Laparoscopic Versus Open Surgical Management of Hydrocele of the Canal of Nuck: A Retrospective Analysis of 20 Cases.

Canal of Nuck pathologies are rare clinical conditions seen in females, arising due to the failure of its obliteration. The canal of Nuck is formed by a fold of parietal peritoneum that is attached to the round ligament and is homologous to the processus vaginalis in males [ 1 ]. In cases where this canal remains patent in adulthood, fluid, bowel, or even the ovaries can form its content, presenting as a painless or painful, cystic to firm swelling in the groin. Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck (HCN) is the term used for the condition wherein fluid occupies a patent canal [ 2 ]. There are two theories behind the pathogenesis of this condition. According to the first theory by Dutch anatomist Anton Nuck, HCN arises as a result of the failure of obliteration and abnormal outpouching of the canal of Nuck [ 3 ]. The second theory attributes this to be a remnant cyst arising from the round ligament during its developmental phase [ 4 ]. The differential diagnosis of this condition includes a Bartholin’s cyst, hematoma, inguinal or femoral hernia, endometriosis of the canal of Nuck, leiomyoma, metastasis, etc. [ 3 , 5 ]. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is ideal for diagnosing this condition as it helps to clearly define the extent and composition of soft tissue lesions [ 6 ]. The management options discussed in the literature for HCN include complete excision through an open anterior approach and laparoscopic surgery. While both approaches have their own advantages and complications, laparoscopic management has the added benefits of less pain, small scars, and better delineation of anatomy. The present study compares outcomes of the transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) approach versus open surgery in cases of HCN in terms of the below-mentioned operative and patient parameters.

A total of 20 female patients were included in this study. The average age group of the study population was 27.8 ± 8.34 years. Of them, 10 patients had undergone the TAPP approach, and 10 patients had undergone OAA, who were then categorized into Group A and Group B, respectively. In Group A, seven patients had type 1 HCN, and three had type 3 HCN, whereas in Group B, eight patients presented with type 1 HCN, and two patients with type 3 HCN. Overall, 11 out of the 20 cases had an associated indirect inguinal hernia, of which three were diagnosed preoperatively and eight were identified incidentally during surgery. Seven patients of Group A and four patients of Group B had an associated inguinal hernia. The mean operative time of Group A cases was 97.95 ± 7.54 minutes, while it was 66.3 ± 6.20 minutes for Group B patients (Figure 3 ). The data, when analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, showed a statistically significantly lesser operative time for Group B when compared to Group A (Z = -3.781, p-value < 0.001). The average duration taken to operate cases of type 3 HCN in Group A and Group B was 108 and 76.75 minutes, respectively. The mean operative time was lesser for Group B patients as compared to patients of Group A when compared using the Mann-Whitney U test (Z = -3.781, p-value < 0.001). The duration of hospital stays and "time taken to return to work" for both groups were described in Figure 4 . Patients of Group A had a shorter duration of hospital stay (two days versus 3.8 ± 3.08 days) and "time taken to return to work" (6.1 ± 0.875 days versus 11.2 ± 1.81 days) as compared to Group B. However, the Mann-Whitney U test showed a statistically significant difference only in the means of the two groups with respect to "time taken to return to work" (Z = -3.841, p-value < 0.001). The Mann-Whitney U test revealed a p-value of 0.068 when the means of the duration of hospital stay were compared. The Mann-Whitney U test revealed that the time taken to return to work was significantly less for patients in Group A when compared to Group B (Z = -3.841, p-value < 0.001). TAPP: Transabdominal preperitoneal; OAA: Open anterior approach. The postoperative pain score and complications are listed in Table 1 . The average pain scores at all intervals were lesser for patients of Group A as compared to Group B (Table 1 ). The Mann-Whitney U test, when applied to analyze the median values of the post-surgery pain scores between Group A and Group B, showed a statistically significant lesser pain score value in Group A at 12-24 hours, 48-72 hours, seven days, and three months (p-value < 0.001, p-value = 0.006, p-value = 0.005 and p-value < 0.001, respectively). The incidence of SSI or sero-hematoma when compared was not statistically significant. The Mann-Whitney U test showed a significantly lesser pain score in Group A patients as compared to Group B patients with a p-value of <0.05 in all compared intervals. TAPP: Transabdominal preperitoneal; OAA: Open anterior approach; IEA: Inferior epigastric artery; NA: Not applicable; SSI: Surgical site infection. *Standard deviation.

