Anti-hyperglycemic, Anti-hyperlipidemic, Hematological, Hepatoprotective, And Anti-oxidant Effects of Vernoniaamygdalina on Alloxan-induced Diabetic Wistar Rats

Anti-hyperglycemic, Anti-hyperlipidemic, Hematological, Hepatoprotective, And Anti-oxidant Effects of Vernoniaamygdalina on Alloxan-induced Diabetic Wistar Rats | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Anti-hyperglycemic, Anti-hyperlipidemic, Hematological, Hepatoprotective, And Anti-oxidant Effects of Vernoniaamygdalina on Alloxan-induced Diabetic Wistar Rats OCHONUNG EMMANUEL OGAR, ATAPIA INNOCENT MESSIAH, HASSAN ABDULSALAM ADEWUYI, and 8 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5813319/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels, which can lead to various complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, and nerve damage. Vernoniaamygdalina , a plant species used in traditional medicine, particularly in Africa, has been reported to possess antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effects of Vernoniaamygdalina extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Thirty adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. Diabetes was induced using alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg, i.p.). The rats received either distilled water (normal control), alloxan (diabetic control), metformin (100 mg/kg), or Vernonia amygdalina extract (200 or 400 mg/kg). Blood glucose, lipid profiles, liver enzymes, and antioxidant activity were measured according to standard protocols. Results: Vernonia amygdalina extract (400 mg/kg) significantly reduced blood glucose levels, improved lipid profiles, and decreased liver enzymes. The extract also exhibited antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 50 μg/mL. Discussion: This study demonstrates the potential antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective effects of Vernoniaamygdalina extract, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent in the management of diabetes and its complications. Toxicology Translational Medicine Vernoniaamygdalina antidiabetic antihyperlipidemic antioxidant alloxan monohydrate Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels, resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the global prevalence of diabetes is expected to reach 693 million by 2045 [ 1 ]. In Africa, the burden of diabetes is increasing rapidly, with Nigeria having the highest number of people living with diabetes in the region [ 1 ]. The economic burden of diabetes is substantial, with estimated global expenditures of $ 760 billion in 2019 [ 1 ]. Diabetes is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and blindness [ 2 ]. The management of diabetes involves lifestyle modifications, oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin therapy (ADA, 2020). However, these conventional treatments have limitations, including side effects, high cost, and limited accessibility [ 3 ]. Therefore, there is a need to explore alternative therapies that are effective, safe, and affordable. Herbal medicines, in particular, have gained attention in recent years due to their potential therapeutic benefits. Vernonia amygdalina (VA) is a tropical plant commonly used in traditional medicine in Africa [ 4 ]. The plant has been reported to possess various biological activities, including anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects [ 5 , 6 ]. VA has been traditionally used to treat various ailments, including fever, rheumatism, and diabetes [ 7 ]. The plant's anti-diabetic effects have been attributed to its ability to stimulate insulin secretion, improve glucose uptake, and inhibit glucose absorption [ 8 ]. VA has also been shown to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which may contribute to its anti-diabetic effects [ 9 ]. Several studies have investigated the anti-diabetic effects of VA in animal models [ 10 , 11 ]. However, the mechanisms underlying its anti-diabetic effects are not fully understood. Furthermore, the effects of VA on hematological and hepatoprotective parameters in diabetic animals have not been extensively studied. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, hematological, hepatoprotective, and anti-oxidant effects of VA on alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. The research question guiding this study was: What are the effects of VA on blood glucose, lipid profiles, hematological parameters, liver function, and antioxidant status in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats? This study is significant because it provides insights into the potential therapeutic effects of VA in the management of diabetes and its complications. The findings of this study will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the anti-diabetic effects of VA and provide a basis for further research on its potential therapeutic applications. Diabetes is a major public health problem, and the development of effective and safe therapeutic agents is crucial. Herbal medicines, such as VA, may offer a promising alternative to conventional treatments. This study may also provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the anti-diabetic effects of VA and its potential interactions with other therapeutic agents. The study's objectives were to investigate the effects of VA on blood glucose, lipid profiles, hematological parameters, liver function, and antioxidant status in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. The study also aimed to explore the potential mechanisms underlying the anti-diabetic effects of VA. The findings of this study may have implications for the management of diabetes and its complications, particularly in resource-poor settings where access to conventional treatments is limited. The study's results may also provide insights into the potential therapeutic applications of VA in other diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. The study's methodology involved the use of alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats, which were treated with VA extract for 14 days. The effects of VA on blood glucose, lipid profiles, hematological parameters, liver function, and antioxidant status were evaluated. The study's results were compared to those of a control group, which received no treatment. The study's findings were analyzed using statistical software, and the results were presented in figures. Materials and Methods Plant Material Collection and Authentication Vernoniaamygdalina leaves were collected from the wild in the southern region of Nigeria. The plant was authenticated by a botanist at the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. A voucher specimen (UPH/VAA/031) was deposited at the University's herbarium for future reference [ 12 ]. The collected fresh leaves leaf of Vernoniaamygdalina were destalked, washed with clean water, air-dried at room temperature and blended using Electric blending machine. Chemicals, reagents and equipment All chemicals and reagents used were of analytical grade. Alloxan monohydrate, streptozotocin, and metformin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethanol, chloroform, and hexane were obtained from BDH Chemicals (Poole, UK). Kits for the determination of glucose, lipid profiles, and liver enzymes were purchased from Randox Laboratories (Crumlin, UK), while the equipment used was provided by the Department of Biochemistry, FUT Minna, Nigeria. Plant Extraction and Preparation This was carried out according to the method described by [ 13 ]. The collected fresh leaves leaf of Vernoniaamygdalina were destalked, washed with clean water, air-dried at room temperature and blended using Electric blending machine. The pulverized dried leaves of Vernoniaamygdalina were extracted with Methanol. Fifty grams (50 g) of the powdered sample of Vernoniaamygdalina Leaves was soaked in 400 mL of methanol and refluxed for 2 hours in a distillation flask mounted on a heating mantle according to the method described by [ 13 ]. The extract was filtered using a cheese cloth and the filtrate evaporated using rotary evaporator and concentrated using a water bath. The crude extract was weighed and stored in a refrigerator until required for use. $$\:\%\:yield=\frac{Weight\:\left(g\right)\:of\:extract}{Weight\:\left(g\right)\:of\:pulverized\:sample}\times\:100$$ Animal Model and Husbandry Male Wistar rats (150–200 g) were obtained from the University of Port Harcourt Animal House. The rats were housed in stainless steel cages and maintained under standard laboratory conditions (temperature: 22–25°C, humidity: 50–60%, 12-hour light-dark cycle). The rats were fed a standard laboratory diet and provided with water ad libitum. Ethical Considerations The study was approved by the University of Port Harcourt Animal Federal University of Technology Minna Animal Ethics Committee (approval number: FUTMINNA/AEC/041). All procedures were performed in accordance with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals [ 14 ]. Experimental Design and Procedures This experiment determine the protective potentials of Vernoniaamygdalina leaves extract on alloxan