Statistical Modelling of Intimate Partner Violence Among Ever-Married Women in Karnataka: Insights from NFHS-5

Statistical Modelling of Intimate Partner Violence Among Ever-Married Women in Karnataka: Insights from NFHS-5 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Statistical Modelling of Intimate Partner Violence Among Ever-Married Women in Karnataka: Insights from NFHS-5 Vikash Singh Patel, Sivabalan Sivasamy, Rajkumar Prabhakaran, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8318755/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is still a significant public health problem worldwide which includes physical, sexual, and emotional abuse caused by a current or former intimate partner. The study aimed to evaluate the socioeconomic factors contributing to intimate partner violence (IPV) among ever-married women in Karnataka. Methods The cross-sectional analytical study used NFHS-5 of ever-married women aged 15–49 in Karnataka. Multivariable logistic regression examined the association between IPV and socioeconomic variables, including spousal alcohol use and controlling behavior. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. Results In Karnataka, women who had ever been married were significantly more likely to have IPV. IPV was more likely to occur in women who had alcoholic husbands (AOR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.89–2.80). The husband's controlling behavior was found to be a strong predictor (AOR = 6.1, 95% CI: 5.0-7.5). Require for permission validation of IPV made it complex for women to seek for medical help, which was an important factor. Conclusions These results signify that targeted policies addressing alcohol use, controlling behaviors, and sociocultural acceptance, combined broad community strategies, can reduce IPV and empower women. Intimate Partner violence Socioeconomic Domestic violence National Family Health Survey-5 Married Women in Karnataka Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1 Introduction Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is still a significant public health problem worldwide which includes physical, sexual, and emotional abuse caused by a current or former intimate partner. The effect is felt by individuals from all socio-cultural and economic backgrounds and has significant effects on physical, psychological, and social well-being [ 1 – 3 ]. Even as awareness increased in worldwide, IPV persists is being underreported and under-addressed, specifically in low- and middle-income countries, where the issue often becomes more problematic due to socio-economic and cultural constraints [ 4 – 6 ]. Education is widely believed to be a protective factor against IPV. Women with higher education are less likely to experience violence because education promotes a better understanding of legal rights, pushes against traditional gender norms, and promoted economic self sufficiency [ 6 – 9 ]. Economically powerful women are more likely to defend themselves against mistreatment and look for suitable stability, highlighting the significance of socioeconomic factors in controlling IPV risk. On the other hand, economic drawback noticeable through deprivation, financial need, and require to access resources-is associated with greater exposure to IPV [ 10 ]. Women from economically marginalized family frequently face structural and interpersonal difficulty to absconding abusive unions, without adequate access to legal, medical, and social services. On the contrary, women’s employment and economic independence have been revealed to present defensive benefits by reducing dependence on violent partners and improving self-efficacy and community capital. Marital dynamics, with the partner’s alcohol use, controlling behavior, and approach towards femininity are important factors influencing IPV incidence. Furthermore, the connection between childhood experience of violence and mistreatment across generations further contributes to perpetuating cycles of IPV within families and communities [ 2 ]. IPV not only cause physical damage, but also contributes to lasting consequences includes chronic health conditions, psychological disorders, reproductive fitness problems, and substance abuse [ 4 ]. Children who observe IPV are at greater risk for emotional and behavioural problems, and they are more likely to perpetuate or experience violence in adulthood. IPV is still persistent and communally fixed in India, and it has important health, psychological, and public proposition. In accordance with the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4, 2015-16), about one-third of ever-married women reported occurrence physical, emotional, or sexual abuse from their husbands [ 6 ]. Intellectual standards, economic circumstances, and access to support systems have a major impact on the incidence and patterns of IPV across states [ 5 ]. Karnataka, a socio-economically varied southern Indian state, continues to account elevated rates of IPV regardless of current guidelines and public health interventions [ 5 , 7 , 8 ]. Understanding the socio-economic determinants of IPV in Karnataka is essential to informing region-specific, evidence-based interventions and sustaining mechanisms. Given the complex interplay of individual, relational, and societal factors in the maintenance of IPV, there is an essential need for a thorough investigation using nationally representative data. Therefore, the current work aims to identify important socioeconomic and spousal relationships of IPV with ever-married women (EMW) in Karnataka, consuming the data from the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5). 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Data source The National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), conducted from 2019 to 2021 were utilized for this study. The NFHS-5 is the 5 th instalment in a series aimed at providing comprehensive data on population, health, nutrition, and violence against women across India’s states and union territories. This NFHS-5 is publicly available, nationally representative surveys, managed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India, and was supervised by the International Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai. Since, the current study involves secondary analysis from the publicly available data; no additional ethical clearance was required. The dataset was assessed through the demographic and health surveys program (DHS) website (https://dhsprogram.com/data/dataset/India_Standard-DHS_2020.cfm?flag=1). The NFHS-5 utilized a two-stage stratified sampling method and interviewed 724,115 women aged 15 to 49 from 636,699 households, achieving a high response rate of 97%. A sub-group of 72,320 women participated in the domestic violence module nationwide, with Karnataka contributing 30,455 women in the same age group. Within Karnataka, 3,035 women were selected for the domestic violence module, out of which 2,737 were ever-married women, forming the basis of the current analysis which excluded never-married women aged 15-49. 2.2 Outcome Variable The present study considered IPV as a dependent variable. In NFHS-5, information was obtained from never-married women on their experience of violence committed by anyone and from ever-married women on their experience of violence committed by their current and former husbands and by others, more specifically, violence committed by the current husband for currently married women and by the most recent husband for formerly married women. For the present study considered only ever-married women. It also provides information on three types of violence against women: physical, sexual, emotional. The violence was measured by asking all ever-married women if their husbands ever committed the following to them: 2.2.1 Physical violence “Husband/partner ever pushed her, shaken her, or thrown something at her”, “ever slapped her”, “ever punched her with his fist or something harmful”, and “ever kicked or dragged her”, “spouse ever tried to strangle or burn her”, and “ever threatened or attacked her with a knife, gun, or other weapon”. 2.2.2 Emotional violence “Ever been humiliated by husband/partner”, “ever been threatened with harm by husband/partner”, “ever been insulted or made to feel bad by husband/partner”. 2.2.3 Sexual violence “Ever been physically forced into unwanted sex by husband/partner”, “ever been forced into other unwanted sexual acts by husband/ partner”, “ever been physically forced to perform sexual acts respondent did not want to”. Those who answered they had been exposed to at least one kind of IPV mentioned above were coded as ‘1’, while those who answered they had not been subjected to any kind of IPV were coded as ‘0’. 