Combating fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) with moringa-synthesized silica nanoparticles and its combination with some insecticides

Combating fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) with moringa-synthesized silica nanoparticles and its combination with some insecticides | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Combating fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) with moringa-synthesized silica nanoparticles and its combination with some insecticides Amany Abd Elnabi, Mohamed E. I. Badawy This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4190347/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ) is a major agricultural pest known for developing resistance to insecticides. This study investigated a novel approach to manage the fall armyworm by silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) synthesized from eco-friendly Moringa oleifera leaf extract. This green synthesis method offers a sustainable and potentially safer alternative to traditional chemical processes. SiNPs formation was confirmed by various techniques: UV–visible spectrophotometer, X-ray spectroscopy with energy dispersive (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The effectiveness of SiNPs alone and its combination with three common insecticides (emamectin benzoate, indoxacarb, and chlorpyrifos) were evaluated against third instar larvae of fall armyworm. While, SiNPs after 24 h by leaf dipping method recorded limited insecticidal activity (LC 50 = 9947.59 mg/L), it significantly enhanced the potency of all three insecticides. Combining SiNPs with emamectin benzoate resulted in the most dramatic increase in effectiveness compared to the insecticide alone with LC 50 = 0.295 mg/L and 0.42 mg/L, respectively. This research suggests that moringa extract can be a valuable resource for the green synthesis of nanoparticles potentially useful in pest control. This approach could potentially reduce the amount of insecticide needed for effective pest control, leading to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural practice. Spodoptera frugiperda Silica nanoparticles Green synthesis Nanocriers Insecticides Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1. Introduction The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) is a migratory lepidopteran polyphagous insect that is indigenous to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. (Goergen et al., 2016 ). It has the ability to damage more than 350 species of plants belonging to 76 plant families such as maize, rice, sugarcane, wheat, barley, and sorghum (Montezano et al. , 2018). Maize is the most preferred crop among all of them. According to Day et al. (2017) fall armyworm control is necessary to prevent maize yield losses which ranging from 8.3 to 20.6 million tons per year (21–53% of overall production). In addition, about 70–80% of pesticides are applied ineffectively in the field, which might contaminate the environment through spray drift, surface runoff, and soil leaching (Fan et al. , 2023). In recent years, nanotechnology and nanoparticle synthesis have rapidly developed. There are a lot of significant applications for metal nanoparticles in the agriculture sector, including fertilizers or as plant growth stimulants, nanopesticides (insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, pesticide carriers) and sensors (Pestovsky and Martínez-Antonio, 2017 ). Loaded insecticides at silica nanoparticles increase the mortality rate against pests that infect the stored grain (Debnath et al. , 2011; El-Naggar et al. , 2020; Ziaee and Babamir-Satehi, 2020 ). It could be used in mosquitos (Barik et al. , 2012; Baz et al. , 2022) and Spodoptera litura control (Debnath et al., 2012 ). As well as nanocarriers to deliver and minimize environmental risks of insecticides, (Yao et al., 2021 ). using SiNPs as temperature-responsive nanocarriers for imidacloprid and abamectin enhanced the toxicological properties against Plutella xylostella larvae and improved photolysis stability (Feng et al. , 2020). An enormous number of physical, chemical, biological, and hybrid procedures are usually used to prepare different types of NPs (Iravani et al., 2014 ). Most of the chemical methods are too expensive and also include the use of toxic, dangerous chemicals. In recent years, the increase of using a simple, green, and eco-friendly method was noticed to reduce the use of unsafe chemicals, produce nanoparticles less toxic and pure than those prepared by the chemical methods. The green methods depend on many natural resources such as plants, algae, microorganism extracts or/ and metabolites, worms, actinomycetes, and waste products (Jadoun et al. , 2021; Karande et al. , 2021). Many researchers succeeded in green synthesis of various nanoparticles such as silica (Al-Azawi et al. , 2019), selenium (Kalishwaralal et al., 2016 ), zinc oxide (Fakhari et al., 2019 ), silver (Awwad and Salem, 2012 ), titanium oxide (Sundrarajan and Gowri, 2011 ) copper oxides (Kumar et al., 2015 ) and gold (Elia et al. , 2014). Briefly, the green synthesis of NPs depends on the primary or secondary metabolite of natural products as reducing and capping agents for metal salt solution (precursor). The production of nanoparticles is naturally shown by a change in the color of the reaction solution, and it can change inorganic metal ions into metal NPs (El-Seedi et al. , 2019). In the synthesis process of nanomaterials, metal ions in metal salt solution are recuperated from their salt precursors by the primary or secondary metabolites of natural products, which have reduction abilities. Then, the metal atoms merge to form metal NPs through the more biological reduction of metal ions with various morphologies like cubes, spheres, rods, hexagons, and wires. Also, the plant metabolites capped and stabilized NPs in stable morphology (Sajjad et al. , 2018). In the present study, a green protocol has been reported to synthesize silica nanoparticles using M. oleifera plant extract. Evaluate the effectiveness of the bio-synthesized SiNPs against the third instar larvae of the fall armyworm. Study the efficacy of some insecticides (chlorpyrifos, emamectin benzoate, and indoxacarb) by using the green-prepared SiNPs as a nanocarrier system. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Chemicals and insecticides Tetraethoxysilane 98% (TEOS, (C 2 H 5 O) 4 Si) (FW = 208.33 g/mol) was obtained from Alfa Aesar (GmbH & Co. KG; Germany). Ethanol, acetone, methanol, sodium hydroxide, mercuric chloride, potassium iodide, sulfuric acid, hydrated copper (II) sulfate, gelatin, ferric chloride, and hydrochloric acid were obtained from El Gomhouria Company for Trading Chemicals, Egypt. Distilled water was used in this study. All organic solvents used were of analytical grade. The insecticides used are emamectin benzoate 5.7% WDG (Speedo®), chlorpyrifos (Pyrodan® 50% EC), and indoxacarb (Avant® 15% EC). 2.2. Preparation of aqueous plant leaf extract, phytochemical screening and analysis using GC.MS The Moringa oleifera leaves were purchased from a local market, Egypt. For aqueous extraction, 20 g of moringa leaf powder was added to 100 mL of distilled water and methanol in a conical flask and stirred continuously for one hour (50–65°C and 500 rpm). The resulting extract was filtered using Whatman filter paper and kept at 4°C till apply to other experiments. Alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, and tannins were among the phytochemicals examined in moringa. Tests were based on simple reactions determined by color or precipitate formation changes. The phytochemical analysis of moringa leaf was carried out by the standard methods provided by Harborne ( 1998 ). The molecular structure of a moringa extract is generated through mass spectrometry-gas chromatography (GC-MS). Running as a carrier gas, helium had a flow rate of 1 ml per minute. The oven was first set to 45°C for two minutes. After that, it was raised to 165°C (4°C/min) and then to 280°C (15°C/min), with a post-run (off) at 280°C. A ZB-5MS Zebron capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm in internal diameter, 0.25 µm film thickness) was provided to the GC/MS. To analyze and arrange the chemical structure of the extract, one microliter of the examined extract was dissolved in methanol (1:10), and then injected. The mass detector was operated at 250°C and 70 eV for electron impact ionization (EI), and the mass spectrometer was scanned from 50 to 500 m/z in order to scan and organize the chemical composition of the extract. 2.3. Synthesis of green silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) SiNPs were synthesized through the green synthesis method, as shown in Fig. 1 , by adding 5 mL of moringa leaves extract drop wise into 10 mL of TEOS: Ethanol: Tween 80 (1:1:0.01) solution as a precursor in a conical flask. The reaction was allowed for 24 h under continuous stirring at room temperature at 500 rpm. After that, the color of the mixture was changed to dark yellow. Ultrasonic homogenizer assisted nanoparticle synthesis, and sonication was applied for 30 min, followed by stirring at 500 rpm for 15 min. The nanoparticle solution was purified by repeated centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 20 min followed by re-dispersion of the pellet in deionized water and ethanol. This process was repeated twice to isolate the pure SINPs and exclude the presence of any unbound plant extract residue or TEOS. Then it was placed in hot air oven for overnight at 100°C. Finally, the white powder was obtained and stored in air tight container till characterization and bioassay. 2.4. Preparation of loaded insecticides/SiNPs Insecticides loading was performed using method of Wen et al. (2005) with some modifications. In a typical insecticides-loading process, 1% of silica nanoparticles and triple the LC 50 dose of each insecticide are added to acetone. The insecticide/acetone mixture is stirred continuously by a magnetic stirrer at room temperature. A white turbid suspension appears, and the process continues for 60 min to ensure maximum drug loading. 