Integrated Rice-Multi-Trophic-Aquaponics and Rice-Tilapia- Monoculture Systems as Environmental Techniques for Optimizing Water, Feed Conversion Ratio, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Use Efficiency

Integrated Rice-Multi-Trophic-Aquaponics and Rice-Tilapia- Monoculture Systems as Environmental Techniques for Optimizing Water, Feed Conversion Ratio, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Use Efficiency | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Integrated Rice-Multi-Trophic-Aquaponics and Rice-Tilapia- Monoculture Systems as Environmental Techniques for Optimizing Water, Feed Conversion Ratio, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Use Efficiency Ashraf Goda, Ahmed M. Aboseif, Eman Y. Mohammady, Mostafa K.S. Taha, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3467355/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Currently, there is an increasing demand for the development of sustainable horticulture aquaculture systems that can effectively adapt to climate change conditions. In this study, we explore the potential of novel Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Systems (IAAS) to enhance water, nitrogen, and phosphorus-use efficiency (WUE, NUE, and PUE, respectively), while extending the nutrient cycle generated by rice and raising aquatic animals, under the conditions of climate adaptation. For 90 days, in a 2 greenhouse closed system, two types of aquatic animals-rice integrated culture systems (Tilapia (T) -Rice (R) monoculture and Integrated Multi-Trophic-Aquaculture ( IMTA)-R culture system) were evaluated within two rice hydroponic culture techniques of Floating Raft System (FRS) and Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). Four treatments were conducted in this study. Treatments 1 and 2 were IMTA-R cultivation systems using FRS and NFT techniques (IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT, respectively). Treatments 3 and 4 were T-R cultivation systems using FRS and NFT techniques (T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT, respectively). All treatments (IMTA-R-FRS, IMTA-R-NFT, T-R-FRS, and T-R-NFT) were conducted in 2 separate greenhouses using indoor-recycling closed systems. The results found that integrated IMTA-R and T-R using the FRS technique are particularly promising for optimizing WUE, NUE, and PUE than the NFT technique. These systems offer a potential solution to the challenges of climate change, which requires a more sustainable and resilient food production system. On the other hand, IMTA-R-FRS is particularly promising for optimizing WUE, NUE, and PUE, and the variety of aquatic animal production yield (such as mullets, crayfish, freshwater mussels, and silver carp) than the T-R-FRS technique. Biological sciences/Biotechnology Biological sciences/Zoology Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences IMTA Greenhouses Nile Tilapia Floating Raft System Nutrient Film Technique nutrient and water use efficiency FRS Mullet Crayfish Freshwater mussels Carp Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Introduction Climate change is a high-priority issue that poses significant challenges to food production across the world 1 . The changes in temperature and rainfall patterns are affecting crop yields, water availability, soil fertility, and world aquaculture production 2 . With climate change, there is a growing need to develop sustainable horticulture and aquaculture systems that can adapt to these changing conditions. The horticulture and aquaculture sectors are particularly vulnerable to these changes, as they rely heavily on water resources and nutrient inputs for their production 3–6 . One such approach is the integration of horticulture and aquaculture systems for optimizing water, nitrogen, and phosphorus use efficiency (WUE, NUE, and PUE, respectively) and climate adaptation 7,8 . As such, there is a growing need to develop integrated approaches that can help these sectors adapt to the changing climate while also improving their resource use efficiency 9 . Horticulture and aquaculture are two important sectors of agriculture that have been traditionally practiced separately. However, the integration of these systems can offer several benefits, including increased productivity, improved resource use efficiency, and reduced environmental impact. In addition, integrated