2.4 Independent Variable The present analysis is mainly concentrated on independent variables like age of women, women’s education, working status of women, place of residence, religion, wealth index, marital status, husband drinks, no. of daughters, husband education, IPV justified attitude, husband controlling attitude, parental IPV, and getting medical help for self: getting permission to go. 2.5 Statistical analysis of data To examine the association of socioeconomic variables and IPV, a dichotomous variable for IPV has been created. IPV is considered “yes” (coded-1) if ever experienced any form of violence and “no” (coded-0) if never experienced any form of violence. The association between IPV and all socioeconomic variables which are thought to be associated with IPV is examined using the bivariate analysis which produces chi-square p-values for the significance of the measure of association. All covariates that are significant at 5% (p <0.05) are considered potential covariates in the logistic regression analysis. Binary logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the relationship between sociodemographic variables and violence against ever-married women. Furthermore, the impact of various background characteristics on women’s experience of IPV has been assessed through a multivariable logistic regression analysis. Logistic regression models are fitted where in the model has four forms of violence combined viz. physical, emotional, sexual, and overall violence as one dependent variable. The probabilities are interpreted in terms of odds ratios (OR) which gives the likelihood of experiencing the event in the different categories of a covariate as compared to a reference category. SPSS version 26 was used to conduct all the statistical analyses . 2.6 Ethics approval and consent to participate Since we used secondary data and had no direct interaction with the study participants, ethical clearance was not required for this investigation. Study participants received written informed consent in return for their involvement. We have permission to access the data online by submitting a request to the DHS program’s measure at http://www.dhsprogram.com. The data was obtained via the program’s measure. The public can freely access information on the internet. The details of the ethical approval for the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program make it possible to approve the download of survey data. 3 Results Prevalence of various forms of intimate partner violence among ever-married women in Karnataka among different socioeconomic characteristics In Karnataka, physical abuse is the major prevalent form of IPV with ever-married women across different socioeconomic groups (Table 1). This is afterwards emotional and sexual brutality. Women aged 30-49 years experience the highest rates of IPV. Employment status and lower levels of education are also correlated with higher IPV prevalence. Importantly, husband’s educational attainment and alcohol consumption patterns significantly influence IPV rates, with women whose husbands have lower education levels and consume alcohol experiencing higher incidences of IPV. Moreover, husband’s controlling behavior and a history of IPV in their families are strong predictors of increased IPV prevalence among ever-married women in Karnataka. The percentage distribution of ever-married women in Karnataka based on various socioeconomic characteristics. Table 2 presents the percentage distribution of ever-married women in Karnataka according to various background characteristics, alongside the results of chi-square tests assessing the association between these characteristics and IPV. Age group, women’s education, and working status were significantly associated with IPV prevalence (p < 0.001). Older women (aged 30-49) constituted a larger proportion of those experiencing IPV compared to younger age groups. Significant associations were also observed between IPV prevalence and factors such as access to medical help, wealth index, husband’s education, husband’s alcohol consumption, number of daughters, IPV-justifying attitudes, husband’s controlling behavior, and parental IPV (all p < 0.001). Women who reported facing significant obstacles in obtaining medical help without permission experienced higher rates of IPV. Additionally, households where the husband exhibited controlling behavior or where parental IPV was present had a higher prevalence of IPV. B ivariate logistic regression analysis examining the relationship between socioeconomic characteristics and prevalence of IPV among ever-married women in Karnataka. The results of bivariate logistic regression investigating the relationship among different socioeconomic features and the incidence of various types of IPV among ever-married women in Karnataka are shown in Table 3. Odds ratios (OR) and p-values are given for every characteristic and type of IPV, together with physical (PV), emotional (EV) and sexual violence (SV), with any type of IPV (Figure 1A). The examination recognized important association between socioeconomic characteristics and IPV occurrence. Older age (39 – 40years) was associated with greater odds of experiencing PV (OR: 1.32, p=0.001), EV (OR: 1.22, p=0.04), SV (OR: 1.30, p=0.06), and any type of IPV (OR: 1.24, p < 0.001). Likewise, it is noteworthy that the importance of women’s employment is associated with an increased risk of all forms of IPV, representing that working women are more vulnerable than non-working women. Higher levels of education were correlated to decreasing the experiencing IPV. Compared with those with no education, secondary schooling (OR range: 0.57-0.62, p < 0.001) and higher education (OR range: 0.40-0.45, p < 0.001) were constantly associated with lower odds of IPV across all categories. The wealth index was found to be a significant predictor, with wealthier households having lower odds of contracting HIV than poorer households. The prevalence of IPV was strongly correlated with the characteristics of the husband, including education level and alcohol consumption. Women whose husbands had higher education levels were less likely to experience IPV, while women with husbands who drank alcohol were significantly more likely to experience IPV of all categories. Furthermore, access to medical help without consent, attitudes mitigating IPV, husband’s domineering behavior, and parental history of IPV were important identifiers of IPV incidence. Women who faced significant obstacles in obtaining medical assistance without permission were more likely to experience IPV. Ever-married women in Karnataka faced increased odds of experiencing intimate partner violence due to their husband’s controlling attitudes and parental history of intimate partner violence (Figure 1B). The m ultivariable logistic regression analysis examined the relationship between socioeconomic characteristics and prevalence (physical or sexual) of violence in ever-married women with 10 or more years of schooling percentage with respect to the NFHS-3, 4 & 5. In Table 4, the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the husband's alcohol consumption, controlling attitude and parental IPV history were associated with significantly higher adjusted relative risks (aRR) of IPV (aRR: 2.3, 6.1, and 2.5 respectively, p < 0.001), after adjusting for other variables. Figure 2 demonstrates the incidence of violence between ever-married women with 10 or more years of schooling (encompassing primary, secondary, and higher education), focusing particularly on PV and SV, based on data from NFHS-3, NFHS-4, and NFHS-5. Interestingly, the incidence of violence is remarkably higher with women with higher education levels compared to NFHS-3 and NFHS-4 findings, which contradicts the conclusions of the NFHS-5 report. According to NFHS-5, education is a protective factor against IPV, particularly when EV is added. Table 1 The prevalence of various forms of IPV among EMW in Karnataka is classified by various socioeconomic characteristics. Socioeconomic Variables Physical IPV Emotional IPV Sexual IPV Any form of IPV Age-Group 15-29 39.1 23.0 9.4 45.3 30-49 46.0 26.8 11.8 50.8 Women’s working status No 39.4 21.4 8.8 44.7 Yes 49.8 31.1 14.0 54.9 Women’s education No education 53.9 30.5 14.9 57.7 Primary 47.6 26.6 10.3 52.4 Secondary 40.2 24.0 9.6 46.0 Higher 32.0 19.7 9.7 38.3 Wealth Index Poorest 55.2 34.4 17.5 59.9 Poorer 52.8 30.9 14.7 57.2 Middle 43.0 26.1 10.3 48.4 Rich 41.6 20.5 9.4 47.0 Richest 31.2 21.4 7.4 37.3 Marital Status Married 43.4 24.8 10.7 48.6 Widowed 47.5 31.8 14.0 54.7 Divorced 61.5 38.5 7.7 61.5 Separated 53.7 42.6 20.4 55.6 Husband’s education No education 54.0 31.2 14.5 58.3 Primary 44.2 25.4 9.4 51.1 Secondary 41.7 24.9 10.8 46.9 Higher 34.2 19.1 8.0 39.3 Do not know 71.4 28.6 14.3 71.4 Husband drinks No 36.5 20.2 7.4 42.2 Yes 65.5 41.5 21.8 69.3 Place of Residence Urban 43.8 28.4 13.4 49.9 Rural 44.0 24.6 10.2 48.9 Religion Hindu 44.7 26.2 11.1 49.7 Muslim 40.0 23.0 11.3 47.0 Others 33.9 17.9 8.9 39.3 No. of Daughters No daughters 41.6 24.0 9.6 46.8 1-2 daughters 43.8 26.3 11.6 49.3 >2 daughters 59.4 29.1 14.5 61.8 Getting medical help for self No problem 38.4 19.3 8.4 42.3 Big problem 56.8 44.1 21.8 64.1 Not a big problem 47.8 27.9 10.5 54.5 IPV Justified Attitude No 28.7 16.9 4.2 32.0 Yes 48.7 28.4 13.3 54.5 Husband Controlling Attitude No 22.2 6.0 2.6 25.0 Yes 65.4 45.1 19.5 73.1 Parental IPV No 34.7 20.5 8.1 40.0 Yes 63.2 36.3 17.5 68.3 EMW: Ever-married women Table 2 The percentage distribution of EMW in Karnataka based on different socioeconomic characteristics. Socioeconomic Variables Any form of IPV (%) χ2 P-value Age-Group Present Absent 15-29 363 (27) 438 (31.5) 6.53 0.01 30-49 983 (73) 953 (68.5) Women’s working status No 685 (50.9) 848 (61) 27.75 <0.001 Yes 661 (49.1) 543 (39) Women’s education No education 418 (31.1) 306 (22) 41.01 <0.001 Primary 183 (13.6) 166 (11.9) Secondary 642 (47.7) 753 (54.1) Higher 103 (7.7) 166 (11.9) Wealth Index Poorest 127 (9.4) 85 (6.1) 45.99 <0.001 Poorer 311 (23.1) 233 (16.8) Middle 446 (33.1) 476 (34.2) Rich 326 (24.2) 368 (26.5) Richest 136 (10.1) 229 (16.5) Marital Status Married 1210 (89.9) 1281 (92.1) 4.25 0.24 Widowed 98 (7.3) 81 (5.8) Divorced 8 (0.6) 5 (0.4) Separated 30 (2.2) 24 (1.7) Husband’s education No education 361 (26.8) 258 (18.5) 39.25 <0.001 Primary 207 (15.4) 198 (14.2) Secondary 635 (47.2) 720 (51.8) Higher 138 (10.3) 213 (15.3) Do not know 5 (0.4) 2 (0.1) Husband drinks No 860 (63.9) 