis 2. Kruskal-Wallis H test is a non-parametric statistical test used to determine if there are statistically significant differences between three or more independent groups. It is often used when assumptions of parametric tests like ANOVA are not met, such as when the data is not normally distributed or when the variance are not equal between groups. The Kruskal-Wallis H test showed that there is a significant association between knowledge about myopia and lifestyle behaviours prevalent among undergraduates in the University of Ibadan. Hence, the null hypotheses is rejected. The third hypothesis states that “There is no association between knowledge about myopia and the practice of preventive measures against myopia among undergraduates at the University of Ibadan.” The Kruskal-Wallis H test was also used to test hypothesis 3. The Kruskal-Wallis H test showed that there is a significant association between knowledge about myopia and the practice of preventive measures against myopia among undergraduates in the University of Ibadan. Hence, the null hypotheses is rejected. The ordinal regression analysis examined the relationship between the practice of preventive measures against myopia and various factors, including knowledge of myopia, gender, faculty, and monthly allowance among undergraduates at the University of Ibadan. The results showed a significant association between students' knowledge of myopia and their practice of preventive measures. Specifically, students with poor knowledge of myopia were significantly less likely to engage in preventive measures, as indicated by an odds ratio of 0.339. Similarly, students with fair knowledge were also less likely to practice these measures, with an odds ratio of 0.439. This suggests that better knowledge of myopia is linked to better preventive practices. Gender also played a significant role in the practice of preventive measures. Male students were more likely to practice preventive measures against myopia than female students, with an odds ratio of 2.041. This finding highlights a gender difference in the approach to preventing myopia. In contrast, the analysis found no significant association between students' faculty or their monthly allowance and their practice of preventive measures. For instance, students in the Health Sciences and Science and Technology faculties did not significantly differ from those in the Humanities and Social Sciences in their preventive practices. Similarly, the amount of monthly allowance students received did not significantly influence their likelihood of practicing preventive measures. Overall, the analysis suggests that knowledge of myopia and gender are key factors influencing the practice of preventive measures among undergraduates, while faculty affiliation and monthly allowance do not appear to have a significant impact. Table 7: Association between socio-demographic characteristics and levels of knowledge about myopia among undergraduate at the University of Ibadan (n = 401). Variables Knowledge Category X² df p-value Fisher’s Exact Poor Fair Good Freq. (%) Freq. (%) Freq. (%) Age 16 – 26 107 (27.3) 73 (18.6) 212 (54.1) 4.547 4 0.307* 0.248* 27 - 37 1 (12.5) 3 (37.5) 4 (50.0) 38 - 48 1 (100.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Gender Male 92 (35.4) 51 (19.6) 117 (45.0) 29.263 2 0.000* Female 17 (12.1) 25 (17.7) 99 (70.2) Faculty Environmental Design and Management 1 (16.7) 2 (33.3) 3 (50.0) 194.820 18 0.000* 0.000* Dentistry 0 (0.0) 1 (14.3) 6 (85.7) Veterinary Medicine 7 (41.2) 6 (35.3) 4 (23.5) Table 7 Cont’d Variables Knowledge Category X² df p-value Fisher’s Exact Poor Fair Good Freq. (%) Freq. (%) Freq. (%) The Social Sciences 18 (52.9) 4 (11.8) 12 (35.3) Education 16 (17.6) 35 (38.5) 40 (44.0) Science 61 (67.0) 14 (15.4) 16 (17.6) Arts 4 (4.3) 11 (12.0) 77 (83.7) Monthly Allowance Less than or equal to #30,000 57 (23.9) 37 (15.5) 144 (60.5) 20.008 4 0.000* Greater than #30,000 to less than #50,000 37 (30.1) 24 (19.5) 62 (50.4) Greater than #50,000 15 (37.5) 15 (37.5) 10 (25.0) *Significant Table 8: Association between knowledge about myopia and lifestyle behaviours prevalent among undergraduates in the University of Ibadan (n = 401). Variable Lifestyle Behaviours in Category N (401) Mean Rank X² df p-value Knowledge Poor Lifestyle 88 146.91 29.584 2 0.000* Fair Lifestyle 276 211.10 Good Lifestyle 37 254.34 *Significant Table 9: Association between the knowledge about myopia and the practice of preventive measures against myopia among undergraduates at the University of Ibadan (n = 401). Variable Practice of Preventive Measures in Category N (401) Mean Rank X² df p-value Knowledge Poor Preventive Measures 41 185.82 9.123 2 0.010* Fair Preventive Measures 176 184.86 Good Preventive Measures 184 219.83 *Significant Table 10: Ordinal regression analysis beteen practice of preventive measures against myopia, knowledge of myopia and socio-demographic characteristics (n=401) Variables Wald p-value Exp_B Lower Upper Knowledge in Category Poor Prevention Measures 17.577 0.000 0.339 0.204 0.562 Fair Prevention Measures 8.422 0.004 0.439 0.252 0.766 Good Prevention Measures** Gender Male 10.390 0.001 2.041 1.323 3.148 Female** Faculty in Category Health Sciences 1.099 0.294 1.369 0.761 2.465 Science and Technology 0.165 0.685 1.109 0.672 1.831 Humanities and Social Sciences** Monthly Allowance Less than or equal to #30,000 0.561 0.454 1.296 0.657 2.556 Greater than #30,000 to less than #50,000 0.504 0.478 1.300 0.630 2.685 Greater than #50,000** Discussion The study assessed the knowledge, behavioral lifestyle, and preventive measures related to myopia among undergraduates at the University of Ibadan, Oyo State. The results showed that nearly one-third of the respondents had good knowledge about myopia. Also, almost half, reported engaging in risk practices such as working on digital devices without breaks and nearly one-third reported reading in poor lighting conditions. Their knowledge levels were found to show significant associations with their socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle behaviors, and preventive measures. The results highlighted that further education with focused interventions is required to enhance knowledge of myopia, bring about improved lifestyle behaviors, and adopt effective preventive measures among university students.. The respondents' knowledge about myopia, as reflected in the result, intertwines with findings from the literature review, shedding light on both accurate understandings and areas of misconception. Research emphasises prolonged close-up tasks like reading or writing as a significant factor in myopia development, which is corroborated by the respondents' recognition of this factor. However, there's a notable discrepancy with respondents associating obesity or UV exposure as causes, highlighting potential gaps in understanding [ 2 , 6 ]. For knowledge on preventive measures, the majority of respondents correctly identified physical activity and well-lit environments as beneficial for myopia prevention, aligning with strategies recommended in the literature [ 7 ]. Notably, the result showed that undergraduates belonging to the category of medical and health related faculties had better knowledge of myopia than their counterpart. This shows the need to integrate health education in school curriculum and aligns with recommendations by Dutheil et al [ 8 ]. The behavioural lifestyle associated with myopia, as revealed by the findings from the result, enlaces various factors that can influence the onset and progression of myopia. The result showed that a significant number of respondents often spend extended periods engaged in close-up tasks like reading or writing. This aligns with research indicating that prolonged near work is a risk factor for myopia development [ 9 , 10 ]. It's noteworthy that digital device usage was also prevalent among respondents, with many reporting more than 3 hours of daily screen time without breaks. This excessive screen time, especially in dimly lit environments, has been associated with myopia progression and ocular discomfort [ 11 ]. Many respondents were found to engage in near work and screen-related tasks in poorly designed ergonomic settings, leading to improper posture and increased visual stress. Proper ergonomics, such as maintaining a safe distance from screens, ensuring adequate lighting, and taking regular breaks, are essential practices to mitigate the risk of myopia [ 12 ]. However, the study indicated a lack of awareness and implementation of these practices among respondents. A notable portion of respondents expressed a strong belief in the efficacy of preventive measures and adopting a healthy lifestyle in positively impacting eye health and reducing myopia risk. This aligns with findings in the literature suggesting that lifestyle changes, such as reducing screen time and increasing outdoor activities, can indeed contribute to mitigating myopia risk [ 8 – 10 ]. Interestingly, respondents also showed a strong belief in the influence of knowledge about myopia on their attitudes towards lifestyle changes and preventive measures. This resonates with the literature emphasizing the role of education and awareness in promoting healthy eye care habits [ 3 , 9 ]. The high percentage of respondents indicating that their friends exhibit lifestyle behaviours encouraging myopia prevention aligns with studies emphasizing the role of social networks in health behaviours [ 13 ]. Positive peer influence can motivate individuals to adopt preventive measures such as reducing screen time or engaging in outdoor activities, as seen in the literature [ 8 , 14 ]. Similarly, the substantial support expressed by family members for activities aimed at preventing myopia corresponds to findings that family support and encouragement are crucial in promoting healthy behaviours [ 13 ]. The emphasis on taking regular breaks from screens, as reported by just over half of the respondents, corresponds to strategies outlined in Ann, Claire, and Miranda's article "Evidence-Based Practice for Myopia Management," such as the 20-20-20 rule to reduce digital eye strain [ 15 ]. This practice acknowledges the importance of reducing near work activities to mitigate myopia risk, a concept supported by studies like Dutheil et al. [ 8 ]. The significant number of respondents making efforts to spend at least 2 hours outdoors daily is in line with research highlighting the benefits of increased outdoor time in preventing myopia [ 8 , 16 ]. The high percentage of respondents intending to take regular breaks when using screens reflects awareness of digital eye strain and the effectiveness of the 20-20-20 rule, as discussed in Ann, Claire, and Miranda's article on myopia management. This intention indicates a proactive approach to reducing near work activities and mitigating myopia risk. The commitment to spending at least 2 hours outdoors daily, indicated by two-thirds of respondents, corresponds to studies emphasizing the benefits of outdoor time in preventing myopia [ 8 , 17 ]. Health promotion and education can play a crucial role in preventing myopia and promoting good eye health. Targeted health education campaigns are essential, focusing on lifestyle modifications such as outdoor activities, a balanced diet, and adequate lighting. By educating individuals about these lifestyle changes, they can be empowered to take proactive steps in preventing myopia. Collaboration with schools and workplaces is another impactful strategy. Implementing myopia prevention programs in these settings, such as incorporating outdoor breaks, ergonomic adjustments, and visual hygiene practices, can foster a culture of eye health consciousness among students and employees. Community engagement and support are also essential. Organising workshops, support groups, and educational seminars within communities can facilitate knowledge sharing and reinforce positive behaviours related to myopia prevention. Conclusion Myopia affects many young people globally. The condition has witnessed a significant increase, especially among adolescents and young adults. By 2050, almost half of the global population may suffer from it. The findings from this study highlights the importance of targeted health education campaigns that empower individuals with knowledge about adopting healthy habits. Strategies such as promoting outdoor activities, encouraging visual hygiene practices, and emphasizing regular eye examinations emerge as pivotal components of myopia prevention efforts. By integrating these strategies into public awareness initiatives, communities can be equipped with the tools needed to make informed decisions about eye health. Furthermore, the intention of respondents to engage in proactive measures, such as using blue light filters, adjusting screen settings, and maintaining proper reading distances, signals a willingness to embrace preventive measures. This receptiveness emphasis the potential impact of tailored educational programs in fostering a culture of eye health consciousness. Collaborative efforts involving schools, universities, workplaces, healthcare providers, and the media can amplify the reach and effectiveness of myopia prevention initiatives. Integrating nutritional guidance, leveraging mass media platforms, and fostering community engagement are essential components of a holistic approach. By addressing the diverse aspects of myopia prevention in an integrated manner, the burden of the vision condition can be reduced and promoting lifelong eye health for individuals of all ages can be ensured. Limitations Potential sources of bias include self-reported data and the cross-sectional design limiting causal inferences. Abbreviations TRA: Theory of Reasoned Action WHO: World Health Organization Declarations Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate Ethics approval was obtained from the ethics committee in the University College Hospital., University of Ibadan. The ethics approval number is UI/EC/23/0714. The research participants were assured that their responses and information provided in the instrument will be kept confidential with all necessary information included in the informed consent. Consent for Publications Not applicable. This study does not contain any individual person's data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos) that would require consent for publication. Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests related to this study. Funding The research was funded in full by the author. Author Contribution AKS conceived the study, conducted data collection, and performed the data analysis. MMO provided guidance on the study design, data analysis, supervised the research process, and contributed to the interpretation of the results. Acknowledgement The author expresses his deepest gratitude to all respondents who participated in the study. The author also acknowledge Dr Mojisola M. Oluwasanu, his supervisor, for her unwavering support, encouragement, and invaluable mentorship throughout the study. Additionally, the author is grateful to all the esteemed faculty members of the Department of Health Promotion and Education, including Dr. I.O. Dipeolu (Acting Head of Department), Professors A.J. Ajuwon, Oyedunni S. Arulogun, O.E. Oyewole, and Drs. M.A Titiloye, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Adeyimika T. Desmennu, Adeyinka O. Adefolarin, and A.J. Imaledo, the Field Coordinator, for their invaluable teachings and guidance. I also extend my gratitude to the diligent non-teaching staff for their support. Data Availability All data collected and analysed during the current study are currently not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on request. This can only be used for non-commercial purposes which ensures that participants’ confidentiality is protected. References Lee, Y., Wang, H., Chiu, C., and Yu, H. 2019. The role of parental myopia in the development of childhood myopia. Journal of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 23.5: 303-309. Retrieved Jan. 4, 2024 from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2019.05.006. Alvarez-Peregrina, C., Sanchez-Tena, M., Martínez-Pérez, C., and Villa-Collar, C. 2019. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Myopia in Spain. Journal of Ophthalmology 18: 213-219. Morgan, I., and Rose, K. 2013. Myopia and international educational performance. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 33.3: 329-338. Retrieved Nov. 28, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12040. Congdon, P. J., and Wood, J. 2021. Myopia: A review of the epidemiology, risk factors and management. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 74: 848-853. Retrieved Feb. 4, 2024 from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100853. World Health Organization. (2019, October 8). WHO launches first World Report on Vision. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news/item/08-10-2019-who-launches-first-world-report-on-vision Adesina, M. G., Erhabor, O. O., Eke, J. C., and Osuagwu, B. N. 2020. Knowledge, attitude and practice of refractive error in secondary school students in Garki District of Abuja, Nigeria. African Vision and Eye Research, 15(2): 112-117. Retrieved Feb. 19, 2024 from doi:10.4103/aveh.aveh_207_20 Holden, B., Fricke, T., Wilson, D., Jong, M., Naidoo, K., Sankaridurg, P., Wong, T., Naduvilath, T., Resnikoff, S., and Frick, K. 2016. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology 123.5: 1036-1042. Retrieved Feb. 22, 2024 from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.006. Dutheil, F., Oueslati, T., Delamarre, L., Castanon, J., Maurin, C., Chiambaretta, F., Baker, J., Ugbolue, U., Żak, M., Lakbar, I., Pereira, B., & Navel, V. 2023. Myopia and Near Work: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20-26. Retrieved Oct. 15, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010875. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, G., Osuagwu, U., Ekpenyong, B., Agho, K., Ekure, E., Ndep, A., Ocansey, S., Mashige, K., Naidoo, K., &Ogbuehi, K. 2022. Systematic review and meta-analysis of myopia prevalence in African school children. PLoS ONE, 17: 32-39. Retrieved Dec. 16, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263335. Poudel, S., Rahimi-Nasrabadi, H., Jin, J., Najafian, S., & Alonso, J. 2023. Differences in visual stimulation between reading and walking and implications for myopia development. Journal of Vision, 23: 19-23. Retrieved Nov. 25, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.23.4.3. Mehra, D. and Galor, A. 2020. Digital Screen Use and Dry Eye: A Review. Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology, 9: 491-497. Retrieved Oct. 18, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1097/APO.0000000000000328. Chen, S., Zhi, Z., Ruan, Q., Liu, Q., Li, F., Wan, F., Reinach, P., Chen, J., Qu, J., and Zhou, X. 2017. Bright Light Suppresses Form-Deprivation Myopia Development With Activation of Dopamine D1 Receptor Signaling in the ON Pathway in Retina. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 58.4: 2306-2316. Retrieved Jan. 17, 2024 from https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.16-20402. Morgan, I., French, A., Ashby, R., Guo, X., Ding, X., He, M., & Rose, K. 2017. The epidemics of myopia: Aetiology and prevention. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 62: 134-149. Retrieved Nov. 11, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004. Osuagwu, U. L., Ocansey, S., Ndep, A. O., Kyeremeh, S., Ovenseri-Ogbomo, G., Ekpenyong, B. N., Agho, K. E., Ekure, E., Mashige, K. P., Ogbuehi, K. C., Rasengane, T., Nkansah, N. D., Naidoo, K. S., & Centre for Eyecare& Public Health Intervention Initiative (CEPHII) (2023). Demographic factors associated with myopia knowledge, attitude and preventive practices among adults in Ghana: a population-based cross-sectional survey. BMC public health, 23(1): 1712. Retrieved Jan. 13, 2024 from https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16587-7 Ann, Claire, and Miranda. 2021. Evidence-based practice in myopia management. Optometry in Vision Practice 22: 3-12. Aguwa, U. S., Ovie, F. O., Onoikhua, E. E., and Olu, S. I. 2020. Refractive errors among Nigerian youths. Innovare Journal of Medical Sciences 8: 1-4. Dong, L., Kang, Y., Li, Y., Wei, W., and Jonas, J. 2020. Prevalence and Time Trends of Myopia in Children and Adolescents in China: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. Retina 14: 45-51. Retrieved Dec. 4, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000002590. Alzahrani, Manar & Alghamdi, Abdullah & Alghamdi, Somayah & Alotaibi, Renad. 2021. Knowledge and Attitude of Dentists Towards Obstructive Sleep Apnea. International Dental Journal. 72. 10.1016/j.identj.2021.05.004. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files InstrumentforDataCollection.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5031412","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":351302880,"identity":"6e9d1cdf-b296-47ca-8e01-d23b08c7ccf9","order_by":0,"name":"Simon-P Aroyehun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ibadan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Simon-P","middleName":"","lastName":"Aroyehun","suffix":""},{"id":351302881,"identity":"0af3832d-0e46-46e6-bced-fcfc5b5a85cf","order_by":1,"name":"Mojisola Morenike Oluwasanu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAArUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHAC5gcMFQwMBqRoYTNgOEOiFgYJxjZStPBLNx8wujnvsLw5e/MBhh8V2whrkZxzLOFx7rbDhjt7jiUw9py5TViLwY0cA2OgFsYNQAYzYxtRWvI/SOfOOWxPipYcBunchsOJxGsB+sXMOOdYevKGM8cSDhLlF2CIPX6cU2Ntu+F488EHPyqI0MIgASabweQBItTDtdQRp3gUjIJRMApGJgAAOElARrs76rgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ibadan","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mojisola","middleName":"Morenike","lastName":"Oluwasanu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-04 11:56:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5031412/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5031412/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":66143112,"identity":"68871a5c-6f5f-47c4-af45-6f9834c7e9b1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-08 06:46:20","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":70643,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge of respondents about myopia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5031412/v1/aae54d13024f1ad86d171b39.png"},{"id":66143114,"identity":"834d81f9-796a-4d55-9d1b-7b4ac7cc318a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-08 06:46:20","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":72887,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBehavioural lifestyle associated with myopia among undergraduates\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5031412/v1/f00a46ec654a154b6f1cd8f8.png"},{"id":66143111,"identity":"70ece71b-2037-4f4f-a4de-7d3dc67651af","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-08 06:46:20","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24472,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreventive measures taken by undergraduates\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5031412/v1/c10eb6088cfe62f5763c55ef.png"},{"id":75166779,"identity":"a3fed96b-8f09-4683-bb98-139486f83caf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-31 13:32:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2473365,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5031412/v1/95cddba0-3d93-4ede-a384-054721d31268.pdf"},{"id":66143944,"identity":"730db717-35bf-460d-8745-6d0e8240ee60","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-08 06:54:20","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":22898,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"InstrumentforDataCollection.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5031412/v1/647f358b8571f1d807d24c6a.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Knowledge, Behavioural Lifestyle, and Preventive Measures of Myopia among Undergraduates in the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eMyopia, commonly referred to as short-sightedness, is a refractive error of the eye that affects a significant portion of the global population, particularly young individuals. This type of impairment occurs when distance vision becomes unclear. Distant objects appear blurry but near ones are relatively clear [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The incidence of myopia, especially among adolescents and young adults, has increased significantly over the past years [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Such concerns have made scholars and healthcare givers explored the underlying causes behind the occurrence or progress of short-sightedness among young populations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the past, myopia would sometimes be referred to as minor low vision requiring only glasses or perhaps contact lenses. Nevertheless, the extent of its impact is now evident with rising prevalence at an alarming rate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. By roughly 2050, nearly half of the world\u0026rsquo;s population is likely to develop myopia with this being considered as a severe public health problem in accordance to World Health Organization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Management of myopia greatly relies on knowledge, behavioral lifestyles, and prevention measures. A lack of awareness and understanding results in a neglected mechanism that further makes one negligent with the necessary eye care practices [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The behavioral risk factors for developing onset and progressive myopia include prolonged near work and excessive use of the computer, low time spent outdoors, poor diet, and bad ergonomic setups [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, this problem has been further aggravated by a lack of regular checkups concerning the eyes and their early detection, as one can lead to a higher severity of visual impairment. A set of effective prevention measures needs to be established, which includes comprehensive health education and promoting healthy visual habits with regular vision screenings to reduce these risks and decrease the prevalence rate of myopia most especially among young adults [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile some studies have investigated the prevalence of myopia among young adults, there is a paucity of research focusing on the knowledge and awareness levels regarding myopia as well as the associated behavioural lifestyle in this specific population [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Understanding the awareness and knowledge levels among undergraduates regarding myopia can provide valuable insights for targeted interventions and educational campaigns. Moreover, exploring the knowledge gaps and the preventive measures taken against myopia among undergraduates is crucial for effective educational strategies. By identifying the lifestyle behaviours contributing to myopia, it becomes possible to develop targeted interventions and educational programs to address these risks. The study examines the knowledge, behavioural lifestyles, and prevention measures of myopia among undergraduates in the University of Ibadan.