Attitude, Practice, and Associated factors of pregnant women towards prenatal ultrasound in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross- sectional study

Attitude, Practice, and Associated factors of pregnant women towards prenatal ultrasound in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 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A cross- sectional study Zegeye Wubeshet Haile, Eyayalem Melese Goshu, Marema Jebessa Kumsa, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2205940/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Prenatal ultrasound in antenatal care is widely recognised as one method of reducing maternal mortality. Pregnant women's knowledge and attitudes concerning prenatal ultrasound are thought to influence their response. However, little is known about pregnant women’s attitude and practice of prenatal ultrasound in Addis Ababa. This study aimed to assess attitude, practice and associated factors of pregnant women toward prenatal ultrasound in public hospitals of Addis Ababa. Methods : A cross-sectional study was done on 404 pregnant women from June to July 2022 at four public hospitals of Addis Ababa. A simple random sampling and systematic random sampling were used to select the study area and eligible individuals respectively. Interview using a structured questionnaire was employed. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with attitude and practice. The odds ratio at 95% confidence interval with p-value less than 0.05% were considered statistically significant. Results: Magnitude of having positive attitude and good practice of pregnant women toward prenatal ultrasound were 71.5% and 60.6% respectively. Government employed women (AOR: 2.327; 95%CI: 1.177-4.600), ultrasound exposure for reason other than pregnancy (AOR: 2.009; 95%CI: 1.226-3.293), history of congenital anomaly (AOR: 4.82; 95%CI: 1.765-13.164) and experience of pregnancy (AOR: 2.36; 95%CI: 1.348-4.130) were significantly associated with attitude of prenatal ultrasound. Government employed (AOR=2.286; 95%CI: 1.110-4.708), ultrasound exposure (AOR= 1.893; 95%CI; 1.211-2.960), history of congenital anomaly birth (AOR= 2.444; 95%CI: 1.070-5.582), and women's knowledge of ultrasound (AOR= 2.018; 95%CI: 1.230-3.311) were significantly associated with practice. Conclusions; The level of attitude and practice toward prenatal ultrasound can be improved with increase knowledge of obstetric ultrasound scan to all antenatal women. Health professionals in antenatal care units should advise pregnant women to improve their attitude and practice that helps to have prenatal ultrasound scan as recommended by the WHO. Ethiopia prenatal ultrasound pregnant women Antenatal care Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Prenatal ultrasound, often known as obstetric ultrasonography, is the use of sound waves with a frequency greater than 20 kilohertz (20kHz) to provide real-time visual images of the developing embryo in the uterus during pregnancy [ 1 ]. In many countries, it is considered as a standard prenatal diagnosis and ultrasound(US) examinations during pregnancy and become a standard element of antenatal care(ANC)[ 2 ]. Although it is frequently used in low-risk pregnancies, it is particularly useful in the management of high-risk pregnancies [ 3 ]. The prenatal US is a safe technique for pregnant mothers[ 4 – 6 ], and its use during pregnancy is critical as it allows to detect different fetal disorders in the early pregnancy, improve quality of ANC and pregnancy outcome, and used in assessment of fetal biometry [ 4 , 7 , 8 ]. However, it may pose risks to pregnant women, which are classified as diagnostic errors like overdiagnosis, underdiagnosis, and reporting issues and possible biological effects like thermal and non-thermal effects [ 9 , 10 ]. The World health organization(WHO) recommends all pregnant women should get at least one obstetric US before twenty four weeks of gestational age (GA)[ 7 ] The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) recommends that all pregnant women have two US scanning during the first and second trimesters to reduce the risk of unfavorable perinatal outcomes [ 11 ]. Moreover, US has nearly universal coverage in obstetrics in western medicine, where routine screening has become an integral part of the prenatal examination for each pregnant woman [ 6 , 12 ], however, its use in developing countries is limited by several factors[ 6 ] . The pregnancy related complications faced by women in developing countries can be avoided with proper ANC in which US plays great roles [ 7 , 13 ]. Maternal mortality, perinatal mortality and morbidity remains high in Africa particularly highest in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) [ 4 , 15 ]. Perinatal mortality rate in SSA estimated at a rate of 34.7 per 1000 newborns[ 15 ]. Next to trauma low birth weight and hemorrhage are major causes of perinatal mortality [ 16 ] and obstetric hemorrhage (28.8%) was a major cause for maternal mortality [ 17 ]. Ethiopia is working on several initiatives to improve the quality of maternal health care services, and to achieve sustainable development goals(SDG) [ 18 ]. But, there are still a high rate of maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality, which may be due to a lack of use of prenatal US scans to prevent the complications [ 8 ]. When pregnant women are unaware of the value of obstetric US scanning, they are less likely to have it done [ 2 ] Having negative attitude toward the prenatal procedure affects their decision to undergo an obstetric US test that lead to low practice of obstetric US[ 7 ]. There are only a few studies that assess attitudes and practice of pregnant women towards prenatal US in Ethiopia, and as of search from different scholars no studies have been conducted in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. This study was therefore, aimed at assessing attitude, practice and associated factors of pregnant women toward the prenatal US in public hospitals of Addis Ababa. Methods Study design, area and period The institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted at four public hospitals of Addis Ababa from June 20 - July 17, 2022. Addis Ababa is the capital and largest city of Ethiopia containing eleven sub-cities. According to the 2007 census, the city's population is estimated at 2,739,551 inhabitants[ 19 ] and in 2020 according to world population review Addis Ababa population estimated at 4,793,699 [ 20 ]. There are 14 public hospitals and more than 40 nongovernmental hospitals in Addis Ababa[ 21 ]. The governmental hospitals are related to different sectors including the Ministry of Health, University hospitals, Armed Force hospitals, and Polis hospitals. Among these hospitals, Amanuel Mental Hospital is not delivering antenatal care. Study Population All pregnant women attending antenatal care services in public hospitals of Addis Ababa were included. Study Participants All selected pregnant women attending their regular ANC at the time of data collection and fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included. Inclusion criteria Pregnant women who presented for antenatal care within the study period and who have the willingness to participate in the research were included in the study. Each participant was allowed to participate once. Exclusion criteria Pregnant women with severe emergences conditions, having pain and discomfort during their interview, unwilling to cooperate and those who are not able to communicate were not included in the study. Sample Size Determination The sample size was calculated based on a single population proportion formula using the following assumptions. Maximum sample size was taken using prevalence of 60.7% from previous study [ 8 ]. n = (Zα / 2) 2 p(1 − p) / d 2 , Where; n = Minimum sample size for a statistically significant survey, z = is Confidence interval (at the 95% significance level its value is 1.96), P = is the proportion n = final sample size d = margin of error 5% (d = 0.05) Therefore, based on the above single population proportion formula the sample size will be calculated as: n = (1.96) 2 (0.607) (1–0.607) / (0.05) 2 = ≈ 367 Computing with the formula and 10% (37) of contingency for non-respondent rate gives a total sample size required will be 404. Sampling Techniques Among 13 public hospitals delivering ANC four hospitals namely Zewditu Memorial hospital, Tirunesh Beijing Hospital, Gandhi Memorial Hospital, and Abebech Gobena MCH Hospital which is under Yekatit 12 Hospital were selected by simple random sampling technique. The allocation of the sample to health facilities was performed proportionally based on the average number of clients who receive ANC at each hospital and the previous month performance report was taken as a reference to estimate the client load (ANC load) in each hospital. Accordingly, there were 1950 pregnant women on ANC in Zewditu Memorial hospital, 1750 pregnant women in Abebech Gobena MCH Hospital, 1200 pregnant women in Gandhi Memorial Hospital, and 1500 pregnant women in Tirunesh Beijing Hospital. Therefore, 122 of the sample size was allocated to Zewditu Memorial hospital, 110 of the sample size was allocated to Abebech Gobena MCH Hospital, 76 of the sample size was allocated to Gandhi Memorial Hospital, and 94 of the sample size was allocated to Tirunesh Beijing Hospital, A systematic random sampling technique was used to select study participants. The respondent was selected in the order by which they came to health facilities. Participants’ card numbers would be used to systematically select study participants every K interval taking K = N/n (where N is the source population and n is the sample size for this study). Study Variables Dependent Variables: Attitude and Practice of pregnant women toward prenatal Ultrasound. Independent Variables: Socio-demographic factors: age, educational status, marital status, monthly income, educational status of the husband, respondent’s occupation Knowledge of prenatal ultrasound. Obstetric and other factors: parity, gestational age, previous obstetrics related complication, number of ANC visits, Time of ANC initiation. Operational definitions Knowledge of prenatal ultrasound: Respondents who answered greater than or equal to 50% of questions provided for them regarding knowledge are considered as having good knowledge. While those answers below 50% are those with poor knowledge of obstetric ultrasound [ 2 ]. Attitude towards prenatal ultrasound: The respondents whose responses are ‘agree’ to ≥ 50% of questions regarding attitude provided are categorized as having a good attitude toward prenatal ultrasound; whereas those whose responses are ‘agree’ to < 50% /disagree with the majority of questions are considered those with poor attitude toward prenatal ultrasound [ 2 ] Practice of prenatal ultrasound: This is utilization of ultrasound scan during the pregnancy period [ 22 ]. Data Collection procedures Data Collection Instruments The data were collected using structured questionnaires which were designed by the investigator and also adopted from studies [ 2 – 4 ]. By using an interviewer-administered questionnaire in Amharic language, information about socio-demographic variables, obstetric history of mothers, Information on prenatal ultrasound utilization, attitude of pregnant women toward prenatal ultrasound, practice of prenatal ultrasound, and other related data were collected after the study participants received antenatal care services. A pre-test of the questionnaire was taken in 5% of the sample size in similar areas for clarity and consistency of the questions one week before the actual data collection. Then necessary corrections were made based on the pilot study. All collected data were checked for completeness, accuracy, and consistency by the principal investigator and communicated to the data collectors. The corresponding author prepared the first draft and translated to Amharic and then the second author revised. Data collectors and supervisors Training session was given for both data collectors and supervisors about the methodology and questionnaire by the investigators Data entry and Analysis After the data collection, the collected data was checked for completeness and inconsistencies manually on the hard copy. The question number in the questionnaire was identified and the appropriate variable name was given by data coding and data was entered into Epi data version 7.2.31 software after coding and checking completeness and exported to the statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 23.0. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the association between the dependent variables and independent variables. All variables with p value < 0.2 in the bivariate analysis was transported to multiple logistic regression analysis to identify variables which have associated with the dependent variable. In multiple logistic regressions significance association was declared at p value < 0.05 and reported using an adjusted odds ratio. The confidence level of 95%, and P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. The strength of association was evaluated using an odds ratio at a 95% confidence interval and P-value < .05 was considered to indicate significant associations. Model fitness test was checked by Hosmer and Leme- show test. Multicollinearity was checked by using variance inflation factor (VIF) and tolerance test. Finally, the results were presented in the form of texts, tables, and graphs. Data quality Assurance and management To improve the quality of data, it was collected by oriented data collectors about the research through an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The quality of data was assured before data collection, during data collection, and after data collection. Before data collection, the questionnaire will be translated into the local language, a pretest will be conducted on 5% of the sample size and one-day training will be provided for data collectors and supervisors. During data collection, close follow-up will be performed by supervisors, and the principal investigator. After data collection, data will be checked for completeness, and using Epi data also helps to automatically detect errors made during data entry Data edition was done by the data collectors, supervisors and the principal investigator in the field and further coding and entry to the computer. Results Socio-demographics characteristics of the study participants The study had a 100% response rate, with 404 pregnant women taking part. The majority of participants in the study, 220 (54.5%), were between the ages of 20 and 29. The majority, 373 (92.3%), were married, and 158 (39.1%) had completed high school. The majority of study participants (49.5%) were government employees. Table 1 discusses the socio-demographic characteristics of pregnant women in public hospitals of Addis Ababa, 2022. Obstetric History of the Study Participants Three hundred twenty two respondents (79.7%) had more than one child, and 49 (12.1%) reported an abnormal or congenital birth. More than half of the individuals had three or more prenatal care visits (Table.2). Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of pregnant women in public hospitals Variables Category Frequency Percentage Age < 20 49 12.1 20–29 220 54.5 30–39 118 29.2 ≥ 40 17 4.2 Marital status Single 12 3.0 Married 373 92.3 Divorced 12 3.0 Widowed 7 1.7 Educational level of the participant No formal education 22 5.4 Elementary (1–8) 107 26.5 High school (9–12) 158 39.1 Diploma 95 23.5 Degree and above 22 5.4 Educational level of the parent/husband No formal education 8 2.0 Elementary (1–8) 124 30.7 High school (9–12) 179 44.3 Diploma 10 2.5 Degree and above 83 20.5 Occupation Housewife 69 17.1 Government Employed 200 49.5 Self-employed 124 30.7 Student 11 2.7 Household income per month 50001 53 13.1 Table 2 Obstetric history of pregnant women in public hospitals of Addis Ababa, 2022 Variable Frequency Percentage Gravida Multigravida 322 79.7 Primigravida 82 20.3 Number of ANC visits One 59 14.6 Two 105 26.0 Three 208 51.5 Four and above 32 7.9 Time of ANC Initiation/weeks < 16 107 26.5 ≥ 16 297 73.5 History of abnormal/congenital anomaly birth Yes 49 12.1 No 355 87.9 Previous US exposure for reason other than pregnancy Yes 208 51.5 No 196 48.5 ANC; Antenatal care US; Ultrasound Knowledge Of Pregnant Women On Prenatal Ultrasound The majority of the study participants (97.5%) had heard about ultrasound scans and obtained information from various sources [Table 3 ], while 2.5% had never heard of ultrasound scans. Table 3 Information source of pregnant women about prenatal ultrasound Source Frequency Percentage Family and Friends 59 14.6 Internet 124 30.7 Media(Press, TV, Radio) 39 9.7 Obstetrician and Midwifes 151 37.4 Others 21 5.2 No information about ultrasound 10 2.5 Prenatal ultrasound scan should be performed between 4 and 6 months of pregnancy, according to the majority of participants (39.4%) (as seen in Fig. 1 ). The majority of study participants (97.5%) believed that prenatal ultrasonography was an important imaging modality during pregnancy, despite some concerns that it could be harmful to their health or the health of their unborn child. Two hundred one (49.8%) of the respondents had a good knowledge on the importance of prenatal ultrasound during pregnancy, while the remaining (50.2%) had poor knowledge of prenatal ultrasound. The most commonly reported component of knowledge regarding the importance of prenatal ultrasonography by participants was to confirm pregnancy, with around 382 (97.0%) women stating it. The second most important reason for using ultrasound was to confirm fetal position, cord and placental placement, which 356 (90.4%) women claimed. To predict the way of delivery during pregnancy was the least reported component knowledge regarding obstetric ultrasound use, with only 94 (as seen in Table 4 ). Table 4 Knowledge of pregnant women on prenatal ultrasound in public hospitals of Addis Ababa, 2022. Variable Yes Percentage An ultrasound scan is important in antenatal care 394 97.5 Confirm pregnancy 382 97.0 Confirm presence of multiple pregnancy 345 87.6 Confirm the presence of abnormal pregnancy (ectopic, molar) 268 68.0 Confirm well-being of the fetus 300 76.1 Detect any defect or congenital abnormalities during pregnancy 237 60.2 Monitoring of pregnancy complication 210 53.3 Helps in determining the fetal position, cord and placenta position 356 90.4 Helps to detect amniotic fluid volume 250 63.5 Determines the Sex of fetus in the 10th weak 218 55.3 Determine the age of pregnancy 353 89.6 Give information about fetal weight 193 49.0 Estimate the expected date of delivery 152 38.6 Predicts the way of delivery (normal/ C-section) 94 23.3 Attitude towards Prenatal Ultrasound The majority 289(71.5%) of study participants had a positive attitude towards prenatal ultrasound scanning, while the remaining 115 (28.5%) respondents had a negative attitude toward prenatal ultrasound. This shows nearly one- third of women had a negative attitude toward obstetric ultrasound scans and this may mean that she will not be willing to be scanned by obstetric ultrasound, which may have a negative impact on the outcome of pregnancy both for the baby and the mother. The most frequently mentioned component of attitude regarding prenatal ultrasound was to know the sex of their child is necessary, where 354 (87.6%). The second most stated component of attitude toward prenatal ultrasound was “ultrasound is an essential investigation during pregnancy,” where 353 (87.3%) women believed that prenatal ultrasound was an essential investigation during their pregnancy period. The majority (78.7%) of women believe ultrasound is safe examination during pregnancy. However, about 25% reported effects of ultrasound scan in pregnancy which included cancer and causing congenital anomaly to the fetus (as seen in Table 5 ). Table 5 Attitude of pregnant women to wards prenatal ultrasound in public hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2022. Variables Response Disagree (%) Not sure (%) Agree (%) Prenatal ultrasonography is safe during pregnancy 10.1 11.1 78.7 Prenatal ultrasonography can lead to congenital anomaly to the fetus 48.8 33.9 17.3 Ultrasound is an essential investigation during pregnancy 12.6 0 87.3 Feel comfortable during ultrasound exam 20.5 2.5 77.0 Ultrasound scan can cause cancer 38.6 53.7 7.7 Ultrasound scan causes pain 89.8 0 10.1 Other effects such as hurting the baby 44.8 24.0 31.2 Ultrasound fetal sex determination is right 45.5 3.0 51.5 Terminate the pregnancy if the sex of the child is other than you prefer 100 0.0 0.0 Ultrasound scan can be offered routinely 63.4 0.0 36.7 Ultrasound finding is more accurate 18.6 2.5 79.0 To know the sex of your child is necessary 12.4 0.0 87.6 Attitude category Positive attitude ( ≥ 50%) 71.5% Negative attitude (< 50%) 28.5% Practices towards prenatal Ultrasound The majority (79.7%) of the 404 pregnant women in the study had previous pregnancy experience. Among these, 66.8% had done ultrasound scans for previous pregnancies, whereas 33.2% had not done ultrasound scans for previous pregnancies. There were 245(60.6%) participants who reported having had an ultrasound scan done for the current pregnancy before, with 130 (53.1%) having done it once, 87 (35.5%) having done it twice, and 28 (11.4%) having done it three times or more. For their current pregnancy, 159 (39.4%) participants had not had an ultrasound scan. The majority of participants (51%) stated that two ultrasound scans were an ideal number of scans throughout pregnancy (as seen in Fig. 2 ). Participants in the study expressed a variety of issues that influence their practice toward prenatal ultrasound scans. These concerns centered on the barriers associated with utilizing an ultrasound scan (Table 6 ). Table 6 Barriers reported by participants regarding the use of ultrasound scan. Challenges/barriers Frequency Percentage Long Distance to the facility 206 51.0 Cultural beliefs 0 0 Long waiting time 313 77.5 No privacy 158 39.1 Side effects associated with Ultrasound 175 43.3 Rough handling by health workers 166 41.1 Being attended by students 247 61.1 High cost 212 52.5 In general, more than one-third of the individuals had never undergone an obstetric ultrasound scan. Most interviewees cited long waiting times, being attended by students, and a significant distance to the health institution as contributing factors to poor practices. According to this study, there was no culture that prohibited pregnant women from conducting ultrasound studies during their pregnancy. Factors associated with Attitude of pregnant women on prenatal ultrasound In the bivariate logistic regression analysis, five variables were associated with the attitude of prenatal ultrasound: occupation of the pregnant women, history of congenital anomaly birth, ultrasound exposure for reason other than pregnancy, pregnancy experience and knowledge of pregnant women towards prenatal ultrasound. Respondents with good prenatal ultrasound knowledge were nearly twice as likely to have a positive attitude as those with inadequate prenatal ultrasound knowledge COR = 1.735 (95%CI: 1.119–2.691). Similarly, pregnant women with a history of congenital anomaly birth were nearly four times more likely to have a positive attitude toward prenatal ultrasound than those without a history of congenital anomaly birth COR = 3.951 (95%CI: 1.525–10.236). Furthermore, compared to housewife women, government-employed study participants had more than twice the positive attitude toward prenatal ultrasonography COR = 2.479(95%CI: 1.303–4.716). However, in multivariable logistic regression analysis, pregnant women employed by the government (AOR: 2.327; 95%CI: 1.177-4.600), ultrasound exposure for reason other than pregnancy (AOR: 2.009; 95%CI: 1.226–3.293), history of congenital anomaly birth (AOR: 4.82; 95%CI: 1.765–13.164) and experience of pregnancy (AOR: 2.36; 95%CI: 1.348–4.130) were significantly associated with attitude of pregnant women towards prenatal ultrasound (Table 7). Table 7. Bivariate and multivariable analysis of factors associated with attitudes of pregnant women towards prenatal ultrasound in Public hospitals of Addis Ababa, 2022. Variable Attitude Status COR (95%CI) AOR(95%CI P value Positive Negative Occupation Housewife 48(69.6%) 21(30.4%) 1 1 Government employed 170(85%0 30(15%) 2.479(1.303–4.716) 2.327(1.177-4.600) . 015* Self-employed 67(54%) 57(46%) .514(.276-.958) .559(.287-1.089) .087 Student 4(36.4%) 7(63.6%) .250(.066-.946) .299(.076-1184) .086 Exposure to US for reason other than pregnancy Yes 138(66.3%) 70(33.7%) .588(.378-.912) 2.009(1.226–3.293) .006* No 151(77%) 45(23%) 1 1 History of congenital anomaly Yes 44(89.8%) 5(10.2%) 3.951(1.525–10.236) 4.820(1.765–13.164) . 002* No 245(69%) 110(31%) 1 1 Knowledge of US Good Knowledge 155(77.1%) 46(22.9%) 1.735(1.119–2.691) 1.302(.784-2.164) .308 Poor Knowledge 134(66.0%) 69(34.0%%) 1 1 Experience of pregnancy Multigravida 248(77%) 74(23%) 3.351(2.023–5.552) 2.36(1.348–4.130) . 003* Primigravida 41(50%) 41(50%) 1 1 Where: 1 = reference group, COR = crude odd ratio, AOR = Adjusted odd ratio, CI = confidence interval,*P Value < 0.05. Factors associated with Practice of pregnant women toward prenatal ultrasound In the bivariate logistic regression analysis, nine variables were associated with the practice of prenatal ultrasound: age of pregnant women, marital status of the pregnant women, educational status, occupation of the pregnant women, current gestational age, household monthly income, history of congenital anomaly birth, ultrasound exposure for reason other than pregnancy and knowledge of pregnant women towards prenatal ultrasound were eligible variables for multivariable analyses. Respondents with good knowledge were nearly one and half times more likely to practice prenatal ultrasound compared to those with poor knowledge COR; 1.497(.999-2.241). Pregnant women who had history of congenital anomaly birth before were nearly three times more likely to practice prenatal ultrasound compared to those with no history of congenital anomalies COR; 2.735(1.321–5.663) However, in multivariable logistic regression analysis, government employed pregnant women (AOR = 2.286; 95%CI: 1.110–4.708), ultrasound exposure for reasons other than pregnancy (AOR = 1.893; 95%CI; 1.211–2.960), history of congenital anomaly birth (AOR = 2.444; 95%CI: 1.070–5.582), and pregnant women's knowledge of prenatal ultrasound (AOR = 2.018; 95%CI: 1.230–3.311) were significantly associated with pregnant women's practice of prenatal ultrasound (Table 8 ; at the end of document). Respondents who had ultrasound exposure for reasons other than pregnancy were nearly twice as likely as their counterparts to practice prenatal ultrasound (AOR = 1.893; 95% CI; 1.211–2.960). Pregnant women with good prenatal ultrasound knowledge were twice as likely as those with poor understanding to use prenatal ultrasonography (AOR; 2.018; 95%CI: 1.230–3.311). Table 8 Bivariate and multivariable analysis on factors associated with practice of pregnant women on prenatal ultrasound in Addis Ababa public hospitals, Ethiopia, 2022. Variable Practice of US COR (95%CI) AOR (95%CI) P value Yes No Age < 20 27(55.1%) 22(44.9%) 1 1 .072 20–29 139(63.2%) 81(36.8%) .715(.382-1.338) .966(.492-1.894) .919 30–39 65(55.1%) 53(44.9%) 1.001(.512-1.955) 1.363(.656-2.829) .407 ≥ 40 14(82.4%) 3(17.6%) .221(.051-.958) .221(.051-.958) .044 Marital Status Single 4(33.3%) 8(66.7%) 1 1 .707 Married 228(61.1%) 145(38.9%) .381(.094-1.075) .519(.141-1.917) .325 Divorced 7(58.3%) 5(41.7%) .357(.068-1.879) .398(.055-2.876) .361 Widowed 6(85.7%) 1(14.3%) .083(.007-.950) .269(.016-4.566) .363 Previous exposure to US Yes 144(69.2%) 64(30.8%) 2.116(1.410–3.178) 1.893(1.211–2.960) .005* No 101(51.5%) 95(48.5%) 1 1 History of congenital Yes 39(79.6%) 10(20.4%) 2.821(1365 − 5.830) 2.444(1.070–5.582) .034* No 206(58%) 149(42%) 1 1 Occupation Housewife 51(73.9%) 18(26.1%) 1 1 .029 Gov’t employed 118(59%) 82(41%) 1.969(1.073–3.612) 2.286(1.110–4.708) . 