Analysis of Foraminifera in Middle-Late Miocene Deposits within the Red Bay Formation, Florida: Examination of Nearshore Marine Facies and Lithological Discrepancies for Enhanced Scientific Insights

Analysis of Foraminifera in Middle-Late Miocene Deposits within the Red Bay Formation, Florida: Examination of Nearshore Marine Facies and Lithological Discrepancies for Enhanced Scientific Insights | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Analysis of Foraminifera in Middle-Late Miocene Deposits within the Red Bay Formation, Florida: Examination of Nearshore Marine Facies and Lithological Discrepancies for Enhanced Scientific Insights Belkasim Khameiss This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7294073/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study presents an in-depth analysis of foraminifera in the Middle to Late Miocene deposits within the Red Bay Formation, Florida, focusing on nearshore marine facies and lithological discrepancies. Sediment samples, totaling three kilograms, were meticulously analyzed at the Ball State University Biostratigraphy Laboratory due to the unique significance of the now-vanished outcrop from which they were sourced. The sediments are rich in marine invertebrates, particularly gastropods and bivalves, with this study offering the first comprehensive documentation of foraminifera within this geological section. The identified benthic foraminifera include species such as Anonnamalinoide sp. , Trilorculina quadrilateralis , Texturaria articulata , Discorbis mira , Quinqueloculina candeiana , Quinqueloculina chipolensis , Lenticulina sp. , and Nonion sp. , while the planktonic foraminifera were exclusively from the Globigerinidae family, featuring Globigerinoides bisphericus , Globigerinoides kennetti , Globigerinoides altiaperturus , and Orbulina universa . The study reveals the predominance of benthic foraminifera, indicating the dominance of shallow marine environments. This finding supports the hypothesis that the Red Bay Formation sediments originated from nearshore marine settings. However, the lithological similarities with adjacent formations present challenges in unequivocally assigning these sediments to the Red Bay Formation. These insights enhance our understanding of ancient marine ecosystems and provide a critical basis for future geological and paleoenvironmental studies in the region. Foraminifera Middle-Late Miocene Taxonomy Red Bay Paleoecology Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Introduction Walton County, situated along Florida's Emerald Coast in the northwestern region, is bordered to the south by the Gulf of Mexico. Within this geological framework, the "Red Bay Formation" is proposed to encompass sands, clays, and associated deposits that contain the YOLDIA and ARCA faunal zones. The type of locality, McDaniel's Farm at Red Bay, reveals a Red Bay Formation thickness of approximately 31.5 feet. Stratigraphically, the Red Bay Formation overlies the Yellow River Formation and is contemporaneous with the Jackson Bluff Formation. The Choctawhatchee Stage, as defined by Puri and Vernon in 1964, is associated with these formations. In this study, the Alum Bluff Group is referred to as undifferentiated. This revised classification stems from the recognition that previous classifications were primarily based on micro- and macrofossil faunal distinctions and assumed age rather than lithological characteristics, which do not align with the criteria established by the Code. Subsequent classifications have placed the sediments within the Alum Bluff Group into various formations, including Chipola, Shoal River, Oak Grove, Whites Creek, Choctawhatchee, Red Bay, and Yellow River. Matson and Clapp ( 1909 ) designated Outcrop 10 in Red Bay, Walton County, as part of the Choctawhatchee Formation, situating it within the middle unit of the Alum Bluff Group. This undifferentiated Alum Bluff outcrop is also considered the type of site for the "short-lived" Red Bay Formation of Choctawhatchee age, as documented by Johnson in 1989. In this study, three distinct species of cheilostome Bryozoa from two Miocene strata in northeastern Florida are reported. The Red Bay Formation contains the first recorded occurrences of Discoporella umbellata depressa (Conrad, 1841 ) and Hippoporidra calcarea (Smitt, 1873). Additionally, Discoporella umbellata depressa and Cupuladria biporosa were identified for the first time from the Yellow River Formation, as originally discovered by Canu and Bassler in 1923. Based on the ecological characteristics of these species, it is inferred that the Red Bay and Yellow River formations were deposited in muddy, mildly turbulent, and temperate environments that were less conducive to the development of extensive bryozoan communities, as reported by Scolaro in 1970. Location The study area is located in Walton County, in the northwestern region of Florida along the Emerald Coast. Bordered to the south by the Gulf of Mexico, this region is characterized by sedimentary formations composed of sands and clays, as depicted in Fig. 1 . The sample collection was conducted at a designated geological outcrop situated at coordinates T12N and R.17W, as shown in Fig. 2. This formation exhibits a total thickness of approximately 1.5 meters and primarily consists of red marine clay and marine sandstone. Notably, the formation contains an abundance of fossilized specimens, including bivalves, gastropods, and foraminifera, as illustrated in Fig. 3 . Materials and Methods Samples were collected from a segment of carbonate rocks in the Red Bay area, each weighing approximately three thousand grams. These samples were subjected to a treatment process involving immersion in a 5% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution to disaggregate the sediment, followed by washing through a 63 µm mesh sieve. The samples were then dried and further sieved into fractions greater than 250 µm, 125 µm, and 63 µm. The washed residue, totaling approximately three thousand grams, was examined under a binocular microscope at 50x magnification. Foraminiferal tests were carefully selected and mounted on faunal slides for detailed study. Identification of the foraminifera was conducted using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), with the results documented on two plates. The paleoecological conditions were reconstructed based on