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Study design","content":"\u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional survey design was adopted for this study. This design is particularly suitable for this study as it allows for the collection of data from the target population at a specific point in time. The main objective explored the knowledge, behavioural lifestyle, and preventive measures of myopia among undergraduates in the University of Ibadan. The University of Ibadan was selected for this study because of its large and diverse undergraduate population. The university is appropriate for assessing myopia prevalence and associated lifestyle factors. The Institution has a well-established research structure that provides solid health services; hence, activities on data collection and analysis for this study are quite dependable, ensuring the validity and impact of the findings regarding addressing myopia among Nigerian undergraduates. This design enabled the researcher to collect and analyse the data without omitting necessary details, offering a snapshot of the current state of knowledge, behaviours and preventive measures related to myopia among the respondents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescription of study area/setting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted at the University of Ibadan (UI), an iconic academic institution of repute, situated in Ibadan, the capital city of Oyo State in south-western Nigeria. Founded in 1948, the University of Ibadan holds the distinction of being Nigeria\u0026apos;s premier university and has since established itself as a beacon of academic excellence not only in Nigeria but across the African continent. The University of Ibadan is organised into 17 faculties consisting of over 16,000 undergraduates, encompassing a wide range of disciplines from the humanities to sciences, social sciences, and professional courses. The study was carried out across 10 faculties at the University of Ibadan between January and March 2024. Some of the prominent faculties include Medicine, Law, Arts, Science, Social Sciences, and Agriculture, among others. These faculties have consistently contributed ground-breaking research and produced alumni who have made notable contributions in various fields globally. University of Ibadan boasts of a diverse student population hailing from various states in Nigeria as well as international students, making it a melting pot of diverse cultures, backgrounds, and ideas. The vibrant campus life is complemented by a range of extracurricular activities, including cultural events, seminars, sports, and other student-led initiatives.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy population\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study population consisted of undergraduates in the University of Ibadan, Oyo State. The students\u0026rsquo; population in the University of Ibadan cut across 17 faculties namely: Agriculture; Faculty of Arts; Basic Medical Science; Clinical Sciences; Dentistry; Economics and Management Science; Education; Environmental Design and Management; Law; Pharmacy; Public Health; Renewable and Natural Resources; Science; Technology; Social Sciences, Multidisciplinary Studies and Veterinary Medicine.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study assessed several key variables. The knowledge of myopia among undergraduates was measured using descriptive statistics, specifically frequencies, and percentages, to summarise respondents\u0026apos; understanding of the condition. A scoring system based on Bloom\u0026rsquo;s cut-off [18],\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ewas developed to categorise their knowledge into three levels: poor knowledge for scores ranging from 0 to 6, fair knowledge for scores ranging from 7 to 8, and good knowledge for scores ranging from 9 to 10. Behavioral lifestyle was evaluated using a 40-point scale. This scale categorised the students\u0026apos; lifestyle behaviors into three levels: poor, with scores ranging from 0 to 13; fair, with scores ranging from 14 to 26; and good, with scores ranging from 27 to 40. Preventive measures were assessed using a 14-point scale, categorising the students\u0026apos; practices into poor (scores ranging from 0 to 4), fair (scores ranging from 5 to 9), and good (scores ranging from 10 to 14). Attitudes towards myopia were also evaluated using descriptive statistics, with frequencies and percentages used to present the undergraduates\u0026apos; attitudes toward myopia.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypotheses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study tested three main hypotheses. The first hypothesis examined the association between socio-demographic characteristics and levels of knowledge about myopia among undergraduates. This was tested using a Chi-square test to determine if there was a significant association between these socio-demographic factors and the student\u0026rsquo;s level of knowledge about myopia. The second hypothesis examined the relationship between knowledge of myopia and lifestyle behaviors among undergraduates. This association was assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis H Test, a non-parametric statistical test used to determine if there were statistically significant differences between three or more independent groups, particularly when the data did not meet the assumptions required for parametric tests such as ANOVA. The third hypothesis examined the association between knowledge of myopia and the practice of preventive measures. This relationship was also assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis H Test to determine if there was a significant relationship between the students\u0026apos; knowledge about myopia and their practiced preventive measures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample size determination\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size for this study is estimated using Leslie Kish formula for sample size determination which is:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/58895_8739fc6c57c1c19a/58895_custom_files/img172836920850.png\" width=\"121\" height=\"70\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere N = minimum sample size\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZ = Confidence Interval of 1.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing the Leslie Kish formula, \u0026lsquo;P\u0026rsquo; was taken as 50%. \u0026nbsp;P which represents the proportion of knowledge about myopia in Nigeria was taken as 50% as there is no established proportion for knowledge of myopia in Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eq = 1 \u0026ndash; p\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;= 1 \u0026ndash; 0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e= \u0026nbsp;0.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ed = the level of precision which is 0.05 (5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAN4AAAB6CAYAAADQ6u1PAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAEXtJREFUeF7tXe3LFsUXnucfSFM/hUT48iH6UIQmlAoKqSlIYWSWSB8k3yDQ8F2J8AUtKwh8A4UIzKQikRRfICFDEiUUgj6YEiF9KqW/wB/X1PX85tlndndm79177nvvayHI596dc+aac805c2Z2z9DDhw8fGl1CQAh0FYEhEa+reEuYELAIiHgyBCGQAAERLwHoEikERDzZgBBIgICIlwB0iRQCIp5sQAgkQEDESwC6RAoBEU82IAQSICDiJQBdIoWAiCcbEAIJEBDxEoAukUKgEvGGhoZGIHf27FmzcOHCUWj++OOPZtasWSP+Pn/+fHP+/PnGkP/yyy/Njh07zGeffWZmzpwZJQf6rl+/3ty4ccM+t2bNGrNr1y4zfvz4wnbw3BdffGEuXrxo7ty5Y65cuWJl//333+bNN980Fy5cMI8++qjZsmWL2bRpU5ROndx89OhR8+GHH1qdgPv+/fvN008/HdUk8Fy2bNmIZ6ZNm2auX78e1U4nN7vjMnnyZPPpp5967a1Ixt27dw2ezV5//fVX6fh2onves5WIh8bOnTtnli9fbh48eGCN6vLly7mD+sEHH5h9+/YV3tNp527dumVgaIcPH7ZN0fhD26WBHTlyxKxatcpgoJYuXWqN9vbt27mDs337drN3714DY3z33XfNc889ZyZNmmTF4reXXnrJkhC6rV692ty8eTPa+EP74N63du1agz6dOXPGyq86BtOnTx/V93feeSfa8Kv0Ac9kx4WT+cmTJ83rr78e3CzwwJi619y5c7s6EbqyKxOP5Fu0aJFtD4YHT+bzDgBr9+7djXo6dgoAg3wxxINnmjp1qvVwe/bsGcaHs2Sel8bAnzp1yj536NChUiNApBCjV2mDOTfkGeeUKVPsJBnqrWD0f/zxRzLj5LgAZxdfTiqITDjJlXk7PNNkpBU7Vh0RjyEAvB48AzwEBit7dZN4mNk3b94cZeD0Rj5SLFiwwIaK6J87yCR4KOlAYkxORd4zdvDy7qfO2TCK2OQtDbLtgagIn0OMuy7d3Xby9OXEsm3bthETZZ4OGKvZs2dHecgm+lObxyOhsHaYM2eODTsZqrlCep14RWTlb26/EGbD02PN8NtvvwWNEciAtWfRupOEcRvE65Lu38vWyPASEyZMsJ7t/v37I3SjwYZMFgzx0Md58+aZN954I3jNTMxc4ZjUrl69aidFXmWvgiLMhVfzheeIHkLwZ9QCPNCPl19+uScI2LHHYwhJYwSoWc/RL8TzTRo0IkwuTIzQIELXGTEzLr1vFkcYmqtDHttJLh9B+VtIcgQ6M1lEWaHJJtwPWYsXL7aTsas3JpGxY8eagwcPliY1mMTzEZS/lSVHgOexY8eGE2ZcFmGJkMqTQ4faiIfGaKSYXdz420e8bGa0yG2EGByfrxJqcnb3GWuWeEjiPPPMM1YciHf69Gm7zsPlM0wkWF544YXhZAQmKF8G2O0/EzYM3WE8kBuyjqS+RcSDrDJvQ33gQY8fP26TYyBRmcd1++FGBteuXTP37t0zK1euzM0FZKMkZsSLiBezZmbGG8sG2Gg3wv48u66VeBDChIObbOl1jwe96cVIHvzt0qVLBjO/G0LTI2HgQIQXX3zRYrtz506b1HG9iS90DJ1EqA/WMfA8oQmRuolHw2GWFxNqqKfHs5xEgCv6EbpmdLei6iIe9MFEwrEKCbmLHEInv9VOPHQMBocBYsf6gXjugABQeJsVK1bYtRwurjNo2L6FPZIRmE1jDDNv8FzPGrMF0RTxoCd1ykui+foCXGfMmGFx8YXyef1vingkH3TCGji7Du6ETDHP1k48DpCbbHnqqadGbSf0UqiZB5ibYGASxbfm4/P0hnXNpIweYgw9ZI0XEy5mscGkiismNU9ckAxByFl2IIEyQ9Z4oSFzth8cx6rPx5DMd28jxIMgd8bCTPftt99GDVbVjlVZ45XN1G76nUbkCxnZ5xii5PUT66PvvvvOhpiIHkK3AJjF8yVQOJF0MjEA3++//z54LKEPwnUkMhCKh24BABdGENkECvsYktUs86itIx467GboOpllY0hYF/Hy9umKNtVJvJiQytc3GuuJEydsQgLRA67QZADXh1mD5XorlMQ+3eCFY1Ly8JCYpCZOnDi8BAlNiOTpy6RNDImzfYlJWMXYX+i9jXk8KkAD7hXiYc3x66+/mieffLL0GBh0hvFnQyMmTbJrLxgKZvVQguR5WpzvdM9VcgIL9aQ0zOxaM+/kCiaMxx57rDS9jjUespKhiZ7sNgrXiKEhJw8dhJ5cQfu4ys6jMg+RckuhI+LRuxQt/tlJGG/MuiB05nDvcw8l52UP8zwZnsX6AwdwcVKlaDblUSYYEAeP5OgkscIEDwzOxYqb4uhraJjIY1U4Qwtvg0weQs3smVrfOtYlOs6hIkwEmYGNbyLyjRXa2Lp166hJiN646Iih2x71I655OLuHoHnKiESHrE8++cQeAMDfsIlf5cB4FZvMe6YS8WLfOgAoMGTfcbK6OuM7LYG2szF8diDd9WjMKQ32iXt47uBW7ZO7/eBOHNlEVGj0wIPR2A6BtySJXP1giAhlXa/iTmC4F32Dp8Ph8ZDLHQtX17yTOWVtgvQ4mA1C5eHMCR5tuWeGGa7i7xhf4LBhw4bgBE+ZblV/r0S8qsL0nBAQAv8iIOLJEoRAAgT6nngx+4EJ8JXIPkGg29sKfU+8PhlXqSkERiAg4skghEACBES8BKBLpBAQ8WQDQiABAiJeAtAlUgiIeLIBIZAAAREvAegSKQREPNmAEEiAgIiXAHSJFAIinmxACCRAQMRLALpECoHWEg+viXz88cf2xVS8FhPzTUiahfvqT0jRkbYU+IgtdsJPNLh06uQt90GgZSuJ576bhfflxowZY9atW2ff58qr75AdbPc9NVQM+ueff+yXiPFf3vct21DgI7bYCSabjz76aMT7bfhgbZPvXraBmK0kHl/EdOsd8A3l0O904KVNfFnM/UQ7PZpvNm9DgY8qxU4w2YROZm0gTF19aB3x3M8yZL8NklfMIwtmUVEMvIbk+4JXGwp8xBY7wWTzww8/BH3hui6DbUs7rSMeP/Tj+zAQPWHZd1H4uQDf18J81YPaUOCjSrETru3weYdXXnnFvPrqq8k/qdAvxGwd8Yo+OFv0FWh3wEiuorJdbrjZhgIfIR/CdT09vw6OD0PxQgKKhTD7hQCp9Gwd8Uga31fGij5v7g4A32ovIp6v/X4u8NHJp9+zJAz9bmYqo+8FuSKeZxSqEs/dhkCo208FPjohHvvtfqo9tG5gL5AghQ4iXgPEQ5P9VuCjDuKh36z3EFNoJYXhp5bZOuKFrPHKSmWFrPFCwql+KvARssYL+Z4n2wnBJ7Xxp5TfOuIxw+jbr+NXpMuymrzPt1/HTF62JrpvEPupwEedxU4Qqot4xbRuHfGYFvftteUV88hClFcUo6htH8z9VuCjjmInCLGXLFkSXBs+pddJKbt1xAOY3IcLObmSV8QERogznqEnV7KD2I8FPmKLneRNNijoWVZuOqXR94LsVhIv+x19nLNElhFX9nhTXhGTbE0BrF0WL148osYA2mtLgQ8aY2ixk3HjxtlHcG4Vnh2h6oEDB8zs2bPtv3UNWKjJ7rqllbGxi7cTfMUqfEVM2AYry2CTGAUvNm7cOKpwR5sKfLDfIcVOgBvrwwNfkA1FTcpKZImQ/yLQSo+nwRUCvY6AiNfrIyT9WomAiNfKYVWneh0BEa/XR0j6tRIBEa+Vw6pO9ToCIl6vj5D0ayUCIl4rh1Wd6nUERLxeHyHp10oE+oZ4Q/+9JPew2zVzWzns6lRqBES81CMg+QOJgIg3kMOuTqdGQMRLPQKSP5AIiHgDOezqdGoERLzUIyD5A4mAiDeQw65Op0ZAxEs9ApI/kAiIeAM57Op0agREvNQjIPkDiYCIN5DDrk6nRkDESz0Ckj+QCIh4Azns6nRqBES81CMg+QOJgIg3kMOuTqdGQMRLPQKSP5AIiHgDOezqdGoERLzUIyD5A4mAiDeQw65Op0agb4iXGijJFwJ1IiDi1Ymm2hICgQiIeIFA6TYhUCcCIl6daKotIRCIgIgXCJRuEwJ1IiDi1Ymm2hICgQiIeIFA6TYhUCcCUcRDHfBZs2YNy0cJ3hs3bphJkyaN0gnlfDdv3jzi7/v37zebNm2qU//ctlAied26debUqVP2HtRA37p1q7dUMMs2o7zwgwcPDEsL79q1y4wfP75QXzw7depUs2XLlui+Ac/du3ebuXPnBj8LHU+fPm0uXrxoddWHtbtiTrULiSIepMPQvv76a7N69WqrzLRp08z58+e9Bkrjv3PnTu49tffoPx0XLFhgpk+fbp544gnz1Vdf2QkChLp9+/YoXXEfLpAUk8jdu3ctUXFdv369UEXU/sZzMZMK2geG+/bts+QJedattQ7dVqxYYWbMmFE6MTSBr9rsHIFo4lHk9u3bzd69e+0/16xZYw4dOuTVBp4PV7c8HWRBt9dee22EdwMRL1y4YE6ePGlAFl7wIMuWLTOYHFzPTe9+9uxZs3DhQm/fzp07Z9577z1L6hDyZBuh7LJnORFATlb/zk1ALaRAoDLxQKiff/55OJQ7cuSIWbVq1ag+pCAevEM2RARJFi1aZLJ6MiTOEg/GPnny5FxDhwyQ+f3337ftlpHHN7gkd9GzlCPSpaBHczI7Ih7Uevzxx63HwHXz5s1Ra6gUxPPBdfToURseZwlGQiJ8gwdyPeHatWu9oSnugddEuPfII4/YdW9TxGNkURRVNGcearkpBDomHkJIGodvDdULxIPXwHpo48aNXq+MNR48yvz5882JEyfMvXv3zJIlS8w333zjTcaArJ9//rklaojXyhu8smeh94QJE+zj2QmjKYNQu91BoBbiQVWuoZBscRMSocTj8yHdBkGQ0Am5uA7DvUVJIMhnAmbevHnm4MGDuQkjkPjatWv29zLyFOlY9iy9NDBduXKlOXbs2LCOVbKoIXjpnu4gUBvx6FUwM7thUSjxmuhulsxYs+V5Ma7pqEdeEoMhJhMuZeTphHjMmIJ4WEtCppto2bZtm9mzZ08T0KnNhhGojXjQ89atW2bOnDk2RU7DTUk86IQJ4dKlS2bHjh02XPN5S+jN0PKnn34a3irJks8NMTkuTRKPE0c2s+pOEgpBG2ZIQ83XSjzoyBQ5/h/JFqTwcZVtJzQVahI3bnRjUnCNlX/Hdgi3GUCw5cuX2wnkypUrZubMmZbAbojZTeJRB9cG6A21vdAQMxputnbiQV+m6BHaIVs4ZsyYUuI13E/bPJNAbvaV66jsCRBmOxk2+07i+HSOyW6WeUuSy0c86pO3jdMNPCWjOgKNEA/q0Gjw/zHGWL0r5U/CWHFa5P79+8M309P6jl4h24kECpIyIMnVq1dHCfn999/N4cOHbQiLo1/PP/+89ZAhVxnxijbYSTzfFk6IbN2TFoHGiOdu/PYK8TAZPPvssyO8Lz2ez6tMmTLFvP3224Xeuog8WIv9+eefuUQsIx7D4HHjxg1nUWku7qSQ1oQkvQoClYjHM5hIvzOt7hPOZEu3U98wVPyHA8ggGw9Bw9O5m+TQmRME1n1nzpyxJAFhDhw4YLdF8rYgQtZ4IC7azVuHMfRFOJ63fUFyIuTFoW1cO3futP24fPmyd5+xiiHome4iEE282LcOsFb65ZdfurrGc8+RAk6EgW+99daIM5ouzJ28nVDktXDyxUeQ7Fse1MXndfEb7l+/fr3dw8MFouKcrO+tkO6aj6RVRSCaeFUF6TkhIAT+j4CIJ2sQAgkQEPESgC6RQkDEkw0IgQQIiHgJQJdIISDiyQaEQAIERLwEoEukEBDxZANCIAECIl4C0CVSCIh4sgEhkAABES8B6BIpBEQ82YAQSICAiJcAdIkUAiKebEAIJEBAxEsAukQKARFPNmARGBoaGhIU3UNAxOse1j0tScTr7vD8D40xSnwjc25IAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" width=\"222\" height=\"122\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlso, a non-response rate of 10% is to be added to the calculated sample size.