2.5. Characterization of SiNPs 2.5.1. UV-Vis. spectrophotometry Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometer (UV/Vis, Alpha-1502, laxco Inc, USA) was used to verify the success of the bio-reduction of TEOS by aqueous extract of moringa into SiNPs, the obtained nanoparticles before drying were examined between the scan range of 390 to 700 nm. The nanoparticles absorb light at different wavelengths and are excited to give a broad peak due to the nanoparticle's surface plasmon resonance nature in the reaction medium. 2.5.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy The morphology image and chemical composition of the green synthesis of SiNPs were analyzed and photographed by a JEOL-SEM equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy at the Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt. 2.5.3. Particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) The mean droplet size and PDI of silica nanoparticles were achieved by a dynamic light scattering method using Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments, UK) at room temperature. Nano silica size was estimated by the average of three measurements and presented as mean diameter in nm Tyagi et al. ( 2012 ). 2.6. Fall armyworm rearing The fall armyworm, S. frugiperda larvae, were collected from maize fields and transported to the laboratory. In the incubator, the stock colony reared on castor leaves under controlled conditions (25 ± 2°C, 65 ± 5% RH, 14 L: 10 D photoperiod). The larvae were kept in a transparent plastic container (40×20×15 cm) until pupation. Pupae were kept in the same incubator until moths emerged. After exclusion, the moths were fed on 10% sucrose solution and left to lay eggs on pieces of paper, which were transported to a rearing container until the appropriate larval stage to examine the experiments (Dahi et al. , 2020). 2.7. Insecticidal activity assay under laboratory conditions Laboratory bioassays were conducted on the 3rd instar larvae of S. frugiperda using the leaf disc dipping method. Castor leaves were collected from unsprayed plants, washed and air-dried. Five concentrations of each tested product, SiNPs, emamectin benzoate, indoxacarb, and chlorpyrifos, and their mixtures with 1% SiNPs were prepared. Leaf discs were dipped for ten seconds in tested concentrations and allowed to dry at room temperature for 30 min. Leaf discs immersed in distilled water were labeled as control. Then, leaf discs were placed in individual petri dishes (9 cm diameter). Each treatment (concentration) including controls was replicated four times. Ten 3rd instar S. frugiperda larvae were placed on each plate. The treatments were kept at a temperature of 25 ± 2 o C and 50–60 ± 5% relative humidity. Larval mortality at the end point was recorded after 24 h of insecticidal exposure. The mortality was calculated and corrected by using Abbott’s formula (Abbott, 1925) 2.8. Statistical analysis The statistical program SPSS software, version 21.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA), was used for the statistical analysis. According to probit analysis, the log-dose response curves allowed for identifying the LC 50 (concentration causing 50% of death) for the bioassays (Finney, 1971). By analyzing the relative growth rate (% control) against the logarithm of the compound concentration using least-square regression, it was possible to estimate the 95% Confidence Limits (CL) and standard error for the range of LC 50 values for the compound assays on mortality. Abbott, 1925 was used for the correction of natural mortality. 3. Results M. oleifera leaf extract was tested for the presence of phytochemicals such as saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, and tannins. The results of a qualitative phytochemical analysis of the moringa extract are shown in Table 1 , and they revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, and saponin. Fifty phyto-compounds were found using GC-MS analysis, the retention time, peak area percentage and molecular weight are listed in Table 2 . The principal substances that exhibit a high percent peak area are n-Hexadecanoic acid 21.18, 9,12,15- octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z) (12.22), Oxirane, tetradecyl(5.73), 1-Hexadecanol, 2-methyl(4.29), Spirost-8-en-11-one,3-hydroxy-,(3á,5à,14á,20á,22á,25R), (3.65), Genistin (2.77), 9,19-Cyclolanostan-3-ol,24,24-epoxymethano-,acetate(2.22) and Digitoxin (2.03). The particle size of prepared green silica nanoparticles was observed as mentioned in Fig. 2 A by DLS; the particle size of nano silica was 529.5 nm, and the PDI was 0.075. Absorption spectroscopy is an effective method for verifying NPs production because the moringa extract contains active phytochemicals that reduce silicon metal to SiNPs. UV-Vis spectroscopic absorption was observed at various wavelengths between 290 and 700 nm, a broad peak indicates the presence of SiNPs at 350–390 nm in Fig. 2 B. SEM equipped with EDS was used to investigate the morphology, size, and structure of SiNPs. The EDS results (Fig. 3A) confirmed the presence of SiNPs. The EDX analysis determined the elemental composition and purity of SiNPs mediated by moringa leaf extract. It should be noted that the main atomic percentages in green synthesized SiNPs are primarily C (23.80), Ca (1.31), O (49.84), and silica (25.05). The EDX spectra confirmed the successful formation of SiNPs with moringa leaf extract, as shown in Fig. 3B, the SEM cleared that SiNPs had spherical shapes. Table 1 Phytochemical analysis of Moringa oleifera leaf Phytochemical Test used Presence of phytochemical Alkaloids Mayer’s test √ Flavonoids Alkaline reagent test √ Glycoside Fehling’s test √ Phenols Ferric Chloride Test √ Saponin Frothing test √ Tanin Gelatin test - Table 2 GC-MS analysis of Moringa olefera extract No. Compound name Area % Molecular Formula R.T. 1 Oxirane, tetradecyl 5.73 C 16 H 32 O 21.38 2 n-Butylphosphonic acid 0.72 C 4 H 11 O 3 P 21.38 3 Oxirane, tetradecyl 1.50 C 16 H32O 22.24 4 n-Hexadecanoic acid 21.18 C16H 32 O 2 24.61 5 n-Hexadecanoic acid 0.84 C 16 H 32 O 2 24.73 6 Oxirane, tetradecyl 4.77 C 16 H 32 O 27.87 7 2-Hydroxy-(Z)9-pentadec enyl propanoate 1.04 C 18 H 34 O 3 28.63 8 9,12,15- ctadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z) 12.22 C 18 H 30 O 2 28.80 9 Octadecanoic acid 0.82 C 18 H 36 O 2 29.36 10 Octahydropyrano[3,2-b]pyridin-6-one 1.29 C 8 H 13 NO 2 36.24 11 Cyclohexane, 1,1'-dodecylidenebis[4-methy 0.95 C 26 H 50 36.57 12 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoicacid 0.72 C 27 H 52 O 4 Si 2 36.64 13 D-(-)-Fructose 2.47 C 6 H 12 O 6 36.85 14 Octadecane,3-ethyl-5-(2-ethylbutyl)- 3.43 C 26 H 54 39.96 15 1-Hexadecanol, 2-methyl 4.29 C 17 H 36 O 43.41 16 1-Monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether 1.08 C 27 H 54 O 4 Si 2 45.71 17 1-Heptatriacotanol 1.22 C 37 H 76 O 46.03 18 6-Methyl-11-propenyl-5-(toluene-4-ulfonyloxy)-12,13-dioxatricyclo[7.3.1.0(1,6)]tridecane-8-carboxylicacid, methyl ester 0.67 C 24 H 32 O 7 S 46.13 19 Genistin 2.77 C 21 H 20 O 10 46.94 20 Dihydroartemisinin,5-deshydroxy-6-deshydro 0.73 C 15 H 22 O 4 47.42 21 2,7-Diphenyl-1,6-dioxopyridazino[4,5:2',3']pyrrolo[4 ',5'-d]pyridazine 0.88 C 20 H 13 N 5 O 2 47.45 22 9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-3,24,25-triol, (3á,5Z,7E)- 0.70 C 27 H 44 O 3 47.88 23 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid,2,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy ]propyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- 0.75 C 27 H 52 O 4 Si 2 48.09 24 2-[4-methyl-6-(2,6,6-trime thylcyclohex-1-enyl)hexa-1,3,5-trienyl]cyclohex-1-en-1-carboxaldehyde 0.85 C 23 H 32 O 48.21 25 1,2-Propanediol,3-(hexadecyloxy)-,diacetate 0.69 C 23 H 44 O 5 48.43 26 Rhodopin 0.79 C 40 H 58 O 48.54 27 1H-2,8a-Methanocyclopenta[a]cyclopropa[e]cyclod ecen-11-one,1a,2,5,5a,6,9,10,10a-octahydro-5,5a,6-trihydroxy-1,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,7,9-trimethyl-, [1S-(1à,1aà,2à,5á,5aá,6á,8aà,9à,10aà)]- 0.94 C 20 H 28 O 6 48.79 28 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy ]propyl ester, (Z,Z,Z) 0.84 C 27 H 52 O 4 Si 2 48.91 29 9,19-Cyclolanostan-3-ol,24,24-epoxymethano-,acetate 2.22 C 33 H 54 O 3 49.06 30 Cucurbitacin B, dihydro 0.82 C 32 H 48 O 8 49.18 31 10-Bromo-3,7,11-dimethyldodeca-2,3-dien-11-ol, 1-acetoxy- 0.63 C 17 H 29 BrO 3 49.23 32 á-Sitosterol 1.09 C 29 H 50 O 49.56 33 á-Sitosterol 1.42 C 29 H 50 O 49.59 34 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 2-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-[ [(trimethylsilyl)oxy]methy l]ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z) 0.79 C 27 H 52 O 4 Si 2 49.75 35 Spirost-8-en-11-one,3-hydroxy-,(3á,5à,14á,20á,22á,25R) 3.65 C 27 H 40 O 4 49.88 36 t-Butyl-{2-[3-(2,2-dimethyl-6-methylene-cyclohexyl )-propyl]-[1,3]dithian-2-yl}-dimethyl-silane 0.80 C 22 H 42 S 2 Si 49.91 37 Withaferin A 0.90 C 28 H 38 O 6 49.95 38 7-Hydroxy-6,9a-dimethyl-3-methylene-decahydro-a zuleno[4,5-b]furan-2,9-dione 0.85 C 15 H 20 O 4 50.11 39 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy ]propyl ester, (Z,Z,Z) 0.86 C 27 H 52 O 4 Si 2 50.17 40 Betulin 0.88 C 30 H 50 O 2 50.38 41 Octadecane, 1,1'-[1,3-propanediylbis(oxy)]bis 1.00 C 39 H 80 O 2 50.48 42 Digitoxin 2.03 C 41 H 64 O 13 50.56 43 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid,2,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy ]propyl ester, (Z,Z,Z) 0.83 C 27 H 52 O 4 Si 2 50.62 44 1-Heptatriacotanol 0.70 C 37 H 76 O 50.74 45 Methyl 9,12-epithio-9,11-octadecanoate 0.92 C 19 H 32 O 2S 50.82 46 Retinoyl-á-glucuronide6',3'-lactone 1.22 C 26 H 34 O 7 50.88 47 Rhodopin 1.29 C 40 H 58 O 50.90 48 Azafrin 0.80 C 27 H 38 O 4 50.98 49 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid,2,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy ]propyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- 0.71 C 27 H 52 O 4 Si 2 51.44 50 Zeaxanthin 0.70 C 40 H 56 O 2 51.91 In preliminary lab tests, we evaluated the effectiveness of SiNPs, three insecticides, and their combination with 1% SiNPs against 3rd instar larvae of S. frugiperda . Based on these preliminary trials, our results showed that all insecticides tested were effective against S. frugiperda . The data on larvicidal activity are shown in Table 3 . The LC 50 of SiNPs on 3rd instar larvae of S. frugiperda after 24 h by leaf dipping recorded 9947.59 mg/L. The LC 50 was induced by emamectin benzoate with 0.42 mg/L, followed by indoxacarb and chlorpyrifos with LC 50 = 967.47 and 1023.87 mg/L, respectively. The observed mortality rate in our study was high when the insect consumed food dipped in a mixture of pesticides and 1% SiNPs against S. frugiperda . The results showed that emamectin benzote + 1% SiNPs is the most promising formulation with LC 50 = 0.295 mg/L, followed by indoxacarb and chlorpyrifos with LC 50 = 481.12 mg/L and 615.16 mg/L, respectively. Table 3 Toxicity effects of chlorpyrifos, emamectin benzoate, and indoxacarb and their mixture with 1% green SiNPs on Spodoptera frugiperda larvae under laboratory conditions after 24 h of treatment Products LC 50 a (mg/L) Confidence limits Slope b ± SE Intercept c ± SE (χ 2 ) d Lower Upper SiNPs 9947.59 8469.94 12937.69 -2.17± 0.371 8.67 ± 1.42 0.24 Chlorpyrifos 50% EC 1023.87 523.71 2897.53 0.79 ± 0.07 -2.38 ± 0.19 11.08 Chlorpyrifos 50% EC + 1% SiNPs 615.16 249.03 2571.89 0.57 ± 0.05 -1.59 ± 0.13 13.48 Emamectin benzoate 5% WP 0.42 0.32 0.53 1.40 ± 0.17 0.53 ± 0.08 0.72 Emamectin benzoate 5% WP + 1% SiNPs 0.295 0.0053 0.65 1.36 ± 0.18 0.72 ± 0.08 4.33 Indoxacarb 15% EC 967.47 426.59 3785.99 0.53 ± 0.08 -1.57 ± 0.15 4.76 Indoxacarb 15% EC + 1% SiNPs 481.12 229.12 1576.82 0.48 ± 0.0724 -1.29 ± 0.14 3.07 SiNPs: Silica nanoparticles. a: LC 50 concentration causing 50% death for the larvae. b: LC 90 concentration causing 90% death for the larvae. c: Intercept of the regression line ± SE. d: Chi square value. 