1176 (84.5) 152.03 <0.001 Yes 486 (36.1) 215 (15.5) Place of Residence Urban 386 (28.7) 388 (27.9) 0.17 0.68 Rural 960 (71.3) 1003 (72.1) Religion Hindu 1183 (87.9) 1196 (86.1) 3.0 0.22 Muslim 141 (10.5) 159 (11.4) Others 22 (1.6) 34 (2.4) No. of daughters No daughters 451 (33.3) 513 (36.9) 12.77 0.002 1-2 daughters 793 (58.9) 815 (58.6) >2 daughters 102 (7.6) 63 (4.5) Getting medical help for self No problem 646 (48) 881 (63.3) 75.5 <0.001 Big problem 273 (20.3) 153 (11.0) Not a big problem 427 (31.7) 357 (25.7) IPV Justified Attitude No 208 (15.5) 441 (31.7) 98.96 <0.001 Yes 1138 (84.5) 950 (68.3) Husband Controlling Attitude No 340 (25.3) 1020 (73.3) 630.34 <0.001 Yes 1006 (74.7) 371 (26.7) Parental IPV No 740 (55.0) 1110 (79.8) 191.27 <0.001 Yes 606 (45.0) 281 (20.2) EMW: Ever-married women Table 3 Bivariate logistic regression analysis examining the relationship between socioeconomic characteristics and the prevalence of different types of intimate partner violence. Socioeconomic Characteristics Physical Violence Emotional Violence Sexual Violence Any Form of IPV (Odds Ratio/p Values) (Odds Ratio/p Values) (Odds Ratio/p Values) (Odds Ratio/p Values) Age-group 15-29 (ref) 30-49 1.32(.001) 1.22(.04) 1.30(.06) 1.24(.00) Women’s working status No (ref) Yes 1.52(.00) 1.65(.00) 1.69(.00) 1.50(.00) Women’s education No education (ref) Primary 0.77(.53) 0.82(.19) 0.65(.03) 0.80(.10) Secondary 0.57(.00) 0.71(.00) 0.60(.00) 0.62(.00) Higher 0.40(.00) 0.55(.00) 0.61(.03) 0.45(.00) Wealth Index Poorest (ref) Poorer 0.90(.54) 0.85(.34) 0.81(.35) 0.90(.50) Middle 0.61(.00) 0.67(.01) 0.54(.00) 0.62(.00) Rich 0.57(.00) 0.49(.00) 0.49(.00) 0.60(.00) Richest 0.36(.00) 0.51(.00) 0.37(.00) 0.40(.00) No. of daughters No daughters (ref) 1-2 daughters 1.09(.27) 1.13(.18) 1.23(.12) 1.10(.21) >2 daughters 2.05(.00) 1.30(.16) 1.60(.06) 1.84(.00) Husband’s education No education Primary 0.67(.00) 0.75(.05) 0.60(.01) 0.75(.02) Secondary 0.61(.00) 0.73(.00) 0.71(.02) 0.63(.00) Higher 0.44(.00) 0.52(.00) 0.51(.00) 0.46(.00) Do not know 2.13(.36) 0.88(.88) 0.98(.98) 1.78(.50) Husband drinks No (ref) Yes 3.29(.00) 2.80(.00) 3.50(.00) 3.09(.00) Getting medical help for self: getting permission to go No problem (ref) Big problem 2.11(.00) 3.30(.00) 3.02(.00) 2.43(.00) Not a big problem 1.47(.00) 1.61(.00) 1.30(.11) 1.63(.00) IPV Justified Attitude No (ref) Yes 2.36(.00) 1.94(.00) 3.52(.00) 2.54(.00) Husband Controlling Attitude No (ref) Yes 6.63(.00) 12.97(.00) 9.20(.00) 8.13(.00) Parental IPV No (ref) Yes 3.23(.00) 2.20(.00) 2.41(.00) Table 4 Multivariable logistic regression analysis examined the relationship between socioeconomic characteristics and the prevalence of different forms of IPV Socioeconomic Characteristics Any Form of IPV Odds Ratio P Values Husband drinks No (ref) Yes 2.3 <0.001 Getting medical help for self: getting permission to go No problem (ref) Big problem 1.68 <0.001 Not a big problem 1.4 <0.001 IPV Justified Attitude No (ref) Yes 1.7 <0.001 Husband Controlling Attitude No (ref) Yes 6.1 <0.001 Parental IPV No (ref) Yes 2.5 <0.001 4 Discussion The present study finding demonstrates that IPV is complex and strongly associated with diverse socioeconomic factors between ever-married women in Karnataka. Age, educational attainment, economic status, husband’s behavioral attributes, and prevailing cultural norms, all take part in a function in women’s vulnerability to IPV. Elder women, mainly persons aged 30-49 years, exhibited elevated IPV prevalence, which can be accredited to long-lasting exposure to violent associations or deeply well-established societal norms that regularize violence aligned with women. IPV risk was shown to be significantly influenced by economic factors, such as women's employment status and household wealth. While being employed may signify independence, it also has the potential to disrupt traditional power hierarchies in the household, potentially increasing the risk of violence. Economic dependence and limited access to helpful resources additional aggravate women's susceptibility, making it harder for them to get help or go away from violent circumstances. These results are reliable with previous studies of Krishnan et al. [13], Walker et al. [11], and Shorey et al. [12]. Furthermore, Dalal and Lee [14] confirmed a positive association among unemployment, low economic status, and increased acceptance of domestic violence, while according to the Ince-Yenilmez, [15] study; individuals with lower economic status are at a greater risk of justifying or endorsing IPV. Our study further supports these findings. Education emerges as a powerful protective factor against IPV. The odds of experiencing PV, EV, and SV were considerably lower for women who had higher levels of educational attainment. This acknowledges that education has the power to empower women, increase their awareness of their rights, and decrease their acceptance of abuse. The present study findings align well with the studies of Maher et al. [16] and Pathak and Kumar, [17] who highlights the descriptive effect of education on IPV risk. The wealth index plays a key role in predicting IPV in parallel. The likelihood of IPV across all forms decreases as household economic status improves. The reports from WHO [18], Rahman et al. [20], and Gedefa et al. [19] support these observations. Husband-related characteristics were found to be particularly influential in IPV prevalence. Lower educational levels among husbands, habitual alcohol consumption, and controlling behaviors significantly increased the likelihood of IPV. Notably, women whose husbands consumed alcohol were 2.3 times more likely to be victims of IPV, even after adjusting for other socioeconomic variables. These findings underscore the urgent need for behavioral interventions that target male partners, promote healthy relationship dynamics, and reduce substance abuse. Household-level variables such as access to resources, family history of IPV, and the husband’s behavior play critical roles in shaping IPV prevalence. Economic disparities, particularly those captured through the wealth index, emerged as significant predictors. Women from poorer households consistently reported higher rates of abuse. This aligns with the findings of Kebede et al. [23] and Okumu et al. [22], which highlighted strong associations between low socioeconomic status and increased IPV prevalence. Interestingly, our study revealed a contradictory pattern: emotional violence appeared to play a less prominent or even protective role in the overall IPV index. Unlike physical and sexual violence, emotional abuse did not follow the same trajectory and appeared less associated with higher education or wealth status. This anomaly requires further investigation to understand whether it reflects underreporting, shifting social norms, or differences in perception and recognition of emotional abuse. Overall, the results emphasize the need for comprehensive, multi-pronged interventions that address both structural and behavioral factors. Policies that enhance women's access to education, promote economic independence, challenge harmful gender norms, and target abusive male behaviors can significantly contribute to reducing IPV. Collaborative efforts involving policymakers, healthcare providers, educators, and community leaders are essential to create safer, more equitable environments for women in Karnataka. 5 Conclusions and recommendations A wide range of geographic areas are affected by IPV due to its wide spread nature. Generally, violence against a significant number of women is perpetrated by current or former husbands, although other family members also may be involved. Respondent’s age group, husband’s alcohol consumption, employment status, attitudes toward justifying IPV, seeking self-medication: seeking permission to go, husband’s controlling attitude, and parental IPV are predisposing factors for developing IPV, while the woman's educational level acts as protective factors for IPV. Readers, researchers, and policymakers will be better able to identify the areas that are most important for a deeper understanding based on the findings and insights from this study. Focusing on decreasing the partner’s alcohol consumption, husband controlling attitude and parental IPV can empower the women is our best recommendation. Declarations Acknowledgement We would like to thank the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) was approved to access this dataset to carry out this secondary data analysis. Author contributions VSP conceptualized the study and was involved in design, analysis, interpretation, and manuscript writing. SS, RP, PKP, and RKS made a substantial contribution to the extraction of data, analysis, interpretation, drafting of the manuscript, and critical revision. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding The authors have not received any financial support for this research. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data availability The DHS program repository contains the datasets that have been developed and/or assessed for this study, http://www.dhsprogram.com. Consent for publication Not applicable Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Clinical trial number Not Applicable References Stubbs A, Szoeke C. The Effect of Intimate Partner Violence on the Physical Health and Health-Related Behaviors of Women, A Systematic Review of the Literature. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2022;23(4):1157–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020985541 . Ranjit YS, Meisenbach R, Roscoe R, Joshi O. 