quantitative analysis of the following parameters: 1) the number of foraminiferal tests per gram of dry sediment, 2) species richness, and 3) the relative abundance of planktonic versus benthic foraminifera. Results Microinvertebrate Fauna In this preliminary analysis, a detailed characterization of the microinvertebrate fauna was conducted based on sedimentary sources. The focus of this analysis was on the foraminiferal assemblages, particularly the planktonic foraminifera Foraminifera a. Planktonic Foraminifera The planktonic foraminifera species identified in this section include Globigerinoides bisphericus , Globigerinoides kennetti , Globigerinoides altiaperturus , and Orbulina universa . All these species belong to the taxonomic family Globigerinidae, as illustrated in Fig. 4 . Among these, Globigerinoides kennetti is notably the most abundant species within this assemblage, a fact that is visually represented in Fig. 5 . This dominance of G. kennetti may have significant implications for understanding the paleoenvironmental conditions of the studied strata. Discussion Biostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental implications of planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides bisphericu s is a planktonic foraminiferal species predominantly found in tropical and subtropical surface waters. Its prevalence and spatial distribution provide essential insights into surface water conditions, including sea surface temperatures (SSTs), nutrient availability, and production rates, as documented by Bé ( 1977 ). Variations in the abundance of G. bisphericus serve as indicators of shifts in oceanic circulation patterns and water mass dynamics, as demonstrated by Dekens et al. ( 2002 ). Moreover, like other planktonic foraminifera, G. bisphericus is sensitive to changes in seawater chemistry, particularly ocean acidification. Experimental studies have shown the negative impact of elevated CO2 levels and decreased pH in saltwater on the calcification and growth of G. bisphericus , as outlined by Bijma et al. ( 1999 ). Thus, examining the abundance and shell morphology of G. bisphericus in sedimentary records offers valuable insights into past changes in ocean chemistry. Orbulina universa is another planktonic foraminiferal species commonly found in tropical and subtropical warm surface waters. Its presence in sediment cores has been used as an indicator of elevated SSTs during specific geological epochs, as explained by Kennett and Srinivasan ( 1983 ). The abundance and distribution patterns of O. universa have been associated with warm climatic intervals, including the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), as documented by Zachos et al. ( 1989 , 1996 , 2001 , 2005 ). The isotopic composition of O. universa shells is crucial for reconstructing past SSTs. During calcification, the oxygen isotopes incorporated into the shells reflect the isotopic composition of the surrounding water, enabling paleotemperature reconstruction. For example, oxygen isotope analyses of O. universa specimens from sediment cores in the Arabian Sea have been instrumental in reconstructing temperature fluctuations over the last 500,000 years, as reported by Jian et al. ( 2014 ). Additionally, O. universa is sensitive to variations in nutrient availability, particularly in response to eutrophication events resulting from increased fertilizer runoff into the ocean. Concentrations of O. universa in sedimentary deposits have been used as markers of eutrophication events and enhanced productivity in coastal environments, as highlighted by Bé et al. (1977). Moreover, biostratigraphic analysis reveals that many planktonic foraminifera specimens are of Miocene age, with the stratigraphic context suggesting that the bed dates to the Middle to Late Miocene epoch, as illustrated in Fig. 6 . Biostratigraphic and paleonviromantal implications of Benthic foraminifera Discorbis mira is a benthic foraminiferal species with a broad distribution, ranging from shallow coastal environments to deep oceanic trenches. Its biostratigraphic range extends from the Middle Miocene to the present, as documented by Cushman in 1922. Quinqueloculina candeia na is another foraminiferal species that primarily inhabited shallow coastal regions, continental shelves, and the upper parts of the continental slope. These foraminifera are commonly found in fossil assemblages associated with warm, tropical to subtropical waters. Their distribution patterns and morphological characteristics suggest a preference for shallow, well-oxygenated, and clear-water environments. They coexisted with other benthic foraminifera and marine organisms such as corals and mollusks, supporting the idea of a tropical to subtropical paleoenvironment during the Oligocene to Miocene epochs, as evidenced by d'Orbigny (1839), Lehmann ( 1957 ), Mata ( 1987 ), Norton ( 1930 ), and Poag (1981). Quinqueloculina chipolensis , another foraminiferal species, is commonly found in tropical to subtropical regions and shows a preference for warm, shallow waters. These foraminifera are typically associated with reef ecosystems, carbonate platforms, and other shallow marine environments during the Early to Middle Eocene epoch, as observed by Loeblich and Tappan ( 1987 ) and Majewski ( 2005 ). On the other hand, Nonion sp. , is characterized by its abundance across various marine environments, ranging from shallow coastal areas to deep-sea sediments and even freshwater habitats. The ecological preferences of Nonion species can vary, with their presence recorded from the Late Cretaceous to the Pliocene, as noted by Montfort ( 1808 ), d'Orbigny (1846), and Asano ( 1938 ). Lenticulina sp. , are typically associated with high-energy settings, favoring environments with strong water currents, increased turbulence, and occasionally stormy conditions. These conditions help prevent silt accumulation and ensure a steady supply of food and oxygen. Lenticulina species predominantly inhabit sandy or muddy substrates, with their distribution influenced by water depth, temperature, salinity, and nutrient availability. Their biostratigraphic range spans from the Late Cretaceous to the Pliocene, as documented by Lamarck ( 1804 ) and Tappan ( 1962 ). Textularia articulata is closely associated with shallow marine or nearshore environments, as highlighted by Loubere ( 1989 ), Medioli and Scott ( 1983 ), and