4. Discussion Silica nanoparticles have been successfully created using an easy and environmentally friendly process by using plant metabolite from M. oleifera extract. Plant metabolites, such as terpenoids, polyphenols, sugars, alkaloids, phenolic acids, and proteins, play an essential role in the bio-reduction and capping agents to achieve the stability of the prepared metal nanoparticles compounds (Makarov et al., 2014). It is commonly recognized that using plant extracts for the synthesis of NPs is a competitive and efficient process (Allafchian et al., 2016 ). Many other studies examined the phytochemical analysis of moringa leaves and found similar consistent (Mensah et al., 2012 ; Khalid et al. , 2023). It was showed that moringa leaves could easily biosynthesize a wide variety of nanoparticles (Jadhav et al., 2022 ). Many researchers used moringa extract in synthesizing different successful types of nanoparticles (Moodley et al., 2018 ; Jadhav et al., 2022 ); Shalaby et al. (2022) prepared FeO, NiO, MgO, CuO, Au, ZnO, Ag, and La 2 O 3 nanoparticles by using moringa. Active ingredients which found in moringa leaves function as stabilizing, reducing, and capping agents as well as producing biosynthesized metal nanoparticles (NPs). Our findings are consistent with the research of Abd Rani et al. (2018); (Bagheri et al., 2020 ), who found that moringa contains a wide range of phyto-constituents, such as phenolic acids, glucosides, flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and steroids which play an essential role in the bio-reduction and capping agents to achieve the stability of the prepared metal nanoparticles compounds (Makarov et al., 2014). Previous studies used GC-MS analysis for M. oleifera leaves extract and found similar compounds to the present work (Syeda and Riazunnisa, 2020; Adeyemi et al. , 2021; Khan et al. , 2022). The characterization of SiNPs was confirmed by many researchers using UV-Vis as characterization tool and similar results were detected when SiNPs were produced from other resources (Djangang et al., 2015 ; Babu et al., 2018 ; Morales et al., 2019). The spherical shape of SiNPs using plant extract was confirmed by SEM (Periakaruppan et al. , 2022; Sankareswaran et al. , 2022). The EDX sharp peaks indicated that the synthesized SiNPs had a crystalline structure (Khan et al., 2017). Numerous studies examined the use of various insecticides to combat the fall armyworm. Most research concurred with our findings, showing that emamectin, indoxacarb, and chlorpyrifos are effective against the fall army worm larvae. However, the median lethal concentration values varied, and this was due to variations in the population, bioassay method, and the instar of larvae. For instance, Liu et al. (2022) studied the effect of emamectin benzoate on 3rd instar larvae of S. frugiperda after 24 h and found that the LC 50 was 0.106 mg/L, and Amein (2023) obtained LC 50 values = 0.18 mg/L when treated emamectin benzoate on the 4th instar larvae, while Ahissou et al. ( 2021 ) evaluated the susceptibility of third instar larvae of different populations to seven commercially insecticide in Burkina Faso and found that emamectin benzoate was the most effective, the LC 50 values was within the range 0.00033–0.00038 mg/L. leaf dip bioassays using 3rd instar larvae LC 50 values were recorded on emamectin benzoate (0.11–0.12 ppm) (Dileep Kumar and Murali Mohan, 2022). Deshmukh et al. ( 2020 ) studied the effect of emamectin benzoate, indoxacarb, and other insecticides on the 2nd instar larvae by the leaf-dipping method. They found that emamectin benzoate showed the highest toxicity among all insecticides with LC 50 = 0.0051 mg/L, and indoxacarb demonstrated moderate effect with LC 50 = 0.29 mg/L. Field applications supported the same results. Using the corn husk soaking method, three different populations of fall armyworms were used to test the toxicity of emamectin benzoate and indoxacarb. The highest mortality rates were seen with emamectin benzoate (80:100%) when treated with 0.018 g/L, and indoxacarb ranged from 42:65% when treated with 0.047 g/L after 72 h (Bonni et al. , 2020). Suryani et al. ( 2022 ) examined the susceptibility of emamectin benzoate by mixing it with an artificial diet against first-instar larvae of five different field populations and one laboratory population of S. frugiperda . After seven days, the LC 50 values ranged from 0.11 mg/L: 0.39 mg/L compared to the laboratory population (LC 50 = 0.24 mg/L). However, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos on the 4th larval instar of S. frugiperda recorded LC 50 value = 470 mg/L (Salem et al. , 2023). The effect of chlorpyrifos against the 3rd instar larvae by leaf dip bioassay recorded LC 50 values within the range 199–377 mg/L (Dileep Kumar and Murali Mohan, 2022) and 99.73-106.32 mg/L (Ahissou et al., 2021 ). Long-term usage of synthetic pesticides can harm crops and the environment and lead to insecticide resistance. Researchers are actively looking for options that can safely control this pest while being successful. A family of nanomaterials known as nanocarriers can enable the targeted delivery and controlled release of fertilizers and insecticides in plants (Patra et al. , 2018). Nanopesticides' increased surface area to volume ratio and surface energy makes it easier for an effective agent to penetrate and adhere to a plant's surface. Therefore, the use of nanopesticides could significantly boost their efficacy. Silica nanoparticles offer a variety of benefits over bulk silicon sources for use in managing insect pests. SiNPs can act as a carrier for the pesticide to be delivered in a controlled release or as an insecticide to kill the targeted pest insects (Saw et al. , 2023). These findings align with many other studies that have used SiNPs as insecticide carriers to boost their potency. It has been established that SiNP is a reliable and safe source of insecticides that may be employed at low and ecologically friendly dosages to control various other insect pests (Attia et al., 2023; Saw et al., 2023). The residual toxicity of Ch-SNPs against adults of Rhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium confusum was assessed by Satehi et al. ( 2018 ) using prepared silica nanoparticles loaded with chlorpyrifos (Ch-SiNPs) as a carrier. Ch-SiNPs was discovered to be successful in controlling both tested insect species. Both species exposed on Petri dishes treated with 0.01 g/m2 Ch-SiNPs had 100% mortality even after 6 hours of exposure, 7 days following treatment. Another study on stored grain insects by Ziaee and Babamir-Satehi ( 2020 ) found that the mortality rate of T. granarium larvae was greatly increased by the administration of loaded deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos insecticides in silica nanoparticles. Abamectin 1.8%® and abamectin loaded on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSiNPs) were tested for their toxicological effects on Plutella xylostella 3rd instar larvae by Feng et al. (2021). Abamectin/MSNs exhibited a longer duration and control influence on P. xylostella , with a lower survival rate of 30% compared to abamectin®, whose survival rate reached 93%. Indoxacarb-loaded nanoparticles were created by Bilal et al. (2020) and showed greater insecticidal activity against P. xylostella compared to indoxacarb technical at the same doses. Additionally, treatment with indoxacarb-loaded nanoparticles reduced the activity of detoxifying enzymes such GST, CarE, and P450 in P. xylostella . 5. Conclusion Synthesis of nanoparticles using biological agents is eco-friendly, low-cost, and capable of producing at room temperature. In the present study moringa leaf extract’s phytochemicals act as reducing and stabilizing agents. We have characterized the SiNPs by UV–vis, SEM, EDX analysis. The UV–vis spectra confirm the formation of green synthesized SiNPs based on a surface plasmon resonance study. The EDX results determined the elemental analysis, particle stabilization, and zeta potential. SEM results revealed spherical and uniform-shaped silica nanoparticles. The moringa - synthesized SiNPs were potent in controlling and carrying agents for insecticides. The research outcome confirms that the leaf phytochemicals of moringa are responsible for forming silica nanoparticles and exhibited potent biological activity against the fall armyworm. Nanotechnology will overcome the limits of traditional pesticides by increasing pesticide efficacy. Declarations Ethics Approval: Not applicable Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing interests Funding No funding was received for conducting this study. Authors' contributions: The concept and design of the experiment were prepared by all authors. A.D.A conducted the experiments, analyzed the data and prepared the original manuscript. M.E.I.B. contributed to editing, analyzing and interpretation of the data. All the authors also contributed to reviewing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Acknowledgements Not applicable References Abbott WS .,1925 A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. 