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Asian J Criminol. 2023;18(1):1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-022-09389-0 . Pathak DC, Kumar R. Intimate Partner Violence in India, A Study of Associated Factors. J Adult Prot. 2023;25(5):289–302. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAP-11-2022-0033 . World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2002, Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. WHO; 2002. García-Moreno C, Jansen HA, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts C. WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence against Women. World Health Organization; 2005. Rahman H, Karim R, Habib TZ, Swahnberg K. Women’s Social Mobility and Attitudinal Acceptance of Wife Abuse, A Cross-Sectional Study among Bengali, Santal, and Garo Ethnic Communities in Rural Bangladesh. J Interpers Violence. 2024;39(7–8):1676–703. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231209994 . Gedefa AG, Abdi T, Chilo D, Debele GR, Girma A, Abdulahi M. Intimate Partner Violence, Prevalence and Its Consequences, A Community-Based Study in Gambella, Ethiopia. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1412788. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1412788 . Okumu M, Orwenyo E, Nyoni T, Mengo C, Steiner JJ, Tonui BC. Socioeconomic Factors and Patterns of Intimate Partner Violence among Ever-Married Women in Uganda, Pathways and Actions for Multicomponent Violence Prevention Strategies. J Interpers Violence. 2022;37(17–18):NP16397–420. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211021976 . Kebede S, Van Harmelen AL, Roman-Urrestarazu A. Wealth Inequality and Intimate Partner Violence, An Individual and Ecological Level Analysis across 20 Countries. J Interpers Violence. 2022;37(17–18):NP15568–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211016337 . Page BF, Hinton L, Harrop E, Vincent C. The Challenges of Caring for Children Who Require Complex Medical Care at Home, The Go Between for Everyone Is the Parent and as the Parent That Is an Awful Lot of Responsibility. Health Expect. 2020;23(5):1144–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.13092 . 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17:09:41","extension":"html","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":135695,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8318755/v1/b0c05cb069011e90f2e0b0f3.html"},{"id":98543839,"identity":"58e008f4-40cf-4bd6-a262-96e961635068","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 18:14:22","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":270184,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence of IPV among ever-married women in Karnataka\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003eA)\u003c/strong\u003eThe prevalence of any form of IPV among ever-married women in Karnataka during the period of NFHS-5 (2019-2021).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(B)\u003c/strong\u003e Overall distribution of IPV among ever-married women in Karnataka as observed in the NFHS-5 (2019-2021).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8318755/v1/81d6996810fa3d8fdc373642.png"},{"id":98543838,"identity":"fd08987d-4e7b-4d4e-9b4d-706384c0ad9b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 18:14:22","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":112373,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrevalence (physical or sexual) of violence in ever-married women \u0026amp; women with 10 or more years of schooling percentage with respect to the NFHS-3, 4 \u0026amp; 5.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8318755/v1/75700c33851db7970f0e0a62.jpeg"},{"id":103395898,"identity":"fd630fee-9ef1-41d0-97ba-55649c6e1381","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-25 08:43:02","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2128275,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8318755/v1/a0201a97-ab69-4e0a-acd3-19be96d991fc.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Statistical Modelling of Intimate Partner Violence Among Ever-Married Women in Karnataka: Insights from NFHS-5","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIntimate Partner Violence (IPV) is still a significant public health problem worldwide which includes physical, sexual, and emotional abuse caused by a current or former intimate partner. The effect is felt by individuals from all socio-cultural and economic backgrounds and has significant effects on physical, psychological, and social well-being [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Even as awareness increased in worldwide, IPV persists is being underreported and under-addressed, specifically in low- and middle-income countries, where the issue often becomes more problematic due to socio-economic and cultural constraints [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Education is widely believed to be a protective factor against IPV. Women with higher education are less likely to experience violence because education promotes a better understanding of legal rights, pushes against traditional gender norms, and promoted economic self sufficiency [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7 CR8\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Economically powerful women are more likely to defend themselves against mistreatment and look for suitable stability, highlighting the significance of socioeconomic factors in controlling IPV risk.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, economic drawback noticeable through deprivation, financial need, and require to access resources-is associated with greater exposure to IPV [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Women from economically marginalized family frequently face structural and interpersonal difficulty to absconding abusive unions, without adequate access to legal, medical, and social services. On the contrary, women\u0026rsquo;s employment and economic independence have been revealed to present defensive benefits by reducing dependence on violent partners and improving self-efficacy and community capital. Marital dynamics, with the partner\u0026rsquo;s alcohol use, controlling behavior, and approach towards femininity are important factors influencing IPV incidence. Furthermore, the connection between childhood experience of violence and mistreatment across generations further contributes to perpetuating cycles of IPV within families and communities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. IPV not only cause physical damage, but also contributes to lasting consequences includes chronic health conditions, psychological disorders, reproductive fitness problems, and substance abuse [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Children who observe IPV are at greater risk for emotional and behavioural problems, and they are more likely to perpetuate or experience violence in adulthood.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIPV is still persistent and communally fixed in India, and it has important health, psychological, and public proposition. In accordance with the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4, 2015-16), about one-third of ever-married women reported occurrence physical, emotional, or sexual abuse from their husbands [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Intellectual standards, economic circumstances, and access to support systems have a major impact on the incidence and patterns of IPV across states [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Karnataka, a socio-economically varied southern Indian state, continues to account elevated rates of IPV regardless of current guidelines and public health interventions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Understanding the socio-economic determinants of IPV in Karnataka is essential to informing region-specific, evidence-based interventions and sustaining mechanisms. Given the complex interplay of individual, relational, and societal factors in the maintenance of IPV, there is an essential need for a thorough investigation using nationally representative data. Therefore, the current work aims to identify important socioeconomic and spousal relationships of IPV with ever-married women (EMW) in Karnataka, consuming the data from the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Data source\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), conducted from 2019 to 2021 were utilized for this study. The NFHS-5 is the 5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e instalment in a series aimed at providing comprehensive data on population, health, nutrition, and violence against women across India\u0026rsquo;s states and union territories. This NFHS-5 is publicly available, nationally representative surveys, managed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India, and was supervised by the International Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai. Since, the current study involves secondary analysis from the publicly available data; no additional ethical clearance was required.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dataset was assessed through the demographic and health surveys program (DHS) website (https://dhsprogram.com/data/dataset/India_Standard-DHS_2020.cfm?flag=1). The NFHS-5 utilized a two-stage stratified sampling method and interviewed 724,115 women aged 15 to 49 from 636,699 households, achieving a high response rate of 97%. A sub-group of 72,320 women participated in the domestic violence module nationwide, with Karnataka contributing 30,455 women in the same age group. Within Karnataka, 3,035 women were selected for the domestic violence module, out of which 2,737 were ever-married women, forming the basis of the current analysis which excluded never-married women aged 15-49.