Alve and Bernhard ( 1995 ). Lastly, Triloculina quadrilateralis is frequently found in shallow marine settings, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. This species thrived in warm, clear, and shallow waters, indicating favorable conditions such as moderate temperatures, normal salinity levels, and suitable substrates for attachment or burrowing. The biostratigraphic range of Triloculina quadrilateralis extends from the Paleocene to the recent era, as documented by d'Orbigny (1839) and Okimura (1988). Moreover, biostratigraphic analysis strongly indicates that the majority of benthic foraminifera specimens present in the geological record are of Miocene age, as depicted in Fig. 7 . P: B Ratio The presence of a high percentage of benthic foraminifera indicates a shallow marine environment, as seen in Fig. 8 . Paleontology Taxonmonmy Planktonic Foraminifera Globigerinidae Carpenter, Parker, and Jones, 1862 Orbulina d’Orbigny, 1839 a. Orbulina Universa d’Orbigny, 1839a . Fig (Fig. 4 – 9 ) From the equatorial to the subpolar. Latitudes range from low to high, which means warm water. Aze et al., 2011 .Brummer, G-J. A., and Kucera, M., 2022; Kennett Srinivasan 1983. Globigerinidae Carpenter, Parker, and Jones, 1862 Globigerinoides Cushman 1927a Globigerinoides kennetti Keller, and Poore 1980 . Fig (Fig. 2– 9 ) Low latitudes indicate lower coordinates or proximity to the equator. Kennett Srinivasan 1983. Globigerinidae Carpenter, Parker, and Jones, 1862 Trilobatus bisphericus Todd et al., 1954 . Fig (Fig. 3 – 9 ) Trilobatus Spezzaferri et al., 2015 Low latitudes indicate lower coordinates or proximity to the equator. Aze et al., 2011 . Globigerinoides altiaperturus Bolli, 1957b . Fig (Fig. 1 – 9 ) Outside of upwelling zones, mid- to low latitudes. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983 ; Spezzaferri, 1994 ; Spezzaferri et al., 2018. Benthic Foraminifera 1-Discorbidae Ehrenberg, 1838 Discorbis Lamarck, 1804 Discorbis mira Cushman, 1922. (Fig.10-1) 2-Hauerinidae Schwager, 1876 Quinqueloculina d'Orbigny, 1826 Quinqueloculina chipolensis Cushman and Ponton, 1932. (Fig.11-1) Quinqueloculina candeiana d'Orbigny, 1839. (Fig.11-3) 3-Nonionidae Schultze, 1854 Nonion Montfort, 1808 7- Nonion sp., Montfort, 1808. (Fig.10-3) 4-Vaginulinidae Reuss, 1860 Lenticulina Lamarck, 1804 Lenticulina sp., Lamarck, 1804.(Fig.10-2) 5-Hauerinidae Schwager, 1876 Triloculina d'Orbigny, 1826 Triloculina quadrilateralis d'Orbigny, 1839. (Fig.11-2) 6-Textulariidae Ehrenberg, 1838 Textularia Defrance, 1824 10- Textularia articulata Reuss, 1851.(Fig.10-4) Conclusion These findings significantly enhance our understanding of ancient marine ecosystems and shed light on the paleoenvironments and geographical distribution of these marine organisms across various geological epochs. The paleoecological and biostratigraphic insights derived from Globigerinoides bisphericus and Orbulina universa offer crucial information about past surface water conditions and environmental fluctuations. Globigerinoides bisphericus , typically found in tropical and subtropical surface waters, provides valuable data on sea surface temperatures, nutrient availability, production rates, oceanic circulation patterns, and water mass dynamics. Its sensitivity to changes in seawater chemistry, such as ocean acidification, makes it a key indicator of historical oceanic conditions. Conversely, Orbulina universa , also prevalent in warm tropical and subtropical surface waters, serves as an indicator of elevated sea surface temperatures during specific geological periods. The isotopic composition of its shell aids in reconstructing past temperatures and has been pivotal in studying long-term temperature fluctuations. Additionally, the concentration of Orbulina universa in sediment cores serves as a marker of eutrophication and enhanced productivity in coastal environments, particularly in response to variations in nutrient availability. These discoveries underscore the importance of these planktonic foraminifera species in understanding past climate dynamics, oceanic processes, and the impacts of environmental changes such as ocean acidification and eutrophication on marine ecosystems. The paleoecological and biostratigraphic implications associated with the benthic foraminifera species provide insights into their habitat preferences and distribution patterns across different geological epochs. Discorbis mira , which spans from shallow coastal areas to deep oceanic trenches with a biostratigraphic range from the Middle Miocene to the present, exemplifies its adaptability to diverse environments. Quinqueloculina candeiana thrived in warm, tropical to subtropical waters, occupying both shallow and relatively deep-sea habitats, indicating a preference for well-oxygenated, clear-water settings. Quinqueloculina chipolensis is commonly found in tropical to subtropical regions, favoring warm, shallow waters, and often inhabits reef and carbonate platforms. Nonion sp., displays versatility, being abundant in marine environments and present in habitats ranging from shallow coastal areas to deep-sea sediments. Lenticulina sp., is associated with high-energy environments, favoring areas with strong currents and stormy conditions. Declarations Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical approval and consent to participate Ethical approval is not applicable, and All authors declare consent to participate in this study. Human or animal rights This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors. 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C., Quinn, T. M., & Salamy, K. A. (1996). High-resolution (10^4 years) deep-sea foraminiferal stable isotope records of the Eocene-Oligocene climate transition. Paleoceanography, 11(3), 251–266. Zachos, J. C., Röhl, U., Schellenberg, S. A., Sluijs, A., & Hodell, D. A. (2005). Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Science, 308(5728), 1611–1615. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7294073","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":499374089,"identity":"912330e4-ffd3-49bf-af43-1856ed6bfb5e","order_by":0,"name":"Belkasim Khameiss","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Oklahoma Geological Survey, Sarkeys Energy Center","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Belkasim","middleName":"","lastName":"Khameiss","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-04 19:23:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7294073/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7294073/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89075531,"identity":"62746517-5995-44b0-977c-7219e9998d32","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 12:07:45","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":940326,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShows the location of Walton County.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7294073/v1/264ae3ae0ad74e4a6cfb122e.png"},{"id":89076566,"identity":"af720b07-d661-48f3-8a1b-75482df49726","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 12:15:45","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":568579,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThis is the only Red Bay location map- -available. Wendell, C., and Gerald M.,1932.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7294073/v1/a8a6719cbe1b624d26ee78c0.png"},{"id":89075533,"identity":"28ef8567-30b1-4269-b7cb-4f9de2e2192c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 12:07:45","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":212953,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOccurrence of biogenic components in Red Bay Formation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7294073/v1/b3738c3502359655950877ac.png"},{"id":89076567,"identity":"2f02ab2f-d06f-426e-9816-674089544a9b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 12:15:45","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17819,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShows the one family Planktonic Foraminifera.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7294073/v1/d308b58f70959b3eae61c848.png"},{"id":89075532,"identity":"4a3297a9-4e93-41d5-9ff6-6a6c232707e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 12:07:45","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28786,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShows the species Planktonic Foraminifera.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7294073/v1/ffad2ea60d7e29ee6a157d80.png"},{"id":89076570,"identity":"9cc877bf-36e9-4852-8d02-2c8eed2f4220","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 12:15:45","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":78826,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShows biostratigraphy data of planktonic foraminifera.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7294073/v1/e643ab9b0627d6eaf33457dd.png"},{"id":89077441,"identity":"877bc915-7c6d-4134-94c0-41838e767ccf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 12:23:45","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":92220,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShows biostratigraphy data of Benthic foraminifera.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7294073/v1/369aa151d25a60dd5e606eb5.png"},{"id":89075535,"identity":"5180f070-99f8-45ab-acf6-08e022cfc096","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 12:07:45","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":13129,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShows planktonic and benthic foraminifera ratio.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7294073/v1/29ab73bbc54c204418e99bd6.png"},{"id":89077444,"identity":"dcab0361-5e47-499b-9718-b968b1b4de73","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 12:23:45","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":459975,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShows the planktonic foraminifera\u003cem\u003e 1-Globigerinoides altiaperturus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2-Globigerinoides kennetti3- Trilobatus bisphericus4-Orbulina Universa.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7294073/v1/fb938c9d637519c2c7dd8580.png"},{"id":89076575,"identity":"9af1e311-64ec-4cbe-9328-85ea96a7b02e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 12:15:45","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":343525,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShows the benthic foraminifera 1- \u003cem\u003eDiscorbis mira\u003c/em\u003e 2- \u003cem\u003eLenticulina sp.,\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3-\u003cem\u003eNonion sp., \u003c/em\u003e4-\u003cem\u003eTextularia articulata.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7294073/v1/86dfbb139ef1c1598fd7942e.png"},{"id":89075543,"identity":"45b86223-d4e1-4100-93fc-9b81d80eca3c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 12:07:45","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":477764,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShows the benthic foraminifera 1- \u003cem\u003eQuinqueloculina chipolensis\u003c/em\u003e 2-\u003cem\u003eTriloculina quadrilateralis3-\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eQuinqueloculina candeiana.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7294073/v1/ef256ac6d3c5a7ba46554c49.png"},{"id":90832996,"identity":"00b03cf1-17e8-473c-bfbb-b28f18a17d40","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-08 17:01:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4187283,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7294073/v1/20d0f5ae-cc54-43e0-9b7f-46adc9bf4452.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Analysis of Foraminifera in Middle-Late Miocene Deposits within the Red Bay Formation, Florida: Examination of Nearshore Marine Facies and Lithological Discrepancies for Enhanced Scientific Insights","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWalton County, situated along Florida's Emerald Coast in the northwestern region, is bordered to the south by the Gulf of Mexico. Within this geological framework, the \"Red Bay Formation\" is proposed to encompass sands, clays, and associated deposits that contain the YOLDIA and ARCA faunal zones. The type of locality, McDaniel's Farm at Red Bay, reveals a Red Bay Formation thickness of approximately 31.5 feet. Stratigraphically, the Red Bay Formation overlies the Yellow River Formation and is contemporaneous with the Jackson Bluff Formation. The Choctawhatchee Stage, as defined by Puri and Vernon in 1964, is associated with these formations. In this study, the Alum Bluff Group is referred to as undifferentiated. This revised classification stems from the recognition that previous classifications were primarily based on micro- and macrofossil faunal distinctions and assumed age rather than lithological characteristics, which do not align with the criteria established by the Code.