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, since 10% of 384.16 = 38.416\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.416 is added to 384.16 which is 422.576, approximately 423 students\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSampling procedure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA systematic multistage sampling procedure was employed for this study. Initially, a comprehensive list of all faculties along with their respective student populations was obtained from the Geography and Planning unit at the University of Ibadan. From this list, ten out of the seventeen faculties were selected using simple random sampling by balloting, which constituted the primary sampling units. Next, based on the student population of each selected faculty, a proportionate number of students to be included in the study from each faculty was determined. This step ensured that each faculty was represented according to its sise, providing a balanced and comprehensive sample. Following this, students within each faculty were chosen randomly until the desired sample size for that faculty was reached. Care was taken to ensure a balanced representation of both male and female participants. Only undergraduates who provided their consent were included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTraining of research assistants, pretesting of tools and data collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrior to data collection, research assistants underwent comprehensive training on the proper administration of the questionnaire through Kobocollect. They were educated on respecting respondents\u0026apos; rights and avoiding any violations. Additionally, they were instructed on how to interact with participants, including obtaining informed consent and thoroughly explaining the study\u0026apos;s purpose to all respondents. The reliability of the instrument was determined by carrying out a pre-test among 40 undergraduates in the University of Lagos, Lagos State. The overall Cronbach Alpha was 0.684. The data collection was carried out in the University of Ibadan among 402 respondents who completed the semi structured self-administered questionnaire through Kobocollect.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM/SPSS version 26) was employed for the data analysis. Descriptive statistics summarised the data, and inferential statistics, including Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis tests and Ordinal Regression, assessed associations between variables at \u0026alpha;=0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Consideration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval was obtained from the ethics committee in the University College Hospital., University of Ibadan. The ethics approval number is UI/EC/23/0714. The research participants were assured that their responses and information provided in the instrument will be kept confidential with all necessary information included in the informed consent. Their responses were stored in a privately. The instruments containing the responses of the research participants were only handled by the researcher and his assistants; the researcher\u0026rsquo;s supervisor; members of the ethics committee; other professional peers and mentors who the researcher trusts. The implementation of this research entails that several ethical considerations were taken into account to ensure the integrity of the research and the welfare of participants.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-demographics of respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study enrolled a total of 401 respondents. Their ages ranged from 16 to 40 years, with a mean age of 21.74.\u0026nbsp;The majority of respondents (96.5%) fell within the age range of 16-26 years, indicating a youthful population within the study. Respondents were distributed across various faculties, with the highest representation in Education (22.7%) and Science (22.7%) faculties. Male respondents constituted the majority (64.8%) compared to female respondents (35.2%) (Table 1). Christianity was the predominant religion among respondents (81.8%), followed by Islam (17.5%). The majority of respondents were single (92.0%), while a smaller percentage were married (7.2%). Regarding the family setting, most respondents came from monogamous households (83.0%) compared to polygamous households (17.0%). The distribution of monthly allowances varied, with 59.4% falling within the range of less than or equal to #30,000 (Table 1).\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRespondents\u0026rsquo; knowledge of myopia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMore than half of respondents (59.1%) correctly identified prolonged close-up tasks, such as reading or writing, as a cause of myopia. The most commonly recognised symptoms of myopia were difficulty seeing distant objects (65.3%) and blurred vision (78.6%). Prescription glasses were widely recognised as a common treatment for myopia (64.3%). Factors like limited outdoor exposure (9.5%) and poor illumination (53.9%) were acknowledged as potential risk factors for developing myopia (Table 2). Reading with dim light (71.8%) was identified as a lifestyle behaviour associated with myopia. Preventive measures such as physical activity (59.1%) and working/reading in well-lit environments (29.2%) were acknowledged by respondents (Table 2). The overall knowledge of respondents was deduced to be fair based on the 10 items knowledge scale questions that were presented to them. About (30.9%) of respondents demonstrated a good knowledge of myopia. While (22.9%) had fair knowledge of myopia and (46.1%) had poor knowledge about myopia (Figure 1). The mean score of respondents is 6.23 (Table 2)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of Respondents (n=401)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"1039\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge (years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16-26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e387\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27-37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38-48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFaculty\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Design and Management\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDentistry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic Health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVeterinary Medicine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasic Medical Sciences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Social Sciences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScience\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChristianity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e328\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIslam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTraditional\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 623px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1 Cont\u0026rsquo;d: Socio-demographic characteristics of Respondents (n=401)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e369\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeparated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily setting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonogamy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolygamy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 623px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonthly allowance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than or equal to #30,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGreater than #30,000 to less than #50,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGreater than #50,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Knowledge of myopia\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=401)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70.1923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.3846%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70.1923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhich of the following is a cause of myopia?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eObesity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eVitamin D deficiency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eExcessive exposure to UV rays\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eProlonged close-up tasks, such as reading or writing*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e237\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.3846%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70.1923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhich of the following is another cause of myopia?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eRoutine usage of digital devices in dim light conditions*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEating too much sugar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eExcessive consumption of dairy products\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eHigh blood pressure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e253\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.3846%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70.1923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhich of the following is a symptom of myopia?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSeeing halos around lights\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Painful eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDifficulty seeing distant objects*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDry eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e262\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.3846%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70.1923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhich of the following is another symptom of myopia?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBlurred vision*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSore eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eColour blindness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNight blindness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.3846%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70.1923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhich treatment is commonly recommended for myopia?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePrescription glasses*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAntibiotics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTaking vitamins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEye exercises\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.3846%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Correct Response\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCont\u0026rsquo;d: Knowledge of myopia\u0026nbsp;(n=401)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70.1923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.3846%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70.1923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhich of the following is a factor that might increase a person\u0026rsquo;s risk of developing myopia?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Bad hygiene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eExcessive consumption of fruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eInfrequent blinking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLimited Outdoor exposure*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.3846%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70.1923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhich of the following is another factor that might increase a person\u0026rsquo;s risk of developing myopia?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eInsomnia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePoor illumination*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePhysical inactivity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGenotype\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.3846%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70.1923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhich of the following professions or activities is associated with an increased risk of myopia due to visual demands?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLawyer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eComputer programming*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDriving\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGardening\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e252\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.3846%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70.1923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhich of the following lifestyle behaviour is associated with myopia?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eJogging\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eReading with dim light*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eExcessive sugar intake\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSedentary lifestyle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.3846%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Correct Response\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCont\u0026rsquo;d: Knowledge of myopia\u0026nbsp;(n=401)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70.1923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.3846%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70.1923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhich of the following is a preventive measures that can be taken against myopia?