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Plant Prot (Scientific J Agriculture) 43:35–47 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Apr, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Apr, 2024 Editor invited by journal 01 Apr, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 01 Apr, 2024 First submitted to journal 29 Mar, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4190347","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":286636447,"identity":"c9c59c21-eebc-4161-9056-f5dcf2541483","order_by":0,"name":"Amany Abd Elnabi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA70lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACZiBmY2D4wMCQQJoWxhkka2HmIUYL/7TDzx7zMFjLybe3pUnbttnl8bM3MH74mINbi8TtNHNjHoZ0Y4Mzx45J57YlF0v2HGCWnLkNjzW3E8ykeRgOJ26QSG8DamFO3HAjgY2ZF48W+dvp30Ba6ufPAGqxbKsnrMXgdg7YlgSGG2nHpBnbDhPWYng7p0xyjkG64YYzx5Ite84dT5zZc7AZr1/kbqdvk3hTYS0PDDHDGz/KqhP72ZsPfviIz/tAwMRjAKZZJBjZQDRjA371ICU/IDTzB4Y/BBWPglEwCkbBCAQAyQ5Pr9pCl9oAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9371-3947","institution":"Agricultural Research Center","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amany","middleName":"Abd","lastName":"Elnabi","suffix":""},{"id":286636448,"identity":"152c6b6e-b8fe-4972-989a-b07e9681b2a0","order_by":1,"name":"Mohamed E. I. Badawy","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Alexandria University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"E. I.","lastName":"Badawy","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-30 03:07:26","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4190347/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4190347/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":54192237,"identity":"635f4f94-530f-4b15-9498-fd78fdebfa4a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-05 21:03:02","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":232921,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic illustration of green synthesis of SiNPs\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4190347/v1/8154c318a5cc5b024c6b64f7.png"},{"id":54192238,"identity":"f26a4188-c6e2-4678-b426-4aecdb6b68ef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-05 21:03:02","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":38461,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDroplet size distribution by DLS (A), and UV/Vis spectral analysis of the prepared green SiNPs (B).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4190347/v1/487cc40592629d35d5cd64e7.png"},{"id":54192239,"identity":"4696d89b-98d6-44fd-8db1-e20a790924a6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-05 21:03:02","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":427749,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEnergy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) (A) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) (B) images of green synthesized SiNPs.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4190347/v1/613563aa9fdf349d86c50cb6.png"},{"id":54192478,"identity":"a042766a-82ae-4db9-a2f2-bd35d581134b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-05 21:11:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1282076,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4190347/v1/8e9c9f06-bf7e-46a7-a083-6dd9e698b647.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Combating fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) with moringa-synthesized silica nanoparticles and its combination with some insecticides","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe fall armyworm (FAW) \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e (J. E. Smith) is a migratory lepidopteran polyphagous insect that is indigenous to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. (Goergen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). It has the ability to damage more than 350 species of plants belonging to 76 plant families such as maize, rice, sugarcane, wheat, barley, and sorghum (Montezano \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2018). Maize is the most preferred crop among all of them. According to Day \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2017) fall armyworm control is necessary to prevent maize yield losses which ranging from 8.3 to 20.6\u0026nbsp;million tons per year (21\u0026ndash;53% of overall production). In addition, about 70\u0026ndash;80% of pesticides are applied ineffectively in the field, which might contaminate the environment through spray drift, surface runoff, and soil leaching (Fan \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn recent years, nanotechnology and nanoparticle synthesis have rapidly developed. There are a lot of significant applications for metal nanoparticles in the agriculture sector, including fertilizers or as plant growth stimulants, nanopesticides (insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, pesticide carriers) and sensors (Pestovsky and Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Antonio, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Loaded insecticides at silica nanoparticles increase the mortality rate against pests that infect the stored grain (Debnath \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2011; El-Naggar \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2020; Ziaee and Babamir-Satehi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). It could be used in mosquitos (Barik \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2012; Baz \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2022) and \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera litura\u003c/em\u003e control (Debnath et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). As well as nanocarriers to deliver and minimize environmental risks of insecticides, (Yao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). using SiNPs as temperature-responsive nanocarriers for imidacloprid and abamectin enhanced the toxicological properties against \u003cem\u003ePlutella xylostella\u003c/em\u003e larvae and improved photolysis stability (Feng \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn enormous number of physical, chemical, biological, and hybrid procedures are usually used to prepare different types of NPs (Iravani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Most of the chemical methods are too expensive and also include the use of toxic, dangerous chemicals. In recent years, the increase of using a simple, green, and eco-friendly method was noticed to reduce the use of unsafe chemicals, produce nanoparticles less toxic and pure than those prepared by the chemical methods. The green methods depend on many natural resources such as plants, algae, microorganism extracts or/ and metabolites, worms, actinomycetes, and waste products (Jadoun \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2021; Karande \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2021). Many researchers succeeded in green synthesis of various nanoparticles such as silica (Al-Azawi \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019), selenium (Kalishwaralal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), zinc oxide (Fakhari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), silver (Awwad and Salem, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), titanium oxide (Sundrarajan and Gowri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) copper oxides (Kumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) and gold (Elia \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2014).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBriefly, the green synthesis of NPs depends on the primary or secondary metabolite of natural products as reducing and capping agents for metal salt solution (precursor). The production of nanoparticles is naturally shown by a change in the color of the reaction solution, and it can change inorganic metal ions into metal NPs (El-Seedi \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019). In the synthesis process of nanomaterials, metal ions in metal salt solution are recuperated from their salt precursors by the primary or secondary metabolites of natural products, which have reduction abilities. Then, the metal atoms merge to form metal NPs through the more biological reduction of metal ions with various morphologies like cubes, spheres, rods, hexagons, and wires. Also, the plant metabolites capped and stabilized NPs in stable morphology (Sajjad \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2018). In the present study, a green protocol has been reported to synthesize silica nanoparticles using \u003cem\u003eM. oleifera\u003c/em\u003e plant extract. Evaluate the effectiveness of the bio-synthesized SiNPs against the third instar larvae of the fall armyworm. Study the efficacy of some insecticides (chlorpyrifos, emamectin benzoate, and indoxacarb) by using the green-prepared SiNPs as a nanocarrier system.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Chemicals and insecticides\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetraethoxysilane 98% (TEOS, (C\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eO)\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eSi) (FW\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;208.33 g/mol) was obtained from Alfa Aesar (GmbH \u0026amp; Co. KG; Germany). Ethanol, acetone, methanol, sodium hydroxide, mercuric chloride, potassium iodide, sulfuric acid, hydrated copper (II) sulfate, gelatin, ferric chloride, and hydrochloric acid were obtained from El Gomhouria Company for Trading Chemicals, Egypt. Distilled water was used in this study. All organic solvents used were of analytical grade. The insecticides used are emamectin benzoate 5.7% WDG (Speedo\u0026reg;), chlorpyrifos (Pyrodan\u0026reg; 50% EC), and indoxacarb (Avant\u0026reg; 15% EC).