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubsequent classifications have placed the sediments within the Alum Bluff Group into various formations, including Chipola, Shoal River, Oak Grove, Whites Creek, Choctawhatchee, Red Bay, and Yellow River. Matson and Clapp (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1909\u003c/span\u003e) designated Outcrop 10 in Red Bay, Walton County, as part of the Choctawhatchee Formation, situating it within the middle unit of the Alum Bluff Group. This undifferentiated Alum Bluff outcrop is also considered the type of site for the \"short-lived\" Red Bay Formation of Choctawhatchee age, as documented by Johnson in 1989.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, three distinct species of cheilostome Bryozoa from two Miocene strata in northeastern Florida are reported. The Red Bay Formation contains the first recorded occurrences of \u003cem\u003eDiscoporella umbellata depressa\u003c/em\u003e (Conrad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1841\u003c/span\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eHippoporidra calcarea\u003c/em\u003e (Smitt, 1873). Additionally, \u003cem\u003eDiscoporella umbellata depressa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCupuladria biporosa\u003c/em\u003e were identified for the first time from the Yellow River Formation, as originally discovered by Canu and Bassler in 1923. Based on the ecological characteristics of these species, it is inferred that the Red Bay and Yellow River formations were deposited in muddy, mildly turbulent, and temperate environments that were less conducive to the development of extensive bryozoan communities, as reported by Scolaro in 1970.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLocation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study area is located in Walton County, in the northwestern region of Florida along the Emerald Coast. Bordered to the south by the Gulf of Mexico, this region is characterized by sedimentary formations composed of sands and clays, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The sample collection was conducted at a designated geological outcrop situated at coordinates T12N and R.17W, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;2. This formation exhibits a total thickness of approximately 1.5 meters and primarily consists of red marine clay and marine sandstone. Notably, the formation contains an abundance of fossilized specimens, including bivalves, gastropods, and foraminifera, as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eSamples were collected from a segment of carbonate rocks in the Red Bay area, each weighing approximately three thousand grams. These samples were subjected to a treatment process involving immersion in a 5% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution to disaggregate the sediment, followed by washing through a 63 \u0026micro;m mesh sieve. The samples were then dried and further sieved into fractions greater than 250 \u0026micro;m, 125 \u0026micro;m, and 63 \u0026micro;m. The washed residue, totaling approximately three thousand grams, was examined under a binocular microscope at 50x magnification. Foraminiferal tests were carefully selected and mounted on faunal slides for detailed study. Identification of the foraminifera was conducted using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), with the results documented on two plates. The paleoecological conditions were reconstructed based on quantitative analysis of the following parameters: 1) the number of foraminiferal tests per gram of dry sediment, 2) species richness, and 3) the relative abundance of planktonic versus benthic foraminifera.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMicroinvertebrate Fauna\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this preliminary analysis, a detailed characterization of the microinvertebrate fauna was conducted based on sedimentary sources. The focus of this analysis was on the foraminiferal assemblages, particularly the planktonic foraminifera\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eForaminifera\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ea. Planktonic Foraminifera\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe planktonic foraminifera species identified in this section include \u003cem\u003eGlobigerinoides bisphericus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eGlobigerinoides kennetti\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eGlobigerinoides altiaperturus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eOrbulina universa\u003c/em\u003e. All these species belong to the taxonomic family Globigerinidae, as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Among these, \u003cem\u003eGlobigerinoides kennetti\u003c/em\u003e is notably the most abundant species within this assemblage, a fact that is visually represented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. This dominance of \u003cem\u003eG. kennetti\u003c/em\u003e may have significant implications for understanding the paleoenvironmental conditions of the studied strata.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBiostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental implications of planktonic foraminifera\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGlobigerinoides bisphericu\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003es\u003c/b\u003e is a planktonic foraminiferal species predominantly found in tropical and subtropical surface waters. Its prevalence and spatial distribution provide essential insights into surface water conditions, including sea surface temperatures (SSTs), nutrient availability, and production rates, as documented by B\u0026eacute; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e). Variations in the abundance of \u003cem\u003eG. bisphericus\u003c/em\u003e serve as indicators of shifts in oceanic circulation patterns and water mass dynamics, as demonstrated by Dekens et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, like other planktonic foraminifera, \u003cem\u003eG. bisphericus\u003c/em\u003e is sensitive to changes in seawater chemistry, particularly ocean acidification. Experimental studies have shown the negative impact of elevated CO2 levels and decreased pH in saltwater on the calcification and growth of \u003cem\u003eG. bisphericus\u003c/em\u003e, as outlined by Bijma et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, examining the abundance and shell morphology of \u003cem\u003eG. bisphericus\u003c/em\u003e in sedimentary records offers valuable insights into past changes in ocean chemistry.