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePhysical activity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMeditation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWorking and reading in well-lit environments*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSleeping in well-ventilated environments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.3846%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Correct Response\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3: Overall knowledge score of the respondents (n=401)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor (0-6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFair (7-8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGood (9-10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e401\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*Mean knowledge score = 6.22\u0026plusmn;3.03\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBloom\u0026rsquo;s cut-off [18]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eRespondents\u0026rsquo; Lifestyle behaviour associated with myopia\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost of respondents (43.6%), reported often spending more than 2 hours continuously on close-up tasks like reading or writing. Many respondents (30.9%), indicated often using digital devices for more than 3 hours daily without taking breaks. Reading with dim light was commonly reported, with 28.2% doing so often and 47.4% sometimes. Tasks requiring prolonged focus on small details were also common, with 45.6% doing so sometimes and 23.4% often (Table 4). Many of the respondents (32.2%), also reported often foregoing outdoor activities to stay indoors Smoking or using tobacco products regularly was reported by 48.1% of the respondents. Regularly skipping meals or having an inconsistent eating schedule was reported by 22.7% often and 49.4% sometimes. Respondents mean lifestyle score was 19.13 (Table 4.). Majority of the respondents\u0026rsquo; demonstrated fair lifestyle towards myopia (68.8%), about (21.9%) demonstrated poor lifestyle towards myopia, while a few of the respondents (9.2%) had good lifestyle towards myopia (Figure 2). Overall, the data suggest that certain lifestyle behaviours associated with myopia, such as prolonged digital device usage without breaks, reading with dim light, and engaging in tasks that strain the eyes, are relatively common among respondents. \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4: Lifestyle behaviour associated with myopia (n=401)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"678\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.0531%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.3894%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNever\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7994%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRarely\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9794%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSometimes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.2743%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOften\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5044%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlways\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.0531%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you often spend more than 2 hours continuously on close-up tasks, such as reading or writing?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.3894%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7994%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9794%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147 (36.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.2743%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175 (43.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5044%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (6.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.0531%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you use digital devices (e.g., computer, smartphone, tablet) for more than 3 hours daily without taking breaks?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.3894%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7994%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85 (21.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9794%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99 (24.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.2743%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124 (30.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5044%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90 (22.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.0531%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you read with dim light for more than 5 times a week?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.3894%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7994%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71 (17.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9794%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190 (47.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.2743%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113 (28.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5044%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.0531%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you frequently engage in tasks that require you to focus on small details for prolonged periods?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.3894%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7994%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9794%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183 (45.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.2743%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 (23.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5044%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (14.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.0531%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIs your daily screen time mainly during night-time or in dimly lit environments?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.3894%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7994%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9794%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e207 (51.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.2743%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 (23.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5044%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.0531%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you find yourself often foregoing outdoor activities to stay indoors?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.3894%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7994%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (14.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9794%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184 (45.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.2743%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129 (32.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5044%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (6.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.0531%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhen reading, do you often have to squint or move the material closer see clearly?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.3894%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (6.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7994%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87 (21.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9794%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155 (38.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.2743%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119 (29.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5044%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4 Cont\u0026rsquo;d: Lifestyle behaviour associated with myopia (n=401)\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"678\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.257%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.4077%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNever\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5214%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRarely\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.1802%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSometimes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5214%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOften\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1123%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlways\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.0531%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you regularly smoke more than 5 cigarettes or use other tobacco products for more than an hour a day?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.3894%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e193 (48.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7994%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (12.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9794%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126 (31.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.2743%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5044%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.0531%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you often consume processed or junk foods more than fresh fruits and vegetables?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.3894%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (9.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7994%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61 (15.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9794%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e192 (47.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.2743%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90 (22.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5044%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.0531%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you regularly skip meals or have an inconsistent eating schedule?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.3894%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (9.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7994%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 (13.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9794%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198 (49.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.2743%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91 (22.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5044%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eRespondents\u0026rsquo; attitude towards myopia\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost of the respondents (76.3%) agreed or strongly agreed that adopting preventive measures and a healthy lifestyle can positively impact eye health and reduce myopia risk. More than 70% of the respondents recognised the significance of good eye care habits in affecting vision. Many of the respondents (77.3 %), considered regular outdoor activities, such as spending time in natural sunlight, crucial for preventing myopia. Many of the respondents (74.8%), disagreed or strongly disagreed that genetic factors alone determine myopia likelihood. Similarly, many of the respondents (66.6%), disagreed that family history guarantees myopia development, even with preventive measures. Most of the respondents (76.0%), recognised lifestyle factors like prolonged screen time and inadequate lighting as important contributors to myopia development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eInfluence of subjective norms on respondents\u0026rsquo; behaviour towards myopia prevention\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMajority of respondents (66.3%) indicated that their friends exhibit lifestyle behaviours that encourage them to adopt preventive measures against myopia. Similarly, a high percentage of respondents (68.8%) reported that their family members expressed support for engagement in activities aimed at preventing myopia. Table 6 also show that a substantial number of respondents (72.8%) believe that their peers consider it important for them to follow recommended guidelines to avoid myopia. Additionally, 66.8% of respondents stated that there are influential figures in their lives who actively promote the significance of preventive measures for myopia. A considerable percentage of respondents (63.8%) reported experiencing social pressure from significant others to adhere to a lifestyle that minimises the risk of developing myopia (Table 6).\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5: Influence of subjective norms\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eon respondents\u0026rsquo; behaviour towards myopia prevention\u0026nbsp;(n=401)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMy friends exhibit lifestyle behaviours that encourage me to adopt preventive measures against myopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226 (66.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135 (33.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMy family members expressed support for engagement in activities aimed at preventing myopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276 (68.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125 (31.