Deep Eutectic Solvents as Eco-Friendly Agents for Unlocking Antioxidants from Catharanthus roseus

Deep Eutectic Solvents as Eco-Friendly Agents for Unlocking Antioxidants from Catharanthus roseus | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Deep Eutectic Solvents as Eco-Friendly Agents for Unlocking Antioxidants from Catharanthus roseus Parul Sharma, Ramandeep Kaur, Avjot Kaur This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6388547/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study explores the antioxidant potential of deep eutectic solvent (DES) extracts from Catharanthus roseus , also known as Madagascar periwinkle. DESs, noted for their biodegradability, low toxicity, and cost-effectiveness, offer a promising green alternative for bioactive compound extraction. Evaluating the antioxidant activity of C. roseus leaves using DESs advances natural product chemistry by highlighting their efficiency. Antioxidant activity was measured with DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, showing that DES extracts exhibited significant antioxidant effects. Among the solvents tested, methanol showed the highest antioxidant activity, with ChCl Acid DES closely following. These results underscore the effectiveness of DESs in extracting potent natural antioxidants from C. roseus , presenting a sustainable method for developing therapeutic agents against oxidative stress-related diseases. This study highlights DESs' potential in improving extraction efficiency and promoting green chemistry practices in natural product extraction. Vinca rosea DPPH Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity Sadabahar DES solvent 1. Introduction In recent years, the principles of green and sustainable chemistry have emphasized the need to replace hazardous solvents with environmentally friendly alternatives across all scientific fields. One such alternative is deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a class of sustainable solvents that have garnered significant attention for their versatility and eco-friendliness. DESs are defined as binary or ternary systems comprising a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and a hydrogen bond donor (HBD), which interact to form a eutectic mixture with a melting point significantly lower than that of their individual components. Common HBAs include quaternary ammonium and phosphonium halide salts, while typical HBDs encompass amides, alcohols, carbohydrates, and organic acids. 1 – 5 DESs are biodegradable, cost-effective, and simple to synthesize, making them a promising alternative to conventional organic solvents. Their minimal toxicity and sustainability have led to their widespread adoption in various fields, particularly in natural product extraction. 1 , 2 Traditional extraction methods for plant-based compounds often use hazardous organic solvents, which pose environmental risks and yield low efficiency. In contrast, DESs offer a greener alternative, efficiently extracting compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids with less environmental impact. The potential of DESs in enhancing the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds is a reason for optimism in the field of natural product chemistry and green chemistry. 6 – 10 Catharanthus roseus ( Vinca rosea ), known for its anticancer properties, contains alkaloids such as vincristine, vinblastine, and vindoline. This dicotyledonous angiosperm is particularly valued for its anticancer properties. Beyond its role in cancer treatment, C. roseus exhibits a diverse range of pharmacological activities, including antifungal, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anthelmintic, antidiarrheal, and antidiabetic effects. 11 – 20 These therapeutic properties stem from the plant's rich composition of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, phenols, amino acids, and volatile compounds. 21 – 23 Among these, alkaloids are the most abundant and pharmacologically active constituents of C. roseus, with over 400 identified alkaloids contributing to applications in pharmaceuticals, food additives, pesticides, fragrances, and flavoring agents. Notably, the two terpene indole alkaloids, vinblastine and vincristine, have been commercialized as potent anticancer drugs. 24 – 30 However, traditional extraction of these alkaloids relies on toxic solvents. DESs provide a sustainable option for this extraction, though research on their use for C. roseus is still limited. 3 Following the discovery of DES, extracting various natural compounds, including flavonoids and phenols from different plant species and herbal medicines, has been reported. 4 , 5 , 31 – 33 A few studies have focused on extracting anthocyanins from C. roseus using DES, with flower petals used to extract anthocyanins (cyanidins) using a lactic acid-glucose DES. 6 Antioxidants are crucial for neutralizing free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause oxidative stress and contribute to various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant properties of C. roseus extracts using DESs, exploring their potential health benefits as natural therapeutic agents. Plant antioxidants are increasingly in demand for their ability to neutralize free radicals and mitigate diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disorders without the side effects of synthetic compounds. 2. Experimental Plant material Catharanthus roseus leaves were harvested in the spring from the botanical gardens of Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) in Ludhiana, Punjab. The precise location of the collection is at coordinates 30.900965°N latitude 75.857277°E longitude. (Ref No. V1265780) The plant species was formally identified and authenticated by the Principal Scientist and Head of the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping at PAU, with an authentication certificate provided for reference (refer to SI). The authors confirm that all methods were carried out according to relevant guidelines and regulations of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The collection of the plants used in the study complies with local or national guidelines, with no need for further affirmation Materials, Reagents, and Equipment Catharanthus roseus plants were collected from Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. The leaves were separated from the twigs, shade-dried, and then powdered using a pestle and mortar. The powdered samples were stored in the dark at room temperature until further use. The chemicals used for the preparation of DES included choline chloride (Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd.), citric acid (Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd.), oxalic acid (Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd.), urea (Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd.), 1-naphthylamine (Central Drug House Pvt. Ltd.), glycerol (Sarabhai R Chemicals), ethylene glycol (Sarabhai R Chemicals), glucose (Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd.), and sucrose (Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd.), all obtained from Ludhiana, Punjab. The standards vinblastine sulfate and vincristine sulfate were obtained from United Biotech Pvt. Ltd. (UBPL), India. The equipment used during the experiment included a magnetic stirrer (Sonar), an oven (The Bharat Instruments & Chemicals), a sonicator (SB-5200 DTDN), and a UV-visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-1800). DES Preparation Eight deep eutectic solvents were prepared using choline chloride (ChCl) as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA). In specific molar ratios, ChCl was mixed with various hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) such as acids, alcohols, amines, and carbohydrates. The components were placed in a round bottom flask and heated to 80°C while constantly stirring with a magnetic stirrer until a homogeneous liquid formed. The resulting clear liquid indicated the formation of a particular DES from its parent compounds. 1 , 7 The components, molar ratios, and preparation times for all DES are presented in Table 1 . (Refer to Supporting Information for complete detail). The rest of the parameters for the analysis of the DES solvent, like physical parameters, standard curve, and qualitative data, have been mentioned in SI for reference. (Table S1 - S1 1; Figure S1 -S5 from Supporting Information). Table 1 Composition and molar ratio of various deep eutectic solvents Category Deep Eutectic Solvents HBA: HBD Molar Ratio Preparation Time (min) Acids ChCl: Citric Acid 1:1 360 ChCl: Oxalic Acid 1:1 20 Amines ChCl: Urea 1:2 60 ChCl: 1-Naphthylamine 1:2 60 Alcohols ChCl: Glycerol 1:1 70 ChCl: Ethylene Glycol 1:2 70 Sugars ChCl: Glucose 1:1 240 ChCl: Sucrose 1:1 290 ChCl: Choline Chloride Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction The extracts of C. roseus leaves were prepared using an ultrasound-assisted extraction technique with all the DES solvents. First, 50 mg of the dried, powdered leaves were weighed and transferred separately to 25 ml flasks. Then, 10 ml of DES was added to each flask and thoroughly mixed. The flasks were placed in an ultrasonic water bath at room temperature for approximately 40 minutes at a frequency of 50 kHz. The contents were then filtered to obtain the DES extracts of C. roseus leaves. 