025* Self-employed 67(54%) 57(46%) 2.410(1.267–4.585) 1.437(.608-3.398) .408 Student 9(81.8%) 2(18.2%) .630(.124-3.193) .285(.049-1.670) .164 Knowledge of US GoodKnowledge 136(67.7%) 65(32.3%) 1.804(1.204–2.703) 2.018 (1.230–3.311) .005* Poor Knowledge 109(53.7%) 94(46.3%) 1 1 Educational Status No formal educ. 13(59.1%) 9(40.9%) 1 1 .315 Elementary 73(68.2%) 34(31.8%) .673(.262-1.726) .593(.193-1.829) .363 High school 83(52.5%) 75(47.5%) 1.305(.528-3.228) 1.073(.380-3.027) .894 Diploma 60(63.2%) 35(36.8%) .843(.327-2.171) .696(.234-2.068) .514 Degree andabove 16(72.7%) 6(27.3%) .542(.153-1.921) .886(.142-5.538) .897 Household income < 2000 146(57.5%) 108(42.5%) 1 1 .315 2000–5000 62(63.9%) 35(36.1%) .763(.471-1.237) .773(.398-1.501) .447 ≥ 5001 37(69.8%) 16(30.2%) .585(.309-1.105) .510(.203-1.278) .151 GA of current pregnancy 1st Trimester 25(73.5%) 9(26.5%) 1 1 .168 2nd Trimester 104(59.4%) 71(40.6%) 1.870(.822-4.253) 2.094(.813-5.392) .126 3rd Trimester 106(57.9%) 77(42.1%) 1.915(.844-4.346) 3.498(1.230–9.943) .019 Unknown 10(83.3%) 2(16.7%) .556(.102-3.037) .933(.925-.149) .933 Discussion Attitude towards Prenatal Ultrasound Generally, majority (71.5%) of the participants had a positive attitude towards prenatal ultrasound scan. This could be due to the care provided by health workers, the affordable cost of ultrasound scans, and the fact that the majority of participants obtained information about ultrasound scans from health workers. Furthermore, some participants' desire to know the sex of the baby, and the baby's well-being may have influenced their attitude toward obstetric sonography. This finding is consistent with a study conducted in Nigeria, in which 73.1% of antenatal women believed that ultrasounds should be performed on all pregnant women [ 23 ]. This study is higher than the study conducted Gedeo region, Ethiopia where 69.5% had positive attitude toward obstetric ultrasound [ 24 ] and also higher than study conducted in Iran where the majority of pregnant women had a negative attitude [ 10 ]. In this study, 78.7% of women believed that obstetric ultrasound is safe for pregnant women. This finding is in line with the study conducted in Jeddah, where 78.9% believed in the safety of obstetric ultrasonography during pregnancy[ 10 ]. Similar studies from Tanzania and India supported the current finding [ 3 , 25 ]. In this study, majority (87.3%) of women believed that obstetric ultrasound is an essential investigation during pregnancy. This finding is in line with study conducted in Kano, Nigeria, where 93.8% of participants understood the necessity of obstetric ultrasound for pregnant women [ 26 ]. This study is higher than finding in Gedeo, where 71.8% of participants understood the necessity of obstetric ultrasound [ 24 ]. According to the findings of this study, 17.3% of pregnant women feel that obstetric ultrasonography can result in congenital abnormalities, which is in line with the study done in Gedeo, Ethiopia[ 24 ]. This is greater than the result in Jeddah, which only 5.5% of mothers believe that obstetric ultrasonography causes fetal abnormalities [ 2 ].The difference could be attributed to the respondents' sociocultural background and educational level. Lower than in Iran and Uganda, where 53.3% and 78% of pregnant women, respectively, believed that ultrasound scanning was harmful to the fetus [ 4 , 27 ]. This could be because of the time of research and the sociodemographic backgrounds of the study participants. In this study, the negative attitude that was reported by few participants were possibly related to what was wrongly perceived as harmful effects of ultrasound such as causing cancer, discomfort, and hurting the baby. This is in line with findings of previous studies [ 3 , 4 ] but contradicts with the findings of another related study [ 26 ]. Concerning the sex determination of the unborn child, 87.6% of women responded that they would prefer to know the sex of their fetus, which is in line with a study conducted in Gedeo Ethiopia, where 83.5% of pregnant women, respectively desired to know the sex of their fetus [ 24 ]. This result is higher than that of a survey conducted in Puducherry, India, where 79.6% of expectant women prefer to know their child sex [ 28 ]. This variation might be due to the time, setting of the study, and sociocultural background of the participants. In this study, 77% of pregnant women felt comfortable during ultrasound examination, which was lower than the result of study conducted in Gedeo, Ethiopia where 83% felt comfortable during ultrasound scanning. This may be associated with the issue of privacy during the procedure as it is one of the elements of respectful maternity care. It is greater than the Ugandan study, in which just 48% of pregnant women felt at ease during an obstetric ultrasound examination. The variance could be attributed to the previous repeated ultrasonic exposure status and the normalization of the discomfort as part of the scan [ 4 ]. The negative attitude that was reported by few participants were possibly related to what was wrongly perceived as harmful effects of ultrasound such as causing cancer, discomfort, and hurting the baby. Practices towards Obstetric Ultrasound The participants’ practices towards obstetric ultrasound scan were generally good, as opposed to the finding reported by Maniragena and his colleagues [ 4 ]. In this study, most (53.1%) participants had done once, 35.5% had done twice and 11.4% had done three and more times of ultrasound scan for the current pregnancy. 39.4% had no ultrasound scan done for the current pregnancy before which most likely due to the perceived poor services characterized by long waiting time, being attended by student and lack of privacy which discourages women from attending obstetric ultrasound routinely. This is in line with the finding of a similar study[ 4 ] in which long waiting time before the scans was a major reason of dissatisfaction with obstetric ultrasound by pregnant women. More than 30% of the participants had not done any ultrasound scan for the previous. This is in line with the finding of similar study [ 4 , 29 ]. Despite the fact that numerous ultrasound facilities are available in the country, the large proportion of participants who had not had any ultrasound scans for previous pregnancies may be related to inadequacies in other health centers in the city regarding the usage of ultrasound scans since most had been referred to hospital from other health centers for further management. Factors associated with Attitude toward Prenatal ultrasound In this study, women with experience of pregnancy are more likely to have a positive attitude than women with no previous experience of pregnancy. This might be because they already understand the facts about the examination either from the healthcare providers or from the result of ultrasound examinations and this might help them to believe the positive impact of obstetric ultrasound and experience of previous pregnancy plays a significant role to increase the knowledge, and health care providers also participate in improving attitude among multiparous women through their routine follow up during pregnancy. This is in line with the finding of study conducted in Jeddah by H. Abduljabbar et al [ 2 ]and in Turkey by G. Ultrason et al [ 30 ]. This study showed that history of congenital anomaly had a statistically significant association with attitude of prenatal ultrasound. Those respondents with a history of congenital anomaly birth were 4.82 times more likely had positive attitude of prenatal ultrasound than their counterparts. This might be because of the perceived fear of pregnancy with congenital anomaly and they are interested to check the status of pregnancy. Current study found out that pregnant women who were government employed had more than two times positive attitude of prenatal ultrasound than housewife. This is in line with the finding of study conducted in Jeddah by H. Abduljabbar et al [ 2 ]. This could be because of government employed women have more chances to receive information and share experience with others. In this study, pregnant women with previous ultrasound exposure for reasons other than pregnancy are more likely to have a positive attitude than women with no previous experience of ultrasound scan. This might be because they already understand the facts about the procedures either from the healthcare providers or from the result of ultrasound examinations and this might help them to believe the positive impact of obstetric ultrasound. This is in line with study conducted in Gedeo by W. Molla et al [ 24 ]. Factors associated with practice toward prenatal ultrasound The finding of this study showed that there was a strong association between participants’ knowledge of prenatal ultrasound and the practice of prenatal ultrasound. Mothers who had good knowledge were two times more likely to practice prenatal ultrasound than their counterparts. This finding is in line with the results of different studies conducted in developing nations, at a peri-urban health centers in Uganda [ 18 ] and Nigeria[ 31 ] and also study conducted in Jima, Ethiopia [ 8 ]. This may be due to the fact that those women with a good knowledge of prenatal ultrasound knew its purposes and they are eager and readily go for it. This suggests that as pregnant women's understanding of obstetric ultrasonography increases, more women will use it, resulting in earlier detection and care of obstetric issues and, in the long run, a reduction in prenatal mortality. This could be explained by the fact that as knowledge about ultrasound increases, so does belief in the power of obstetric ultrasonography to predict pregnancy outcomes and help deflect undesirable outcomes. Poor knowledge of prenatal ultrasound and a negative attitude toward the scan influence their decision to undergo an obstetric ultrasound examination, which may result in prenatal screening and diagnosis rejection. This, in turn, may result in a low practice of obstetric ultrasonography(24). Since its introduction into clinical care, obstetric ultrasound has come to play a prominent role in obstetrics, and there is no doubt that the benefits of obstetric ultrasound technology have led to improvements in pregnancy outcomes [ 24 , 32 ]. As a result, ensuring that all prenatal women have obstetric ultrasound scans, as recommended by WHO, can help to avoid and treat obstetric problems and have a better pregnancy outcome. Obstetric care providers should provide proper obstetric care, which includes regular obstetric ultrasound scans, as well as raise awareness about the positive effect of ultrasound scans on pregnancy outcomes for all antenatal women, with a focus on pregnant mothers who do not have ultrasound scans to address their lack of knowledge and attitude toward ultrasound scans. Women’s exposure of ultrasound for reason other than pregnancy was another explanatory variable that was significantly associated with the practice of prenatal ultrasound. In this study, pregnant women with experience of exposure of ultrasound scan for reason other than pregnancy are more likely utilize prenatal ultrasound than women with no previous experience of ultrasound scan AOR = 1.893(95%CI: 1.211–2.960). It was consistent with the study done in Gedeo [ 24 ]. This might be because they already understand the facts about the procedures, its importance in the diagnosis and hear about side effect issues either from the healthcare providers or from the result of ultrasound examinations and this might help them to believe the positive impact of obstetric ultrasound. The finding of this study showed that pregnant women with history of congenital anomaly birth were 2.44 times more likely to practice prenatal ultrasound than those with no bad obstetric history. This might be because of the perceived fear of pregnancy with congenital anomaly, interested to check the status of pregnancy and they were familiar with importance of ultrasound in identifying congenital anomalies of the fetus during the pregnancy period. Finding of present study showed that government employed women were more than two times practice prenatal ultrasound than those who were housewife. It was consistent with the study done in King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah by Hassan S. Abduljabbar et al [ 2 ] This could be because employed women have more opportunities to obtain information and discuss their experiences with others, so they visit ANC earlier than others and use prenatal ultrasound during their pregnancy. Strength And Limitation Of The Study Strength of the study; this study addressed women from different hospitals in the study area; and being the first research in this study area, this is the strength of this research. Regarding limitations, since the study design was an institutional-based cross-sectional study, the study does not represent those women who had antenatal care visits at a private clinic. Moreover, the study shares the limitations of cross- sectional study design. Conclusion And Recommendation Prenatal ultrasound has been globally accepted as essential investigation to play a vital role in antenatal care. This study showed that the attitude and practice of pregnant women towards prenatal ultrasound in public hospitals of Addis Ababa were good. Although pregnant women considered prenatal sonography to be very useful and necessary during the ANC, their practices was not that much good. The misconception regarding harmful effects of ultrasound like cancer, hurting the baby and causing congenital anomaly concern needs to be addressed through health talks during ANC meetings and encouraging interaction between radiologist/radiologic technologists and pregnant women. Other concerns that need to be addressed include improving patient’s privacy, minimizing cost, minimizing patients’ waiting time; avoiding rough handling and distance from hospital also need concern. Abbreviations ANC: Antenatal care; EDD: Estimated Date of Delivery; ETB: Ethiopian birr; FIGO: International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics; GA: Gestational Age; KHz: Kilohertz; LIC: Low-income countries; SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa; US: Ultrasound Declarations Ethical approval and consent to participate Ethical approval and clearance were obtained from Addis Ababa research and emergency management directorate Institutional Review Board with a reference number of A/ A/038/207. Permission was also obtained from the concerned bodies of Zewditu memorial hospital, Tirunesh Beijing Hospital, Gandhi Memorial Hospital and Abebech Gobena Hospital. Prior to data collection, written informed consent were obtained from each study participant and for those with no formal education the informed consent were obtained from legally authorized representative . Confidentiality of the information was assured and privacy of the respondents was maintained. The study was also carried out following relevant guidelines and regulations according to the Helsinki declaration. To prevent covid-19 transmissions while delivering questioner face masks also prepared. Availability of data and materials All data included in this manuscript can be accessed from the corresponding author upon request through the email address. Competing interests The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Consent for publication Not applicable Funding The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Author contribution(s) Zegeye Wubeshet: study conception, design, writing original draft preparation, analyze and interpreting the data. Eyayalem Melese: Data curation, supervision, Writing- Reviewing and Editing. Marema Jebessa: Data curation, supervision, Writing- Reviewing and Editing. Eneyew Belay: Data curation, Supervision, Writing- Reviewing and Editing. Acknowledgements We are thankful to the study participants for giving their time to participate in this study. We would also want to thank the data collectors for their dedication and patience during the data collection period. ORCID iD Zegeye Wubeshet: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6126-5745 Marema Jebessa: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6547-2936 References Nambile Cumber S, Nkeh Nchanji K. Diagnostic Medical Ultrasound Awareness among Women in Cameroon. Int J Radiol Radiat Ther. 2017;4(4):397–8. https://medcraveonline.com/IJRRT/IJRRT-04-00102.pdf . Abduljabbar HS, Jabal NA, Bin, Hussain FA, Alqabbaa RM, Marwani FA, Alghamdi SA, et al. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice about Obstetric Ultrasonography among Women Attending a University Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study. Open J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;10(12):1763–75. https://www.scirp.org/pdf/ojog_2020122916064279.pdf . Krishnamoorthy N, Kasinathan A. 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Knowledge, awareness and attitude about prenatal sex determination, pre-conception and pre-natal diagnostic techniques act among pregnant women. in the South Indian union territory of Puducherry. 2016;5(10):3470–4. file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Knowledge_awareness_and_attitude_about_prenatal_se.pdf . Singh S, Koratagere RS, Raja B, Rangaswamy NB. Knowledge and Attitude of Antenatal Women towards Routine Ultrasound Screening in Pregnancy at a Tertiary Institution in Bengaluru. Int J Anatomy Radiol Surger. 2016;5(4):11–4. Ultrason G, Türkiye G, Bilgi K, Kasap B, Yeniçeri EN, Akın MN, et al. Ultrasound in Pregnancy: A Cross-sectional Study of Knowledge and Expectations among Pregnant Women in Southwest Turkey. 2016;(April):224–31. Sadiq Umar A, Raji M, Umar KA, Oche OM, Umar AS, Raji MO, et al. Knowledge of the Use and Indications for Obstetric Ultrasound Scan among Women Attending A Main Referral Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria. Res Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2014;2013(5):55–62. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259571365 . Tunçalp, Pena-Rosas JP, Lawrie T, Bucagu M, Oladapo OT, Portela A, et al. WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience—going beyond survival. Vol. 124, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2017. pp. 860–2. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2205940","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":151987130,"identity":"b3a87c1b-19ed-4c52-b6d3-6eb7ea79f92c","order_by":0,"name":"Zegeye Wubeshet Haile","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPCCAwz8ICqhgBQtkg0gLQakaDE4AKKJ0SLf3n7xMW/bHTnj86sTPzwwYJDnFzuAXwtjz5liY962Z8ZmN95ulgA6zHDm7AT8WpglctKkc9sOJ267cXYDSEuCwW0CWtjk36T/Bmqp3zzj7OYfRGnhkWA/xgzUkmDA37uNOFskeHKYpf+ce2Y44wbvNosEAwnCfpFvP/7w44yyO/L8/Wc33/xRYSPPL01AC9Bp0LiQAKuUIKQcBNgfQGj+A8SoHgWjYBSMgpEIAI7UR46CsDdOAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Addis Ababa University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zegeye","middleName":"Wubeshet","lastName":"Haile","suffix":""},{"id":151987132,"identity":"ea7a13ea-f3ac-4f2c-9233-6a7e1ea304af","order_by":1,"name":"Eyayalem Melese Goshu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Addis Ababa University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eyayalem","middleName":"Melese","lastName":"Goshu","suffix":""},{"id":151987136,"identity":"1a923cee-97de-40c1-8e84-0a58bf824a59","order_by":2,"name":"Marema Jebessa Kumsa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Addis Ababa University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marema","middleName":"Jebessa","lastName":"Kumsa","suffix":""},{"id":151987137,"identity":"573decb7-b4a6-4264-97aa-8ae3539f0b88","order_by":3,"name":"Eneyew Belay Getahun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tirunesh Beijing Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eneyew","middleName":"Belay","lastName":"Getahun","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-10-26 11:44:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2205940/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2205940/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":30602142,"identity":"fe30120e-2fe9-4ffc-8786-1a8c59d4a34b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-12-21 05:38:02","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4323,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of participants according to their opinions on when obstetric ultrasound should be done.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2205940/v1/f93875878a482f17eef88b51.png"},{"id":30602940,"identity":"1f074c46-30d6-4270-ab1e-89415a7a8a98","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-12-21 05:46:02","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4243,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of participants according to number of times they would consider ideal to attend ultrasound.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2205940/v1/e0dd59f453f26403bf8fe1b4.png"},{"id":35001200,"identity":"ecc6e6e8-7c48-41a6-9dc4-2ce66d69f95d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-03-29 19:14:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":611703,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2205940/v1/3e86f698-1c35-4132-b3bd-cd561d40fe61.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Attitude, Practice, and Associated factors of pregnant women towards prenatal ultrasound in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross- sectional study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePrenatal ultrasound, often known as obstetric ultrasonography, is the use of sound waves with a frequency greater than 20 kilohertz (20kHz) to provide real-time visual images of the developing embryo in the uterus during pregnancy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In many countries, it is considered as a standard prenatal diagnosis and ultrasound(US) examinations during pregnancy and become a standard element of antenatal care(ANC)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Although it is frequently used in low-risk pregnancies, it is particularly useful in the management of high-risk pregnancies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prenatal US is a safe technique for pregnant mothers[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], and its use during pregnancy is critical as it allows to detect different fetal disorders in the early pregnancy, improve quality of ANC and pregnancy outcome, and used in assessment of fetal biometry [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. However, it may pose risks to pregnant women, which are classified as diagnostic errors like overdiagnosis, underdiagnosis, and reporting issues and possible biological effects like thermal and non-thermal effects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe World health organization(WHO) recommends all pregnant women should get at least one obstetric US before twenty four weeks of gestational age (GA)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) recommends that all pregnant women have two US scanning during the first and second trimesters to reduce the risk of unfavorable perinatal outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, US has nearly universal coverage in obstetrics in western medicine, where routine screening has become an integral part of the prenatal examination for each pregnant woman [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], however, its use in developing countries is limited by several factors[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pregnancy related complications faced by women in developing countries can be avoided with proper ANC in which US plays great roles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaternal mortality, perinatal mortality and morbidity remains high in Africa particularly highest in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Perinatal mortality rate in SSA estimated at a rate of 34.7 per 1000 newborns[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Next to trauma low birth weight and hemorrhage are major causes of perinatal mortality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] and obstetric hemorrhage (28.8%) was a major cause for maternal mortality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthiopia is working on several initiatives to improve the quality of maternal health care services, and to achieve sustainable development goals(SDG) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. But, there are still a high rate of maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality, which may be due to a lack of use of prenatal US scans to prevent the complications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen pregnant women are unaware of the value of obstetric US scanning, they are less likely to have it done [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] Having negative attitude toward the prenatal procedure affects their decision to undergo an obstetric US test that lead to low practice of obstetric US[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. There are only a few studies that assess attitudes and practice of pregnant women towards prenatal US in Ethiopia, and as of search from different scholars no studies have been conducted in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. This study was therefore, aimed at assessing attitude, practice and associated factors of pregnant women toward the prenatal US in public hospitals of Addis Ababa.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy design, area and period\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted at four public hospitals of Addis Ababa from June 20 - July 17, 2022. Addis Ababa is the capital and largest city of Ethiopia containing eleven sub-cities. According to the 2007 census, the city's population is estimated at 2,739,551 inhabitants[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] and in 2020 according to world population review Addis Ababa population estimated at 4,793,699 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. There are 14 public hospitals and more than 40 nongovernmental hospitals in Addis Ababa[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The governmental hospitals are related to different sectors including the Ministry of Health, University hospitals, Armed Force hospitals, and Polis hospitals. Among these hospitals, Amanuel Mental Hospital is not delivering antenatal care.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Population\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll pregnant women attending antenatal care services in public hospitals of Addis Ababa were included.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll selected pregnant women attending their regular ANC at the time of data collection and fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInclusion criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnant women who presented for antenatal care within the study period and who have the willingness to participate in the research were included in the study. Each participant was allowed to participate once.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExclusion criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnant women with severe emergences conditions, having pain and discomfort during their interview, unwilling to cooperate and those who are not able to communicate were not included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample Size Determination\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample size was calculated based on a single population proportion formula using the following assumptions. Maximum sample size was taken using prevalence of 60.7% from previous study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en = (Zα / 2)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e p(1\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;p) / d\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Minimum sample size for a statistically significant survey,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ez\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;is Confidence interval (at the 95% significance level its value is 1.96),\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;is the proportion\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;final sample size\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;margin of error 5% (d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, based on the above single population proportion formula the sample size will be calculated as:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en = (1.96)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(0.607) (1\u0026ndash;0.607) / (0.05)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;367\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComputing with the formula and 10% (37) of contingency for non-respondent rate gives a total sample size required will be 404.