The hydrocoele of the canal of Nuck, also known as the female hydrocoele [ 7 ], is a rare clinical condition that is more often seen in younger females and corresponds to the spermatic cord hydrocoele found in males [ 3 ]. Based on anatomical variations, it is divided into three types: type 1, an encysted hydrocoele due to partial obliteration of the proximal portion of the canal of Nuck; type 2, the communicating type where the canal is in continuity with the peritoneum; and type 3, the combined type where there is a distal encysted portion as well as a proximal intra-abdominal portion, which is hourglass shaped due to a constriction at the internal ring [ 8 ]. Wang et al. described certain challenges faced during laparoscopic management of HCN in their publication such as interference of IEA and inability to access the distalmost end of the cyst [ 9 ]. We recommend that the separation of the cyst from the vicinity of the IEA can be done by lateral traction to the cyst and countertraction on the adhesions with minimal to nil usage of an energy device. However, if bleeding is encountered, it should be tackled with a bipolar energy device, instead of a monopolar energy source. A case report published in 2019 by Chihara et al. described the "open posterior wall" technique to tackle a type 1 or 3 HCN [ 10 ]. This technique is undoubtedly beneficial, but it comes with the cost of creating an iatrogenic defect in an already weakened region of the abdominal wall. Hence, based on our experience in handling these cases, firm and adequate traction over the cyst or the round ligament is sufficient to visualize the portion of the cyst within the inguinal canal as most cases have a widened internal ring. This technique was applied successfully in all cases of our study whereby all cysts were excised en bloc without rupture. The widening of the internal ring due to the cyst results in a high percentage of associated inguinal hernias, at 30%-50% [ 4 ]. Additionally, in the present study, inguinal hernias were detected during surgery in 16% of patients. Hence, reinforcing the posterior wall with the placement of a mesh should be done in all cases, irrespective of the presence or absence of a hernia. This can prevent a post-surgical incidence of hernia. Comparative studies on outcomes of laparoscopic versus open surgical management of HCN are lacking in literature due to it being a rare clinical entity; hence, studies involving TAPP procedures for inguinal hernias were analyzed for the present study. Notably, TAPP has several advantages over open surgery, including better delineation of pathology [ 11 ], less pain [ 12 ], etc. Scheuermann et al. conducted a meta-analysis in 2017, which showed that the incidence of acute and chronic pain was significantly lesser in the patients who underwent TAPP (p-value = 0.005 and p-value = 0.006, respectively) as compared to the group who underwent Lichtenstein’s repair for inguinal hernia [ 13 ]. Another study conducted by Lin et al. in August 2023 comprised 159 female patients who underwent TAPP [ 14 ]. The results of the study showed that the pain score on POD 1 calculated by the VAS was 2.5 ± 0.7, and the mean length of hospital stay was 1.1 ± 0.2 days [ 14 ]. These studies along with the present study further augment the advantages of TAPP. Secondly, the time taken to return to work is lesser in patients who undergo minimal access surgery as compared to open surgery [ 13 , 15 , 16 ]. A randomized control study conducted in 2020 compared outcomes among 60 patients who underwent bilateral TAPP and 60 who underwent Lichtenstein’s tension-free repair, which showed the time taken to return to normal work being 5.87 ± 0.97 and 12.10 ± 1.02 days, respectively, for both groups [ 15 ]. The results were comparable to the present study and can be explained as a result of decreased pain, smaller scar, and early recovery after surgery in any case of minimally invasive surgery. Shortcomings of laparoscopic repair of HCN include a prolonged operative time, which is usually seen in type 1 and type 3 HCN. The portion of the HCN distal to the superficial ring is the major concern for most surgeons doing a TAPP. Rupture of the cyst can occur in such cases, which then creates a dilemma regarding mesh placement. Incomplete excision of the cyst can result in missing out on occult pathologies like endometriosis and malignancies. Hence, meticulous dissection and minimal use of energy sources can help deliver the cyst en bloc. In our opinion, the TAPP approach for HCN should be considered in all patients despite its limitations as the post-procedure outcomes are better than an open surgical approach. Moreover, solutions to tackle intraoperative challenges, if applied, can help prevent complications and restrict the operative time. To our knowledge, the present study is one of the very few studies that compares outcomes between open versus TAPP approach for HCN. Limitations of this study are a small sample size and a unicentric study. Larger multicentric studies are required to validate the results better.