induced diabetic Wistar rats. Thirty (30) adults Wistar rats were used in this study and it was conducted for fourteen (14) days.Prio to this study, the ratswere acclimatized for two weeks and following acclimatization, the rats were divided into five (5) groups each containing (6) rats. Group one, normal control were administered with 1 mL distilled water, Group two diabetic control 150 mg/kg bwalloxan monohydratei.p, Group three metformin-treated 100 mg/kg bw, Vernoniaamygdalina extract-treated (200 mg/kg), and Vernoniaamygdalina extract-treated (400 mg/kg). Diabetes was induced using alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg, i.p.). The rats were treated with the extract or metformin for 14 days. Blood samples were collected from the tail vein on days 0, 7, and 14 for glucose and lipid profile determination. Animal Sacrifice The rats were sacrificed on day 14 using a humane method. The rats were anesthetized with ketamine (100 mg/kg, i.p.) and xylazine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) [ 26 ]. Blood sample(3 mL) was collected by cardiac puncture intoa well-labeled EDTA andheparinized sample bottle andanalyzed immediately for hematological and biochemical parameters using the SYSMEX KX21 (SYSMEX, Co,Japan) automated analyzer Data Collection and Measurements Blood glucose levels were determined using a glucometer (Accu-Chek, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Lipid profiles were determined using a lipid profile analyzer (Randox Laboratories, Crumlin, UK). Liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) were determined using a liver function test kit (Randox Laboratories, Crumlin, UK). Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH radical scavenging assay [ 15 ]. Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Duncan multiple range test. Values were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). P < 0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 20, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Results Blood Glucose Levels The effects of Vernoniaamygdalina extract on blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats are presented in Table 1 .The results showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels in the metformin-treated group (p < 0.05) compared to the diabetic control group. The Vernoniaamygdalina extract-treated groups also showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels (p < 0.05) compared to the diabetic control group. The highest reduction in blood glucose levels was observed in the Vernoniaamygdalina extract (400 mg/kg) group (p 0.05). The comparison trend showed that the metformin-treated group had a higher reduction in blood glucose levels compared to the Vernoniaamygdalina extract-treated groups. However, the Vernoniaamygdalina extract (400 mg/kg) group had a comparable reduction in blood glucose levels to the metformin-treated group. Table 1 Effects of Vernoniaamygdalina extract on blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats Group Initial Blood Glucose (mg/dL) Final Blood Glucose (mg/dL) % Reduction Normal Control (1 mL) 85.2 ± 3.1 84.5 ± 2.9 - Diabetic Control (150 mg/kg) 245.6 ± 10.2 261.2 ± 12.1 - Metformin (100 mg/kg) 240.1 ± 9.5 140.3 ± 6.2a 41.5% Vernoniaamygdalina (200 mg/kg) 242.5 ± 10.5 170.2 ± 7.3b 29.8% Vernoniaamygdalina (400 mg/kg) 239.2 ± 9.2 120.5 ± 5.5c 49.6% Values are mean ± SEM (n = 6). a, b, and c indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) between groups. The effects of Vernoniaamygdalina extract on lipid profiles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats are presented in Table 2 .The results showed a significant reduction in total cholesterol and triglycerides levels in the metformin-treated group (p < 0.05) compared to the diabetic control group. The Vernoniaamygdalina extract-treated groups also showed a significant reduction in total cholesterol and triglycerides levels (p < 0.05) compared to the diabetic control group. The highest reduction in total cholesterol and triglycerides levels was observed in the Vernoniaamygdalina extract (400 mg/kg) group (p 0.05). The comparison trend showed that the metformin-treated group had a higher reduction in total cholesterol and triglycerides levels compared to the Vernoniaamygdalina extract-treated groups. Table 2 Effects of Vernoniaamygdalina extract on lipid profiles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats Group Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) Triglycerides (mg/dL) HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) Normal Control 70.2 ± 3.5 60.5 ± 2.9 35.2 ± 1.8 25.1 ± 1.3 Diabetic Control 120.5 ± 6.2 100.2 ± 5.1 20.5 ± 1.2 50.2 ± 2.6 Metformin (100 mg/kg) 90.2 ± 4.5a 70.1 ± 3.5 a 30.2 ± 1.6 a 30.1 ± 1.6 a Vernoniaamygdalina (200 mg/kg) 100.5 ± 5.2 b 80.2 ± 4.1 b 25.1 ± 1.4 b 40.2 ± 2.2 b Vernoniaamygdalina (400 mg/kg) 80.1 ± 4.1c 60.5 ± 3.2 c 35.1 ± 1.9 c 25.2 ± 1.4 c Values are mean ± SEM (n = 6). a, b, and c indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) between groups. The effects of Vernoniaamygdalina extract on liver enzymes in alloxan-induced diabetic rats are presented in Table 3 .The results showed a significant reduction in ALT and AST levels in the metformin-treated group (p < 0.05) compared to the diabetic control group. The Vernoniaamygdalina extract-treated groups also showed a significant reduction in ALT and AST levels (p < 0.05) compared to the diabetic control group. The highest reduction in ALT and AST levels was observed in the Vernoniaamygdalina extract (400 mg/kg) group (p 0.05). The comparison trend showed that the metformin-treated group had a higher reduction in ALT and AST levels compared to the Vernonia amygdalina extract-treated groups. Table 3 Effects of Vernoniaamygdalina extract on liver enzymes in alloxan-induced diabetic rats Group ALT (U/L) AST (U/L) ALP (U/L) Normal Control 20.2 ± 1.2 30.1 ± 1.8 50.2 ± 3.1 Diabetic Control 40.5 ± 2.6 60.2 ± 3.8 100.5 ± 6.3 Metformin (100 mg/kg) 25.1 ± 1.6 a 35.2 ± 2.2 a 60.1 ± 3.9 a Vernoniaamygdalina (200 mg/kg) 30.2 ± 2.1 b 45.1 ± 2.9 b 80.2 ± 5.2 b Vernoniaamygdalina (400 mg/kg) 22.1 ± 1.5 c 32.1 ± 2.1 c 55.1 ± 3.6 c Values are mean ± SEM (n = 6). a, b, and c indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) The result of In-vitro antioxidant activity of Vernoniaamygdalina extract are presented in Table 4 . The results showed a concentration-dependent increase in antioxidant activity of the Vernoniaamygdalina extract. The highest antioxidant activity was observed at a concentration of 100 µg/mL (p < 0.01). The IC50 value of the Vernoniaamygdalina extract was 50 µg/mL. The comparison trend showed that the Vernoniaamygdalina extract had a higher antioxidant activity compared to the positive control (ascorbic acid) at concentrations above 50 µg/mL. the antioxidant activity of Vernoniaamygdalina extract was evaluated in vitro using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, superoxide anion radical scavenging assay, and reducing power assay. The results show that the extract exhibits concentration-dependent antioxidant activity, with the highest activity observed at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. Table 4 In vitro antioxidant activity of Vernoniaamygdalina extract Concentration (µg/mL) DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity (%) Superoxide Anion Radical Scavenging Activity (%) Reducing Power (Absorbance at 700 nm) 10 20.5 ± 1.2 15.2 ± 0.9 0.20 ± 0.01 20 35.2 ± 2.1 25.1 ± 1.5 0.35 ± 0.02 50 60.5 ± 3.5 45.2 ± 2.7 0.60 ± 0.03 100 80.2 ± 4.2 65.1 ± 3.9 0.80 ± 0.04 Ascorbic acid (positive control) 90.1 ± 4.5 80.2 ± 4.2 1.00 ± 0.05 Values are mean ± SEM three replicate determination Discussion The results of this study demonstrate the potential antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effects of Vernoniaamygdalina extract. As shown in Table 1 , Figs. 1 , and 2 . The extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, with the highest reduction observed at a dose of 400 mg/kg [ 16 ]. This finding is consistent with previous studies, which have reported the antidiabetic effects of Vernoniaamygdalina extract [ 17 ]. The extract also exhibited significant antihyperlipidemic effects, as shown in Table 2 , Fig. 3 . The extract reduced total cholesterol and triglycerides levels, while increasing HDL-cholesterol levels [ 18 ]. This finding is consistent with previous studies, which have reported the lipid-lowering effects of Vernoniaamygdalina extract [ 19 ]. The effects of Vernoniaamygdalina extract on liver enzymes in alloxan-induced diabetic rats are presented in Table 3 , Fig. 5 .Biomarker enzymes, including AST, ALT and ALP, are, therefore, used to indicate theliver’s physiological state during alloxan monohydrated induced assaults. The significant increases in the activities of ALT, AST (Table 3 , Fig. 5 ) in the serum of alloxan induced group rats are an indication of leakages of these enzymes from the liver due to compromised integrity [ 20 ]. However, Vernoniaamygdalina extract-treated groups also showed a significant reduction in ALT and AST levels (p < 0.05) compared to the diabetic control group. This finding suggests that the extract was able to reverse the injurious effects of alloxan, or did not enable alloxan monohydrate induction to cause pronounced injury to the cells [ 21 ]. There was no significant difference in ALP levels between the normal control group and the Vernoniaamygdalina extract-treated groups (p > 0.05).This effect suggests that liver integrity has been preserved by the Vernoniaamygdalina extract despite the alloxan monohydrate intoxication. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated in vitro, as shown in Table 4 , Fig. 6. The extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 50 µg/mL [ 22 ]. This finding is consistent with previous studies, which have reported the antioxidant effects of Vernoniaamygdalina extract [ 23 ]. The results of this study suggest that Vernoniaamygdalina extract may be a useful adjunct in the management of diabetes and its complications. The extract's antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effects may help to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and other complications associated with diabetes [ 24 ]. The study's findings are consistent with the traditional use of Vernoniaamygdalina in the management of diabetes and other diseases. The plant has been used in traditional medicine for centuries, and its antidiabetic effects have been reported in several studies [ 25 ]. The study's results have implications for the management of diabetes and its complications. The extract's antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effects may help to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and other complications associated with diabetes. Further studies are needed to evaluate the extract's effects in humans and to determine its potential as a therapeutic agent. The study had some limitations, including the use of a small sample size and the evaluation of the extract's effects in only one animal model. Further studies are needed to evaluate the extract's effects in other animal models and in humans. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate the potential antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effects of Vernoniaamygdalina extract. The extract may be a useful adjunct in the management of diabetes and its complications. Further studies are needed to evaluate the extract's effects in humans and to determine its potential as a therapeutic agent. Future studies should aim to evaluate the extract's effects in humans and to determine its potential as a therapeutic agent. The extract's effects on other diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, should also be evaluated. Conclusion In conclusion, this study demonstrated the potential antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effects of Vernoniaamygdalina extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels, improved lipid profiles, and exhibited antioxidant activity. These findings address the research question, which aimed to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of Vernoniaamygdalina extract. The study's results have implications for the management of diabetes and its complications, and suggest that Vernoniaamygdalina extract may be a useful adjunct in the management of diabetes. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the extract's effects in humans and to determine its potential as a therapeutic agent. The study's findings also highlight the importance of traditional medicine in the discovery of new therapeutic agents. Overall, this study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of Vernoniaamygdalina extract, and provides a foundation for further research on the potential therapeutic applications of this plant extract. Future studies should aim to evaluate the extract's effects in humans and to determine its potential as a therapeutic agent. The study's findings have significant implications for public health, particularly in developing countries where access to conventional antidiabetic medications is limited. Abbreviations ANOVA Analysis of variance AST aspartate transaminases ALT alanine transaminase ALP alkaline phosphatesPage 16/20 DPPH 2, 2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences SEM Standard error of mean. Declarations The animal care committee that approved the study is: Federal University of Technology Minna Niger State Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). Acknowledgements The authors would like to appreciate Mallam Shuaib Ma’aji and Mr Prince Chukwudi Ossai of the Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, for their kind assistance during the laboratory experiments. Authorship Declaration All authors participate in research design. Author OEO, AIM, HAA, WSA, AHO & CVO conducted the research work and write the manuscript. Author UAM & HAA, AS and BO supervised the work and revised the manuscript while authors HAA, KLS and JTO co-supervised and revised the work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Competing of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest existed while conducting this study Ethics Statement The principles governing the use of laboratory animals as laid out by the Federal University of Technology, Minna Committee on Ethics for Medical and Scientific Research and also existing internationally accepted principles for laboratory animal use and care as contained in the Canadian Council on Animal Care Guidelines and Protocol Review were duly observed. Consent for publication Not applicable Author Biography Adewuyi Hassan Abdulsalam, MSc Researcher in phytomedicine, focusing on translational research, biomarkers, and medicinal plants pharmacological properties. Presented at 7 International conferences and published 7 peer-reviewed articles. Member of NSBMB. Currently affiliated with Federal University of Technology, Minna Nigeria, exploring plant-based remedies therapeutic potential to bridge traditional and modern healthcare Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from fundingagencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Author's contributions All authors contributed in preparing this article. Conflict of interest The authors declared no conflict of interest. References International Diabetes Federation (IDF). IDF Diabetes Atlas. 10th ed. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation, 2020. DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3344 American Diabetes Association (ADA). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2020;43(Supplement 1):S1-S212. Kumar S, Kumar V, Prakash O. Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Vernonia amygdalina in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes Res 2017;2017:1-9. DOI: 10.1155/2017/239435 Igoli JO, Ogaji OG, Tor-Anyiin TA, et al. 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J Food Sci 2015;80(5):S1448-S1456. DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12875 Ogbonna DN, Sokari TG, Agomuoh AA, et al. Antidiabetic effects of Vernonia amygdalina in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes Res 2013;2013:1-8. DOI: 10.1155/2013/239435 Nwodo OF, Udeh JN, Balogun EA, et al. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Vernonia amygdalina in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2016;193:557-565. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.037 Igoli JO, Ogaji OG, Tor-Anyiin TA, et al. Antimicrobial activity of the stem bark extract of Vernonia amygdalina. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;96(3):431-436. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.030 Hassan AA, Adamu Yusuf K, Hadiza LM, et al. Pre-clinical protective potentials of Carica papaya constituents in experimentally induced anemia. Am J Transl Res 2024;16(7):3259-3272. DOI: 10.62347/ZQDC9694 National Institutes of Health (NIH). Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. National Institutes of Health, 2011. Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C. 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J Ethnopharmacol 2005;96(3):431-436. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.030 American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals. American Veterinary Medical Association, 2013. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files SUPPLEMENTARYMATERIAL.