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Outcome Variable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present study considered IPV as a dependent variable. In NFHS-5, information was obtained from never-married women on their experience of violence committed by anyone and from ever-married women on their experience of violence committed by their current and former husbands and by others, more specifically, violence committed by the current husband for currently married women and by the most recent husband for formerly married women. For the present study considered only ever-married women. It also provides information on three types of violence against women: physical, sexual, emotional. The violence was measured by asking all ever-married women if their husbands ever committed the following to them:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2.1 Physical violence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026ldquo;Husband/partner ever pushed her, shaken her, or thrown something at her\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;ever slapped her\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;ever punched her with his fist or something harmful\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;ever kicked or dragged her\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;spouse ever tried to strangle or burn her\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;ever threatened or attacked her with a knife, gun, or other weapon\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2.2 Emotional violence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026ldquo;Ever been humiliated by husband/partner\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;ever been threatened with harm by husband/partner\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;ever been insulted or made to feel bad by husband/partner\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2.3 Sexual violence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Ever been physically forced into unwanted sex by husband/partner\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;ever been forced into other unwanted sexual acts by husband/ partner\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;ever been physically forced to perform sexual acts respondent did not want to\u0026rdquo;.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThose who answered they had been exposed to at least one kind of IPV mentioned above were coded as \u0026lsquo;1\u0026rsquo;, while those who answered they had not been subjected to any kind of IPV were coded as \u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4 Independent Variable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present analysis is mainly concentrated on independent variables like age of women, women\u0026rsquo;s education, working status of women, place of residence, religion, wealth index, marital status, husband drinks, no. of daughters, husband education, IPV justified attitude, husband controlling attitude, parental IPV, and getting medical help for self: getting permission to go.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5 Statistical analysis of data\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo examine the association of socioeconomic variables and IPV, a dichotomous variable for IPV has been created. IPV is considered \u0026ldquo;yes\u0026rdquo; (coded-1) if ever experienced any form of violence and \u0026ldquo;no\u0026rdquo; (coded-0) if never experienced any form of violence. The association between IPV and all socioeconomic variables which are thought to be associated with IPV is examined using the bivariate analysis which produces chi-square p-values for the significance of the measure of association. All covariates that are significant at 5% (p \u0026lt;0.05) are considered potential covariates in the logistic regression analysis. Binary logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the relationship between sociodemographic variables and violence against ever-married women.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the impact of various background characteristics on women\u0026rsquo;s experience of IPV has been assessed through a multivariable logistic regression analysis. Logistic regression models are fitted where in the model has four forms of violence combined viz. physical, emotional, sexual, and overall violence as one dependent variable. The probabilities are interpreted in terms of odds ratios (OR) which gives the likelihood of experiencing the event in the different categories of a covariate as compared to a reference category. SPSS version 26 was used to conduct all the statistical analyses\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.6 Ethics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince we used secondary data and had no direct interaction with the study participants, ethical clearance was not required for this investigation. Study participants received written informed consent in return for their involvement. We have permission to access the data online by submitting a request to the DHS program\u0026rsquo;s measure at http://www.dhsprogram.com. The data was obtained via the program\u0026rsquo;s measure. The public can freely access information on the internet. The details of the ethical approval for the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program make it possible to approve the download of survey data.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence of various forms of intimate partner violence among ever-married women in Karnataka among different socioeconomic characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Karnataka, physical abuse is the major prevalent form of IPV with ever-married women across different socioeconomic groups (Table 1). This is afterwards emotional and sexual brutality. Women aged 30-49 years experience the highest rates of IPV. Employment status and lower levels of education are also correlated with higher IPV prevalence. Importantly, husband\u0026rsquo;s educational attainment and alcohol consumption patterns significantly influence IPV rates, with women whose husbands have lower education levels and consume alcohol experiencing higher incidences of IPV. Moreover, husband\u0026rsquo;s controlling behavior and a history of IPV in their families are strong predictors of increased IPV prevalence among ever-married women in Karnataka.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe percentage distribution of ever-married women in Karnataka based on various socioeconomic characteristics.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;presents the percentage distribution of ever-married women in Karnataka according to various background characteristics, alongside the results of chi-square tests assessing the association between these characteristics and IPV. Age group, women\u0026rsquo;s education, and working status were significantly associated with IPV prevalence (p \u0026lt; 0.001). Older women (aged 30-49) constituted a larger proportion of those experiencing IPV compared to younger age groups. Significant associations were also observed between IPV prevalence and factors such as access to medical help, wealth index, husband\u0026rsquo;s education, husband\u0026rsquo;s alcohol consumption, number of daughters, IPV-justifying attitudes, husband\u0026rsquo;s controlling behavior, and parental IPV (all p \u0026lt; 0.001). Women who reported facing significant obstacles in obtaining medical help without permission experienced higher rates of IPV. Additionally, households where the husband exhibited controlling behavior or where parental IPV was present had a higher prevalence of IPV.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eivariate logistic regression analysis examining the relationship between socioeconomic characteristics and\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eprevalence of IPV among ever-married women in Karnataka.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of bivariate logistic regression investigating the relationship among different socioeconomic features and the incidence of various types of IPV among ever-married women in Karnataka are shown in Table 3. Odds ratios (OR) and p-values are given for every characteristic and type of IPV, together with physical (PV), emotional (EV) and sexual violence (SV), with any type of IPV (Figure 1A). The examination recognized important association between socioeconomic characteristics and IPV occurrence. Older age (39 \u0026ndash; 40years) was associated with greater odds of experiencing PV (OR: 1.32, p=0.001), EV (OR: 1.22, p=0.04), SV (OR: 1.30, p=0.06), and any type of IPV (OR: 1.24, p \u0026lt; 0.001). Likewise, it is noteworthy that the importance of women\u0026rsquo;s employment is associated with an increased risk of all forms of IPV, representing that working women are more vulnerable than non-working women.