HCN, being a rare entity, has multiple approaches under trial for its management. TAPP helps visualization of the extent and anatomy of the cyst while ruling out any other intra-abdominal pathologies. Intraoperative challenges can be tackled with meticulous dissection, employing the correct technique of traction-countertraction, and avoiding inadvertent use of energy sources while dissecting the HCN away from the IEA. TAPP, like any other minimally invasive surgery, is significantly superior to OAA in terms of lesser pain, smaller scar, and early return to work. Hence, we recommend proceeding with TAPP for all cases of HCN. Placement of a mesh in the preperitoneal plane in all cases should be done to prevent the development of an inguinal hernia.

Case records of all female patients who underwent surgery for HCN in a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai during the period June 2019 to December 2023 were retrospectively analyzed in this study. The study group excluded pregnant patients and those who had previously undergone abdominal surgeries. A total of 20 patients formed the study group. Patients who underwent the TAPP approach were categorized as Group A and those who underwent open surgery were categorized as Group B. All patients were operated by surgeons with a similar experience. On analysis, 10 patients who underwent open surgery were patients with respiratory illnesses and hence were deferred general anesthesia. All patients had an MRI done before surgery, which was suggestive of a probable diagnosis of HCN. Besides demographic data, the type of HCN in each case, the procedure performed, intraoperative challenges, operative time (skin incision to skin closure), duration of hospital stay, postoperative pain score, and time taken to return to work were documented and analyzed from the records of these patients. Intraoperative challenges faced were noted such as injury to the inferior epigastric artery (IEA), difficulty in dissecting the distal end of the cyst, and the need for conversion from laparoscopic to open surgery. The post-surgery pain scores marked in the visual analog scale (VAS) pain assessment chart present in each patient record (at 12-24 hours, 48-72 hours, one week, and three months) were documented and analyzed using various tests. Histopathological analysis of all cysts revealed mesothelial cysts with no malignant cells or endometriosis. All patients had an uneventful postoperative period. Surgical procedures TAPP The procedure was done under general anesthesia. The patient was placed in a supine position with the head end lowered. The surgeon operated from the head end of the patient. Ports were inserted according to Figure 1 . TAPP: Transabdominal preperitoneal. A peritoneum flap was created, and HCN was identified (Figure 2 , Panel A). The cyst was then retracted laterally, and adhesions between the cyst and the region of the IEA were separated by pulling the fibers medially (Figure 2 , Panel B). No energy source was utilized to separate the HCN from the region of the IEA unless there was bleeding in which case a bipolar energy device was utilized. The distalmost end of the cyst which was within the inguinal canal was also separated from its attachments to the abdominal wall by blunt dissection and sufficient proximal traction to the cyst wall (Figure 2 , Panel C). The cyst was excised in toto. The hernial sac and widened deep ring were identified (Figure 2 , Panel D), and the sac was separated from the round ligament. A polypropylene mesh was then placed in the preperitoneal plane (Figure 2 , Panels E and F) and fixed to Cooper’s ligament medially. The peritoneal flap was closed with an absorbable suture. The cyst was removed in toto. TAPP: Transabdominal preperitoneal; IEA: Inferior epigastric artery; HCN: Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck. Open Anterior Approach (OAA) All patients were administered spinal anesthesia. An incision was taken parallel to the inguinal ligament, about 1.5 cm above it. An incision was deepened in layers, and external oblique aponeurosis was opened. The cyst was identified; its extent was defined and then separated from the round ligament. A hernia sac, if present, was separated from the round ligament, transfixed, and repositioned into the peritoneal cavity. The internal ring defect was repaired, and a polypropylene mesh was placed on the posterior wall of the inguinal canal. The mesh was secured medially to the rectus muscle and laterally to the upturned part of the inguinal ligament. The abdominal wall was closed in layers. Statistical analysis The data was collected and entered into Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, Washington) and analyzed using IBM SPSS software, version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). The data was presented as percentages and categories and then presented as tables. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of variables and test of significance. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.