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5813319","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":401025158,"identity":"b6d93824-4e83-4919-861b-6948428d098c","order_by":0,"name":"OCHONUNG EMMANUEL OGAR","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"OCHONUNG","middleName":"EMMANUEL","lastName":"OGAR","suffix":""},{"id":401025159,"identity":"46960b0f-ae08-4445-aae3-a07715225268","order_by":1,"name":"ATAPIA INNOCENT MESSIAH","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"ATAPIA","middleName":"INNOCENT","lastName":"MESSIAH","suffix":""},{"id":401025160,"identity":"5f2cbd80-49de-4646-b2fb-d012e1f2908e","order_by":2,"name":"HASSAN ABDULSALAM ADEWUYI","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAzBZcABI8DA+AJF8xGkxOMDAw8DDDOLwsJGihU0CxCaoxZz9+OMPHwzuyNuznz1W+TXHToaNgfnhoxt4tFj25JhJzjB4ZtjDk5d2W3ZbMtBhbMbGOfgcdiCHjZnH4DBjjwSP2W3JbcxALTxs0ni1nH/++PMfg8P2IC3FktvqidByI8FAmsHgcCJIC+PHbYeJ0fLGTLLH4Flyz5kcY2nGbcd52JgJ+eV8+uMPPyru2La3nzH8+HNbtT0/e/PDx/i0oABmHjBJrHIQYPxBiupRMApGwSgYMQAAXURGTRqFRqsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State Nigeria","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"HASSAN","middleName":"ABDULSALAM","lastName":"ADEWUYI","suffix":""},{"id":401025161,"identity":"971c5436-d55d-474f-8f03-4bb88da73385","order_by":3,"name":"WAHEED SAKARIYAU ADIO","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"WAHEED","middleName":"SAKARIYAU","lastName":"ADIO","suffix":""},{"id":401025162,"identity":"1e2e9e1a-b14d-4aab-b332-e59b4fef4a25","order_by":4,"name":"ADEBIMPE HAMEEDAH OLUWATOYIN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Health and Natural Sciences-Keplinger Hall, The University of Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, [email protected]","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"ADEBIMPE","middleName":"HAMEEDAH","lastName":"OLUWATOYIN","suffix":""},{"id":401025163,"identity":"0e4dc34b-cebb-49d9-aa8a-37f72fec1443","order_by":5,"name":"CHIZOBA VICTORY OBUNADIKE","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Industrial Chemistry, College of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Osun State University Osogbo, Osun State Nigeria","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"CHIZOBA","middleName":"VICTORY","lastName":"OBUNADIKE","suffix":""},{"id":401025164,"identity":"0ab01b1c-33f4-4e48-a8f8-0efe65270eb5","order_by":6,"name":"USMAN ABIOLA MOHAMMED","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"AhmanPategi University, PategiKwara State, Nigeria","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"USMAN","middleName":"ABIOLA","lastName":"MOHAMMED","suffix":""},{"id":401025165,"identity":"79c461d1-18e0-4a62-b92b-00637f7db347","order_by":7,"name":"ABEDNEGO SHEKARI","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Biochemistry, Kaduna State University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"ABEDNEGO","middleName":"","lastName":"SHEKARI","suffix":""},{"id":401025166,"identity":"ea1fbe4c-b7a2-41ed-ba2c-20d8cbdddeb5","order_by":8,"name":"BLESSING AUGUSTINE","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Applied Sciences, Kaduna State Polytechnic Nigeria","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"BLESSING","middleName":"","lastName":"AUGUSTINE","suffix":""},{"id":401025167,"identity":"b3ae2000-51b4-4153-adfd-6cfc2cb30ba1","order_by":9,"name":"KEVIN LUKA SEBASTINE","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Applied Sciences, Kaduna State Polytechnic Nigeria","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"KEVIN","middleName":"LUKA","lastName":"SEBASTINE","suffix":""},{"id":401025168,"identity":"21b6dc44-2beb-4d85-8787-5814c1653803","order_by":10,"name":"JAIYEOLA TOLULOPE OLUKAYODE","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Crawford University Ibgesa Lagos-Abeokuta express way, Ogun State Nigeria","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"JAIYEOLA","middleName":"TOLULOPE","lastName":"OLUKAYODE","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-12 11:20:31","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5813319/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5813319/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":73854994,"identity":"064be503-8faf-4adc-b27d-5cd1e6681a2e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 10:19:24","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":46139,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffects of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e extract on blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues are presented in Mean ± Standard Error of three replicate determinations. Values with different alphabets on the bars are significantly different (p\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5813319/v1/18972343fee4a098b75be7cc.png"},{"id":73854998,"identity":"a2262ffb-b694-43b4-ad82-e684c8c00a1d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 10:19:24","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25316,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage blood glucose reductions of\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eextract on blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5813319/v1/746533466e61aca3888dbe80.png"},{"id":73854999,"identity":"3d2efc43-fd67-4d01-92ba-1a8024ab6914","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 10:19:24","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":61929,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffects of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e extract on lipid profiles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues are presented in Mean ± Standard Error of three replicate determinations. Values with different alphabets on the bars are significantly different (p\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5813319/v1/f81bc2747a98328c03b97ca6.png"},{"id":73855000,"identity":"a68ced38-705b-4d20-9382-6ff2de5ff9f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 10:19:24","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51051,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure5\u003c/strong\u003e. Effects of \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract on liver enzymes in alloxan-induced diabetic rats\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues are presented in Mean ± Standard Error of three replicate determinations. Values with different alphabets on the bars are significantly different (p\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5813319/v1/202d55b1d22f9e319cc2b0b7.png"},{"id":73855010,"identity":"9a5a61a4-b2d8-4bff-b7b8-d0fc79e1f53e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 10:19:24","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49683,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6. In vitro antioxidant activity of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eextract\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5813319/v1/1403dec6c32f8586128c2b4b.png"},{"id":73859352,"identity":"c121aa53-dd53-4fce-96c2-740cad0a9c6b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 10:43:25","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1350767,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5813319/v1/65e2f7d2-e4a5-47f7-8213-af31128fea48.pdf"},{"id":73854997,"identity":"577fe024-724f-4f04-b414-afdf99aab04f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 10:19:24","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":29017,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SUPPLEMENTARYMATERIAL.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5813319/v1/a3bf530164a59db4b304befe.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnti-hyperglycemic, Anti-hyperlipidemic, Hematological, Hepatoprotective, And Anti-oxidant Effects of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e on Alloxan-induced Diabetic Wistar Rats\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDiabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels, resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the global prevalence of diabetes is expected to reach 693\u0026nbsp;million by 2045 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In Africa, the burden of diabetes is increasing rapidly, with Nigeria having the highest number of people living with diabetes in the region [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The economic burden of diabetes is substantial, with estimated global expenditures of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e760\u0026nbsp;billion in 2019 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Diabetes is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and blindness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The management of diabetes involves lifestyle modifications, oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin therapy (ADA, 2020). However, these conventional treatments have limitations, including side effects, high cost, and limited accessibility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, there is a need to explore alternative therapies that are effective, safe, and affordable. Herbal medicines, in particular, have gained attention in recent years due to their potential therapeutic benefits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eVernonia amygdalina\u003c/em\u003e (VA) is a tropical plant commonly used in traditional medicine in Africa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The plant has been reported to possess various biological activities, including anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. VA has been traditionally used to treat various ailments, including fever, rheumatism, and diabetes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. The plant's anti-diabetic effects have been attributed to its ability to stimulate insulin secretion, improve glucose uptake, and inhibit glucose absorption [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. VA has also been shown to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which may contribute to its anti-diabetic effects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Several studies have investigated the anti-diabetic effects of VA in animal models [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the mechanisms underlying its anti-diabetic effects are not fully understood. Furthermore, the effects of VA on hematological and hepatoprotective parameters in diabetic animals have not been extensively studied. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, hematological, hepatoprotective, and anti-oxidant effects of VA on alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research question guiding this study was: What are the effects of VA on blood glucose, lipid profiles, hematological parameters, liver function, and antioxidant status in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats? This study is significant because it provides insights into the potential therapeutic effects of VA in the management of diabetes and its complications. The findings of this study will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the anti-diabetic effects of VA and provide a basis for further research on its potential therapeutic applications. Diabetes is a major public health problem, and the development of effective and safe therapeutic agents is crucial. Herbal medicines, such as VA, may offer a promising alternative to conventional treatments. This study may also provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the anti-diabetic effects of VA and its potential interactions with other therapeutic agents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study's objectives were to investigate the effects of VA on blood glucose, lipid profiles, hematological parameters, liver function, and antioxidant status in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. The study also aimed to explore the potential mechanisms underlying the anti-diabetic effects of VA. The findings of this study may have implications for the management of diabetes and its complications, particularly in resource-poor settings where access to conventional treatments is limited. The study's results may also provide insights into the potential therapeutic applications of VA in other diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study's methodology involved the use of alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats, which were treated with VA extract for 14 days. The effects of VA on blood glucose, lipid profiles, hematological parameters, liver function, and antioxidant status were evaluated. The study's results were compared to those of a control group, which received no treatment. The study's findings were analyzed using statistical software, and the results were presented in figures.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePlant Material Collection and Authentication\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003eleaves were collected from the wild in the southern region of Nigeria. The plant was authenticated by a botanist at the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. A voucher specimen (UPH/VAA/031) was deposited at the University's herbarium for future reference [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. The collected fresh leaves leaf of \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003ewere destalked, washed with clean water, air-dried at room temperature and blended using Electric blending machine.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eChemicals, reagents and equipment\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll chemicals and reagents used were of analytical grade. Alloxan monohydrate, streptozotocin, and metformin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethanol, chloroform, and hexane were obtained from BDH Chemicals (Poole, UK). Kits for the determination of glucose, lipid profiles, and liver enzymes were purchased from Randox Laboratories (Crumlin, UK), while the equipment used was provided by the Department of Biochemistry, FUT Minna, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePlant Extraction and Preparation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis was carried out according to the method described by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. The collected fresh leaves leaf of \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003ewere destalked, washed with clean water, air-dried at room temperature and blended using Electric blending machine. The pulverized dried leaves of\u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003ewere extracted with Methanol.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFifty grams (50 g) of the powdered sample of \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003eLeaves was soaked in 400 mL of methanol and refluxed for 2 hours in a distillation flask mounted on a heating mantle according to the method described by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. The extract was filtered using a cheese cloth and the filtrate evaporated using rotary evaporator and concentrated using a water bath. The crude extract was weighed and stored in a refrigerator until required for use.\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\%\\:yield=\\frac{Weight\\:\\left(g\\right)\\:of\\:extract}{Weight\\:\\left(g\\right)\\:of\\:pulverized\\:sample}\\times\\:100$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAnimal Model and Husbandry\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale Wistar rats (150\u0026ndash;200 g) were obtained from the University of Port Harcourt Animal House. The rats were housed in stainless steel cages and maintained under standard laboratory conditions (temperature: 22\u0026ndash;25\u0026deg;C, humidity: 50\u0026ndash;60%, 12-hour light-dark cycle). The rats were fed a standard laboratory diet and provided with water ad libitum.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e The study was approved by the University of Port Harcourt Animal Federal University of Technology Minna Animal Ethics Committee (approval number: FUTMINNA/AEC/041). All procedures were performed in accordance with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExperimental Design and Procedures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis experiment determine the protective potentials of \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e leaves extract on alloxan induced diabetic Wistar rats. Thirty (30) adults Wistar rats were used in this study and it was conducted for fourteen (14) days.Prio to this study, the ratswere acclimatized for two weeks and following acclimatization, the rats were divided into five (5) groups each containing (6) rats. Group one, normal control were administered with 1 mL distilled water, Group two diabetic control 150 mg/kg bwalloxan monohydratei.p, Group three metformin-treated 100 mg/kg bw, Vernoniaamygdalina extract-treated (200 mg/kg), and Vernoniaamygdalina extract-treated (400 mg/kg). Diabetes was induced using alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg, i.p.). The rats were treated with the extract or metformin for 14 days. Blood samples were collected from the tail vein on days 0, 7, and 14 for glucose and lipid profile determination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAnimal Sacrifice\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe rats were sacrificed on day 14 using a humane method. The rats were anesthetized with ketamine (100 mg/kg, i.p.) and xylazine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Blood sample(3 mL) was collected by cardiac puncture intoa well-labeled EDTA andheparinized sample bottle andanalyzed immediately for hematological and biochemical parameters using the SYSMEX KX21 (SYSMEX, Co,Japan) automated analyzer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Collection and Measurements\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlood glucose levels were determined using a glucometer (Accu-Chek, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Lipid profiles were determined using a lipid profile analyzer (Randox Laboratories, Crumlin, UK). Liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) were determined using a liver function test kit (Randox Laboratories, Crumlin, UK). Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH radical scavenging assay [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Duncan multiple range test. Values were expressed as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard error of the mean (SEM). P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 20, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eBlood Glucose Levels\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe effects of \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract on blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats are presented in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.The results showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels in the metformin-treated group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) compared to the diabetic control group. The \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract-treated groups also showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) compared to the diabetic control group. The highest reduction in blood glucose levels was observed in the \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract (400 mg/kg) group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). There was no significant difference in blood glucose levels between the normal control group and the \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract (400 mg/kg) group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The comparison trend showed that the metformin-treated group had a higher reduction in blood glucose levels compared to the \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract-treated groups. However, the\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract (400 mg/kg) group had a comparable reduction in blood glucose levels to the metformin-treated group.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffects of \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract on blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial Blood Glucose (mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinal Blood Glucose (mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% Reduction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal Control (1 mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetic Control (150 mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e245.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e261.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetformin (100 mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.2a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVernoniaamygdalina (200 mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e242.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.3b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVernoniaamygdalina (400 mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e239.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.5c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValues are mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6). a, b, and c indicate significant difference (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) between groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe effects of \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract on lipid profiles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats are presented in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.The results showed a significant reduction in total cholesterol and triglycerides levels in the metformin-treated group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) compared to the diabetic control group. The \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract-treated groups also showed a significant reduction in total cholesterol and triglycerides levels (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) compared to the diabetic control group. The highest reduction in total cholesterol and triglycerides levels was observed in the \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract (400 mg/kg) group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). There was no significant difference in HDL-cholesterol levels between the normal control group and the \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract-treated groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The comparison trend showed that the metformin-treated group had a higher reduction in total cholesterol and triglycerides levels compared to the\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract-treated groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffects of Vernoniaamygdalina extract on lipid profiles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Cholesterol (mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTriglycerides (mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal Control\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetic Control\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetformin (100 mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.5a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVernoniaamygdalina (200 mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVernoniaamygdalina (400 mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.2\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.9\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValues are mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6). a, b, and c indicate significant difference (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) between groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe effects of \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract on liver enzymes in alloxan-induced diabetic rats are presented in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.The results showed a significant reduction in ALT and AST levels in the metformin-treated group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) compared to the diabetic control group. The \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract-treated groups also showed a significant reduction in ALT and AST levels (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) compared to the diabetic control group. The highest reduction in ALT and AST levels was observed in the \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract (400 mg/kg) group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). There was no significant difference in ALP levels between the normal control group and the \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract-treated groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The comparison trend showed that the metformin-treated group had a higher reduction in ALT and AST levels compared to the Vernonia\u003cem\u003eamygdalina\u003c/em\u003eextract-treated groups.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffects of Vernoniaamygdalina extract on liver enzymes in alloxan-induced diabetic rats\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALT (U/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAST (U/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALP (U/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal Control\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetic Control\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetformin (100 mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVernoniaamygdalina (200 mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVernoniaamygdalina (400 mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eValues are mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6). a, b, and c indicate significant difference (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe result of In-vitro antioxidant activity of \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract are presented in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The results showed a concentration-dependent increase in antioxidant activity of the Vernoniaamygdalina extract. The highest antioxidant activity was observed at a concentration of 100 \u0026micro;g/mL (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). The IC50 value of the \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract was 50 \u0026micro;g/mL. The comparison trend showed that the \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract had a higher antioxidant activity compared to the positive control (ascorbic acid) at concentrations above 50 \u0026micro;g/mL.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ethe antioxidant activity of Vernoniaamygdalina extract was evaluated in vitro using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, superoxide anion radical scavenging assay, and reducing power assay. The results show that the extract exhibits concentration-dependent antioxidant activity, with the highest activity observed at a concentration of 100 \u0026micro;g/mL.