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSampling Techniques\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong 13 public hospitals delivering ANC four hospitals namely Zewditu Memorial hospital, Tirunesh Beijing Hospital, Gandhi Memorial Hospital, and Abebech Gobena MCH Hospital which is under Yekatit 12 Hospital were selected by simple random sampling technique. The allocation of the sample to health facilities was performed proportionally based on the average number of clients who receive ANC at each hospital and the previous month performance report was taken as a reference to estimate the client load (ANC load) in each hospital. Accordingly, there were 1950 pregnant women on ANC in Zewditu Memorial hospital, 1750 pregnant women in Abebech Gobena MCH Hospital, 1200 pregnant women in Gandhi Memorial Hospital, and 1500 pregnant women in Tirunesh Beijing Hospital. Therefore, 122 of the sample size was allocated to Zewditu Memorial hospital, 110 of the sample size was allocated to Abebech Gobena MCH Hospital, 76 of the sample size was allocated to Gandhi Memorial Hospital, and 94 of the sample size was allocated to Tirunesh Beijing Hospital,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA systematic random sampling technique was used to select study participants. The respondent was selected in the order by which they came to health facilities. Participants\u0026rsquo; card numbers would be used to systematically select study participants every K interval taking K\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;N/n (where N is the source population and n is the sample size for this study).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Variables\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDependent Variables: Attitude and Practice of pregnant women toward prenatal Ultrasound.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndependent Variables:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic factors: age, educational status, marital status, monthly income, educational status of the husband, respondent\u0026rsquo;s occupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of prenatal ultrasound.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eObstetric and other factors: parity, gestational age, previous obstetrics related complication, number of ANC visits, Time of ANC initiation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOperational definitions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of prenatal ultrasound: Respondents who answered greater than or equal to 50% of questions provided for them regarding knowledge are considered as having good knowledge. While those answers below 50% are those with poor knowledge of obstetric ultrasound [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude towards prenatal ultrasound: The respondents whose responses are \u0026lsquo;agree\u0026rsquo; to \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026ge;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;50% of questions regarding attitude provided are categorized as having a good attitude toward prenatal ultrasound; whereas those whose responses are \u0026lsquo;agree\u0026rsquo; to \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;50% /disagree with the majority of questions are considered those with poor attitude toward prenatal ultrasound [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice of prenatal ultrasound: This is utilization of ultrasound scan during the pregnancy period [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Collection procedures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Collection Instruments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data were collected using structured questionnaires which were designed by the investigator and also adopted from studies [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR3\" citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. By using an interviewer-administered questionnaire in Amharic language, information about socio-demographic variables, obstetric history of mothers, Information on prenatal ultrasound utilization, attitude of pregnant women toward prenatal ultrasound, practice of prenatal ultrasound, and other related data were collected after the study participants received antenatal care services.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA pre-test of the questionnaire was taken in 5% of the sample size in similar areas for clarity and consistency of the questions one week before the actual data collection. Then necessary corrections were made based on the pilot study. All collected data were checked for completeness, accuracy, and consistency by the principal investigator and communicated to the data collectors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe corresponding author prepared the first draft and translated to Amharic and then the second author revised.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collectors and supervisors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraining session was given for both data collectors and supervisors about the methodology and questionnaire by the investigators\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData entry and Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter the data collection, the collected data was checked for completeness and inconsistencies manually on the hard copy. The question number in the questionnaire was identified and the appropriate variable name was given by data coding and data was entered into Epi data version 7.2.31 software after coding and checking completeness and exported to the statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 23.0. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the association between the dependent variables and independent variables. All variables with p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.2 in the bivariate analysis was transported to multiple logistic regression analysis to identify variables which have associated with the dependent variable. In multiple logistic regressions significance association was declared at p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 and reported using an adjusted odds ratio. The confidence level of 95%, and P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered significant. The strength of association was evaluated using an odds ratio at a 95% confidence interval and P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05 was considered to indicate significant associations. Model fitness test was checked by Hosmer and Leme- show test. Multicollinearity was checked by using variance inflation factor (VIF) and tolerance test. Finally, the results were presented in the form of texts, tables, and graphs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData quality Assurance and management\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo improve the quality of data, it was collected by oriented data collectors about the research through an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The quality of data was assured before data collection, during data collection, and after data collection. Before data collection, the questionnaire will be translated into the local language, a pretest will be conducted on 5% of the sample size and one-day training will be provided for data collectors and supervisors. During data collection, close follow-up will be performed by supervisors, and the principal investigator. After data collection, data will be checked for completeness, and using Epi data also helps to automatically detect errors made during data entry\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData edition was done by the data collectors, supervisors and the principal investigator in the field and further coding and entry to the computer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocio-demographics characteristics of the study participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study had a 100% response rate, with 404 pregnant women taking part. The majority of participants in the study, 220 (54.5%), were between the ages of 20 and 29. The majority, 373 (92.3%), were married, and 158 (39.1%) had completed high school. The majority of study participants (49.5%) were government employees. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e discusses the socio-demographic characteristics of pregnant women in public hospitals of Addis Ababa, 2022.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eObstetric History of the Study Participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree hundred twenty two respondents (79.7%) had more than one child, and 49 (12.1%) reported an abnormal or congenital birth. More than half of the individuals had three or more prenatal care visits (Table.2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of pregnant women in public hospitals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables Category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003estatus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e373\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational level of the participant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElementary (1\u0026ndash;8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school (9\u0026ndash;12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegree and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational level of the parent/husband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElementary (1\u0026ndash;8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school (9\u0026ndash;12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegree and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovernment Employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold income per month\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2000\u0026ndash;5000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObstetric history of pregnant women in public hospitals of Addis Ababa, 2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGravida\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultigravida\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e322\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimigravida\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of ANC visits\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime of ANC Initiation/weeks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026ge;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e297\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory of abnormal/congenital anomaly birth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e355\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious US exposure for reason other than pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eANC; Antenatal care US; Ultrasound\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eKnowledge Of Pregnant Women On Prenatal Ultrasound\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the study participants (97.5%) had heard about ultrasound scans and obtained information from various sources [Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], while 2.5% had never heard of ultrasound scans.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformation source of pregnant women about prenatal ultrasound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily and Friends\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedia(Press, TV, Radio)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObstetrician and Midwifes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo information about ultrasound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrenatal ultrasound scan should be performed between 4 and 6 months of pregnancy, according to the majority of participants (39.4%) (as seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority of study participants (97.5%) believed that prenatal ultrasonography was an important imaging modality during pregnancy, despite some concerns that it could be harmful to their health or the health of their unborn child. Two hundred one (49.8%) of the respondents had a good knowledge on the importance of prenatal ultrasound during pregnancy, while the remaining (50.2%) had poor knowledge of prenatal ultrasound. The most commonly reported component of knowledge regarding the importance of prenatal ultrasonography by participants was to confirm pregnancy, with around 382 (97.0%) women stating it. The second most important reason for using ultrasound was to confirm fetal position, cord and placental placement, which 356 (90.4%) women claimed. To predict the way of delivery during pregnancy was the least reported component knowledge regarding obstetric ultrasound use, with only 94 (as seen in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of pregnant women on prenatal ultrasound in public hospitals of Addis Ababa, 2022.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn ultrasound scan is important in antenatal care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirm pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirm presence of multiple pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e345\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirm the presence of abnormal pregnancy (ectopic, molar)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e268\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirm well-being of the fetus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetect any defect or congenital abnormalities during pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e237\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonitoring of pregnancy complication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHelps in determining the fetal position, cord and placenta position\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e356\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHelps to detect amniotic fluid volume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermines the Sex of fetus in the 10th weak\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e218\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermine the age of pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e353\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGive information about fetal weight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimate the expected date of delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredicts the way of delivery (normal/ C-section)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAttitude towards Prenatal Ultrasound\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority 289(71.5%) of study participants had a positive attitude towards prenatal ultrasound scanning, while the remaining 115 (28.5%) respondents had a negative attitude toward prenatal ultrasound. This shows nearly one- third of women had a negative attitude toward obstetric ultrasound scans and this may mean that she will not be willing to be scanned by obstetric ultrasound, which may have a negative impact on the outcome of pregnancy both for the baby and the mother.