systems can provide a more secure and resilient food production system that is better able to adapt to changing climate conditions 10 . Rice is the main food component for about 50% of the world’s population 11 . Providing a reliable supply of rice is crucial for the future food security of the world's poor, many of whom reside in developing regions and rely on rice as a staple in their daily diets 12 . However, meeting the growing demand for rice without increasing environmental costs presents a significant challenge for global rice farming 13 . Rice can be used as a co-cultivation integration technique to create successful habitats for various aquatic animals 14,15 , even aquatic vertebrates such as Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus 16–18 , common carp, Cyprinus carpio 16–19 , mrigal carp, Cirrhinus mrigala 19 , yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco 20 , Java barb, Barbonymus gonionotus 17,18 , the Asian sea bass, barramundi, Lates calcarifer 21 , major South Asian carp, Catla catla 19 , and rohu, Labeo rohita 19 , and the Dojo loach, pond loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus 22 ) or aquatic invertebrates (such as freshwater shrimp, Macrobrachium nipponense 20,23 , Macrobrachium rosenbergii 19 , Pacific whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei 23 , Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis 22 , The Chinese softshell turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis 22 , and the Red Swamp Crayfish, Procambarus clarkii 22 . The cultivation production systems of aquatic animals and plants can generally be divided into three categories: traditional, integrated, and advanced. Traditional production systems tend to include relatively simple techniques and technologies, often relying heavily on manual labor 24 . The integrated production system includes fish-livestock cultivation 25 , fish-rice cultivation 26 , aquaponics 27 , and Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) 28 . This type of culture involves a more complex approach that combines different types of plants and/or aquatic animals within a single system 29 . Finally, advanced production systems, such as hydroponics 30 and recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) 31,32 , typically involve the use of more advanced technologies and techniques, such as artificial lighting, diets, nutrients, and advanced monitoring systems, to optimize production. Each of these systems has its advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of which one to use will depend on several factors such as available resources, desired level of production, and the type of aquatic animals or plants being produced 33,34 . However, the concept of the current study, as presented in Fig. 1 , is to develop integrated horticulture aquaculture production systems by merging the commercial aquaponic production techniques (Floating Raft System, FRS, and Nutrient Film Technique, NFT) with the IMTA-Rice system (IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT, respectively), Tilapia-Rice-systems (T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT, respectively), under a greenhouse condition (Greenhouse 1 and 2, respectively). In all cases, rice is the only main plant cultured in the current concept. Integrated Tilapia-Rice-Monoculture systems (T-R) are particularly promising approaches for optimizing WUE, NUE, and PUE 35 . These systems have been shown to reduce nutrient and water losses, increase crop yields, and improve soil health. Additionally, they can provide an additional source of income for farmers, as they can sell both rice and fish. On the other hand, this system allows for the efficient use of water and nutrients, as the tilapia feed on the rice straw and their waste fertilizes the rice 35 . IMTA is a farming technique that involves the cultivation of multiple species in the same system, with the waste from one species being used as a nutrient source for another 36 . This integrated approach involves utilizing various levels of food production to simultaneously cultivate certain aquaculture species, aiming to promote environmental sustainability through bio-control, achieving economic stability through product diversification and risk reduction, and enhancing social acceptance by improving management operations 37 . To achieve optimal outcomes in the