1 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 35 – 37 (Refer to Supporting Information for complete detail) Phytochemical Screening and Quantitative analysis The different DES extracts of C. roseus leaves were analyzed for the presence of various bioactive compounds known to be present in the plant. Qualitative screening of these extracts was conducted following established procedures, as referenced in the literature. (3,12,23,28,) The study focused on detecting a wide range of bioactive constituents, including alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides. The methanol extract was also subjected to the same qualitative analysis for comparison. Detailed methodologies for these analyses are provided in Supporting Information. Additionally, quantitative assessments of flavonoids and tannins were performed to determine their concentrations in the DES extracts. This analysis aimed to provide a comparative evaluation of the abundance of these bioactive compounds, further supporting their presence and potential contribution to the plant’s medicinal properties. Quantification of Flavonoid and Antioxidant Activity Assay The antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity An aliquot of 3 ml of 0.004% DPPH solution in ethanol and 0.1 ml of plant extract at various concentrations were mixed and incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes. The absorbance of the test mixture was read at 517 nm. The percentage of inhibition of DPPH radical was calculated by comparing the results of the test with those of the control (not treated with extract) using the formula: 13 – 16 Percentage inhibition = Ao - A1/ Ao X 100 Where Ao = Absorbance of the control; A1 = Absorbance of the plant extract/ standard. By implementing these green chemistry approaches, we aim to provide an eco-friendly and efficient method for extracting valuable compounds from C. roseus , thereby contributing to sustainable practices in natural product chemistry. Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity This assay was based on the benzoic acid hydroxylation method. Hydroxyl radicals were generated in reaction mixtures containing phosphate buffer. In a screw-capped tube, 0.2 ml of sodium benzoate (10 mM), 0.2 ml of FeSO4·7 H2O (10 mM), and 0.2 ml of EDTA (10 mM) were added. Then the sample solution and a phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 0.1 M) were added to give a total volume of 1.8 ml. Finally, 0.2 ml of H2O2 solution (10 mM) was added. The reaction mixture was then incubated at 37°C for 2 hours. Thereafter, the fluorescence was measured at 407 nm emission (Em) and excitation (Ex) at 305 nm. The spectrofluorometric changes were used to detect the damage by the hydroxyl radical. 17 – 21 , 4 GC-MS The chemical composition of Catharanthus roseus Chl: Citric acid extract was examined using a Shimadzu QP2010 Plus GC-MS system. The analysis entailed injecting the sample in single-injection mode while keeping the split valve closed for the first minute to ensure optimal sample introduction, with the injector temperature set to 280°C. Helium gas was utilized as the carrier, maintaining a steady pressure of 69 kPa. The components of the extracts were separated using an Rtx-5 MS capillary column, which measured 30 meters in length, had an internal diameter of 20 mm, and a film thickness of 0.25 µm. The oven's temperature program started at 50°C for two minutes, then gradually increased to 180°C at a rate of 3°C per minute, and finally rose to 200°C at 10°C per minute. During mass spectrometry, electron ionization was performed at 70 eV, with an interface temperature of 200°C, and scanning was done over a mass range from 40 to 600 amu. The samples were injected in split mode (120:1 ratio) and diluted in methanol (1/100 v/v). The chemical constituents were quantified by normalizing the peak areas observed in the chromatogram. 3 , 12 , 23 , 28 The GC-MS analysis of extract revealed several bioactive alkaloids and flavonoids ( Table 4 ) . Key alkaloids identified include isoindolinine, coronaridine, Desmethoxyvindoline, and vindoline. These compounds are noteworthy because vindoline is a commercially significant anti-cancer drug precursor synthesizing various pharmaceutical agents. Also showed the presence of phenols and flavonoids in large concentrations. 3. Results and Discussion Phytochemical Screening Phytochemical analysis of Catharanthus roseus extracts revealed diverse bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds. The ChCl: citric acid and methanol extracts contained the highest number of these phytochemicals ( Table 2 ) , with a significantly higher concentration of bioactive constituents compared to other extracts. This abundance underscores the medicinal potential of these extracts and aids in identifying the key components that may contribute to their antioxidant activity, thereby supporting their traditional use. Based on these findings, four deep eutectic solvents (DES) and methanol were selected for further study to evaluate their antioxidant properties and overall effectiveness. 22–30,40−43 Table 2 Phytochemical analysis of plant extracts Extracts Chemical Constituents Alkaloids Flavonoids Terpenoids Phenols Tannins Saponins Glycosides Amino acids Carbohydrates Cardiac Glycosides ChCl: Urea + + - - + - - + - - ChCl: CA + + + + + + + + + + ChCl: OA + + + + - - + + - + ChCl: Gly + + + + + - + - - - ChCl: EG + + + + - - + - - - ChCl: Glu + + - - - - + + + - ChCl: Suc + - + - - - + - + - ChCl: 1-Napht + - - + - - - - - - Methanol + + + + + + + + + + +: present; -: Absent Antioxidant Activity The antioxidant activity of C. roseus extracts was assessed using two standard assays: the DPPH radical scavenging assay and the hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. These assays measure the extracts' ability to neutralize free radicals, thereby providing an indication of their antioxidant potential. 5 , 14 , 15 , 4 , 34 DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity The DPPH assay is a widely used method for evaluating plant extracts' free radical scavenging ability. In this study, the DPPH assay revealed that C. roseus extracts possess strong antioxidant activity. Among the extracts tested, the methanol extract exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging activity, with an IC 50 value of 0.03 mg/ml, closely followed by the ChCl: Citric acid extract, which had an IC 50 value of 0.04 mg/ml. These results are comparable to the standard antioxidant ascorbic acid, which had an IC 50 value of 0.02 mg/ml ( Table 3 ) . The potent antioxidant activity observed in the methanol and ChCl: CA extracts can be attributed to their high phenolic compounds and flavonoid content. These compounds are effective hydrogen donors and can stabilize free radicals by forming resonance-stabilized phenoxyl radicals. These extracts' strong DPPH scavenging activity suggests their potential as natural antioxidants that could be used in therapeutic applications to mitigate oxidative stress-related conditions. 13 , 31 , 38 , 39 Table 3 DPPH free radical percentage inhibition (%) of DES leaves extract of C. roseus at various concentrations Leaves Extract Concentrations (mg ml − 1 ) TUKEY TEST MEAN IC 50 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 ChCl:Citric Acid 41.7 ± 1.5 52.4 ± 0.4 61.6 ± 0.4 65.2 ± 0.5 70.3 ± 0.5 58.27 b 0.04 ChCl:Urea 12.1 ± 0.3 14.4 ± 0.4 17.2 ± 0.4 18.6 ± 0.3 20.7 ± 0.4 16.64 e - ChCl:Glycerol 25.5 ± 0.6 29.2 ± 0.5 34.8 ± 1.9 41.2 ± 0.5 49.7 ± 0.4 36.07 c 0.1 ChCl:Glucose 17.1 ± 0.7 20.3 ± 0.5 25.0 ± 0.8 29.7 ± 1.2 34.4 ± 0.7 25.26 d - Methanol 45.6 ± 0.3 56.8 ± 1.2 63.5 ± 0.7 68.2 ± 1.4 73.4 ± 0.8 61.52 b 0.03 Ascorbic acid (Standard) 49.5 ± 0.3 66.0 ± 0.4 70.7 ± 1.5 73.7 ± 0.5 79.1 ± 0.4 67.82 a 0.02 IC 50 signifies concentrations (mg ml − 1 ) for a 50% inhibition. Experiments were replicated three times and represented as mean ± standard deviation. The mean values having the same superscript are non-significant (p > 0.05) as per the Tukey multiple range test. Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity The hydroxyl radical scavenging assay further corroborated the antioxidant potential of C. roseus extracts. The results showed a similar trend to the DPPH assay, with the methanol and ChCl: CA extracts again displaying the highest scavenging activities, both with an IC 50 value of 0.05 mg/ml. The ability of these extracts to effectively neutralize hydroxyl radicals, which are among the most reactive and damaging free radicals, suggests their potential to prevent oxidative damage at the cellular level ( Table 4 ) . Table 4 Hydroxyl radical percentage inhibition (%) of DES leaves extract of C. roseus at various concentrations Leaves Extract Concentrations (mg ml − 1 ) TUKEY TEST MEAN IC 50 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 ChCl:Citric Acid 35.8 ± 0.8 48.1 ± 0.5 56.1 ± 0.6 61.5 ± 0.7 66.9 ± 0.6 53.71 b 0.05 ChCl:Urea 8.83 ± 0.4 11.9 ± 0.4 13.8 ± 0.3 16.6 ± 0.4 19.2 ± 1.7 14.08 d - ChCl:Glycerol 21.2 ± 0.5 25.7 ± 0.6 29.8 ± 0.3 36.1 ± 0.4 46.2 ± 0.8 31.84 c 0.12 ChCl:Glucose 15.4 ± 0.7 18.7 ± 0.4 22.8 ± 0.3 28.3 ± 0.5 32.9 ± 0.5 23.65 c - Methanol 37.3 ± 1.3 49.8 ± 0.6 56.9 ± 0.3 62.7 ± 0.7 68.2 ± 1.1 54.98 b 0.05 Ascorbic acid (Standard) 46.3 ± 0.9 61.1 ± 0.4 68.0 ± 0.7 72.1 ± 0.3 75.9 ± 0.9 65.03 a 0.03 IC 50 signifies concentrations (mg ml − 1 ) for a 50% inhibition. Experiments were replicated three times and represented as mean ± standard deviation. The mean values having the same superscript are non-significant (p > 0.05) as per the Tukey multiple range test. Comparative Analysis of Different Solvent Extracts The choice of solvent plays a critical role in determining the extraction efficiency and antioxidant properties of Catharanthus roseus extracts. In this study, methanol and a deep eutectic solvent (ChCl: citric acid) emerged as the most effective, producing extracts with the highest antioxidant activities. This high efficiency is largely due to the polarity of these solvents, which enhances the extraction of a wide range of bioactive compounds, especially phenolics and flavonoids, known for their potent antioxidant properties. In contrast, extracts obtained using citric acid alone exhibited moderate antioxidant activities, highlighting the importance of selecting an optimal solvent to maximize the extraction of target phytochemicals. Among the solvents tested, deep eutectic solvents (DES), particularly ChCl: citric acid, proved to be a promising alternative to traditional solvents, offering high extraction efficiency and environmental benefits. Further confirmation of the presence of key bioactive compounds, such as phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids, was achieved through GC-MS analysis ( Table 5 ) . The study also explored the electrochemical behavior of these compounds, particularly their ability to reduce DPPH, which is influenced by their redox potential. 