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most frequently mentioned component of attitude regarding prenatal ultrasound was to know the sex of their child is necessary, where 354 (87.6%). The second most stated component of attitude toward prenatal ultrasound was \u0026ldquo;ultrasound is an essential investigation during pregnancy,\u0026rdquo; where 353 (87.3%) women believed that prenatal ultrasound was an essential investigation during their pregnancy period. The majority (78.7%) of women believe ultrasound is safe examination during pregnancy. However, about 25% reported effects of ultrasound scan in pregnancy which included cancer and causing congenital anomaly to the fetus (as seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude of pregnant women to wards prenatal ultrasound in public hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2022.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisagree (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot sure (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgree (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrenatal ultrasonography is safe during pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrenatal ultrasonography can lead to congenital anomaly to the fetus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUltrasound is an essential investigation during pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeel comfortable during ultrasound exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUltrasound scan can cause cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUltrasound scan causes pain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther effects such as hurting the baby\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUltrasound fetal sex determination is right\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerminate the pregnancy if the sex of the child is other than you prefer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUltrasound scan can be offered routinely\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUltrasound finding is more accurate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo know the sex of your child is necessary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive attitude (\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026ge;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;50%) 71.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative attitude (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;50%) 28.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePractices towards prenatal Ultrasound\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority (79.7%) of the 404 pregnant women in the study had previous pregnancy experience. Among these, 66.8% had done ultrasound scans for previous pregnancies, whereas 33.2% had not done ultrasound scans for previous pregnancies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were 245(60.6%) participants who reported having had an ultrasound scan done for the current pregnancy before, with 130 (53.1%) having done it once, 87 (35.5%) having done it twice, and 28 (11.4%) having done it three times or more. For their current pregnancy, 159 (39.4%) participants had not had an ultrasound scan. The majority of participants (51%) stated that two ultrasound scans were an ideal number of scans throughout pregnancy (as seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants in the study expressed a variety of issues that influence their practice toward prenatal ultrasound scans. These concerns centered on the barriers associated with utilizing an ultrasound scan (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarriers reported by participants regarding the use of ultrasound scan.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChallenges/barriers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLong Distance to the facility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultural beliefs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLong waiting time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e313\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo privacy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSide effects associated with Ultrasound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRough handling by health workers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeing attended by students\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh cost\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn general, more than one-third of the individuals had never undergone an obstetric ultrasound scan. Most interviewees cited long waiting times, being attended by students, and a significant distance to the health institution as contributing factors to poor practices. According to this study, there was no culture that prohibited pregnant women from conducting ultrasound studies during their pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFactors associated with Attitude of pregnant women on prenatal ultrasound\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the bivariate logistic regression analysis, five variables were associated with the attitude of prenatal ultrasound: occupation of the pregnant women, history of congenital anomaly birth, ultrasound exposure for reason other than pregnancy, pregnancy experience and knowledge of pregnant women towards prenatal ultrasound.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents with good prenatal ultrasound knowledge were nearly twice as likely to have a positive attitude as those with inadequate prenatal ultrasound knowledge COR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.735 (95%CI: 1.119\u0026ndash;2.691). Similarly, pregnant women with a history of congenital anomaly birth were nearly four times more likely to have a positive attitude toward prenatal ultrasound than those without a history of congenital anomaly birth COR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.951 (95%CI: 1.525\u0026ndash;10.236). Furthermore, compared to housewife women, government-employed study participants had more than twice the positive attitude toward prenatal ultrasonography COR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.479(95%CI: 1.303\u0026ndash;4.716).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, in multivariable logistic regression analysis, pregnant women employed by the government (AOR: 2.327; 95%CI: 1.177-4.600), ultrasound exposure for reason other than pregnancy (AOR: 2.009; 95%CI: 1.226\u0026ndash;3.293), history of congenital anomaly birth (AOR: 4.82; 95%CI: 1.765\u0026ndash;13.164) and experience of pregnancy (AOR: 2.36; 95%CI: 1.348\u0026ndash;4.130) were significantly associated with attitude of pregnant women towards prenatal ultrasound (Table\u0026nbsp;7).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;7.\u003c/b\u003e Bivariate and multivariable analysis of factors associated with attitudes of pregnant women towards prenatal ultrasound in Public hospitals of Addis Ababa, 2022.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR(95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePositive\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNegative\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48(69.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(30.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovernment employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170(85%0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30(15%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.479(1.303\u0026ndash;4.716)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.327(1.177-4.600)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003cb\u003e015*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67(54%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57(46%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.514(.276-.958)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.559(.287-1.089)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(36.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(63.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.250(.066-.946)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.299(.076-1184)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExposure to US for reason other than pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138(66.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70(33.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.588(.378-.912)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.009(1.226\u0026ndash;3.293)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.006*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151(77%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45(23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory of congenital anomaly\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44(89.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(10.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.951(1.525\u0026ndash;10.236)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.820(1.765\u0026ndash;13.164)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003cb\u003e002*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245(69%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110(31%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of US\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood Knowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155(77.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46(22.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.735(1.119\u0026ndash;2.691)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.302(.784-2.164)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.308\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor Knowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134(66.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69(34.0%%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperience of pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultigravida\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e248(77%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74(23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.351(2.023\u0026ndash;5.552)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.36(1.348\u0026ndash;4.130)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003cb\u003e003*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimigravida\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41(50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41(50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere: 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;reference group, COR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;crude odd ratio, AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Adjusted odd ratio, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;confidence interval,*P Value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFactors associated with Practice of pregnant women toward prenatal ultrasound\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the bivariate logistic regression analysis, nine variables were associated with the practice of prenatal ultrasound: age of pregnant women, marital status of the pregnant women, educational status, occupation of the pregnant women, current gestational age, household monthly income, history of congenital anomaly birth, ultrasound exposure for reason other than pregnancy and knowledge of pregnant women towards prenatal ultrasound were eligible variables for multivariable analyses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents with good knowledge were nearly one and half times more likely to practice prenatal ultrasound compared to those with poor knowledge COR; 1.497(.999-2.241). Pregnant women who had history of congenital anomaly birth before were nearly three times more likely to practice prenatal ultrasound compared to those with no history of congenital anomalies COR; 2.735(1.321\u0026ndash;5.663)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, in multivariable logistic regression analysis, government employed pregnant women (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.286; 95%CI: 1.110\u0026ndash;4.708), ultrasound exposure for reasons other than pregnancy (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.893; 95%CI; 1.211\u0026ndash;2.960), history of congenital anomaly birth (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.444; 95%CI: 1.070\u0026ndash;5.582), and pregnant women's knowledge of prenatal ultrasound (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.018; 95%CI: 1.230\u0026ndash;3.311) were significantly associated with pregnant women's practice of prenatal ultrasound (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e; at the end of document). Respondents who had ultrasound exposure for reasons other than pregnancy were nearly twice as likely as their counterparts to practice prenatal ultrasound (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.893; 95% CI; 1.211\u0026ndash;2.960). Pregnant women with good prenatal ultrasound knowledge were twice as likely as those with poor understanding to use prenatal ultrasonography (AOR; 2.018; 95%CI: 1.230\u0026ndash;3.311).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBivariate and multivariable analysis on factors associated with practice of pregnant women on prenatal ultrasound in Addis Ababa public hospitals, Ethiopia, 2022.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice of US\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(55.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(44.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139(63.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81(36.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.715(.382-1.338)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.966(.492-1.894)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.919\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65(55.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53(44.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.001(.512-1.955)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.363(.656-2.829)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.407\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026ge;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(82.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(17.