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMy peers consider it important for me to follow recommended guidelines to avoid myopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e292 (72.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109 (27.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere are influential figures in my life who actively promote the significance of preventive measures for myopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e268 (66.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113 (33.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI have experienced social pressure from significant others to adhere to a lifestyle that minimises the risk of developing myopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e256 (63.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145 (36.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eRespondents\u0026rsquo; preventive measures taken against myopia\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMajority of respondents (79.1%), reported actively engaging in eye care habits. Interestingly, a high percentage (69.6%) mentioned making an effort to spend time outdoors daily, which is beneficial for eye health. Additionally, many respondents (65.8%) engage in activities that require a diverse range of vision. Majority of the respondents, (74.3%) are aware of situations or habits that can induce eye strain and consciously avoid them (Table 7). A notable percentage (63.1%) mentioned using ergonomic setups and adjusting digital device settings for comfortable reading. Respondents mean preventive measures score was 8.87 (Table 8). Almost two-fifths, (45.9%), demonstrated good preventive measures against myopia (Figure 3). About (43.9%) demonstrated fair preventive measures against myopia, while a few of the respondents (9.2%) practiced poor preventive measures against myopia (Figure 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6: Preventive measures taken against myopia\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=401)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI regularly take breaks, such as the 20-20-20 rule (every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds), when using screens.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205 (51.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196 (48.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI make an effort to spend at least 2 hours outdoors daily.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e279 (69.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122 (30.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI use blue light filters or glasses when working on digital devices.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e192 (47.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e209 (52.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI ensure that I work and read in well-lit environments to reduce eye strain.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e317 (79.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84 (20.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u0026apos;ve adjusted the settings on my digital devices to have larger text for comfortable reading.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e253 (63.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148 (36.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI prioritise activities that don\u0026apos;t involve screens during my free time.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219 (54.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182 (45.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI have regular eye check-ups, at least annually, to monitor my vision.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e233 (58.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168 (41.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI perform eye exercises or follow eye relaxation techniques regularly.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e249 (62.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152 (37.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI consciously maintain a reading distance of at least an arm\u0026apos;s length from my eyes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e287 (71.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114 (28.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u0026apos;m aware of and avoid situations or habits that can induce eye strain.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e294 (73.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107 (26.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 623px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 623px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCont\u0026rsquo;d: Preventive measures taken against myopia\u0026nbsp;(n=401)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI use ergonomic setups, like adjustable chairs and desks, to maintain a proper posture while reading or using screens.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e234 (58.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167 (41.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI often engage in activities that require a diverse range of vision (e.g., switching between reading and looking at distant objects).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e264 (65.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137 (34.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u0026apos;ve sought advice or attended workshops on preventing myopia or maintaining good eye health.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232 (57.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169 (42.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 384px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI make dietary choices, like eating leafy greens and fish, which are beneficial for eye health.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e298 (74.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103 (25.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypotheses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first hypothesis H1 states that \u0026ldquo;There is no association between socio-demographic characteristics and levels of knowledge about myopia among undergraduate at the University of Ibadan.\u0026rdquo; Chi-square was used to test H1. Chi-square test is a statistical method used to determine significant association between two categorical variables. The test is particularly valuable when analysing data that involves categorical variables such as gender, age groups or educational levels just as present in this particular hypothesis. For age, the p-value was 0.248, indicating that there is no significant association between age and levels of knowledge about myopia. This result leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis, which states that there is no association between age and levels of knowledge about myopia. Regarding gender, the p-value was 0.000, suggesting a significant association between gender and levels of knowledge about myopia. Consequently, the null hypothesis, which posits that there is no association between gender and levels of knowledge about myopia, is rejected. The faculty to which students belong also showed a significant association with levels of knowledge about myopia, as evidenced by a p-value of 0.000. This result necessitates the rejection of the null hypothesis that there is no association between faculty and levels of knowledge about myopia. Finally, the monthly allowance received by students was significantly associated with their levels of knowledge about myopia, with a p-value of 0.000. This finding leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis, which states that there is no association between monthly allowance and levels of knowledge about myopia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe second hypothesis states that, \u0026ldquo;There is no association between knowledge about myopia and lifestyle behaviours prevalent among undergraduates in the University of Ibadan.\u0026rdquo; The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to test hypothesis 2. Kruskal-Wallis H test is a non-parametric statistical test used to determine if there are statistically significant differences between three or more independent groups. It is often used when assumptions of parametric tests like ANOVA are not met, such as when the data is not normally distributed or when the variance are not equal between groups. The Kruskal-Wallis H test showed that there is a significant association between knowledge about myopia and lifestyle behaviours prevalent among undergraduates in the University of Ibadan. Hence, the null hypotheses is rejected.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe third hypothesis states that \u0026ldquo;There is no association between knowledge about myopia and the practice of preventive measures against myopia among undergraduates at the University of Ibadan.\u0026rdquo; The Kruskal-Wallis H test was also used to test hypothesis 3. The Kruskal-Wallis H test showed that there is a significant association between knowledge about myopia and the practice of preventive measures against myopia among undergraduates in the University of Ibadan. Hence, the null hypotheses is rejected.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ordinal regression analysis examined the relationship between the practice of preventive measures against myopia and various factors, including knowledge of myopia, gender, faculty, and monthly allowance among undergraduates at the University of Ibadan. The results showed a significant association between students\u0026apos; knowledge of myopia and their practice of preventive measures. Specifically, students with poor knowledge of myopia were significantly less likely to engage in preventive measures, as indicated by an odds ratio of 0.339. Similarly, students with fair knowledge were also less likely to practice these measures, with an odds ratio of 0.439. This suggests that better knowledge of myopia is linked to better preventive practices. Gender also played a significant role in the practice of preventive measures. Male students were more likely to practice preventive measures against myopia than female students, with an odds ratio of 2.041. This finding highlights a gender difference in the approach to preventing myopia. In contrast, the analysis found no significant association between students\u0026apos; faculty or their monthly allowance and their practice of preventive measures. For instance, students in the Health Sciences and Science and Technology faculties did not significantly differ from those in the Humanities and Social Sciences in their preventive practices. Similarly, the amount of monthly allowance students received did not significantly influence their likelihood of practicing preventive measures. Overall, the analysis suggests that knowledge of myopia and gender are key factors influencing the practice of preventive measures among undergraduates, while faculty affiliation and monthly allowance do not appear to have a significant impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7: Association between socio-demographic characteristics and levels of knowledge about myopia among undergraduate at the University of Ibadan (n = 401).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"707\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u0026sup2;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edf\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFisher\u0026rsquo;s Exact\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFair\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGood\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq. (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq. (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq. (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 \u0026ndash; 26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107 (27.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73 (18.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e212 (54.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.547\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.307*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.248*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 - 37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 - 48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92 (35.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51 (19.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117 (45.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.263\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (12.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (17.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99 (70.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFaculty\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Design and Management\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194.820\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDentistry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (85.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVeterinary Medicine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (41.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (35.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (23.