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOrbulina universa\u003c/b\u003e is another planktonic foraminiferal species commonly found in tropical and subtropical warm surface waters. Its presence in sediment cores has been used as an indicator of elevated SSTs during specific geological epochs, as explained by Kennett and Srinivasan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e). The abundance and distribution patterns of \u003cem\u003eO. universa\u003c/em\u003e have been associated with warm climatic intervals, including the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), as documented by Zachos et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). The isotopic composition of \u003cem\u003eO. universa\u003c/em\u003e shells is crucial for reconstructing past SSTs. During calcification, the oxygen isotopes incorporated into the shells reflect the isotopic composition of the surrounding water, enabling paleotemperature reconstruction. For example, oxygen isotope analyses of \u003cem\u003eO. universa\u003c/em\u003e specimens from sediment cores in the Arabian Sea have been instrumental in reconstructing temperature fluctuations over the last 500,000 years, as reported by Jian et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, \u003cem\u003eO. universa\u003c/em\u003e is sensitive to variations in nutrient availability, particularly in response to eutrophication events resulting from increased fertilizer runoff into the ocean. Concentrations of \u003cem\u003eO. universa\u003c/em\u003e in sedimentary deposits have been used as markers of eutrophication events and enhanced productivity in coastal environments, as highlighted by B\u0026eacute; et al. (1977).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoreover, biostratigraphic analysis reveals that many planktonic foraminifera specimens are of Miocene age, with the stratigraphic context suggesting that the bed dates to the Middle to Late Miocene epoch, as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBiostratigraphic and paleonviromantal implications of Benthic foraminifera\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiscorbis mira\u003c/b\u003e is a benthic foraminiferal species with a broad distribution, ranging from shallow coastal environments to deep oceanic trenches. Its biostratigraphic range extends from the Middle Miocene to the present, as documented by Cushman in 1922.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eQuinqueloculina candeia\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003ena\u003c/b\u003e is another foraminiferal species that primarily inhabited shallow coastal regions, continental shelves, and the upper parts of the continental slope. These foraminifera are commonly found in fossil assemblages associated with warm, tropical to subtropical waters. Their distribution patterns and morphological characteristics suggest a preference for shallow, well-oxygenated, and clear-water environments. They coexisted with other benthic foraminifera and marine organisms such as corals and mollusks, supporting the idea of a tropical to subtropical paleoenvironment during the Oligocene to Miocene epochs, as evidenced by d'Orbigny (1839), Lehmann (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e), Mata (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e), Norton (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1930\u003c/span\u003e), and Poag (1981).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eQuinqueloculina chipolensis\u003c/b\u003e, another foraminiferal species, is commonly found in tropical to subtropical regions and shows a preference for warm, shallow waters. These foraminifera are typically associated with reef ecosystems, carbonate platforms, and other shallow marine environments during the Early to Middle Eocene epoch, as observed by Loeblich and Tappan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e) and Majewski (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, \u003cb\u003eNonion\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003esp.\u003c/b\u003e, is characterized by its abundance across various marine environments, ranging from shallow coastal areas to deep-sea sediments and even freshwater habitats. The ecological preferences of Nonion species can vary, with their presence recorded from the Late Cretaceous to the Pliocene, as noted by Montfort (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1808\u003c/span\u003e), d'Orbigny (1846), and Asano (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1938\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLenticulina\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003esp.\u003c/b\u003e, are typically associated with high-energy settings, favoring environments with strong water currents, increased turbulence, and occasionally stormy conditions. These conditions help prevent silt accumulation and ensure a steady supply of food and oxygen. Lenticulina species predominantly inhabit sandy or muddy substrates, with their distribution influenced by water depth, temperature, salinity, and nutrient availability. Their biostratigraphic range spans from the Late Cretaceous to the Pliocene, as documented by Lamarck (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1804\u003c/span\u003e) and Tappan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1962\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTextularia articulata\u003c/b\u003e is closely associated with shallow marine or nearshore environments, as highlighted by Loubere (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e), Medioli and Scott (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e), and Alve and Bernhard (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e). Lastly, \u003cb\u003eTriloculina quadrilateralis\u003c/b\u003e is frequently found in shallow marine settings, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. This species thrived in warm, clear, and shallow waters, indicating favorable conditions such as moderate