IMTA system, careful selection of appropriate species and population sizes is essential to facilitate optimal biological and chemical processes, thereby enhancing ecosystem health and promoting sustainability within the industry 38 . Aquaponic systems are an integration of hydroponic plant cultivation with fish. The hydroponics system manages the buildup of waste nutrients from fish culture's water use while growing extra crops that can be sold 39 . Gravel Bed System (GBS), Floating Raft System (FRS), and Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) are the three hydroponic growing systems. FRS and NFT are more valuable commercially than GBS 40 . The selection of a hydroponic growth system within an aquaponics framework may be based on the distinct benefits that a certain hydroponic component confers 41 . The integration of aquaculture and horticulture production through aquaponics has recently been adopted as a truly sustainable solution 42 . Water is essential to the life of fish, so, the physical and chemical properties of water that are important for fish production in earthen ponds must be controlled and improved through good pond management practices 43 . It is a successful solution to improve the management and efficiency of nutrients, especially nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and water resources in food production, moreover, and it is a sustainable solution that mitigates and adapts to the climate impact scenario until 2100 44 . All crops can be grown by hydroponics, but due to the high cost of hydroponics, it is usually used only for high-value crops, such as fresh lettuce leaves, basil, and spinach. Therefore, with rice being of great importance for feeding the world's population, and with it being a water-requiring crop in particular, it is much less expensive to grow rice in the field. Therefore, it is not grown in hydroponics 30 . There are no biological reasons why rice cannot be grown using hydroponics, and growing grains using this method has "potential benefits" 45 . It could save water if it could restore water, which would potentially be of immense value in parts of the world where water is unsustainably used to grow rice. Rice cultivation uses a lot of water, for reasons unrelated to plant physiology but the consumption of a large amount of water is a result of the methods used to grow the crop. If rice is grown in a flooded field, much of the water seeps through the bottom of the ground making it a very water-thirsty crop 46 . Hydroponics is modern in many countries like Egypt, where it is used to produce lettuce and other plants to a limited extent 47 . When it comes to rice, we are unaware of any commercial large-scale hydroponics production anywhere in the world. Anything that could reduce water use in growing rice would be of great importance to global agriculture, given that rice, along with wheat, corn, and soybeans, accounts for nearly two-thirds of the calories produced by agriculture. The global production of rice is growing about 1% annually and could increase even faster, with some analysts suggesting that total production must double by 2050 to keep pace with population growth 48,49 . One of the most important challenges facing agriculture is to optimize the WUE, NUE, and PUE, under climate adaptation requirements. The goal of the aquaculture sustainable economy is to effectively utilize fish waste, which offers new and sustainable alternatives for reducing pollution caused by aquaculture management 50 . Due to the significant increase in demand for fish products in recent years, the aquaculture sector has experienced continuous growth in natural resource usage for its development 51 . The present study aims to evaluate the feasibility of combining different aquaculture-aquaponic systems (monoculture and IMTA) with rice using FRS and NFT hydroponic techniques, as the potential application of a new concept of IAAS to optimize the WUE, NUE, PUE, and increase the cycle of nutrients generated by raising aquatic animals, under climate adaptation conditions. The ability to increase rice yield and the nitrogen and phosphorus removal capacity were compared by using rice cultivation. Materials and Methods Institutional Care of Aquatic Organisms and Experimental Animals All experiments in this work were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations of the