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Preparation of aqueous plant leaf extract, phytochemical screening and analysis using GC.MS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eMoringa oleifera\u003c/em\u003e leaves were purchased from a local market, Egypt. For aqueous extraction, 20 g of moringa leaf powder was added to 100 mL of distilled water and methanol in a conical flask and stirred continuously for one hour (50\u0026ndash;65\u0026deg;C and 500 rpm). The resulting extract was filtered using Whatman filter paper and kept at 4\u0026deg;C till apply to other experiments. Alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, and tannins were among the phytochemicals examined in moringa. Tests were based on simple reactions determined by color or precipitate formation changes. The phytochemical analysis of moringa leaf was carried out by the standard methods provided by Harborne (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe molecular structure of a moringa extract is generated through mass spectrometry-gas chromatography (GC-MS). Running as a carrier gas, helium had a flow rate of 1 ml per minute. The oven was first set to 45\u0026deg;C for two minutes. After that, it was raised to 165\u0026deg;C (4\u0026deg;C/min) and then to 280\u0026deg;C (15\u0026deg;C/min), with a post-run (off) at 280\u0026deg;C. A ZB-5MS Zebron capillary column (30 m \u0026times; 0.25 mm in internal diameter, 0.25 \u0026micro;m film thickness) was provided to the GC/MS. To analyze and arrange the chemical structure of the extract, one microliter of the examined extract was dissolved in methanol (1:10), and then injected. The mass detector was operated at 250\u0026deg;C and 70 eV for electron impact ionization (EI), and the mass spectrometer was scanned from 50 to 500 m/z in order to scan and organize the chemical composition of the extract.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Synthesis of green silica nanoparticles (SiNPs)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiNPs were synthesized through the green synthesis method, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, by adding 5 mL of moringa leaves extract drop wise into 10 mL of TEOS: Ethanol: Tween 80 (1:1:0.01) solution as a precursor in a conical flask. The reaction was allowed for 24 h under continuous stirring at room temperature at 500 rpm. After that, the color of the mixture was changed to dark yellow. Ultrasonic homogenizer assisted nanoparticle synthesis, and sonication was applied for 30 min, followed by stirring at 500 rpm for 15 min. The nanoparticle solution was purified by repeated centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 20 min followed by re-dispersion of the pellet in deionized water and ethanol. This process was repeated twice to isolate the pure SINPs and exclude the presence of any unbound plant extract residue or TEOS. Then it was placed in hot air oven for overnight at 100\u0026deg;C. Finally, the white powder was obtained and stored in air tight container till characterization and bioassay.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Preparation of loaded insecticides/SiNPs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsecticides loading was performed using method of Wen \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2005) with some modifications. In a typical insecticides-loading process, 1% of silica nanoparticles and triple the LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e dose of each insecticide are added to acetone. The insecticide/acetone mixture is stirred continuously by a magnetic stirrer at room temperature. A white turbid suspension appears, and the process continues for 60 min to ensure maximum drug loading.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Characterization of SiNPs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.1. UV-Vis. spectrophotometry\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUltraviolet/visible spectrophotometer (UV/Vis, Alpha-1502, laxco Inc, USA) was used to verify the success of the bio-reduction of TEOS by aqueous extract of moringa into SiNPs, the obtained nanoparticles before drying were examined between the scan range of 390 to 700 nm. The nanoparticles absorb light at different wavelengths and are excited to give a broad peak due to the nanoparticle's surface plasmon resonance nature in the reaction medium.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe morphology image and chemical composition of the green synthesis of SiNPs were analyzed and photographed by a JEOL-SEM equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy at the Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.3. Particle size and polydispersity index (PDI)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean droplet size and PDI of silica nanoparticles were achieved by a dynamic light scattering method using Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments, UK) at room temperature. Nano silica size was estimated by the average of three measurements and presented as mean diameter in nm Tyagi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6. Fall armyworm rearing\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fall armyworm, \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e larvae, were collected from maize fields and transported to the laboratory. In the incubator, the stock colony reared on castor leaves under controlled conditions (25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C, 65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5% RH, 14 L: 10 D photoperiod). The larvae were kept in a transparent plastic container (40\u0026times;20\u0026times;15 cm) until pupation. Pupae were kept in the same incubator until moths emerged. After exclusion, the moths were fed on 10% sucrose solution and left to lay eggs on pieces of paper, which were transported to a rearing container until the appropriate larval stage to examine the experiments (Dahi \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7. Insecticidal activity assay under laboratory conditions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLaboratory bioassays were conducted on the 3rd instar larvae of \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e using the leaf disc dipping method. Castor leaves were collected from unsprayed plants, washed and air-dried. Five concentrations of each tested product, SiNPs, emamectin benzoate, indoxacarb, and chlorpyrifos, and their mixtures with 1% SiNPs were prepared. Leaf discs were dipped for ten seconds in tested concentrations and allowed to dry at room temperature for 30 min. Leaf discs immersed in distilled water were labeled as control. Then, leaf discs were placed in individual petri dishes (9 cm diameter). Each treatment (concentration) including controls was replicated four times. Ten 3rd instar \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e larvae were placed on each plate. The treatments were kept at a temperature of 25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC and 50\u0026ndash;60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5% relative humidity. Larval mortality at the end point was recorded after 24 h of insecticidal exposure. The mortality was calculated and corrected by using Abbott\u0026rsquo;s formula (Abbott, 1925)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.8. Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe statistical program SPSS software, version 21.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA), was used for the statistical analysis. According to probit analysis, the log-dose response curves allowed for identifying the LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e (concentration causing 50% of death) for the bioassays (Finney, 1971). By analyzing the relative growth rate (% control) against the logarithm of the compound concentration using least-square regression, it was possible to estimate the 95% Confidence Limits (CL) and standard error for the range of LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values for the compound assays on mortality. Abbott, 1925 was used for the correction of natural mortality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eM. oleifera\u003c/em\u003e leaf extract was tested for the presence of phytochemicals such as saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, and tannins. The results of a qualitative phytochemical analysis of the moringa extract are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, and they revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, and saponin. Fifty phyto-compounds were found using GC-MS analysis, the retention time, peak area percentage and molecular weight are listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The principal substances that exhibit a high percent peak area are n-Hexadecanoic acid 21.18, 9,12,15- octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z) (12.22), Oxirane, tetradecyl(5.73), 1-Hexadecanol, 2-methyl(4.29), Spirost-8-en-11-one,3-hydroxy-,(3\u0026aacute;,5\u0026agrave;,14\u0026aacute;,20\u0026aacute;,22\u0026aacute;,25R), (3.65), Genistin (2.77), 9,19-Cyclolanostan-3-ol,24,24-epoxymethano-,acetate(2.22) and Digitoxin (2.03). The particle size of prepared green silica nanoparticles was observed as mentioned in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eA by DLS; the particle size of nano silica was 529.5 nm, and the PDI was 0.075. Absorption spectroscopy is an effective method for verifying NPs production because the moringa extract contains active phytochemicals that reduce silicon metal to SiNPs. UV-Vis spectroscopic absorption was observed at various wavelengths between 290 and 700 nm, a broad peak indicates the presence of SiNPs at 350\u0026ndash;390 nm in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eB. SEM equipped with EDS was used to investigate the morphology, size, and structure of SiNPs. The EDS results (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3A) confirmed the presence of SiNPs. The EDX analysis determined the elemental composition and purity of SiNPs mediated by moringa leaf extract. It should be noted that the main atomic percentages in green synthesized SiNPs are primarily C (23.80), Ca (1.31), O (49.84), and silica (25.05). The EDX spectra confirmed the successful formation of SiNPs with moringa leaf extract, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;3B, the SEM cleared that SiNPs had spherical shapes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytochemical analysis of \u003cem\u003eMoringa oleifera\u003c/em\u003e leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytochemical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresence of phytochemical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlkaloids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMayer\u0026rsquo;s test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlavonoids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlkaline reagent test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlycoside\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFehling\u0026rsquo;s test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenols\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFerric Chloride Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaponin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrothing test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTanin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGelatin test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGC-MS analysis of \u003cem\u003eMoringa olefera extract\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompound name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArea %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR.T.