14 The lower redox potential of the DPPH°/DPPH couple compared to Fe(III)/Fe(II) suggests that flavonoids should theoretically be capable of reducing DPPH. However, steric hindrance might affect this process, as the DPPH molecule’s odd electron is located on a nitrogen atom shielded by phenyl and picrazyl groups. 13 Literature reports indicate that normal green shoots of C. roseus exhibit stronger antioxidant activities, with IC 50 values of 1.57 mg/mL for DPPH and 1.44 mg/mL for ABTS assays, aligning with the current findings. Conversely, the weakest scavenging abilities were observed in callus tissues, with IC 50 values exceeding 3 mg/mL for DPPH and 1.85 mg/mL for ABTS. Previous studies, including those by Bhutkar and Bhise, 9 highlighted the antioxidant activity of C. alba and C. roseus root extracts. Furthermore, Tiong identified Vindolicine, a compound in C. roseus , as possessing the highest antioxidant potential in the DPPH assay, underscoring the importance of specific bioactive compounds in the plant’s antioxidant activity. 16 , 4 , 41 , 42 , 43 Table 5 The results of GC-MS of Methanol extract of leaves of Vinca rosea. Peaks Compound Name Molecular Formula Retention Time Area % m/z 1 Glycerol C 3 H 8 O 3 16.006 17.58 92 2 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- C 6 H 8 O 4 16.556 1.68 144 3 Sandalore C 14 H 26 O 31.457 0.59 210 4 Dihydroactinidiolide C 11 H 16 O 2 32.574 0.43 180 5 1,2-Dimethyl-3,5-bis(1-methylethenyl) cyclohexane C 14 H 24 33.151 0.09 192 6 Megastigmatrienone A C 13 H 18 O 36.278 0.17 190 7 Caryophyllene acetate C 17 H 28 O 2 38.869 0.28 264 8 Myristic acid C 14 H 28 O 2 41.843 0.13 228 9 17-Oxo-4-propyl-3,4-seco-4-androsten-3-oic acid methyl ester C 23 H 36 O 3 42.027 0.23 360 10 2,6,10-Trimethylundecan-(5E)-2,5,9-Trien-4-one C 14 H 22 O 42.239 0.15 206 11 5-(2-Butenyl)-17-oxo-4-nor-3,5-seco-5.alpha.-androstan-3-oic acid, methyl ester C 23 H 36 O 3 42.542 0.14 346 12 3H-3,10a-Methano-1,2-benzodioxocin-3-ol, octahydro-7,7-dimethyl-, (3.alpha.,6a.beta.,10a.beta.)- C 13 H 22 O 3 43.537 0.31 226 13 alpha-Cedrene epoxide C 15 H 24 O 43.763 0.08 220 14 Phytol C 20 H 40 O 43.876 0.69 296 15 hexahydrofarnesyl acetone C 18 H 36 O 44.082 0.15 268 16 Neophytadiene C 20 H 38 45.308 0.13 278 17 Inositol C 6 H 12 O 6 46.743 0.22 180 18 Methyl palmitate C 17 H 34 O 2 46.907 1.95 270 19 Butyl octyl phthalate C 20 H 30 O 4 47.804 0.31 334 20 Palmitic acid C 16 H 32 O 2 48.745 16.38 256 21 Methyl linoleate C 19 H 34 O 2 52.089 1.18 294 22 Methyl oleate C 19 H 36 O 2 52.319 3.88 296 23 Phytol C 20 H 40 O 52.704 3.42 296 24 Methyl stearate C 19 H 38 O 2 53.181 0.4 298 25 (Z)-Tetradec-7-enal C 14 H 26 O 54.093 19.61 210 26 Stearic acid C 18 H 36 O 2 54.707 1.44 284 27 4,8,12,16-Tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide C 21 H 40 O 2 59.582 0.27 324 28 7a-Methyl-1,2,3,6,7,7a-hexahydro-5H-inden-5-one C 10 H 14 O 60.03 0.45 150 29 2-cyclohexen-1-one, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-4-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)- C 14 H 22 O 60.649 0.68 206 30 Hexanoic acid 2-ethyl-hexadecyl ester C 24 H 48 O 2 61.94 0.84 368 31 2-Methylhexacosane C 27 H 56 62.409 0.17 380 32 Isoindolinine C 21 H 24 N 2 O 2 63.262 0.59 336 33 Isovindolinone C 21 H 24 N 2 O 2 63.524 0.79 336 34 Dotriacontane C 32 H 66 63.807 0.12 450 35 Hexanoic acid 2-ethyl-hexadecyl ester C 24 H 48 O 2 64.689 0.35 368 36 Coronaridine C 21 H 26 N 2 O 2 65.019 0.57 338 37 cis-Cyclo(Leucyl-Tyrosyl) C 15 H 20 N 2 O 3 65.55 0.16 276 38 cis-Cyclo(Leucyl-Tyrosyl) C 15 H 20 N 2 O 3 65.832 0.36 276 39 Squalene C 30 H 50 66.219 1.03 410 40 alpha-Tocospiro A C 29 H 50 O 4 66.56 0.3 462 41 alpha-Tocospiro-B C 29 H 50 O 4 66.804 0.41 462 42 Desmethoxyvindoline C 24 H 30 N 2 O 5 68.134 1.24 426 43 Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, oleate C 47 H 82 O 2 69.851 0.67 679 44 Vitamin E C 29 H 50 O 2 70.541 1.64 430 45 Vindoline-d3 C 25 H 32 N 2 O 6 71.842 5.5 459 46 Campesterol C 28 H 48 O 72.477 0.89 400 47 Stigmasterol C 29 H 48 O 73.034 0.6 412 48 beta.-Sitosterol C 29 H 50 O 74.443 1.91 414 49 5H-3,5a-Epoxynaphth[2,1-c]oxepin,dodecahydro-3,8,8,11a tetramethyl- C 18 H 30 O 2 75.356 0.49 278 50 24-Norursa-3,12-diene C 29 H 46 75.667 1.03 394 51 24-Norursa-3,12-diene C 29 H 46 76.604 1.01 394 52 Olean-12-en-3-ol, acetate, (3beta)- C 32 H 52 O 2 77.641 0.69 468 53 γ-Sitostenone C 29 H 48 O 77.852 0.27 412 54 alpha-Fernenol C 30 H 50 O 78.139 0.51 426 55 Methyl Commate A C 32 H 52 O 4 79.121 3.57 470 56 beta-Simiarenol C 30 H 50 O 79.631 1.25 426 100 Compounds are categorized according to different classes Alcohol and derivatives (1,14,17,23,27,54); Aldehydes and ketones (2,4,10,11,25,28,29,53); Alkanes and hydrocarbons (5,16,31,34,39); Aromatic compounds and derivatives (3,12,13,32,33,36,42); Carboxylic acids and derivatives (8,9,20,26,30,35,18,21,22,24); Esters and lactones (7,27,55); Steroids and Terpenes (6,13,46,47,48,50,51,52,56); Miscellaneous (19,37,38,40,41,43,44,45,49) Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential The strong antioxidant activities observed in methanol and ChCl: citric acid extracts of C. roseus can be attributed to their high phenolic and flavonoid content. These compounds act through multiple mechanisms to exert their antioxidant effects. They can directly scavenge free radicals, chelate metal ions, and upregulate endogenous antioxidant defenses. 25 – 31 The results of this study suggest that C. roseus extracts, particularly those obtained with methanol and ChCl: citric acid, hold significant potential as natural antioxidants. They could be developed into therapeutic agents for preventing and managing oxidative stress-related conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. 14 The use of DES for extraction enhances the yield of bioactive compounds and aligns with the principles of green chemistry, promoting sustainable and environmentally friendly extraction processes. 3. Conclusion The study reveals a compelling presence of bioactive phytochemicals in Catharanthus roseus , showcasing robust antioxidant properties. Notably, methanol and ChCl: citric acid extracts stand out for their superior antioxidant activities, highlighting their promise for formulating natural antioxidant therapies. This research is groundbreaking as it identifies potent sources of natural antioxidants and evaluates the efficacy of various deep eutectic solvents (DES) compared to traditional organic solvents. This study's novelty lies in its comprehensive analysis of Catharanthus roseus using a range of DES solvents, which have not been extensively explored for this purpose before. This approach addresses a significant gap in the field by offering a novel method for maximizing the extraction of valuable phytochemicals. The need for this research is underscored by the growing demand for natural, plant-based antioxidants as alternatives to synthetic compounds, which are often associated with adverse effects. By highlighting the superior antioxidant potential of specific extracts, this study provides a promising avenue for developing safer and more effective natural therapies. Declarations Acknowledgments The facilities provided by the Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India, supported this research work. Funding source There are no funders to report for this submission Availability of data and materials We have carried out the research work and assure you that it can be provided whenever required. Author’s Contribution Parul Sharma: Worked on the project, Drafting, reviewing, editing, and finally approving the version to be published. Ramandeep Kaur: Conceptualization, supervision, drafting and revising the manuscript, and giving the final approval of the version to be published. Avjot Kaur: Worked on the project and gave final approval of the version to be published. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript submitted for publication and are responsible for the final content. Declaration of Competing Interest No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Clinical Trial: Not applicable Consent to Participate: Not applicable Consent to Publish declarations: Not applicable Ethics declaration: not applicable References Abbott AP, Capper G, Davies DL, Rasheed RK, Tambyrajah V. Novel solvent properties of choline chloride/urea mixtures. Chem Commun 2003;9:70–71. Abbott AP, Capper G, Gray S. Ionic liquid analogues formed from hydrated metal salts. ChemPhysChem 2006;7:803–806. Abdel-Raouf N, Al-Enazi NM, Ibraheem IBM. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Catharanthus roseus -derived deep eutectic solvents. Arab J Chem 2017;10:S3029-S3040. Agarwal S, Chettri N, Bisoyi S. Evaluation of in-vitro anthelminthic activity of Catharanthus roseus extract. Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res 2011;3(3):211–213. 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Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Catharanthus roseus . Ind Crops Prod 2016;81:1–8.Abbott AP, Capper G and Davies DL. 2003. Novel solvent properties of choline chloride/urea mixtures. Chem Commun. 9(1):70–71. https://doi.org/10.1039/B210714G . Li Y, Pan Z, Wang B, Yu W, Song S, Feng H, Zhao W, Zhang J. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive alkaloids from Phellodendri amurensis cortex using deep eutectic solvent aqueous solutions. New J Chem 2020;44:9172–9180. Milardovic S, Ivekovic D, Grabaric BS. Electrochemical properties of bioactive compounds extracted from Catharanthus roseus . Bioelectrochemistry 2006;68:175–181. Patil PJ, Ghosh JS. Antimicrobial activity of Catharanthus roseus : A detailed study. Br J Pharmacol Toxicol 2010;1(1):40–44. Rajput MS, Nair V, Chauhan A. Evaluation of antidiarrheal activity of aerial parts of Vinca major in experimental animals. Middle-East J Sci Res 2011;7(5):784–788. Rawat S, Gupta A. Development and study of wound healing activity of an Ayurvedic formulation. Asian J Res Pharm Sci 2011;1(1):26–28. Salamat Q, Soylak M. Novel reusable and switchable deep eutectic solvent for extraction and determination of curcumin in water and food samples. Talanta 2023;125401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125401 . Shang X, Tan JN, Du Y, Liu X, Zhang Z. Green extraction of flavonoids from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves with deep eutectic solvents. Molecules 2018;23:1046–1058. Shang X, Tan JN, Du Y. Environmentally-friendly extraction of flavonoids from Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja leaves with deep eutectic solvents and evaluation of their antioxidant activities. Molecules 2018;23(2):1046. Sharma P, Kaur R, Bhardwaj U, Kaur J. Chemical composition and antifungal potential of Vinca rosea leaf essential oil. Cogent Food Agric 2024;10:2382317. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2024.2382317 . Sharma P, Singla N, Kaur R, Bhardwaj U. A review on phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. J Med Plants Stud 2024;12:131–156. https://doi.org/10.22271/plants.2024.v12.i3b.1675 . Sharma P, Singla N, Kaur R. A review on phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. J Med Plants Stud 2024;12(3):131–156. https://doi.org/10.22271/plants.2024.v12.i3b.1675 . Smink D, Juan A, Schuur B, Kersten SRA. Understanding the role of choline chloride in deep eutectic solvents used for biomass delignification. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019;58:16348–16357. Tan T, Zhang M, Wan Y, Qiu H. Utilization of deep eutectic solvents as novel mobile phase additives for improving separation of bioactive quaternary alkaloids. Talanta 2016;149:85–90. Tang B, Park HE, Row KH. Simultaneous extraction of flavonoids from Chamaecyparis obtusa using deep eutectic solvents as additives of conventional extractions solvents. J Chromatogr Sci 2014;53(6):836–840. Tiong SH, Looi CY, Hazni H, Arya A, Paydar M, Wong WF, Cheah SC. Antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of alkaloids from Catharanthus roseus . Molecules 2013;18:9770–9784. Vega JT, Gómez-Alons S, Pérez-Navarro J. Green extraction of alkaloids and polyphenols from Peumus boldus leaves with natural deep eutectic solvents and profiling by HPLC-PDA-IT-MS/MS and HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Molecules 2020;25(2):242. Wang M, Wang JQ, Zhou YY, Zhang MY, Xia Q, Bi WT, Chen DDY. Environmentally friendly solvent systems for alkaloid extraction. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2017;5:6297–6304. Xu M, Ran L, Chen N, Fan X, Ren D, Yi L. Antioxidant activity and extraction efficiency of deep eutectic solvents. Food Chem 2019;297:124970. Yao XH, Zhang DY, Duan MH, Cui Q, Xu WJ, Luo M, Li CY, Zu YG, Fu YJ. Deep eutectic solvent-based extraction of bioactive compounds. Sep Purif Technol 2015;149:116–124. Zainal-Abidin MH, Hayyan M, Hayyan A, Jayakumar NS. Deep eutectic solvent for bioactive compound extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2017;979:1–9. Zhou PF, Wang XP, Liu PZ, Huang J, Wang C, Pan M, Kuang ZS. Industrial applications of deep eutectic solvents in phytochemical extraction. Ind Crops Prod 2018;120:147–156. Zhuang B, Dou LL, Li P, Liu EH. Advances in quality control of traditional Chinese medicines by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016;134:214–229. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupportingInformation.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 28 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 02 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 26 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 May, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 15 May, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 15 May, 2025 Editor invited by journal 13 May, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 10 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 10 May, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6388547","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":458222637,"identity":"dc5f9c4b-6ba2-487c-b105-2b860dc1512b","order_by":0,"name":"Parul Sharma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Oklahoma State University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Parul","middleName":"","lastName":"Sharma","suffix":""},{"id":458222641,"identity":"5df118b5-8d05-4fde-b04b-1a0967ebf769","order_by":1,"name":"Ramandeep Kaur","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBADHgZm5gMQ5gHitbAlkKYFpMuAOC3m7acTPxf8sZMxZ+f59uBnG4Mc340E/FpkzuRulp7Zlsxj2cy73bC3jcFYkpAWCYbcDdK8Dcw8Bod5t0nwtjEkbiCohf/t5t88f+qBWnieSf5tY6gnrEUid5s0D9thkBY2aaAtCQaEtbzdZs3bdhyohc3cWOachOHMMw8IOSx3822eP9X2BucPP3v4psxGnu84AVuQARvICOKVw7SMglEwCkbBKMAEAEiYPtLZWfQeAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Punjab Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ramandeep","middleName":"","lastName":"Kaur","suffix":""},{"id":458222642,"identity":"ee4f5071-c06d-485b-9011-3094117b9667","order_by":2,"name":"Avjot Kaur","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Punjab Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Avjot","middleName":"","lastName":"Kaur","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-06 20:23:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6388547/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6388547/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83047784,"identity":"5b42bb6c-cf75-40aa-8b9a-b35489b6056d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-19 12:07:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1387048,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6388547/v1/4f305f51-90c4-416b-aff2-bd99e3998d06.pdf"},{"id":83047355,"identity":"e9a0f26d-ad79-42f1-b55b-42147a9ee096","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-19 11:59:05","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":951079,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupportingInformation.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6388547/v1/37f79b77d3ac998572a79e48.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Deep Eutectic Solvents as Eco-Friendly Agents for Unlocking Antioxidants from Catharanthus roseus","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn recent years, the principles of green and sustainable chemistry have emphasized the need to replace hazardous solvents with environmentally friendly alternatives across all scientific fields. One such alternative is deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a class of sustainable solvents that have garnered significant attention for their versatility and eco-friendliness. DESs are defined as binary or ternary systems comprising a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and a hydrogen bond donor (HBD), which interact to form a eutectic mixture with a melting point significantly lower than that of their individual components. Common HBAs include quaternary ammonium and phosphonium halide salts, while typical HBDs encompass amides, alcohols, carbohydrates, and organic acids.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3 CR4\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e DESs are biodegradable, cost-effective, and simple to synthesize, making them a promising alternative to conventional organic solvents. Their minimal toxicity and sustainability have led to their widespread adoption in various fields, particularly in natural product extraction.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Traditional extraction methods for plant-based compounds often use hazardous organic solvents, which pose environmental risks and yield low efficiency. In contrast, DESs offer a greener alternative, efficiently extracting compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids with less environmental impact. The potential of DESs in enhancing the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds is a reason for optimism in the field of natural product chemistry and green chemistry.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7 CR8 CR9\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCatharanthus roseus\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eVinca rosea\u003c/em\u003e), known for its anticancer properties, contains alkaloids such as vincristine, vinblastine, and vindoline. This dicotyledonous angiosperm is particularly valued for its anticancer properties. Beyond its role in cancer treatment, C. roseus exhibits a diverse range of pharmacological activities, including antifungal, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anthelmintic, antidiarrheal, and antidiabetic effects.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12 CR13 CR14 CR15 CR16 CR17 CR18 CR19\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e These therapeutic properties stem from the plant's rich composition of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, phenols, amino acids, and volatile compounds.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR22\" citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong these, alkaloids are the most abundant and pharmacologically active constituents of C. roseus, with over 400 identified alkaloids contributing to applications in pharmaceuticals, food additives, pesticides, fragrances, and flavoring agents. Notably, the two terpene indole alkaloids, vinblastine and vincristine, have been commercialized as potent anticancer drugs.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR25 CR26 CR27 CR28 CR29\" citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, traditional extraction of these alkaloids relies on toxic solvents. DESs provide a sustainable option for this extraction, though research on their use for \u003cem\u003eC. roseus\u003c/em\u003e is still limited.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Following the discovery of DES, extracting various natural compounds, including flavonoids and phenols from different plant species and herbal medicines, has been reported.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR32\" citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e A few studies have focused on extracting anthocyanins from \u003cem\u003eC. roseus\u003c/em\u003e using DES, with flower petals used to extract anthocyanins (cyanidins) using a lactic acid-glucose DES.