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 623px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7 Cont\u0026rsquo;d\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u0026sup2;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edf\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFisher\u0026rsquo;s Exact\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFair\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGood\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq. (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq. (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreq. (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Social Sciences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (52.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (11.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (35.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (17.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (38.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (44.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScience\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61 (67.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (15.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (17.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (12.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77 (83.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonthly Allowance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than or equal to #30,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (23.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (15.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144 (60.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGreater than #30,000 to less than #50,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (30.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (19.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (50.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGreater than #50,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*Significant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 8: \u0026nbsp;Association between knowledge about myopia and lifestyle behaviours prevalent among undergraduates in the University of Ibadan (n = 401).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.5041%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29.0113%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLifestyle Behaviours in Category\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.75203%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (401)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.5592%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean Rank\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.72447%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u0026sup2;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.10373%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edf\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.5041%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29.0113%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor Lifestyle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.75203%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.5592%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.72447%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.584\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.10373%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.5041%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29.0113%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFair Lifestyle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.75203%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.5592%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.72447%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.10373%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.5041%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29.0113%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGood Lifestyle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.75203%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.5592%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e254.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.72447%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.10373%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*Significant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 9: \u0026nbsp;Association between the knowledge about myopia and the practice of preventive measures against myopia among undergraduates at the University of Ibadan (n = 401).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.5041%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30.9562%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePractice of Preventive Measures in Category\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.75203%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (401)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.5867%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean Rank\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.72447%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u0026sup2;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.13128%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edf\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.5041%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30.9562%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor Preventive Measures\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.75203%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.5867%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e185.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.72447%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.13128%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.5041%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30.9562%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFair Preventive Measures\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.75203%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.5867%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.72447%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.13128%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.5041%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30.9562%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGood Preventive Measures\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.75203%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.5867%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.72447%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.13128%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3452%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*Significant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 10: Ordinal regression analysis beteen practice of preventive measures against myopia, knowledge of myopia and socio-demographic characteristics (n=401)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWald\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExp_B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLower\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUpper\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge in Category\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor Prevention Measures\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.577\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.339\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.562\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFair Prevention Measures\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.439\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.252\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.766\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGood Prevention Measures**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.390\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.323\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFaculty in Category\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth Sciences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.294\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.369\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.761\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.465\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScience and Technology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.685\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.831\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHumanities and Social Sciences**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonthly Allowance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than or equal to #30,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.561\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.454\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.296\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.657\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.556\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGreater than #30,000 to less than #50,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.504\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.630\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.685\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.5%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGreater than #50,000**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.4231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5385%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study assessed the knowledge, behavioral lifestyle, and preventive measures related to myopia among undergraduates at the University of Ibadan, Oyo State. The results showed that nearly one-third of the respondents had good knowledge about myopia. Also, almost half, reported engaging in risk practices such as working on digital devices without breaks and nearly one-third reported reading in poor lighting conditions. Their knowledge levels were found to show significant associations with their socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle behaviors, and preventive measures. The results highlighted that further education with focused interventions is required to enhance knowledge of myopia, bring about improved lifestyle behaviors, and adopt effective preventive measures among university students.. The respondents' knowledge about myopia, as reflected in the result, intertwines with findings from the literature review, shedding light on both accurate understandings and areas of misconception. Research emphasises prolonged close-up tasks like reading or writing as a significant factor in myopia development, which is corroborated by the respondents' recognition of this factor. However, there's a notable discrepancy with respondents associating obesity or UV exposure as causes, highlighting potential gaps in understanding [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor knowledge on preventive measures, the majority of respondents correctly identified physical activity and well-lit environments as beneficial for myopia prevention, aligning with strategies recommended in the literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Notably, the result showed that undergraduates belonging to the category of medical and health related faculties had better knowledge of myopia than their counterpart. This shows the need to integrate health education in school curriculum and aligns with recommendations by Dutheil et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. The behavioural lifestyle associated with myopia, as revealed by the findings from the result, enlaces various factors that can influence the onset and progression of myopia. The result showed that a significant number of respondents often spend extended periods engaged in close-up tasks like reading or writing. This aligns with research indicating that prolonged near work is a risk factor for myopia development [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. It's noteworthy that digital device usage was also prevalent among respondents, with many reporting more than 3 hours of daily screen time without breaks. This excessive screen time, especially in dimly lit environments, has been associated with myopia progression and ocular discomfort [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Many respondents were found to engage in near work and screen-related tasks in poorly designed ergonomic settings, leading to improper posture and increased visual stress. Proper ergonomics, such as maintaining a safe distance from screens, ensuring adequate lighting, and taking regular breaks, are essential practices to mitigate the risk of myopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the study indicated a lack of awareness and implementation of these practices among respondents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA notable portion of respondents expressed a strong belief in the efficacy of preventive measures and adopting a healthy lifestyle in positively impacting eye health and reducing myopia risk. This aligns with findings in the literature suggesting that lifestyle changes, such as reducing screen time and increasing outdoor activities, can indeed contribute to mitigating myopia risk [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Interestingly, respondents also showed a strong belief in the influence of knowledge about myopia on their attitudes towards lifestyle changes and preventive measures. This resonates with the literature emphasizing the role of education and awareness in promoting healthy eye care habits [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. The high percentage of respondents indicating that their friends exhibit lifestyle behaviours encouraging myopia