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxirane, tetradecyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en-Butylphosphonic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxirane, tetradecyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH32O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en-Hexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC16H\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en-Hexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxirane, tetradecyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-Hydroxy-(Z)9-pentadec\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eenyl propanoate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,12,15- ctadecatrienoic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eacid, (Z,Z,Z)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctahydropyrano[3,2-b]pyridin-6-one\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclohexane, 1,1'-dodecylidenebis[4-methy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,12,15-Octadecatrienoicacid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e27\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e52\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD-(-)-Fructose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctadecane,3-ethyl-5-(2-ethylbutyl)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e54\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-Hexadecanol, 2-methyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-Monolinoleoylglycerol\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003etrimethylsilyl ether\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e27\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e54\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-Heptatriacotanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e37\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e76\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6-Methyl-11-propenyl-5-(toluene-4-ulfonyloxy)-12,13-dioxatricyclo[7.3.1.0(1,6)]tridecane-8-carboxylicacid, methyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenistin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDihydroartemisinin,5-deshydroxy-6-deshydro\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,7-Diphenyl-1,6-dioxopyridazino[4,5:2',3']pyrrolo[4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e',5'-d]pyridazine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-3,24,25-triol,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3\u0026aacute;,5Z,7E)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e27\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e44\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid,2,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e]propyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e27\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e52\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-[4-methyl-6-(2,6,6-trime thylcyclohex-1-enyl)hexa-1,3,5-trienyl]cyclohex-1-en-1-carboxaldehyde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e23\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,2-Propanediol,3-(hexadecyloxy)-,diacetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e23\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e44\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRhodopin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e40\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e58\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1H-2,8a-Methanocyclopenta[a]cyclopropa[e]cyclod\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eecen-11-one,1a,2,5,5a,6,9,10,10a-octahydro-5,5a,6-trihydroxy-1,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,7,9-trimethyl-,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[1S-(1\u0026agrave;,1a\u0026agrave;,2\u0026agrave;,5\u0026aacute;,5a\u0026aacute;,6\u0026aacute;,8a\u0026agrave;,9\u0026agrave;,10a\u0026agrave;)]-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e]propyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e27\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e52\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,19-Cyclolanostan-3-ol,24,24-epoxymethano-,acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e33\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e54\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCucurbitacin B, dihydro\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e48\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10-Bromo-3,7,11-dimethyldodeca-2,3-dien-11-ol,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-acetoxy-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e29\u003c/sub\u003eBrO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026aacute;-Sitosterol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e29\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026aacute;-Sitosterol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e29\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 2-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-[\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]methy l]ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e27\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e52\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpirost-8-en-11-one,3-hydroxy-,(3\u0026aacute;,5\u0026agrave;,14\u0026aacute;,20\u0026aacute;,22\u0026aacute;,25R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e27\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e40\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et-Butyl-{2-[3-(2,2-dimethyl-6-methylene-cyclohexyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e)-propyl]-[1,3]dithian-2-yl}-dimethyl-silane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e42\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithaferin A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e38\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7-Hydroxy-6,9a-dimethyl-3-methylene-decahydro-a\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ezuleno[4,5-b]furan-2,9-dione\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e]propyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e27\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e52\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBetulin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctadecane, 1,1'-[1,3-propanediylbis(oxy)]bis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e39\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e80\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigitoxin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e41\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e64\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid,2,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e]propyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e27\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e52\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-Heptatriacotanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e37\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e76\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethyl 9,12-epithio-9,11-octadecanoate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e19\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2S\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetinoyl-\u0026aacute;-glucuronide6',3'-lactone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRhodopin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e40\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e58\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAzafrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e27\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e38\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid,2,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e]propyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e27\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e52\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZeaxanthin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e40\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e56\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn preliminary lab tests, we evaluated the effectiveness of SiNPs, three insecticides, and their combination with 1% SiNPs against 3rd instar larvae of \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e. Based on these preliminary trials, our results showed that all insecticides tested were effective against \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e. The data on larvicidal activity are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of SiNPs on 3rd instar larvae of \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e after 24 h by leaf dipping recorded 9947.59 mg/L. The LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e was induced by emamectin benzoate with 0.42 mg/L, followed by indoxacarb and chlorpyrifos with LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;967.47 and 1023.87 mg/L, respectively. The observed mortality rate in our study was high when the insect consumed food dipped in a mixture of pesticides and 1% SiNPs against \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e. The results showed that emamectin benzote\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1% SiNPs is the most promising formulation with LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.295 mg/L, followed by indoxacarb and chlorpyrifos with LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;481.12 mg/L and 615.16 mg/L, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToxicity effects of chlorpyrifos, emamectin benzoate, and indoxacarb and their mixture with 1% green SiNPs on \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e larvae under laboratory conditions after 24 h of treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProducts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfidence limits\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlope\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercept\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiNPs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9947.