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Antioxidants are crucial for neutralizing free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause oxidative stress and contribute to various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant properties of \u003cem\u003eC. roseus\u003c/em\u003e extracts using DESs, exploring their potential health benefits as natural therapeutic agents. Plant antioxidants are increasingly in demand for their ability to neutralize free radicals and mitigate diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disorders without the side effects of synthetic compounds.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePlant material\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCatharanthus roseus\u003c/em\u003e leaves were harvested in the spring from the botanical gardens of Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) in Ludhiana, Punjab. The precise location of the collection is at coordinates 30.900965\u0026deg;N latitude 75.857277\u0026deg;E longitude. (Ref No. V1265780) The plant species was formally identified and authenticated by the Principal Scientist and Head of the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping at PAU, with an authentication certificate provided for reference (refer to SI). The authors confirm that all methods were carried out according to relevant guidelines and regulations of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The collection of the plants used in the study complies with local or national guidelines, with no need for further affirmation\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMaterials, Reagents, and Equipment\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCatharanthus roseus\u003c/em\u003e plants were collected from Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. The leaves were separated from the twigs, shade-dried, and then powdered using a pestle and mortar. The powdered samples were stored in the dark at room temperature until further use. The chemicals used for the preparation of DES included choline chloride (Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd.), citric acid (Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd.), oxalic acid (Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd.), urea (Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd.), 1-naphthylamine (Central Drug House Pvt. Ltd.), glycerol (Sarabhai R Chemicals), ethylene glycol (Sarabhai R Chemicals), glucose (Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd.), and sucrose (Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd.), all obtained from Ludhiana, Punjab. The standards vinblastine sulfate and vincristine sulfate were obtained from United Biotech Pvt. Ltd. (UBPL), India. The equipment used during the experiment included a magnetic stirrer (Sonar), an oven (The Bharat Instruments \u0026amp; Chemicals), a sonicator (SB-5200 DTDN), and a UV-visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-1800).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDES Preparation\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEight deep eutectic solvents were prepared using choline chloride (ChCl) as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA). In specific molar ratios, ChCl was mixed with various hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) such as acids, alcohols, amines, and carbohydrates. The components were placed in a round bottom flask and heated to 80\u0026deg;C while constantly stirring with a magnetic stirrer until a homogeneous liquid formed. The resulting clear liquid indicated the formation of a particular DES from its parent compounds.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The components, molar ratios, and preparation times for all DES are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. \u003cb\u003e(Refer to Supporting Information for complete detail).\u003c/b\u003e The rest of the parameters for the analysis of the DES solvent, like physical parameters, standard curve, and qualitative data, have been mentioned in SI for reference. \u003cb\u003e(Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e-\u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e1; Figure \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e-S5 from Supporting Information).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposition and molar ratio of various deep eutectic solvents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeep Eutectic Solvents\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHBA: HBD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolar Ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreparation Time (min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAcids\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChCl: Citric Acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e360\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChCl: Oxalic Acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAmines\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChCl: Urea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChCl: 1-Naphthylamine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlcohols\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChCl: Glycerol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChCl: Ethylene Glycol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSugars\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChCl: Glucose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChCl: Sucrose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e290\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eChCl: Choline Chloride\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eUltrasonic-Assisted Extraction\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe extracts of \u003cem\u003eC. roseus\u003c/em\u003e leaves were prepared using an ultrasound-assisted extraction technique with all the DES solvents. First, 50 mg of the dried, powdered leaves were weighed and transferred separately to 25 ml flasks. Then, 10 ml of DES was added to each flask and thoroughly mixed. The flasks were placed in an ultrasonic water bath at room temperature for approximately 40 minutes at a frequency of 50 kHz. The contents were then filtered to obtain the DES extracts of \u003cem\u003eC. roseus\u003c/em\u003e leaves.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR36\" citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e(Refer to Supporting Information for complete detail)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePhytochemical Screening and Quantitative analysis\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe different DES extracts of \u003cem\u003eC. roseus\u003c/em\u003e leaves were analyzed for the presence of various bioactive compounds known to be present in the plant. Qualitative screening of these extracts was conducted following established procedures, as referenced in the literature. \u003csup\u003e(3,12,23,28,)\u003c/sup\u003e The study focused on detecting a wide range of bioactive constituents, including alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides. The methanol extract was also subjected to the same qualitative analysis for comparison. Detailed methodologies for these analyses are provided in Supporting Information.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, quantitative assessments of flavonoids and tannins were performed to determine their concentrations in the DES extracts. This analysis aimed to provide a comparative evaluation of the abundance of these bioactive compounds, further supporting their presence and potential contribution to the plant\u0026rsquo;s medicinal properties.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eQuantification of Flavonoid and\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAntioxidant Activity Assay\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDPPH Radical Scavenging Activity\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn aliquot of 3 ml of 0.004% DPPH solution in ethanol and 0.1 ml of plant extract at various concentrations were mixed and incubated at 37\u0026deg;C for 30 minutes. The absorbance of the test mixture was read at 517 nm. The percentage of inhibition of DPPH radical was calculated by comparing the results of the test with those of the control (not treated with extract) using the formula:\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14 CR15\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage inhibition\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Ao - A1/ Ao X 100 Where Ao\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Absorbance of the control; A1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Absorbance of the plant extract/ standard.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy implementing these green chemistry approaches, we aim to provide an eco-friendly and efficient method for extracting valuable compounds from \u003cem\u003eC. roseus\u003c/em\u003e, thereby contributing to sustainable practices in natural product chemistry.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis assay was based on the benzoic acid hydroxylation method. Hydroxyl radicals were generated in reaction mixtures containing phosphate buffer. In a screw-capped tube, 0.2 ml of sodium benzoate (10 mM), 0.2 ml of FeSO4\u0026middot;7 H2O (10 mM), and 0.2 ml of EDTA (10 mM) were added. Then the sample solution and a phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 0.1 M) were added to give a total volume of 1.8 ml. Finally, 0.2 ml of H2O2 solution (10 mM) was added. The reaction mixture was then incubated at 37\u0026deg;C for 2 hours. Thereafter, the fluorescence was measured at 407 nm emission (Em) and excitation (Ex) at 305 nm. The spectrofluorometric changes were used to detect the damage by the hydroxyl radical.