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.221(.051-.958)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.221(.051-.958)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(66.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.707\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228(61.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145(38.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.381(.094-1.075)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.519(.141-1.917)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.325\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(58.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(41.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.357(.068-1.879)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.398(.055-2.876)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.361\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(85.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(14.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.083(.007-.950)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.269(.016-4.566)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.363\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious exposure to US\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144(69.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64(30.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.116(1.410\u0026ndash;3.178)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.893(1.211\u0026ndash;2.960)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.005*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101(51.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95(48.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory of congenital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39(79.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(20.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.821(1365\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5.830)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.444(1.070\u0026ndash;5.582)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.034*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206(58%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149(42%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51(73.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(26.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.029\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGov\u0026rsquo;t employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118(59%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82(41%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.969(1.073\u0026ndash;3.612)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.286(1.110\u0026ndash;4.708)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003cb\u003e025*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67(54%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57(46%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.410(1.267\u0026ndash;4.585)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.437(.608-3.398)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.408\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(81.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(18.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.630(.124-3.193)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.285(.049-1.670)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of US\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoodKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136(67.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65(32.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.804(1.204\u0026ndash;2.703)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.018 (1.230\u0026ndash;3.311)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.005*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor Knowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109(53.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94(46.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo formal educ.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(59.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(40.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElementary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73(68.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34(31.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.673(.262-1.726)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.593(.193-1.829)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.363\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83(52.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75(47.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.305(.528-3.228)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.073(.380-3.027)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.894\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60(63.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35(36.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.843(.327-2.171)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.696(.234-2.068)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.514\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegree andabove\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(72.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(27.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.542(.153-1.921)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.886(.142-5.538)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.897\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146(57.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108(42.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2000\u0026ndash;5000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62(63.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35(36.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.763(.471-1.237)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.773(.398-1.501)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.447\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026ge;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;5001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37(69.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(30.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.585(.309-1.105)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.510(.203-1.278)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGA of current pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st Trimester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25(73.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(26.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd Trimester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104(59.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71(40.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.870(.822-4.253)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.094(.813-5.392)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd Trimester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106(57.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77(42.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.915(.844-4.346)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.498(1.230\u0026ndash;9.943)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(83.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.556(.102-3.037)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.933(.925-.149)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.933\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAttitude towards Prenatal Ultrasound\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenerally, majority (71.5%) of the participants had a positive attitude towards prenatal ultrasound scan. This could be due to the care provided by health workers, the affordable cost of ultrasound scans, and the fact that the majority of participants obtained information about ultrasound scans from health workers. Furthermore, some participants' desire to know the sex of the baby, and the baby's well-being may have influenced their attitude toward obstetric sonography. This finding is consistent with a study conducted in Nigeria, in which 73.1% of antenatal women believed that ultrasounds should be performed on all pregnant women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. This study is higher than the study conducted Gedeo region, Ethiopia where 69.5% had positive attitude toward obstetric ultrasound [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] and also higher than study conducted in Iran where the majority of pregnant women had a negative attitude [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, 78.7% of women believed that obstetric ultrasound is safe for pregnant women. This finding is in line with the study conducted in Jeddah, where 78.9% believed in the safety of obstetric ultrasonography during pregnancy[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Similar studies from Tanzania and India supported the current finding [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, majority (87.3%) of women believed that obstetric ultrasound is an essential investigation during pregnancy. This finding is in line with study conducted in Kano, Nigeria, where 93.8% of participants understood the necessity of obstetric ultrasound for pregnant women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. This study is higher than finding in Gedeo, where 71.8% of participants understood the necessity of obstetric ultrasound [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the findings of this study, 17.3% of pregnant women feel that obstetric ultrasonography can result in congenital abnormalities, which is in line with the study done in Gedeo, Ethiopia[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. This is greater than the result in Jeddah, which only 5.5% of mothers believe that obstetric ultrasonography causes fetal abnormalities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].The difference could be attributed to the respondents' sociocultural background and educational level. Lower than in Iran and Uganda, where 53.3% and 78% of pregnant women, respectively, believed that ultrasound scanning was harmful to the fetus [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. This could be because of the time of research and the sociodemographic backgrounds of the study participants. In this study, the negative attitude that was reported by few participants were possibly related to what was wrongly perceived as harmful effects of ultrasound such as causing cancer, discomfort, and hurting the baby. This is in line with findings of previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] but contradicts with the findings of another related study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcerning the sex determination of the unborn child, 87.6% of women responded that they would prefer to know the sex of their fetus, which is in line with a study conducted in Gedeo Ethiopia, where 83.5% of pregnant women, respectively desired to know the sex of their fetus [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. This result is higher than that of a survey conducted in Puducherry, India, where 79.6% of expectant women prefer to know their child sex [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. This variation might be due to the time, setting of the study, and sociocultural background of the participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, 77% of pregnant women felt comfortable during ultrasound examination, which was lower than the result of study conducted in Gedeo, Ethiopia where 83% felt comfortable during ultrasound scanning. This may be associated with the issue of privacy during the procedure as it is one of the elements of respectful maternity care. It is greater than the Ugandan study, in which just 48% of pregnant women felt at ease during an obstetric ultrasound examination. The variance could be attributed to the previous repeated ultrasonic exposure status and the normalization of the discomfort as part of the scan [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe negative attitude that was reported by few participants were possibly related to what was wrongly perceived as harmful effects of ultrasound such as causing cancer, discomfort, and hurting the baby.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePractices towards Obstetric Ultrasound\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe participants\u0026rsquo; practices towards obstetric ultrasound scan were generally good, as opposed to the finding reported by Maniragena and his colleagues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, most (53.1%) participants had done once, 35.5% had done twice and 11.4% had done three and more times of ultrasound scan for the current pregnancy. 39.4% had no ultrasound scan done for the current pregnancy before which most likely due to the perceived poor services characterized by long waiting time, being attended by student and lack of privacy which discourages women from attending obstetric ultrasound routinely. This is in line with the finding of a similar study[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] in which long waiting time before the scans was a major reason of dissatisfaction with obstetric ultrasound by pregnant women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 30% of the participants had not done any ultrasound scan for the previous. This is in line with the finding of similar study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite the fact that numerous ultrasound facilities are available in the country, the large proportion of participants who had not had any ultrasound scans for previous pregnancies may be related to inadequacies in other health centers in the city regarding the usage of ultrasound scans since most had been referred to hospital from other health centers for further management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFactors associated with Attitude toward Prenatal ultrasound\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, women with experience of pregnancy are more likely to have a positive attitude than women with no previous experience of pregnancy. This might be because they already understand the facts about the examination either from the healthcare providers or from the result of ultrasound examinations and this might help them to believe the positive impact of obstetric ultrasound and experience of previous pregnancy plays a significant role to increase the knowledge, and health care providers also participate in improving attitude among multiparous women through their routine follow up during pregnancy. This is in line with the finding of study conducted in Jeddah by H. Abduljabbar et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]and in Turkey by G. Ultrason et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study showed that history of congenital anomaly had a statistically significant association with attitude of prenatal ultrasound. Those respondents with a history of congenital anomaly birth were 4.82 times more likely had positive attitude of prenatal ultrasound than their counterparts. This might be because of the perceived fear of pregnancy with congenital anomaly and they are interested to check the status of pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent study found out that pregnant women who were government employed had more than two times positive attitude of prenatal ultrasound than housewife. This is in line with the finding of study conducted in Jeddah by H. Abduljabbar et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. This could be because of government employed women have more chances to receive information and share experience with others.