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8469.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12937.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.17\u0026plusmn; 0.371\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorpyrifos 50% EC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1023.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e523.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2897.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorpyrifos 50% EC\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1% SiNPs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e615.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e249.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2571.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmamectin benzoate 5% WP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmamectin benzoate 5% WP\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1% SiNPs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.295\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndoxacarb 15% EC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e967.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e426.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3785.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndoxacarb 15% EC\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1% SiNPs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e481.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e229.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1576.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0724\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eSiNPs: Silica nanoparticles.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003ea: LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e concentration causing 50% death for the larvae.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eb: LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e concentration causing 90% death for the larvae.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003ec: Intercept of the regression line\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003ed: Chi square value.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eSilica nanoparticles have been successfully created using an easy and environmentally friendly process by using plant metabolite from \u003cem\u003eM. oleifera\u003c/em\u003e extract. Plant metabolites, such as terpenoids, polyphenols, sugars, alkaloids, phenolic acids, and proteins, play an essential role in the bio-reduction and capping agents to achieve the stability of the prepared metal nanoparticles compounds (Makarov et al., 2014). It is commonly recognized that using plant extracts for the synthesis of NPs is a competitive and efficient process (Allafchian et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Many other studies examined the phytochemical analysis of moringa leaves and found similar consistent (Mensah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Khalid \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2023). It was showed that moringa leaves could easily biosynthesize a wide variety of nanoparticles (Jadhav et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Many researchers used moringa extract in synthesizing different successful types of nanoparticles (Moodley et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Jadhav et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e); Shalaby \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2022) prepared FeO, NiO, MgO, CuO, Au, ZnO, Ag, and La\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles by using moringa. Active ingredients which found in moringa leaves function as stabilizing, reducing, and capping agents as well as producing biosynthesized metal nanoparticles (NPs). Our findings are consistent with the research of Abd Rani \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2018); (Bagheri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), who found that moringa contains a wide range of phyto-constituents, such as phenolic acids, glucosides, flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and steroids which play an essential role in the bio-reduction and capping agents to achieve the stability of the prepared metal nanoparticles compounds (Makarov et al., 2014).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies used GC-MS analysis for \u003cem\u003eM. oleifera\u003c/em\u003e leaves extract and found similar compounds to the present work (Syeda and Riazunnisa, 2020; Adeyemi \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2021; Khan \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2022). The characterization of SiNPs was confirmed by many researchers using UV-Vis as characterization tool and similar results were detected when SiNPs were produced from other resources (Djangang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Babu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Morales et al., 2019). The spherical shape of SiNPs using plant extract was confirmed by SEM (Periakaruppan \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2022; Sankareswaran \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2022). The EDX sharp peaks indicated that the synthesized SiNPs had a crystalline structure (Khan et al., 2017).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumerous studies examined the use of various insecticides to combat the fall armyworm. Most research concurred with our findings, showing that emamectin, indoxacarb, and chlorpyrifos are effective against the fall army worm larvae. However, the median lethal concentration values varied, and this was due to variations in the population, bioassay method, and the instar of larvae. For instance, Liu \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2022) studied the effect of emamectin benzoate on 3rd instar larvae of \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e after 24 h and found that the LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e was 0.106 mg/L, and Amein (2023) obtained LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.18 mg/L when treated emamectin benzoate on the 4th instar larvae, while Ahissou et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) evaluated the susceptibility of third instar larvae of different populations to seven commercially insecticide in Burkina Faso and found that emamectin benzoate was the most effective, the LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values was within the range 0.00033\u0026ndash;0.00038 mg/L. leaf dip bioassays using 3rd instar larvae LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values were recorded on emamectin benzoate (0.11\u0026ndash;0.12 ppm) (Dileep Kumar and Murali Mohan, 2022). Deshmukh et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) studied the effect of emamectin benzoate, indoxacarb, and other insecticides on the 2nd instar larvae by the leaf-dipping method. They found that emamectin benzoate showed the highest toxicity among all insecticides with LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0051 mg/L, and indoxacarb demonstrated moderate effect with LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.29 mg/L. Field applications supported the same results. Using the corn husk soaking method, three different populations of fall armyworms were used to test the toxicity of emamectin benzoate and indoxacarb. The highest mortality rates were seen with emamectin benzoate (80:100%) when treated with 0.018 g/L, and indoxacarb ranged from 42:65% when treated with 0.047 g/L after 72 h (Bonni \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuryani et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) examined the susceptibility of emamectin benzoate by mixing it with an artificial diet against first-instar larvae of five different field populations and one laboratory population of \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e. After seven days, the LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values ranged from 0.11 mg/L: 0.39 mg/L compared to the laboratory population (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.24 mg/L). However, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos on the 4th larval instar of \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e recorded LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;470 mg/L (Salem \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2023). The effect of chlorpyrifos against the 3rd instar larvae by leaf dip bioassay recorded LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values within the range 199\u0026ndash;377 mg/L (Dileep Kumar and Murali Mohan, 2022) and 99.73-106.32 mg/L (Ahissou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Long-term usage of synthetic pesticides can harm crops and the environment and lead to insecticide resistance. Researchers are actively looking for options that can safely control this pest while being successful. A family of nanomaterials known as nanocarriers can enable the targeted delivery and controlled release of fertilizers and insecticides in plants (Patra \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2018). Nanopesticides' increased surface area to volume ratio and surface energy makes it easier for an effective agent to penetrate and adhere to a plant's surface. Therefore, the use of nanopesticides could significantly boost their efficacy. Silica nanoparticles offer a variety of benefits over bulk silicon sources for use in managing insect pests. SiNPs