temperatures, normal salinity levels, and suitable substrates for attachment or burrowing. The biostratigraphic range of \u003cem\u003eTriloculina quadrilateralis\u003c/em\u003e extends from the Paleocene to the recent era, as documented by d'Orbigny (1839) and Okimura (1988). Moreover, biostratigraphic analysis strongly indicates that the majority of benthic foraminifera specimens present in the geological record are of Miocene age, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP: B Ratio\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe presence of a high percentage of benthic foraminifera indicates a shallow marine environment, as seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePaleontology Taxonmonmy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlanktonic Foraminifera\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobigerinidae Carpenter, Parker, and Jones, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1862\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrbulina d\u0026rsquo;Orbigny, 1839 a.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrbulina Universa\u003c/em\u003e d\u0026rsquo;Orbigny, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1839a\u003c/span\u003e. Fig (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom the equatorial to the subpolar. Latitudes range from low to high, which means warm water. Aze et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e.Brummer, G-J. A., and Kucera, M., 2022; Kennett Srinivasan 1983.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobigerinidae Carpenter, Parker, and Jones, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1862\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobigerinoides Cushman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1927a\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlobigerinoides kennetti\u003c/em\u003e Keller, and Poore \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e. Fig (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow latitudes indicate lower coordinates or proximity to the equator. Kennett Srinivasan 1983.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobigerinidae Carpenter, Parker, and Jones, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1862\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrilobatus bisphericus\u003c/em\u003e Todd et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1954\u003c/span\u003e. Fig (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrilobatus Spezzaferri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow latitudes indicate lower coordinates or proximity to the equator. Aze et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlobigerinoides altiaperturus\u003c/em\u003e Bolli, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957b\u003c/span\u003e. Fig (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOutside of upwelling zones, mid- to low latitudes. Kennett and Srinivasan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e; Spezzaferri, 1994 ; Spezzaferri et al., 2018.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBenthic Foraminifera\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1-Discorbidae Ehrenberg, 1838\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiscorbis Lamarck, 1804\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eDiscorbis mira\u003c/em\u003e Cushman, 1922.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(Fig.10-1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2-Hauerinidae Schwager, 1876\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuinqueloculina d\u0026apos;Orbigny, 1826\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eQuinqueloculina chipolensis\u003c/em\u003e Cushman and Ponton, 1932.\u0026nbsp;(Fig.11-1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eQuinqueloculina candeiana\u003c/em\u003e d\u0026apos;Orbigny, 1839.\u0026nbsp;(Fig.11-3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3-Nonionidae Schultze, 1854\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNonion Montfort, 1808\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7-\u003cem\u003eNonion\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e sp., Montfort, 1808. (Fig.10-3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4-Vaginulinidae Reuss, 1860\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLenticulina Lamarck, 1804\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLenticulina\u003c/em\u003e sp., Lamarck, 1804.(Fig.10-2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5-Hauerinidae Schwager, 1876\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTriloculina d\u0026apos;Orbigny, 1826\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTriloculina quadrilateralis\u003c/em\u003e d\u0026apos;Orbigny, 1839. (Fig.11-2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6-Textulariidae Ehrenberg, 1838\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTextularia Defrance, 1824\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10-\u003cem\u003eTextularia articulata\u003c/em\u003e Reuss, 1851.(Fig.10-4)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThese findings significantly enhance our understanding of ancient marine ecosystems and shed light on the paleoenvironments and geographical distribution of these marine organisms across various geological epochs. The paleoecological and biostratigraphic insights derived from \u003cem\u003eGlobigerinoides bisphericus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eOrbulina universa\u003c/em\u003e offer crucial information about past surface water conditions and environmental fluctuations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlobigerinoides bisphericus\u003c/em\u003e, typically found in tropical and subtropical surface waters, provides valuable data on sea surface temperatures, nutrient availability, production rates, oceanic circulation patterns, and water mass dynamics. Its sensitivity to changes in seawater chemistry, such as ocean acidification, makes it a key indicator of historical oceanic conditions. Conversely, \u003cem\u003eOrbulina universa\u003c/em\u003e, also prevalent in warm tropical and subtropical surface waters, serves as an indicator of elevated sea surface temperatures during specific geological periods. The isotopic composition of its shell aids in reconstructing past temperatures and has been pivotal in studying long-term temperature fluctuations. Additionally, the concentration of \u003cem\u003eOrbulina universa\u003c/em\u003e in sediment cores serves as a marker of eutrophication and enhanced productivity in coastal environments, particularly in response to variations in nutrient availability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese discoveries underscore the importance of these planktonic foraminifera species in understanding past climate dynamics, oceanic processes, and the impacts of environmental changes such as ocean acidification and eutrophication on marine ecosystems.