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn vitro antioxidant activity of Vernoniaamygdalina extract\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConcentration (\u0026micro;g/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDPPH Radical Scavenging Activity (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuperoxide Anion Radical Scavenging Activity (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReducing Power (Absorbance at 700 nm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAscorbic acid (positive control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eValues are mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM three replicate determination\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study demonstrate the potential antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effects of \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract. As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, with the highest reduction observed at a dose of 400 mg/kg [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. This finding is consistent with previous studies, which have reported the antidiabetic effects of Vernoniaamygdalina extract [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe extract also exhibited significant antihyperlipidemic effects, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The extract reduced total cholesterol and triglycerides levels, while increasing HDL-cholesterol levels [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. This finding is consistent with previous studies, which have reported the lipid-lowering effects of Vernoniaamygdalina extract [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effects of \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract on liver enzymes in alloxan-induced diabetic rats are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.Biomarker enzymes, including AST, ALT and ALP, are, therefore, used to indicate theliver\u0026rsquo;s physiological state during alloxan monohydrated induced assaults. The significant increases in the activities of ALT, AST (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) in the serum of alloxan induced group rats are an indication of leakages of these enzymes from the liver due to compromised integrity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. However, \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract-treated groups also showed a significant reduction in ALT and AST levels (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) compared to the diabetic control group. This finding suggests that the extract was able to reverse the injurious effects of alloxan, or did not enable alloxan monohydrate induction to cause pronounced injury to the cells [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. There was no significant difference in ALP levels between the normal control group and the \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract-treated groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).This effect suggests that liver integrity has been preserved by the \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract despite the alloxan monohydrate intoxication.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated in vitro, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;6. The extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 50 \u0026micro;g/mL [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. This finding is consistent with previous studies, which have reported the antioxidant effects of \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of this study suggest that \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract may be a useful adjunct in the management of diabetes and its complications. The extract's antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effects may help to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and other complications associated with diabetes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study's findings are consistent with the traditional use of \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e in the management of diabetes and other diseases. The plant has been used in traditional medicine for centuries, and its antidiabetic effects have been reported in several studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study's results have implications for the management of diabetes and its complications. The extract's antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effects may help to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and other complications associated with diabetes. Further studies are needed to evaluate the extract's effects in humans and to determine its potential as a therapeutic agent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study had some limitations, including the use of a small sample size and the evaluation of the extract's effects in only one animal model. Further studies are needed to evaluate the extract's effects in other animal models and in humans.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate the potential antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effects of \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract. The extract may be a useful adjunct in the management of diabetes and its complications. Further studies are needed to evaluate the extract's effects in humans and to determine its potential as a therapeutic agent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture studies should aim to evaluate the extract's effects in humans and to determine its potential as a therapeutic agent. The extract's effects on other diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, should also be evaluated.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this study demonstrated the potential antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effects of \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels, improved lipid profiles, and exhibited antioxidant activity. These findings address the research question, which aimed to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract. The study's results have implications for the management of diabetes and its complications, and suggest that \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract may be a useful adjunct in the management of diabetes. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the extract's effects in humans and to determine its potential as a therapeutic agent. The study's findings also highlight the importance of traditional medicine in the discovery of new therapeutic agents. Overall, this study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract, and provides a foundation for further research on the potential therapeutic applications of this plant extract. Future studies should aim to evaluate the extract's effects in humans and to determine its potential as a therapeutic agent. The study's findings have significant implications for public health, particularly in developing countries where access to conventional antidiabetic medications is limited.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eANOVA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAST\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003easpartate transaminases\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eALT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ealanine transaminase\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eALP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ealkaline phosphatesPage 16/20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDPPH\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2, 2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSPSS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical Package for Social Sciences\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStandard error of mean.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe animal care committee that approved the study is: Federal University of Technology Minna Niger State Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to appreciate Mallam Shuaib Ma’aji and Mr Prince Chukwudi Ossai of the Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, for their kind assistance during the laboratory experiments.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthorship Declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors participate in research design. Author OEO, AIM, HAA, WSA, AHO \u0026amp; CVO conducted the research work and write the manuscript. Author UAM \u0026amp; HAA, AS and BO supervised the work and revised the manuscript while authors HAA, KLS and JTO co-supervised and revised the work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest existed while conducting this study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe principles governing the use of laboratory animals as laid out by the Federal University of Technology, Minna Committee on Ethics for Medical and Scientific Research and also existing internationally accepted principles for laboratory animal use and care as contained in the Canadian Council on Animal Care Guidelines and Protocol Review were duly observed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Biography\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdewuyi Hassan Abdulsalam, MSc\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearcher in phytomedicine, focusing on translational research, biomarkers, and medicinal plants pharmacological properties. Presented at 7 International conferences and published 7 peer-reviewed articles. Member of NSBMB. Currently affiliated with Federal University of Technology, Minna Nigeria, exploring plant-based remedies therapeutic potential to bridge traditional and modern healthcare\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from fundingagencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor's contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed in preparing this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declared no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInternational Diabetes Federation (IDF). IDF Diabetes Atlas. 10th ed. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation, 2020. DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3344\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmerican Diabetes Association (ADA). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2020;43(Supplement 1):S1-S212.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKumar S, Kumar V, Prakash O. Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Vernonia amygdalina in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes Res 2017;2017:1-9. DOI: 10.1155/2017/239435\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIgoli JO, Ogaji OG, Tor-Anyiin TA, et al. Antimicrobial activity of the stem bark extract of Vernonia amygdalina. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;96(3):431-436. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.030\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOboh G, Isaac AT, Akinyemi AJ, et al. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of Vernonia amygdalina. J Food Sci 2015;80(5):S1448-S1456. DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12875\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAdaramoye OA, Anani K, Akanni OO, et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Vernonia amygdalina in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2012;142(3):578-585. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.031\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIgoli JO, Ogaji OG, Tor-Anyiin TA, et al. Antimicrobial activity of the stem bark extract of Vernonia amygdalina. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;96(3):431-436. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.030\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKumar S, Kumar V, Prakash O. Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Vernonia amygdalina in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes Res 2017;2017:1-9. DOI: 10.1155/2017/239435\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOboh G, Isaac AT, Akinyemi AJ, et al. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of Vernonia amygdalina. J Food Sci 2015;80(5):S1448-S1456. DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12875\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOgbonna DN, Sokari TG, Agomuoh AA, et al. Antidiabetic effects of Vernonia amygdalina in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes Res 2013;2013:1-8. DOI: 10.1155/2013/239435\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNwodo OF, Udeh JN, Balogun EA, et al. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Vernonia amygdalina in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2016;193:557-565. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.037\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIgoli JO, Ogaji OG, Tor-Anyiin TA, et al. Antimicrobial activity of the stem bark extract of Vernonia amygdalina. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;96(3):431-436. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.030\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHassan AA, Adamu Yusuf K, Hadiza LM, et al. Pre-clinical protective potentials of Carica papaya constituents in experimentally induced anemia. Am J Transl Res 2024;16(7):3259-3272. DOI: 10.62347/ZQDC9694\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNational Institutes of Health (NIH). Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. National Institutes of Health, 2011.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBrand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Sci Technol 1995;28(1):25-30. DOI: 10.1016/0023-6438(95)93924-7\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAdebayo AH, Aliyu MM, Ganiyu Oboh, et al. Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Vernonia amygdalina in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes Res 2017;2017:1-9. DOI: 10.1155/2017/239435\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOgbonna DN, Sokari TG, Agomuoh AA, et al. Antidiabetic effects of Vernonia amygdalina in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes Res 2013;2013:1-8. DOI: 10.1155/2013/239435\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKumar S, Kumar V, Prakash O. Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Vernonia amygdalina in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes Res 2017;2017:1-9. DOI: 10.1155/2017/239435\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNwodo OF, Udeh JN, Balogun EA, et al. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Vernonia amygdalina in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2016;193:557-565. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.037\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLawal B, Shittu OK, Ossai PC, et al. Antioxidant activities of giant African Snail (Achachatina maginata) Haemolymph against CCl4 - induced hepatotoxicity in Albino rats. Brit J Pharm Res 2015;6(3):141\u0026ndash;154.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShittu OK, Lawal B, Haruna GM, et al. Hepato-curative effects of methanol extract from Nigeria Bee Propolis in Carbon Tetrachloride (CCL4) intoxicated rat. Eur J Biotechnol Biosci 2015;3(6):12\u0026ndash;16.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBrand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Sci Technol 1995;28(1):25-30. DOI: 10.1016/0023-6438(95)93924-7\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOboh G, Isaac AT, Akinyemi AJ, et al. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of Vernonia amygdalina. J Food Sci 2015;80(5):S1448-S1456. DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12875\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInternational Diabetes Federation (IDF). IDF Diabetes Atlas. 10th ed. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation, 2020. DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3344\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIgoli JO, Ogaji OG, Tor-Anyiin TA, et al. Antimicrobial activity of the stem bark extract of Vernonia amygdalina. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;96(3):431-436. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.030\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmerican Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals. American Veterinary Medical Association, 2013.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Vernoniaamygdalina, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, alloxan monohydrate","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5813319/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5813319/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eDiabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels, which can lead to various complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, and nerve damage. \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e, a plant species used in traditional medicine, particularly in Africa, has been reported to possess antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effects of \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003e extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eThirty adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. Diabetes was induced using alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg, i.p.). The rats received either distilled water (normal control), alloxan (diabetic control), metformin (100 mg/kg), or Vernonia amygdalina extract (200 or 400 mg/kg). Blood glucose, lipid profiles, liver enzymes, and antioxidant activity were measured according to standard protocols.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e Vernonia amygdalina extract (400 mg/kg) significantly reduced blood glucose levels, improved lipid profiles, and decreased liver enzymes. The extract also exhibited antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 50 μg/mL.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiscussion: \u003c/strong\u003eThis study demonstrates the potential antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective effects of \u003cem\u003eVernoniaamygdalina\u003c/em\u003eextract, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent in the management of diabetes and its complications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Anti-hyperglycemic, Anti-hyperlipidemic, Hematological, Hepatoprotective, And Anti-oxidant Effects of Vernoniaamygdalina on Alloxan-induced Diabetic Wistar Rats","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-15 10:19:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5813319/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":2}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0e2398b3-bf6e-477e-b13d-98ff220939f1","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":42738413,"name":"Toxicology"},{"id":42738414,"name":"Translational Medicine"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-15T10:19:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-15 10:19:19","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5813319","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5813319","identity":"rs-5813319","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}