National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF) Committee for Institutional Care of Aquatic Organisms and Experimental Animals. All experiments in our study were approved by the NIOF's Committee (with approval code: NIOF- IACUC, Code: NIOF-AQ4-F-23-R-041). All experiments in this work were carried out in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines. The use of plant material complies with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation. Experimental Techniques In the current study, for a period of 90 days, in two closed greenhouse systems, two types of integrated aquaculture-rice systems: Tilapia (T) -Rice (R) monoculture system (T-R), and Integrated Multi-Trophic-Aquaculture ( IMTA) -Rice (R) polyculture system (IMTA-R) were evaluated within two rice- culture techniques: Floating Raft System (FRS) and Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). Four treatments were conducted in this study. Treatments 1 and 2 were IMTA-R polyculture systems using FRS (IMTA-R-FRS) and NFT (IMTA-R-NFT) techniques, respectively. Treatments 3 and 4 were T-R mono-cultivation systems using FRS (T-R-FRS) and NFT (T-R-NFT) techniques, respectively. All treatments (IMTA-R-FRS, IMTA-R-NFT, T-R-FRS, and T-R-NFT) were conducted in 2 separate greenhouses using indoor-recycling closed systems (Fig. 1 a and b). The indoor-recycling closed system is powered by combining grid power and solar energy. The solar panels with a total capacity of 7 KW provide enough energy to operate the water pumps and the air blowers from 8:00 to 15:00 h. A closed aeration network distributes air through air nozzles and nano-hose discs to the different units of the system. The aeration network relies on 2 air blowers (Siemens & SCHMALZ) that operate one by one alternatively with an interval of 30 minutes employing automatic timers 24 h day − 1 . Experimental Systems Figures 1 a and b show schematic diagrams of the current experimental designs from treatments in Greenhouse 1 (IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT) and 2 (T-R-FRS, and T-R-NFT). As shown in Fig. 1 , for the IMTA system, four cement ponds (40 m 3 each) were used. Nile tilapia fingerlings were placed in the first cement pond, a polyculture of benthic aquatic detritus species (mullet and crayfish) was placed in the second cement pond; filter feeder species of freshwater mussels were introduced in the third cement pond, and phytoplankton feeder species of silver carps was placed in the fourth cement pond, as a sedimentation pond, which is considered as a sedimentation pond to avoid the proliferation of phytoplankton. The water from the sedimentation pond is pumped to a large biological filter (6 m 3 ) where ammonia is oxidized to nitrite and finally to nitrate. After the nitrification process is completed, the water passes through a sand filter and then is pumped either to greenhouse 1 including the IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT (Fig. 1 a), or to greenhouse 2 including the T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT systems (Fig. 1 b). Through the FRS and NFT units at a mass flow of around 2.7 m 3 h − 1 and 1.3 m 3 h − 1 for each FRS and NFT unit, respectively. The water ends in a sump pond of 3 m 3 used for sedimentation (1.5 m 3 acting as a biological filter) whose goal is to reduce any amount of organic matter through sedimentation and to reduce, if any, the remaining ammonia group. Regarding the NFT, the pipes were drilled to make holes of 4 to 5 cm in diameter, to match the size of the net pots. Plastic drinking pots were used as planting containers after perforating the bottom (30 mm) to allow water to come into direct contact with the root of the plant (Fig. 2 ). At the same time, in the FRS-TP system, a cement pond (a total of 22.5 m 3 water culture) was used. Each seedling was placed in plastic drinking pots and then placed inside the holes in NFT and the floating styrofoam plate in FRS. To protect each seedling, 3 cm square pieces of synthetic sponge as a means of fixation and protection inside the pots. Water Quality Analysis For all the greenhouse treatments (IMTA-R-FRS, IMTA-R-NFT, T-R-FRS, and T-R-NFT), the water source was supplied from well water at El-Kanater El-Khayria fish station, Kalubiya, Governorate, Egypt. The values of well water quality indices of total ammonia nitrogen (0.28 ± 0.17 mg L − 1 ), total nitrate (0.22 ± 0.15 mg L − 1 ), total nitrite (0.08 ± 0.02 mg L − 1 ), and total phosphorus (0.21 ± 0.09 mg L − 1 ) were determined weakly, according to standard methods described by APHA 52 . During the experiment, for all treatments, water quality parameters of temperature (°C), dissolved oxygen (mg L − 1 ), and pH were determined daily using an IoT system (WiFish from ReNile, Cairo, Egypt), consisting of 11 sensing nodes. All the parameters are recorded every 30 seconds and periodically sent to the data capture system. Aquatic Animals Data and Calculations IMTA aquatic animals (Fig. 3 ), including Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus , mullet, Liza ramada , crayfish, Procambarus clarkia , two types of freshwater mussels belonging to the family Iridinidae ( Aspatharia chaiziana , and Aspatharia spp.), and silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix , are based on the framework of an ecosystem approach, in which the culture of aquatic species from IMTA allows complementary ecosystem functions by feeding one species only. In the current IMTA, once the tilapia are fed, much of the feed is either used for fish's growth and metabolism or excreted as soluble and solid feces. Within the IMTA system (Figs. 1 a and b) uneaten feed, feces, and soluble excretions are recaptured by the subsequent extractive aquatic species (i.e., mullet, crayfish, freshwater mussels, and silver carp), which use them as nourishment, taking advantage of synergistic interaction between the species that act as acting as living filters. Either in the IMTA or the monoculture system, the commercial diet (25% protein) was introduced to the Nile tilapia only, twice a day, at 3% of fish biomass, and adjusted biweekly according to the increasing fish biomass. Each aquatic animal's initial body weight (IBW, g/animal) was determined before the start of the experiment. In the first IMTA pond, 450 Nile tilapia fingerlings weighing 136.43 ± 1.43 g were stocked. The polyculture of crayfish (165 crayfish with an initial body weight of 25.17 ± 0.89 g) and mullet (500 fingerlings with an initial body weight of 102.50 ± 1.05 g) stocked in the second aquatic pond. The third pond received 176 freshwater mussels weighing 305.11 ± 4.66 g. To avoid algal growth, 325 silver carps weighing 144.09 ± 1.45g were stocked into the fourth aquatic IMTA pond (sedimentation pond). After 90 days, final body weight (FBW, g/animal), weight gain (WG, g/animal), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and specific growth rate (SGR, % days ─ 1 ) were calculated for all aquatic animals. Feed intake (FI, g tilapia ─ 1 ), nitrogen intake (mg g ─ 1 ), and phosphorus intake (mg g ─ 1 ) were calculated for Nile tilapia only (the only species that feeds in the system), according to the following equations: Weight Gain (WG, g fish ─1 ) = FBW – IBW (1) Feed conversion ratio (FCR, feed: gain ) = Feed intake (g) / weight gain (g) (2) A cumulative Feed conversion ratio value for each time a new aquatic species is introduced into the IMTA-system was calculated according to the following equations: A cumulative FCR for mullets (feed: gain) = Feed intake (g) / (weight gain of tilapia (g) + weight gain of mullets (g)). A cumulative FCR for other aquatic animals (feed: gain) = Feed intake (g) / (weight gain of tilapia (g) + weight gain of polyculture of mullets (g) + crayfish (g) +, weight gain of mussels, and weight gain of silver carp, respectively). (3) Specific growth rate (SGR, % days ─1 ) = \(\left(\frac{\text{l}\text{n} \text{F}\text{B}\text{W} - \text{I}\text{n} \text{I}\text{B}\text{W} }{\text{t}}\right)\) where, FBW is final body weight (g); IBW is initial body weight (g); ln = natural logarithmic; t = time in days (4) Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) Calculation Parameters The mass balance was used to determine the N and P balances for fish-culture ponds and other experimental NFT and FRS systems using the following basic equations as described by 53 . Nutrients (N or P, g) discharge = dietary nutrients (N or P) content (g) - fish body deposition nutrients (N or P) (g) (5) Total nutrient gain (g) = tissue nutrient gain (g) × total biomass production (g wet weight) (6) Nutrient intake (g) = total feed intake (g dry weight) × nutrient feed content (%) (7) Total nutrient gain fish (g) = (final body weight (g) × final tissue