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe paleoecological and biostratigraphic implications associated with the benthic foraminifera species provide insights into their habitat preferences and distribution patterns across different geological epochs. \u003cem\u003eDiscorbis mira\u003c/em\u003e, which spans from shallow coastal areas to deep oceanic trenches with a biostratigraphic range from the Middle Miocene to the present, exemplifies its adaptability to diverse environments. \u003cem\u003eQuinqueloculina candeiana\u003c/em\u003e thrived in warm, tropical to subtropical waters, occupying both shallow and relatively deep-sea habitats, indicating a preference for well-oxygenated, clear-water settings. \u003cem\u003eQuinqueloculina chipolensis\u003c/em\u003e is commonly found in tropical to subtropical regions, favoring warm, shallow waters, and often inhabits reef and carbonate platforms. \u003cem\u003eNonion\u003c/em\u003e sp., displays versatility, being abundant in marine environments and present in habitats ranging from shallow coastal areas to deep-sea sediments. \u003cem\u003eLenticulina\u003c/em\u003e sp., is associated with high-energy environments, favoring areas with strong currents and stormy conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthical approval is not applicable, and All authors declare consent to participate in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eHuman or animal rights\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll authors declare consent to the publication of this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am collecting the data for analysis and identification. Belkasim Khameiss\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlve, E., \u0026amp; Bernhard, J. M. (1995). Benthic foraminifera from the eastern Fram Strait: faunal characteristics and controlling factors. Marine Micropaleontology, 26, 181\u0026ndash;200.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsano, K. (1938). On the Japanese species of Nonion and its allied genera. The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan, 45, 592\u0026ndash;599.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAze, T., Ezard, T. H., Purvis, A., Coxall, H. K., \u0026amp; Stewart, D. R. (2011). A phylogeny of Cenozoic macroperforate planktonic foraminifera from fossil data. Biological Reviews, 86(4), 900\u0026ndash;927.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eB\u0026eacute;, A. W. H. (1977). 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Science, 308(5728), 1611\u0026ndash;1615.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Foraminifera, Middle-Late Miocene, Taxonomy, Red Bay, Paleoecology","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7294073/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7294073/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study presents an in-depth analysis of foraminifera in the Middle to Late Miocene deposits within the Red Bay Formation, Florida, focusing on nearshore marine facies and lithological discrepancies. Sediment samples, totaling three kilograms, were meticulously analyzed at the Ball State University Biostratigraphy Laboratory due to the unique significance of the now-vanished outcrop from which they were sourced. The sediments are rich in marine invertebrates, particularly gastropods and bivalves, with this study offering the first comprehensive documentation of foraminifera within this geological section. The identified benthic foraminifera include species such as \u003cem\u003eAnonnamalinoide sp.\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eTrilorculina quadrilateralis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eTexturaria articulata\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eDiscorbis mira\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eQuinqueloculina candeiana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eQuinqueloculina chipolensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLenticulina sp.\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eNonion sp.\u003c/em\u003e, while the planktonic foraminifera were exclusively from the Globigerinidae family, featuring \u003cem\u003eGlobigerinoides bisphericus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eGlobigerinoides kennetti\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eGlobigerinoides altiaperturus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eOrbulina universa\u003c/em\u003e. The study reveals the predominance of benthic foraminifera, indicating the dominance of shallow marine environments. This finding supports the hypothesis that the Red Bay Formation sediments originated from nearshore marine settings. However, the lithological similarities with adjacent formations present challenges in unequivocally assigning these sediments to the Red Bay Formation. These insights enhance our understanding of ancient marine ecosystems and provide a critical basis for future geological and paleoenvironmental studies in the region.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Analysis of Foraminifera in Middle-Late Miocene Deposits within the Red Bay Formation, Florida: Examination of Nearshore Marine Facies and Lithological Discrepancies for Enhanced Scientific Insights","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-14 12:07:40","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7294073/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"98f0bc10-eb2c-486a-a476-28703b6cd34a","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-08T16:53:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-14 12:07:40","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7294073","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7294073","identity":"rs-7294073","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}