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18 CR19 CR20\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eGC-MS\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chemical composition of \u003cem\u003eCatharanthus roseus\u003c/em\u003e Chl: Citric acid extract was examined using a Shimadzu QP2010 Plus GC-MS system. The analysis entailed injecting the sample in single-injection mode while keeping the split valve closed for the first minute to ensure optimal sample introduction, with the injector temperature set to 280\u0026deg;C. Helium gas was utilized as the carrier, maintaining a steady pressure of 69 kPa. The components of the extracts were separated using an Rtx-5 MS capillary column, which measured 30 meters in length, had an internal diameter of 20 mm, and a film thickness of 0.25 \u0026micro;m. The oven's temperature program started at 50\u0026deg;C for two minutes, then gradually increased to 180\u0026deg;C at a rate of 3\u0026deg;C per minute, and finally rose to 200\u0026deg;C at 10\u0026deg;C per minute. During mass spectrometry, electron ionization was performed at 70 eV, with an interface temperature of 200\u0026deg;C, and scanning was done over a mass range from 40 to 600 amu. The samples were injected in split mode (120:1 ratio) and diluted in methanol (1/100 v/v). The chemical constituents were quantified by normalizing the peak areas observed in the chromatogram.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe GC-MS analysis of extract revealed several bioactive alkaloids and flavonoids \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Key alkaloids identified include isoindolinine, coronaridine, Desmethoxyvindoline, and vindoline. These compounds are noteworthy because vindoline is a commercially significant anti-cancer drug precursor synthesizing various pharmaceutical agents. Also showed the presence of phenols and flavonoids in large concentrations.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePhytochemical Screening\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytochemical analysis of \u003cem\u003eCatharanthus roseus\u003c/em\u003e extracts revealed diverse bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds. The ChCl: citric acid and methanol extracts contained the highest number of these phytochemicals \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e, with a significantly higher concentration of bioactive constituents compared to other extracts. This abundance underscores the medicinal potential of these extracts and aids in identifying the key components that may contribute to their antioxidant activity, thereby supporting their traditional use. Based on these findings, four deep eutectic solvents (DES) and methanol were selected for further study to evaluate their antioxidant properties and overall effectiveness.\u003csup\u003e22\u0026ndash;30,40\u0026minus;43\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytochemical analysis of plant extracts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtracts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Constituents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlkaloids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlavonoids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerpenoids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenols\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTannins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaponins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlycosides\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmino acids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbohydrates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiac Glycosides\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChCl: Urea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChCl: CA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChCl: OA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChCl: Gly\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChCl: EG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChCl: Glu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChCl: Suc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChCl: 1-Napht\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e+: present; -: Absent\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAntioxidant Activity\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe antioxidant activity of \u003cem\u003eC. roseus\u003c/em\u003e extracts was assessed using two standard assays: the DPPH radical scavenging assay and the hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. These assays measure the extracts' ability to neutralize free radicals, thereby providing an indication of their antioxidant potential.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDPPH Radical Scavenging Activity\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe DPPH assay is a widely used method for evaluating plant extracts' free radical scavenging ability. In this study, the DPPH assay revealed that \u003cem\u003eC. roseus\u003c/em\u003e extracts possess strong antioxidant activity. Among the extracts tested, the methanol extract exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging activity, with an IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value of 0.03 mg/ml, closely followed by the ChCl: Citric acid extract, which had an IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value of 0.04 mg/ml. These results are comparable to the standard antioxidant ascorbic acid, which had an IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value of 0.02 mg/ml \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. The potent antioxidant activity observed in the methanol and ChCl: CA extracts can be attributed to their high phenolic compounds and flavonoid content. These compounds are effective hydrogen donors and can stabilize free radicals by forming resonance-stabilized phenoxyl radicals. These extracts' strong DPPH scavenging activity suggests their potential as natural antioxidants that could be used in therapeutic applications to mitigate oxidative stress-related conditions.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDPPH free radical percentage inhibition (%) of DES leaves extract of \u003cem\u003eC. roseus\u003c/em\u003e at various concentrations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves Extract\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentrations (mg ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTUKEY TEST MEAN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChCl:Citric Acid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.27\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChCl:Urea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.64\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChCl:Glycerol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.07\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChCl:Glucose\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.26\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethanol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.52\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAscorbic acid (Standard)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.82\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e signifies concentrations (mg ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) for a 50% inhibition.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eExperiments were replicated three times and represented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eThe mean values having the same superscript are non-significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) as per the Tukey multiple range test.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe hydroxyl radical scavenging assay further corroborated the antioxidant potential of C. roseus extracts. The results showed a similar trend to the DPPH assay, with the methanol and ChCl: CA extracts again displaying the highest scavenging activities, both with an IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value of 0.05 mg/ml. The ability of these extracts to effectively neutralize hydroxyl radicals, which are among the most reactive and damaging free radicals, suggests their potential to prevent oxidative damage at the cellular level \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydroxyl radical percentage inhibition (%) of DES leaves extract of \u003cem\u003eC. roseus\u003c/em\u003e at various concentrations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves Extract\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentrations (mg ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTUKEY TEST MEAN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChCl:Citric Acid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.71\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChCl:Urea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.08\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChCl:Glycerol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.84\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChCl:Glucose\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.65\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethanol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.98\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAscorbic acid (Standard)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e signifies concentrations (mg ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) for a 50% inhibition.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eExperiments were replicated three times and represented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eThe mean values having the same superscript are non-significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) as per the Tukey multiple range test.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eComparative Analysis of Different Solvent Extracts\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe choice of solvent plays a critical role in determining the extraction efficiency and antioxidant properties of \u003cem\u003eCatharanthus roseus\u003c/em\u003e extracts. In this study, methanol and a deep eutectic solvent (ChCl: citric acid) emerged as the most effective, producing extracts with the highest antioxidant activities. This high efficiency is largely due to the polarity of these solvents, which enhances the extraction of a wide range of bioactive compounds, especially phenolics and flavonoids, known for their potent antioxidant properties.