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigher levels of education were correlated to decreasing the experiencing IPV. Compared with those with no education, secondary schooling (OR range: 0.57-0.62, p \u0026lt; 0.001) and higher education (OR range: 0.40-0.45, p \u0026lt; 0.001) were constantly associated with lower odds of IPV across all categories. The wealth index was found to be a significant predictor, with wealthier households having lower odds of contracting HIV than poorer households. The prevalence of IPV was strongly correlated with the characteristics of the husband, including education level and alcohol consumption. Women whose husbands had higher education levels were less likely to experience IPV, while women with husbands who drank alcohol were significantly more likely to experience IPV of all categories. Furthermore, access to medical help without consent, attitudes mitigating IPV, husband\u0026rsquo;s domineering behavior, and parental history of IPV were important identifiers of IPV incidence. Women who faced significant obstacles in obtaining medical assistance without permission were more likely to experience IPV. Ever-married women in Karnataka faced increased odds of experiencing intimate partner violence due to their husband\u0026rsquo;s controlling attitudes and parental history of intimate partner violence (Figure 1B).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eultivariable logistic regression analysis examined the relationship between socioeconomic characteristics and\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eprevalence (physical or sexual) of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eviolence in\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eever-married women with 10 or more years of schooling percentage with respect to the NFHS-3, 4 \u0026amp; 5.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Table 4, the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the husband\u0026apos;s alcohol consumption, controlling attitude and parental IPV history were associated with significantly higher adjusted relative risks (aRR) of IPV (aRR: 2.3, 6.1, and 2.5 respectively, p \u0026lt; 0.001), after adjusting for other variables.\u0026nbsp;Figure 2\u0026nbsp;demonstrates the incidence of violence between ever-married women with 10 or more years of schooling (encompassing primary, secondary, and higher education), focusing particularly on PV and SV, based on data from NFHS-3, NFHS-4, and NFHS-5. Interestingly, the incidence of violence is remarkably higher with women with higher education levels compared to NFHS-3 and NFHS-4 findings, which contradicts the conclusions of the NFHS-5 report. According to NFHS-5, education is a protective factor against IPV, particularly when EV is added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe prevalence of various forms of IPV among EMW in Karnataka is classified by various socioeconomic characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"604\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocioeconomic Variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical IPV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional IPV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSexual IPV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAny form of IPV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge-Group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15-29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWomen\u0026rsquo;s working status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWomen\u0026rsquo;s education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWealth Index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoorest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoorer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRich\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRichest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeparated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHusband\u0026rsquo;s education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo not know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHusband drinks\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlace of Residence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHindu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo. of Daughters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo daughters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-2 daughters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2 daughters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGetting medical help for self\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo problem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBig problem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot a big problem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIPV Justified Attitude\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHusband Controlling Attitude\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParental IPV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEMW: Ever-married women\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe percentage distribution of EMW in Karnataka based on different socioeconomic characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"589\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocioeconomic Variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAny form of IPV (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026chi;2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge-Group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003ePresent Absent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15-29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e363 (27) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;438 (31.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e983 (73) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 953 (68.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWomen\u0026rsquo;s working status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e685 (50.9) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 848 (61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e661 (49.1) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;543 (39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWomen\u0026rsquo;s education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e418 (31.1) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;306 (22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183 (13.6) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;166 (11.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e642 (47.7) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 753 (54.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103 (7.7) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;166 (11.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWealth Index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoorest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127 (9.4) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;85 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoorer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e311 (23.1) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;233 (16.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e446 (33.1) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;476 (34.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRich\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e326 (24.2) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;368 (26.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRichest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136 (10.1) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;229 (16.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1210 (89.9) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1281 (92.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98 (7.3) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 81 (5.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (0.6) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;5 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeparated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (2.2) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;24 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHusband\u0026rsquo;s education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e361 (26.8) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 258 (18.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e207 (15.4) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 198 (14.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e635 (47.2) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;720 (51.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138 (10.3) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;213 (15.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo not know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (0.4) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 2 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHusband drinks\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e860 (63.9) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1176 (84.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e486 (36.1) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 215 (15.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlace of Residence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e386 (28.7) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;388 (27.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e960 (71.3) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1003 (72.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHindu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1183 (87.9) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1196 (86.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141 (10.5) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 159 (11.