prevention aligns with studies emphasizing the role of social networks in health behaviours [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Positive peer influence can motivate individuals to adopt preventive measures such as reducing screen time or engaging in outdoor activities, as seen in the literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, the substantial support expressed by family members for activities aimed at preventing myopia corresponds to findings that family support and encouragement are crucial in promoting healthy behaviours [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe emphasis on taking regular breaks from screens, as reported by just over half of the respondents, corresponds to strategies outlined in Ann, Claire, and Miranda's article \"Evidence-Based Practice for Myopia Management,\" such as the 20-20-20 rule to reduce digital eye strain [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. This practice acknowledges the importance of reducing near work activities to mitigate myopia risk, a concept supported by studies like Dutheil et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. The significant number of respondents making efforts to spend at least 2 hours outdoors daily is in line with research highlighting the benefits of increased outdoor time in preventing myopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The high percentage of respondents intending to take regular breaks when using screens reflects awareness of digital eye strain and the effectiveness of the 20-20-20 rule, as discussed in Ann, Claire, and Miranda's article on myopia management. This intention indicates a proactive approach to reducing near work activities and mitigating myopia risk. The commitment to spending at least 2 hours outdoors daily, indicated by two-thirds of respondents, corresponds to studies emphasizing the benefits of outdoor time in preventing myopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth promotion and education can play a crucial role in preventing myopia and promoting good eye health. Targeted health education campaigns are essential, focusing on lifestyle modifications such as outdoor activities, a balanced diet, and adequate lighting. By educating individuals about these lifestyle changes, they can be empowered to take proactive steps in preventing myopia. Collaboration with schools and workplaces is another impactful strategy. Implementing myopia prevention programs in these settings, such as incorporating outdoor breaks, ergonomic adjustments, and visual hygiene practices, can foster a culture of eye health consciousness among students and employees. Community engagement and support are also essential. Organising workshops, support groups, and educational seminars within communities can facilitate knowledge sharing and reinforce positive behaviours related to myopia prevention.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eMyopia affects many young people globally. The condition has witnessed a significant increase, especially among adolescents and young adults. By 2050, almost half of the global population may suffer from it. The findings from this study highlights the importance of targeted health education campaigns that empower individuals with knowledge about adopting healthy habits. Strategies such as promoting outdoor activities, encouraging visual hygiene practices, and emphasizing regular eye examinations emerge as pivotal components of myopia prevention efforts. By integrating these strategies into public awareness initiatives, communities can be equipped with the tools needed to make informed decisions about eye health. Furthermore, the intention of respondents to engage in proactive measures, such as using blue light filters, adjusting screen settings, and maintaining proper reading distances, signals a willingness to embrace preventive measures. This receptiveness emphasis the potential impact of tailored educational programs in fostering a culture of eye health consciousness. Collaborative efforts involving schools, universities, workplaces, healthcare providers, and the media can amplify the reach and effectiveness of myopia prevention initiatives. Integrating nutritional guidance, leveraging mass media platforms, and fostering community engagement are essential components of a holistic approach. By addressing the diverse aspects of myopia prevention in an integrated manner, the burden of the vision condition can be reduced and promoting lifelong eye health for individuals of all ages can be ensured.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Limitations","content":"\u003cp\u003ePotential sources of bias include self-reported data and the cross-sectional design limiting causal inferences.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eTRA: Theory of Reasoned Action\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHO: World Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eEthics Approval and Consent to Participate\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval was obtained from the ethics committee in the University College Hospital., University of Ibadan. The ethics approval number is UI/EC/23/0714. The research participants were assured that their responses and information provided in the instrument will be kept confidential with all necessary information included in the informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eConsent for Publications\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable. This study does not contain any individual person\u0026apos;s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos) that would require consent for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests related to this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research was funded in full by the author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAKS conceived the study, conducted data collection, and performed the data analysis. MMO provided guidance on the study design, data analysis, supervised the research process, and contributed to the interpretation of the results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author expresses his deepest gratitude to all respondents who participated in the study. The author also acknowledge Dr Mojisola M. Oluwasanu, his supervisor, for her unwavering support, encouragement, and invaluable mentorship throughout the study. Additionally, the author is grateful to all the esteemed faculty members of the Department of Health Promotion and Education, including Dr. I.O. Dipeolu (Acting Head of Department), Professors A.J. Ajuwon, Oyedunni S. Arulogun, O.E. Oyewole, and Drs. M.A Titiloye, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Adeyimika T. Desmennu, Adeyinka O. Adefolarin, and A.J. Imaledo, the Field Coordinator, for their invaluable teachings and guidance. I also extend my gratitude to the diligent non-teaching staff for their support.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data collected and analysed during the current study are currently not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on request. This can only be used for non-commercial purposes which ensures that participants\u0026rsquo; confidentiality is protected.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLee, Y., Wang, H., Chiu, C., and Yu, H. 2019. The role of parental myopia in the development of childhood myopia. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus \u003c/em\u003e23.5: 303-309. Retrieved Jan. 4, 2024 from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2019.05.006.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlvarez-Peregrina, C., Sanchez-Tena, M., Mart\u0026iacute;nez-P\u0026eacute;rez, C., and Villa-Collar, C. 2019. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Myopia in Spain. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Ophthalmology\u003c/em\u003e 18: 213-219.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMorgan, I., and Rose, K. 2013. Myopia and international educational performance. \u003cem\u003eOphthalmic and Physiological Optics \u003c/em\u003e33.3: 329-338. Retrieved Nov. 28, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12040.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCongdon, P. J., and Wood, J. 2021. Myopia: A review of the epidemiology, risk factors and management. \u003cem\u003eProgress in Retinal and Eye Research \u003c/em\u003e74: 848-853. Retrieved Feb. 4, 2024 from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100853.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. (2019, October 8). WHO launches first World Report on Vision. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news/item/08-10-2019-who-launches-first-world-report-on-vision\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdesina, M. G., Erhabor, O. O., Eke, J. C., and Osuagwu, B. N. 2020. Knowledge, attitude and practice of refractive error in secondary school students in Garki District of Abuja, Nigeria. \u003cem\u003eAfrican Vision and Eye Research, \u003c/em\u003e15(2): 112-117. Retrieved Feb. 19, 2024 from doi:10.4103/aveh.aveh_207_20\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHolden, B., Fricke, T., Wilson, D., Jong, M., Naidoo, K., Sankaridurg, P., Wong, T., Naduvilath, T., Resnikoff, S., and Frick, K. 2016. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. \u003cem\u003eOphthalmology \u003c/em\u003e123.5: 1036-1042. Retrieved Feb. 22, 2024 from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.006.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDutheil, F., Oueslati, T., Delamarre, L., Castanon, J., Maurin, C., Chiambaretta, F., Baker, J., Ugbolue, U., Żak, M., Lakbar, I., Pereira, B., \u0026amp; Navel, V. 2023. 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International Dental Journal. 72. 10.1016/j.identj.2021.05.004.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Myopia, Knowledge, Behavioral lifestyle, Preventive measures, Undergraduates","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5031412/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5031412/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMyopia, or short-sightedness, affects many young people globally. The condition has witnessed a significant increase, especially among adolescents and young adults. By 2050, almost half of the global population may suffer from it. The youth population, particularly in Nigeria, shows higher prevalence rates of myopia, necessitating investigations into knowledge, behavioural lifestyles, and prevention among undergraduates. The study examined the knowledge, behavioural lifestyle, and prevention strategies related to myopia among undergraduates in the University of Ibadan.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional survey was conducted at the University of Ibadan, among 401 undergraduates from 10 faculties selected through a multistage sampling technique. Data on knowledge of myopia, behavioural lifestyles, and preventive measures were collected using a semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire. Analysis was done using SPSS software, employing both descriptive and inferential statistics, which includes Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests at α\u003csup\u003e0.05\u003c/sup\u003e .\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents\u0026rsquo; age was 21.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8, 64.8% were males and 35.2% were females. About 53.9% of the respondents demonstrated good knowledge of myopia. Less than half, (46.5%) reported using digital devices for more than 3 hours daily without breaks, while 31.6% admitted to reading under dim light more than 5 times a week. Almost two-fifth of the respondents, (45.9%) demonstrated good preventive measures against myopia. Significant associations were identified between knowledge levels and socio-demographic characteristics, including age, gender, faculty, and monthly allowance. Additionally, there was an association between knowledge levels and lifestyle behaviours, and the practice of preventive measures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study showed that the University of Ibadan undergraduates have knowledge gaps about myopia, along with common lifestyle behaviours contributing to it. It also highlights the need for targeted educational interventions to improve undergraduates' knowledge about myopia, promote healthier lifestyle behaviours, and encourage the adoption of effective preventive measures among university students. To address these gaps, it's crucial to include myopia education in the General Studies (GST) curriculum. This should cover causes and prevention, and promote eye-friendly habits. Additionally, students should have easy access to eye care services. Collaboration between health professionals and the university is essential for a comprehensive approach to eye health education.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Knowledge, Behavioural Lifestyle, and Preventive Measures of Myopia among Undergraduates in the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-10-08 06:46:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5031412/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"96b424f0-f1b9-4249-9ce4-d80b0eeeeb30","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 8th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-31T13:24:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-10-08 06:46:15","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5031412","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5031412","identity":"rs-5031412","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}