nutrient content (%)) – (Initial body weight (g) × initial tissue nutrient content (%)) (8) Nutrient discharge (g) = nutrient intake (g) – nutrient fish gain (g wet weight) (9) For mullets, crayfish, mussels, and silver carp the following equations were used to predict (estimated) N and P balance values: Nutrient (N or P) gain biomass (g) (mullets, crayfish, mussels, and silver carp) = (Final body weight (g) × final tissue Nutrient content (%)) – (Initial body weight (g) × initial tissue Nutrient content (%)) (10) Nutrient discharge (g) (mullets, crayfish) = (Nutrient discharge form Nile tilapia pond (g)) - Nutrient (N or P) gain biomass for mullets and prawn pond (g) (11) Nutrient discharge from mussels (g) = Nutrient discharge from mullets, crayfish pond (g) - Nutrient (N or P) gain biomass for mussels (g) (12) Nutrient discharge from silver carp (g) = Nutrient discharge from mussels pond (g) - Nutrient (N or P) gain biomass for silver carp (g) (13) Nutrient retention of nitrogen (N-retention) and phosphorus (P-retention) of all cultured aquatic animals was calculated according to Storebakken, et al. 54 , based on the following formula: Nutrient Retention = 100 × [(FBW × C f ) - (IBW × C i )] / (Feed Intake × C diet ) (4) Where: C is the concentration of the nutrient (N or P), while i and f are the initial and final sampling days. Rice Culture, Measurement, and Calculations No pesticides or antibiotics were applied at any stage in the rice hydroponic biofilter. Styrofoam tray methods were used for seedlings rice germination outdoors for 40 days and then seedlings in plastic pots when they reached 4–7 leaves on the main stem, the plant height is 15–20 cm and the number of tillers is 1–3 plants according to Dongmei, et al. 55 . For all experimental treatments (IMTA-R-FRS, IMTA-R-NFT, T-R-FRS, and T-R-NFT), one of the high-yielding rice seed varieties, Sakha 101, was obtained from the Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt. Rice was harvested and measured for grain characteristics and yield after 90 days from transplanting. The mean value of the measurement results of randomly selected 15 healthy planting pots (in triplicate), were measured separately by leaves, stalks, and ears. The number of branches in a panicle, panicle length (cm), number of effective panicles, grain number per panicle, thousand-grain weight (g), and yield (kg ha − 1 ) was measured according to Rasheed, et al. 56 . Rice parts including stem, leaf, root biomass (kg m − 2 ), and rice kernel biomass (kg m − 2 ) were measured. Spikelet fertility (%) and seed setting rate (%) were calculated according to Prasad, et al. 57 using the following equation: $$\text{S}\text{p}\text{i}\text{k}\text{e}\text{l}\text{e}\text{t} \text{f}\text{e}\text{r}\text{t}\text{i}\text{l}\text{i}\text{t}\text{y} \left(\text{%}\right) =100 \times \frac{(\text{F}\text{i}\text{l}\text{l}\text{e}\text{d} \text{S}\text{e}\text{e}\text{d} + \text{H}\text{a}\text{l}\text{f}-\text{F}\text{i}\text{l}\text{l}\text{e}\text{d} \text{S}\text{e}\text{e}\text{d})}{(\text{F}\text{i}\text{l}\text{l}\text{e}\text{d} \text{S}\text{e}\text{e}\text{d} + \text{H}\text{a}\text{l}\text{f}-\text{F}\text{i}\text{l}\text{l}\text{e}\text{d} \text{S}\text{e}\text{e}\text{d} + \text{U}\text{n}\text{f}\text{i}\text{l}\text{l}\text{e}\text{d} \text{S}\text{e}\text{e}\text{d}}$$ 5 $$\text{S}\text{e}\text{e}\text{d} \text{s}\text{e}\text{t}\text{t}\text{i}\text{n}\text{g} \text{R}\text{a}\text{t}\text{e} \left(\text{%}\right) =100 \times \frac{\text{F}\text{i}\text{l}\text{l}\text{e}\text{d} \text{S}\text{e}\text{e}\text{d}}{\text{F}\text{i}\text{l}\text{l}\text{e}\text{d} \text{S}\text{e}\text{e}\text{d} + \text{H}\text{a}\text{l}\text{f}-\text{F}\text{i}\text{l}\text{l}\text{e}\text{d} \text{S}\text{e}\text{e}\text{d} + \text{U}\text{n}\text{f}\text{i}\text{l}\text{l}\text{e}\text{d} \text{S}\text{e}\text{e}\text{d}}$$ 6 The total nitrogen and phosphorus contents (g m 2 ) of rice parts (stem, leaf, root, and kernel) were determined according to standard methods described by APHA 52 . Moreover, the nitrogen and phosphorus retention (g m 2 ) of rice parts (stem, leaf, root, and kernel) were determined according to Dong, et al. 58 . Statistical Analysis The hypotheses of homoscedasticity and normality were checked before the statistical analysis of data. All data were in mean ± standard division (SD), ( n = 3). All data were analyzed by the SPSS computer software package program. To compare the significant differences among means, at the level of p < 0.05, a one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) test, followed by Duncan’s multiple range tests was carried out. Finally, the GraphPad Prism program (version 9) was used to perform the graphical Figures of the aquatic animal data. Results Physicochemical Parameters of Water Table 1 shows the water physicochemical parameters during the experiment. No significant ( p ˂ 0.05) differences in temperature (°C) levels between all treatments. No significant ( p ˂ 0.05) differences in DO levels between treatments of IMTA-R-NFT (5.78 mg L -1 ), T-R-FRS (6.18 mg L -1 ), and T-R-NFT (6.11 mg L -1 ), while treatment IMTA-R-FRS, exhibited the lowest significant ( p ˂ 0.05) value of DO (4.51 mg L -1 ). The highest significant ( p ˂ 0.05) pH value was reported in IMTA-R-NFT (8.12), followed by IMTA-R-FRS (7.13), and then T-R-FRS (6.78), and T-R-NFT (6.75). The IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT had the lowest significant (p ˂ 0.05) values in TP (0.21 and 0.39 mg L -1 , respectively) and TN (14.28 and 38.74 mg L-1, respectively). The same pattern was observed for Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN), with either IMTA-R-FRS or IMTA-R-NFT, while both T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT had the highest values. Table 1 Averages of water physicochemical parameters of the experimental systems Water Physicochemical Parameters Cultivation Systems * IMTA-R-FRS T-R-FRS IMTA-R-NFT T-R-NFT Temperature (°C) 27.26 ± 1.37 28.23 ± 1.13 28.14 ± 1.95 28.23 ± 1.13 DO (mg L − 1 ) 4.51 ± 0.14 b 6.18 ± 0.47 a 5.78 ± 0.16 a 6.11 ± 0.47 a pH 7.13 ± 0.22 b 6.78 ± 0.23 c 8.12 ± 0.21 a 6.75 ± 0.23 c TP (mg L − 1 ) 0.21 ± 0.05 b 0.46 ± 0.12 a 0.39 ± 0.10 b 0.45 ± 0.12 a TN (mg L − 1 ) 14.28 ± 1.12 c 50.13 ± 1.65 a 38.74 ± 1.78 b 50.11 ± 1.65 a TAN (mg L − 1 ) 0.32 ± 0.16 b 0.64 ± 0.10 a 0.26 ± 0.21 b 0.64 ± 0.10 a * IMTA: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture, FRS: Floating Raft System, NFT: Nutrient Film Technique, IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT: IMTA/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively, T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT: Tilapia/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively. DO: dissolved oxygen (mg L − 1 ), TN: total phosphorus (mg L − 1 ), TN: total nitrogen (mg L − 1 ), and TAN: total ammonia nitrogen (mg L − 1 ). The presented data are Mean ± SD ( n = 3 ). The lowercase letters in the same row are significantly ( p ˂ 0.05) different ( a > b > c ). The absence of lowercase letters means no are significantly ( p ˂ 0.05). Rice Rice Growth and Production Indicators The general characterization of rice production (plant length, number of branches in panicle, panicle length, number of effective panicles, grain number per panicle, thousand-grain weight, spikelet fertility, and seed setting rate), biomass production per rice parts (stem, leaf, root, kernel, and total biomass), and total rice yield (g m 2 , kg ha − 1 , and kg fadden − 1 ) was presented in Figs. 4 – 7 . Overall, IMTA-R-FRS has achieved the highest significant values of panicle length (cm), the number of branches in a panicle, effective panicles (no.), and thousand-grain weight (g) (Fig. 4 ). The highest significant ( p ˂ 0.05) plant length (91.67 cm) was observed at IMTA-R-FRS treatment. Seed setting rate (%) and Spikelet fertility rate (%) recorded the highest significant ( p ˂ 0.05) values for T-R- FRS and IMTA-R-FRS, respectively (Fig. 5 ). While IMTA-R-NFT and IMTA-R-FRS recorded the highest values of grain number/panicle (95.67 and 95.44, respectively). No significant ( p ˂ 0.05) differences between all treatments in rice parts biomass (stem, and kernel, Fig. 6 ), while the IMTA-R-FRS treatments showed significant ( p ˂ 0.05) higher values of root biomass (Fig. 4 ). Regarding total yield, between all treatments, the IMTA-R-FRS treatment achieved the highest significant ( p ˂ 0.05) yield values (880.18 g m 2 , 8801.8 kg ha − 1 , and 3696.75 kg Fadden − 1 ), as presented in Table 2 . While T-R-NFT recorded the lowest significant ( p ˂ 0.05) values. Table 2 Effect of different rice cultivation methods on Rice Total yield Rice Production Characteristics Cultivation Systems * IMTA-R-FRS