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (1.6) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 34 (2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo. of daughters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo daughters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e451 (33.3) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;513 (36.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-2 daughters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e793 (58.9) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;815 (58.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2 daughters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102 (7.6) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;63 (4.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGetting medical help for self\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo problem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e646 (48) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 881 (63.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBig problem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e273 (20.3) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;153 (11.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot a big problem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e427 (31.7) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 357 (25.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIPV Justified Attitude\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e208 (15.5) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 441 (31.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1138 (84.5) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;950 (68.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHusband Controlling Attitude\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e340 (25.3) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1020 (73.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e630.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1006 (74.7) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;371 (26.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParental IPV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e740 (55.0) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1110 (79.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e606 (45.0) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;281 (20.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEMW: Ever-married women\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBivariate logistic regression analysis examining the relationship between socioeconomic characteristics and the prevalence of different types of intimate partner violence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocioeconomic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical Violence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional Violence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSexual Violence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAny Form of IPV\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Odds Ratio/p \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Values)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Odds Ratio/p \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Values)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Odds Ratio/p \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Values)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Odds Ratio/p \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Values)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge-group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15-29 (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.32(.001)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22(.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30(.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.24(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWomen\u0026rsquo;s working status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.52(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.69(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWomen\u0026rsquo;s education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo education (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77(.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82(.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65(.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80(.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61(.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWealth Index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoorest (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoorer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90(.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85(.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81(.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90(.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67(.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRich\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49(.00) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.49(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRichest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo. of daughters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo daughters (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-2 daughters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09(.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13(.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23(.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10(.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2 daughters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.05(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30(.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60(.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHusband\u0026rsquo;s education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75(.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60(.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75(.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71(.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo not know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.13(.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88(.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98(.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78(.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHusband drinks\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.29(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.80(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.09(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGetting medical help for self: getting permission to go\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo problem (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBig problem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.11(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.30(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.02(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.43(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot a big problem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.47(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.61(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30(.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.63(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIPV Justified Attitude\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.52(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.54(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHusband Controlling Attitude\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.63(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.97(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.20(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.13(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParental IPV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.23(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.20(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.41(.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMultivariable logistic regression analysis examined the relationship between socioeconomic characteristics and the prevalence of different forms of IPV\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocioeconomic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAny Form of IPV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOdds Ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP Values\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHusband drinks\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGetting medical help for self: getting permission to go\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo problem (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBig problem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot a big problem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIPV Justified Attitude\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHusband Controlling Attitude\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParental IPV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"4 Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study finding demonstrates that IPV is complex and strongly associated with diverse socioeconomic factors between ever-married women in Karnataka. Age, educational attainment, economic status, husband’s behavioral attributes, and prevailing cultural norms, all take part in a function in women’s vulnerability to IPV. Elder women, mainly persons aged 30-49 years, exhibited elevated IPV prevalence, which can be accredited to long-lasting exposure to violent associations or deeply well-established societal norms that regularize violence aligned with women. IPV risk was shown to be significantly influenced by economic factors, such as women's employment status and household wealth. While being employed may signify independence, it also has the potential to disrupt traditional power hierarchies in the household, potentially increasing the risk of violence. Economic dependence and limited access to helpful resources additional aggravate women's susceptibility, making it harder for them to get help or go away from violent circumstances. These results are reliable with previous studies of\u0026nbsp;Krishnan et al. [13], Walker et al. [11], and Shorey et al. [12].