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, pregnant women with previous ultrasound exposure for reasons other than pregnancy are more likely to have a positive attitude than women with no previous experience of ultrasound scan. This might be because they already understand the facts about the procedures either from the healthcare providers or from the result of ultrasound examinations and this might help them to believe the positive impact of obstetric ultrasound. This is in line with study conducted in Gedeo by W. Molla et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFactors associated with practice toward prenatal ultrasound\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe finding of this study showed that there was a strong association between participants\u0026rsquo; knowledge of prenatal ultrasound and the practice of prenatal ultrasound. Mothers who had good knowledge were two times more likely to practice prenatal ultrasound than their counterparts. This finding is in line with the results of different studies conducted in developing nations, at a peri-urban health centers in Uganda [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] and Nigeria[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] and also study conducted in Jima, Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. This may be due to the fact that those women with a good knowledge of prenatal ultrasound knew its purposes and they are eager and readily go for it. This suggests that as pregnant women's understanding of obstetric ultrasonography increases, more women will use it, resulting in earlier detection and care of obstetric issues and, in the long run, a reduction in prenatal mortality. This could be explained by the fact that as knowledge about ultrasound increases, so does belief in the power of obstetric ultrasonography to predict pregnancy outcomes and help deflect undesirable outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor knowledge of prenatal ultrasound and a negative attitude toward the scan influence their decision to undergo an obstetric ultrasound examination, which may result in prenatal screening and diagnosis rejection. This, in turn, may result in a low practice of obstetric ultrasonography(24). Since its introduction into clinical care, obstetric ultrasound has come to play a prominent role in obstetrics, and there is no doubt that the benefits of obstetric ultrasound technology have led to improvements in pregnancy outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a result, ensuring that all prenatal women have obstetric ultrasound scans, as recommended by WHO, can help to avoid and treat obstetric problems and have a better pregnancy outcome. Obstetric care providers should provide proper obstetric care, which includes regular obstetric ultrasound scans, as well as raise awareness about the positive effect of ultrasound scans on pregnancy outcomes for all antenatal women, with a focus on pregnant mothers who do not have ultrasound scans to address their lack of knowledge and attitude toward ultrasound scans.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen\u0026rsquo;s exposure of ultrasound for reason other than pregnancy was another explanatory variable that was significantly associated with the practice of prenatal ultrasound. In this study, pregnant women with experience of exposure of ultrasound scan for reason other than pregnancy are more likely utilize prenatal ultrasound than women with no previous experience of ultrasound scan AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.893(95%CI: 1.211\u0026ndash;2.960). It was consistent with the study done in Gedeo [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. This might be because they already understand the facts about the procedures, its importance in the diagnosis and hear about side effect issues either from the healthcare providers or from the result of ultrasound examinations and this might help them to believe the positive impact of obstetric ultrasound.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe finding of this study showed that pregnant women with history of congenital anomaly birth were 2.44 times more likely to practice prenatal ultrasound than those with no bad obstetric history. This might be because of the perceived fear of pregnancy with congenital anomaly, interested to check the status of pregnancy and they were familiar with importance of ultrasound in identifying congenital anomalies of the fetus during the pregnancy period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinding of present study showed that government employed women were more than two times practice prenatal ultrasound than those who were housewife. It was consistent with the study done in King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah by Hassan S. Abduljabbar et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] This could be because employed women have more opportunities to obtain information and discuss their experiences with others, so they visit ANC earlier than others and use prenatal ultrasound during their pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Strength And Limitation Of The Study","content":"\u003cp\u003eStrength of the study; this study addressed women from different hospitals in the study area; and being the first research in this study area, this is the strength of this research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding limitations, since the study design was an institutional-based cross-sectional study, the study does not represent those women who had antenatal care visits at a private clinic. Moreover, the study shares the limitations of cross- sectional study design.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion And Recommendation","content":"\u003cp\u003ePrenatal ultrasound has been globally accepted as essential investigation to play a vital role in antenatal care. This study showed that the attitude and practice of pregnant women towards prenatal ultrasound in public hospitals of Addis Ababa were good. Although pregnant women considered prenatal sonography to be very useful and necessary during the ANC, their practices was not that much good. The misconception regarding harmful effects of ultrasound like cancer, hurting the baby and causing congenital anomaly concern needs to be addressed through health talks during ANC meetings and encouraging interaction between radiologist/radiologic technologists and pregnant women. Other concerns that need to be addressed include improving patient\u0026rsquo;s privacy, minimizing cost, minimizing patients\u0026rsquo; waiting time; avoiding rough handling and distance from hospital also need concern.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eANC: Antenatal care; EDD: Estimated Date of Delivery; ETB: Ethiopian birr; FIGO: International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics; GA: Gestational Age; KHz: Kilohertz; LIC: Low-income countries; SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa; US: Ultrasound \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthical approval and clearance were obtained from Addis Ababa research and emergency management directorate Institutional Review Board with a reference number of A/ A/038/207. Permission was also obtained from the concerned bodies of Zewditu memorial hospital, Tirunesh Beijing Hospital, Gandhi Memorial Hospital and Abebech Gobena Hospital. Prior to data collection, written informed consent were obtained from each study participant and for those with no formal education the informed consent were obtained from \u003c/em\u003elegally authorized representative\u003cem\u003e. Confidentiality of the information was assured and privacy of the respondents was maintained. The study was also carried out following relevant guidelines and regulations according to the Helsinki declaration. To prevent covid-19 transmissions while delivering questioner face masks also prepared.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAll data included in this manuscript can be accessed from the corresponding author upon request through the email address.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution(s)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZegeye Wubeshet: study conception, design, writing original draft preparation, analyze and interpreting the data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEyayalem Melese: Data curation, supervision, Writing- Reviewing and Editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarema Jebessa: Data curation, supervision, Writing- Reviewing and Editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEneyew Belay: Data curation, Supervision, Writing- Reviewing and Editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are thankful to the study participants for giving their time to participate in this study. We would also want to thank the data collectors for their dedication and patience during the data collection period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eORCID iD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZegeye Wubeshet: \u003ca href=\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6126-5745\"\u003ehttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6126-5745\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarema Jebessa: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6547-2936\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNambile Cumber S, Nkeh Nchanji K. Diagnostic Medical Ultrasound Awareness among Women in Cameroon. 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Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2017. pp.\u0026nbsp;860\u0026ndash;2.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Ethiopia, prenatal ultrasound, pregnant women, Antenatal care","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2205940/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2205940/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e Prenatal ultrasound in antenatal care is widely recognised as one method of reducing maternal mortality. Pregnant women's knowledge and attitudes concerning prenatal ultrasound are thought to influence their response. However, little is known about pregnant women’s attitude and practice of prenatal ultrasound in Addis Ababa. This study aimed to assess attitude, practice and associated factors of pregnant women toward prenatal ultrasound in public hospitals of Addis Ababa.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional study was done on 404 pregnant women from June to July 2022 at four public hospitals of Addis Ababa. A simple random sampling and systematic random sampling were used to select the study area and eligible individuals respectively. Interview using a structured questionnaire was employed. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with attitude and practice. The odds ratio at 95% confidence interval with p-value less than 0.05% were considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMagnitude of having positive attitude and good practice of pregnant women toward prenatal ultrasound were 71.5%\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eand 60.6% respectively. Government employed women (AOR: 2.327; 95%CI: 1.177-4.600), ultrasound exposure for reason other than pregnancy (AOR: 2.009; 95%CI: 1.226-3.293), history of congenital anomaly (AOR: 4.82; 95%CI: 1.765-13.164) and experience of pregnancy (AOR: 2.36; 95%CI: 1.348-4.130) were significantly associated with attitude of prenatal ultrasound. Government employed (AOR=2.286; 95%CI: 1.110-4.708), ultrasound exposure (AOR= 1.893; 95%CI; 1.211-2.960), history of congenital anomaly birth (AOR= 2.444; 95%CI: 1.070-5.582), and women's knowledge of ultrasound (AOR= 2.018; 95%CI: 1.230-3.311) were significantly associated with practice.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe level of attitude and practice toward prenatal ultrasound can be improved with increase knowledge of obstetric ultrasound scan to all antenatal women. Health professionals in antenatal care units should advise pregnant women to improve their attitude and practice that helps to have prenatal ultrasound scan as recommended by the WHO.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Attitude, Practice, and Associated factors of pregnant women towards prenatal ultrasound in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross- sectional study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-12-21 05:37:57","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2205940/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a8ec5617-23d9-437d-8e2c-29f109e45209","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 21st, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-03-29T19:14:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-12-21 05:37:57","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2205940","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2205940","identity":"rs-2205940","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}