can act as a carrier for the pesticide to be delivered in a controlled release or as an insecticide to kill the targeted pest insects (Saw \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2023). These findings align with many other studies that have used SiNPs as insecticide carriers to boost their potency. It has been established that SiNP is a reliable and safe source of insecticides that may be employed at low and ecologically friendly dosages to control various other insect pests (Attia et al., 2023; Saw et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe residual toxicity of Ch-SNPs against adults of \u003cem\u003eRhyzopertha dominica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eTribolium confusum\u003c/em\u003e was assessed by Satehi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) using prepared silica nanoparticles loaded with chlorpyrifos (Ch-SiNPs) as a carrier. Ch-SiNPs was discovered to be successful in controlling both tested insect species. Both species exposed on Petri dishes treated with 0.01 g/m2 Ch-SiNPs had 100% mortality even after 6 hours of exposure, 7 days following treatment. Another study on stored grain insects by Ziaee and Babamir-Satehi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) found that the mortality rate of \u003cem\u003eT. granarium\u003c/em\u003e larvae was greatly increased by the administration of loaded deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos insecticides in silica nanoparticles. Abamectin 1.8%\u0026reg; and abamectin loaded on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSiNPs) were tested for their toxicological effects on \u003cem\u003ePlutella xylostella\u003c/em\u003e 3rd instar larvae by Feng \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2021). Abamectin/MSNs exhibited a longer duration and control influence on \u003cem\u003eP. xylostella\u003c/em\u003e, with a lower survival rate of 30% compared to abamectin\u0026reg;, whose survival rate reached 93%. Indoxacarb-loaded nanoparticles were created by Bilal \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2020) and showed greater insecticidal activity against \u003cem\u003eP. xylostella\u003c/em\u003e compared to indoxacarb technical at the same doses. Additionally, treatment with indoxacarb-loaded nanoparticles reduced the activity of detoxifying enzymes such GST, CarE, and P450 in \u003cem\u003eP. xylostella\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eSynthesis of nanoparticles using biological agents is eco-friendly, low-cost, and capable of producing at room temperature. In the present study moringa leaf extract\u0026rsquo;s phytochemicals act as reducing and stabilizing agents. We have characterized the SiNPs by UV\u0026ndash;vis, SEM, EDX analysis. The UV\u0026ndash;vis spectra confirm the formation of green synthesized SiNPs based on a surface plasmon resonance study. The EDX results determined the elemental analysis, particle stabilization, and zeta potential. SEM results revealed spherical and uniform-shaped silica nanoparticles. The moringa\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003esynthesized SiNPs were potent in controlling and carrying agents for insecticides. The research outcome confirms that the leaf phytochemicals of \u003cem\u003emoringa\u003c/em\u003e are responsible for forming silica nanoparticles and exhibited potent biological activity against the fall armyworm. Nanotechnology will overcome the limits of traditional pesticides by increasing pesticide efficacy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":" \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo funding was received for conducting this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthors' contributions:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concept and design of the experiment were prepared by all authors. A.D.A conducted the experiments, analyzed the data and prepared the original manuscript. M.E.I.B. contributed to editing, analyzing and interpretation of the data. All the authors also contributed to reviewing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbbott WS .,1925 A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J econ Entomol 18, 265\u0026ndash;267\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1093/jee/18.2.265a\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1093/jee/18.2.265a\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbd Rani NZ, Husain K, Kumolosasi E 2018 Moringa genus: a review of phytochemistry and pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 9, 108\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdeyemi S, Larayetan R, Onoja A, Ajayi A, Yahaya A, Ogunmola OO, Adeyi A, Chijioke O .,2021 Anti-hemorrhagic activity of ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaf on envenomed albino rats. Sci Afr 12, e00742\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAhissou BR, Sawadogo WM, Bokonon-Ganta A, Somda I, Kestemont M, Verheggen F (2021) Baseline toxicity data of different insecticides against the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and control failure likelihood estimation in Burkina Faso. Afr Entomol 29:435\u0026ndash;444\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl-Azawi MT, Hadi S, Mohammed CH 2019 Synthesis of silica nanoparticles via green approach by using hot aqueous extract of Thuja orientalis leaf and their effect on biofilm formation. Iraqi J Agricultural Sci 50, 245\u0026ndash;255\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAllafchian A, Mirahmadi-Zare S, Jalali S, Hashemi S, Vahabi M (2016) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using phlomis leaf extract and investigation of their antibacterial activity. J Nanostructure Chem 6:129\u0026ndash;135\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAmein NA A.; E., Said,2023 Effectiveness of Teflubenzuron, Emamectin benzoate, and Alfa-cypermethrin on Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith)(Noctuidae: Lepidoptera), under Laboratory and Field Conditions. Egypt Acad J Biol Sci Entomol 16, 133\u0026ndash;139\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAttia RG, Khalil MM, Hussein MA, Fattah HMA, Rizk SA, Ma\u0026rsquo;moun SA ,2023 Cinnamon Oil Encapsulated with Silica Nanoparticles: Chemical Characterization and Evaluation of Insecticidal Activity Against the Rice Moth, Corcyra cephalonica. 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Plant Prot (Scientific J Agriculture) 43:35\u0026ndash;47\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"neotropical-entomology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nent","sideBox":"Learn more about [Neotropical Entomology](https://www.springer.com/journal/13744)","snPcode":"13744","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nent/default2.aspx","title":"Neotropical Entomology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Spodoptera frugiperda, Silica nanoparticles, Green synthesis, Nanocriers, Insecticides","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4190347/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4190347/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe fall armyworm (\u003cem\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e) is a major agricultural pest known for developing resistance to insecticides. This study investigated a novel approach to manage the fall armyworm by silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) synthesized from eco-friendly \u003cem\u003eMoringa oleifera\u003c/em\u003e leaf extract. This green synthesis method offers a sustainable and potentially safer alternative to traditional chemical processes. SiNPs formation was confirmed by various techniques: UV\u0026ndash;visible spectrophotometer, X-ray spectroscopy with energy dispersive (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The effectiveness of SiNPs alone and its combination with three common insecticides (emamectin benzoate, indoxacarb, and chlorpyrifos) were evaluated against third instar larvae of fall armyworm. While, SiNPs after 24 h by leaf dipping method recorded limited insecticidal activity (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9947.59 mg/L), it significantly enhanced the potency of all three insecticides. Combining SiNPs with emamectin benzoate resulted in the most dramatic increase in effectiveness compared to the insecticide alone with LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.295 mg/L and 0.42 mg/L, respectively. This research suggests that moringa extract can be a valuable resource for the green synthesis of nanoparticles potentially useful in pest control. This approach could potentially reduce the amount of insecticide needed for effective pest control, leading to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural practice.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Combating fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) with moringa-synthesized silica nanoparticles and its combination with some insecticides","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-05 21:02:57","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4190347/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-04-05T10:26:08+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-04-02T12:48:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Neotropical Entomology","date":"2024-04-01T20:30:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-04-01T07:42:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Neotropical Entomology","date":"2024-03-29T23:06:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"neotropical-entomology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nent","sideBox":"Learn more about [Neotropical Entomology](https://www.springer.com/journal/13744)","snPcode":"13744","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nent/default2.aspx","title":"Neotropical Entomology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b315a159-45f3-431e-868d-ba54b9164826","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 5th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-13T20:28:14+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-05 21:02:57","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4190347","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4190347","identity":"rs-4190347","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}