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast, extracts obtained using citric acid alone exhibited moderate antioxidant activities, highlighting the importance of selecting an optimal solvent to maximize the extraction of target phytochemicals. Among the solvents tested, deep eutectic solvents (DES), particularly ChCl: citric acid, proved to be a promising alternative to traditional solvents, offering high extraction efficiency and environmental benefits. Further confirmation of the presence of key bioactive compounds, such as phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids, was achieved through GC-MS analysis \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. The study also explored the electrochemical behavior of these compounds, particularly their ability to reduce DPPH, which is influenced by their redox potential.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The lower redox potential of the DPPH\u0026deg;/DPPH couple compared to Fe(III)/Fe(II) suggests that flavonoids should theoretically be capable of reducing DPPH. However, steric hindrance might affect this process, as the DPPH molecule\u0026rsquo;s odd electron is located on a nitrogen atom shielded by phenyl and picrazyl groups.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Literature reports indicate that normal green shoots of \u003cem\u003eC. roseus\u003c/em\u003e exhibit stronger antioxidant activities, with IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values of 1.57 mg/mL for DPPH and 1.44 mg/mL for ABTS assays, aligning with the current findings. Conversely, the weakest scavenging abilities were observed in callus tissues, with IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values exceeding 3 mg/mL for DPPH and 1.85 mg/mL for ABTS. Previous studies, including those by Bhutkar and Bhise,\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e highlighted the antioxidant activity of \u003cem\u003eC. alba\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. roseus\u003c/em\u003e root extracts. Furthermore, Tiong identified Vindolicine, a compound in \u003cem\u003eC. roseus\u003c/em\u003e, as possessing the highest antioxidant potential in the DPPH assay, underscoring the importance of specific bioactive compounds in the plant\u0026rsquo;s antioxidant activity.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of GC-MS of Methanol extract of leaves of \u003cem\u003eVinca rosea.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeaks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompound Name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetention Time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArea %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003em/z\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlycerol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.556\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSandalore\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.457\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDihydroactinidiolide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.574\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,2-Dimethyl-3,5-bis(1-methylethenyl) cyclohexane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMegastigmatrienone A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaryophyllene acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.869\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMyristic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.843\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17-Oxo-4-propyl-3,4-seco-4-androsten-3-oic acid methyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e23\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e360\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,6,10-Trimethylundecan-(5E)-2,5,9-Trien-4-one\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.239\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5-(2-Butenyl)-17-oxo-4-nor-3,5-seco-5.alpha.-androstan-3-oic acid, methyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e23\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e346\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3H-3,10a-Methano-1,2-benzodioxocin-3-ol, octahydro-7,7-dimethyl-, (3.alpha.,6a.beta.,10a.beta.)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.537\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e226\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ealpha-Cedrene epoxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.763\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e40\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.876\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e296\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehexahydrofarnesyl acetone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e268\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeophytadiene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e38\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.308\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInositol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.743\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethyl palmitate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.907\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eButyl octyl phthalate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.804\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e334\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePalmitic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.745\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethyl linoleate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e19\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.089\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e294\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethyl oleate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e19\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.319\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e296\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e40\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.704\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e296\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethyl stearate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e19\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e38\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.181\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e298\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Z)-Tetradec-7-enal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.093\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStearic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.707\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e284\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,8,12,16-Tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e40\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.582\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7a-Methyl-1,2,3,6,7,7a-hexahydro-5H-inden-5-one\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-cyclohexen-1-one, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-4-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.649\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHexanoic acid 2-ethyl-hexadecyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e48\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e368\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-Methylhexacosane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e27\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e56\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.409\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e380\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsoindolinine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsovindolinone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.524\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDotriacontane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e66\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.807\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e450\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHexanoic acid 2-ethyl-hexadecyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e48\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.689\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e368\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoronaridine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e338\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecis-Cyclo(Leucyl-Tyrosyl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecis-Cyclo(Leucyl-Tyrosyl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.832\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSqualene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ealpha-Tocospiro A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e29\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e462\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ealpha-Tocospiro-B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e29\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.804\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e462\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesmethoxyvindoline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e426\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStigmast-5-en-3-ol, oleate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e47\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e82\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.851\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e679\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamin E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e29\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.541\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e430\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVindoline-d3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.842\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e459\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCampesterol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e48\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.477\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStigmasterol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e29\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e48\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e412\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebeta.-Sitosterol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e29\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.443\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5H-3,5a-Epoxynaphth[2,1-c]oxepin,dodecahydro-3,8,8,11a tetramethyl-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.356\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24-Norursa-3,12-diene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e29\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e46\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24-Norursa-3,12-diene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e29\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e46\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.604\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOlean-12-en-3-ol, acetate, (3beta)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e52\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.641\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e468\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eγ-Sitostenone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e29\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e48\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.852\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e412\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ealpha-Fernenol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e426\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethyl Commate A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e52\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e470\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebeta-Simiarenol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.631\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e426\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eCompounds are categorized according to different classes\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eAlcohol and derivatives (1,14,17,23,27,54); Aldehydes and ketones (2,4,10,11,25,28,29,53); Alkanes and hydrocarbons (5,16,31,34,39); Aromatic compounds and derivatives (3,12,13,32,33,36,42); Carboxylic acids and derivatives (8,9,20,26,30,35,18,21,22,24); Esters and lactones (7,27,55); Steroids and Terpenes (6,13,46,47,48,50,51,52,56); Miscellaneous (19,37,38,40,41,43,44,45,49)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe strong antioxidant activities observed in methanol and ChCl: citric acid extracts of \u003cem\u003eC. roseus\u003c/em\u003e can be attributed to their high phenolic and flavonoid content. These compounds act through multiple mechanisms to exert their antioxidant effects. They can directly scavenge free radicals, chelate metal ions, and upregulate endogenous antioxidant defenses.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR26 CR27 CR28 CR29 CR30\" citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The results of this study suggest that \u003cem\u003eC. roseus\u003c/em\u003e extracts, particularly those obtained with methanol and ChCl: citric acid, hold significant potential as natural antioxidants. They could be developed into therapeutic agents for preventing and managing oxidative stress-related conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The use of DES for extraction enhances the yield of bioactive compounds and aligns with the principles of green chemistry, promoting sustainable and environmentally friendly extraction processes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study reveals a compelling presence of bioactive phytochemicals in \u003cem\u003eCatharanthus roseus\u003c/em\u003e, showcasing robust antioxidant properties. Notably, methanol and ChCl: citric acid extracts stand out for their superior antioxidant activities, highlighting their promise for formulating natural antioxidant therapies. This research is groundbreaking as it identifies potent sources of natural antioxidants and evaluates the efficacy of various deep eutectic solvents (DES) compared to traditional organic solvents. This study's novelty lies in its comprehensive analysis of \u003cem\u003eCatharanthus roseus\u003c/em\u003e using a range of DES solvents, which have not been extensively explored for this purpose before. This approach addresses a significant gap in the field by offering a novel method for maximizing the extraction of valuable phytochemicals. The need for this research is underscored by the growing demand for natural, plant-based antioxidants as alternatives to synthetic compounds, which are often associated with adverse effects. By highlighting the superior antioxidant potential of specific extracts, this study provides a promising avenue for developing safer and more effective natural therapies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe facilities provided by the Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India, supported this research work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding source\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are no funders to report for this submission\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe have carried out the research work and assure you that it can be provided whenever required.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo;s Contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParul Sharma: Worked on the project, Drafting, reviewing, editing, and finally approving the version to be published.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRamandeep Kaur: Conceptualization, supervision, drafting and revising the manuscript, and giving the final approval of the version to be published.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvjot Kaur: Worked on the project and gave final approval of the version to be published.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript submitted for publication and are responsible for the final content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Competing Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eClinical Trial: \u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish declarations:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics declaration:\u003c/strong\u003e not applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbbott AP, Capper G, Davies DL, Rasheed RK, Tambyrajah V. 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J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016;134:214\u0026ndash;229.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-plants","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Plants](https://link.springer.com/journal/44372)","snPcode":"44372","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44372/3","title":"Discover Plants","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Vinca rosea, DPPH, Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity, Sadabahar, DES solvent","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6388547/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6388547/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study explores the antioxidant potential of deep eutectic solvent (DES) extracts from \u003cem\u003eCatharanthus roseus\u003c/em\u003e, also known as Madagascar periwinkle. DESs, noted for their biodegradability, low toxicity, and cost-effectiveness, offer a promising green alternative for bioactive compound extraction. Evaluating the antioxidant activity of \u003cem\u003eC. roseus\u003c/em\u003e leaves using DESs advances natural product chemistry by highlighting their efficiency. Antioxidant activity was measured with DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, showing that DES extracts exhibited significant antioxidant effects. Among the solvents tested, methanol showed the highest antioxidant activity, with ChCl Acid DES closely following. These results underscore the effectiveness of DESs in extracting potent natural antioxidants from \u003cem\u003eC. roseus\u003c/em\u003e, presenting a sustainable method for developing therapeutic agents against oxidative stress-related diseases. This study highlights DESs' potential in improving extraction efficiency and promoting green chemistry practices in natural product extraction.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Deep Eutectic Solvents as Eco-Friendly Agents for Unlocking Antioxidants from Catharanthus roseus","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-19 11:51:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6388547/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-06-28T12:42:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-02T11:43:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-26T05:47:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"25863491350855946763075142202934916515","date":"2025-05-21T11:34:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"259266601480484251148023794040152719105","date":"2025-05-20T14:21:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"168613207053152908189372387785434868556","date":"2025-05-20T13:17:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-15T08:40:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-15T08:38:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-13T10:13:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-10T15:46:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Plants","date":"2025-05-10T15:44:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-plants","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Plants](https://link.springer.com/journal/44372)","snPcode":"44372","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44372/3","title":"Discover Plants","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ca8c75c2-62d5-4f38-9f13-6db25b7e54c1","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-27T12:08:24+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-19 11:51:00","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6388547","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6388547","identity":"rs-6388547","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}