\u0026nbsp;Furthermore, Dalal and Lee [14] confirmed a positive association among unemployment, low economic status, and increased acceptance of domestic violence, while according to the Ince-Yenilmez, [15] study; individuals with lower economic status are at a greater risk of justifying or endorsing IPV. Our study further supports these findings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEducation emerges as a powerful protective factor against IPV. The odds of experiencing PV, EV, and SV were considerably lower for women who had higher levels of educational attainment. This acknowledges that education has the power to empower women, increase their awareness of their rights, and decrease their acceptance of abuse. The present study findings align well with the studies of Maher et al. [16] and Pathak and Kumar, [17] who highlights the descriptive effect of education on IPV risk. The wealth index plays a key role in predicting IPV in parallel. The likelihood of IPV across all forms decreases as household economic status improves. The reports from WHO [18], Rahman et al. [20], and Gedefa et al. [19]\u0026nbsp;support these observations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHusband-related characteristics were found to be particularly influential in IPV prevalence. Lower educational levels among husbands, habitual alcohol consumption, and controlling behaviors significantly increased the likelihood of IPV. Notably, women whose husbands consumed alcohol were 2.3 times more likely to be victims of IPV, even after adjusting for other socioeconomic variables. These findings underscore the urgent need for behavioral interventions that target male partners, promote healthy relationship dynamics, and reduce substance abuse. Household-level variables such as access to resources, family history of IPV, and the husband’s behavior play critical roles in shaping IPV prevalence. Economic disparities, particularly those captured through the wealth index, emerged as significant predictors. Women from poorer households consistently reported higher rates of abuse. This aligns with the findings of Kebede et al. [23] and Okumu et al. [22], which highlighted strong associations between low socioeconomic status and increased IPV prevalence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, our study revealed a contradictory pattern: emotional violence appeared to play a less prominent or even protective role in the overall IPV index. Unlike physical and sexual violence, emotional abuse did not follow the same trajectory and appeared less associated with higher education or wealth status. This anomaly requires further investigation to understand whether it reflects underreporting, shifting social norms, or differences in perception and recognition of emotional abuse. Overall, the results emphasize the need for comprehensive, multi-pronged interventions that address both structural and behavioral factors. Policies that enhance women's access to education, promote economic independence, challenge harmful gender norms, and target abusive male behaviors can significantly contribute to reducing IPV. Collaborative efforts involving policymakers, healthcare providers, educators, and community leaders are essential to create safer, more equitable environments for women in Karnataka.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5 Conclusions and recommendations","content":"\u003cp\u003eA wide range of geographic areas are affected by IPV due to its wide spread nature. Generally, violence against a significant number of women is perpetrated by current or former husbands, although other family members also may be involved. Respondent\u0026rsquo;s age group, husband\u0026rsquo;s alcohol consumption, employment status, attitudes toward justifying IPV, seeking self-medication: seeking permission to go, husband\u0026rsquo;s controlling attitude, and parental IPV are predisposing factors for developing IPV, while the woman\u0026apos;s educational level acts as protective factors for IPV. Readers, researchers, and policymakers will be better able to identify the areas that are most important for a deeper understanding based on the findings and insights from this study. Focusing on decreasing the partner\u0026rsquo;s alcohol consumption, husband controlling attitude and parental IPV can empower the women is our best recommendation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) was approved to access this dataset to carry out this secondary data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVSP conceptualized the study and was involved in design, analysis, interpretation, and manuscript writing. SS, RP, PKP, and RKS made a substantial contribution to the extraction of data, analysis, interpretation, drafting of the manuscript, and critical revision. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have not received any financial support for this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe DHS program repository contains the datasets that have been developed and/or assessed for this study, http://www.dhsprogram.com.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStubbs A, Szoeke C. 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J Interpers Violence. 2022;37(17\u0026ndash;18):NP16397\u0026ndash;420. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211021976\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1177/08862605211021976\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKebede S, Van Harmelen AL, Roman-Urrestarazu A. Wealth Inequality and Intimate Partner Violence, An Individual and Ecological Level Analysis across 20 Countries. J Interpers Violence. 2022;37(17\u0026ndash;18):NP15568\u0026ndash;93. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211016337\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1177/08862605211016337\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePage BF, Hinton L, Harrop E, Vincent C. The Challenges of Caring for Children Who Require Complex Medical Care at Home, The Go Between for Everyone Is the Parent and as the Parent That Is an Awful Lot of Responsibility. Health Expect. 2020;23(5):1144\u0026ndash;54. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/hex.13092\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/hex.13092\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Intimate Partner violence, Socioeconomic, Domestic violence, National Family Health Survey-5, Married Women in Karnataka","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8318755/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8318755/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntimate Partner Violence (IPV) is still a significant public health problem worldwide which includes physical, sexual, and emotional abuse caused by a current or former intimate partner. The study aimed to evaluate the socioeconomic factors contributing to intimate partner violence (IPV) among ever-married women in Karnataka.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cross-sectional analytical study used NFHS-5 of ever-married women aged 15\u0026ndash;49 in Karnataka. Multivariable logistic regression examined the association between IPV and socioeconomic variables, including spousal alcohol use and controlling behavior. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Karnataka, women who had ever been married were significantly more likely to have IPV. IPV was more likely to occur in women who had alcoholic husbands (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.3, 95% CI: 1.89\u0026ndash;2.80). The husband's controlling behavior was found to be a strong predictor (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.1, 95% CI: 5.0-7.5). Require for permission validation of IPV made it complex for women to seek for medical help, which was an important factor.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese results signify that targeted policies addressing alcohol use, controlling behaviors, and sociocultural acceptance, combined broad community strategies, can reduce IPV and empower women.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Statistical Modelling of Intimate Partner Violence Among Ever-Married Women in Karnataka: Insights from NFHS-5","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-18 18:14:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8318755/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"57774197-9250-462f-9ca5-260ac089e785","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-25T08:41:59+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-18 18:14:17","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8318755","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8318755","identity":"rs-8318755","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}