T-R-FRS IMTA-R-NFT T-R-NFT Yield (g m 2 ) 880.18 ± 89.25 a 583.75 ± 20.69 b 487.03 ± 2.25 b 252.75 ± 1.1 c Yield (kg ha − 1 ) 8801.8 ± 79.31 a 5837.5 ± 26.96 b 4870.3 ± 12.58 b 2527.5 ± 12.5 d Yield (kg Fadden − 1 ) 3696.75 ± 57.9 a 2451.74 ± 24.9 b 2045.52 ± 28.0 c 1061.56 ± 28.0 d * IMTA: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture, FRS: Floating Raft System, NFT: Nutrient Film Technique, IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT: IMTA/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively, T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT: Tilapia/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively. The presented data are Mean ± SD ( n = 3 ). The lowercase letters in the same row are significantly ( p ˂ 0.05) different ( a > b > c ). The absence of lowercase letters means no are significantly ( p ˂ 0.05). Rice Nutrient (N and P) Contents Nitrogen and phosphorus contents, based on rice parts, are shown in Table 3 . No significant ( p ˂ 0.05) differences were obtained in N- and P-content in the rice stem and leaf. Treatment IMTA-R-FRS achieved the highest significant ( p ˂ 0.05) value in N-content in both rice root and kernel. Compared to NFT treatments, a significant ( p ˂ 0.05) value in P-content in rice root, kernel, and total rice was reported in FRS treatments, as presented in Table 3 . Table 3 Effect of rice cultivation methods on nitrogen and phosphorus contents of rice parts. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Contents Based on Rice Parts Rice Cultivation Systems * IMTA-R-FRS T-R-FRS IMTA-R-NFT T-R-NFT N-content (g m 2 ) Rice Stem and Leaf 0.10 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.03 0.11 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.04 Rice Root 0.15 ± 0.03 a 0.06 ± 0.01 b 0.07 ± 0.00 b 0.05 ± 0.00 b Rice Kernel 8.75 ± 0.67 a 7.00 ± 1.05 b 1.75 ± 0.22 c 0.07 ± 0.01 d Total 9.00 ± 1.18 a 7.16 ± 0.32 a 1.93 ± 0.43 b 0.22 ± 0.00 c P-content (g m 2 ) Rice Stem and Leaf 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 0.02 ± 0.00 Rice Root 0.03 ± 0.01 a 0.02 ± 0.01 a 0.02 ± 0.00 a 0.01 ± 0.00 b Rice Kernel 1.25 ± 0.12 a 1.00 ± 0.16 a 0.25 ± 0.01 b 0.01 ± 0.00 c Total 1.29 ± 0.21 a 1.03 ± 0.28 a 0.28 ± 0.05 b 0.04 ± 0.01 c * IMTA: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture, FRS: Floating Raft System, NFT: Nutrient Film Technique, IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT: IMTA/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively, T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT: Tilapia/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively. N- and P- contents: Nitrogen and phosphorus contents (g m 2 ). The presented data are Mean ± SD ( n = 3 ). The lowercase letters in the same row are significantly ( p ˂ 0.05) different ( a > b > c ). The absence of lowercase letters means no are significantly ( p ˂ 0.05). Rice Nutrient (N and P) Retentions Nitrogen and phosphorus retentions, based on rice parts, are shown in Fig. 7 . For all experimental treatments, no significant ( p ˂ 0.05) differences in N- and P-retention in rice stem, leaf, and root were obtained, except the T-R-FRS treatment, which achieved the lowest significant ( p ˂ 0.05) values in P-retention of rice stem, leaf, and root. In all treatments, FRS (IMTA-R-FRS and T-R-FRS) treatments achieved the highest significant (p ˂ 0.05) values of N- and P-retention in rice kernel, compared to NFT treatments (IMTA-R-NFT and T-R-NFT). Aquatic Animals Growth Indicators Table 4 shows the aquatic animal growth indices. The Nile tilapia (considered a monoculture system) is the only aquatic animal that has received a commercial feed diet. Tilapia had a feed intake of 625.45 g fish − 1 , with N and P intakes of 1,250.90 and 1,980.80 mg fish − 1 , respectively. The FBW of tilapia (532.50 g fish − 1 ), mullet (145.76 g fish − 1 ), crayfish (31.11 g animal − 1 ), freshwater mussels (360.93 g mussel − 1 ) and silver carp (500.15 g fish − 1 ) was observed. Tilapia had the highest WG and SGR (396.07 g fish − 1 and 2.18% days − 1 , respectively), followed by silver carp (356.06 g animal − 1 and 2.07% days − 1 , respectively), freshwater mussels (55.82 g animal − 1 and 2.07% days − 1 , respectively), mullet (43.26 g fish − 1 and 1.11% days − 1 , respectively), and crayfish (5.94 g fish − 1 and 0.75% days − 1 , respectively). Table 4 Growth performance, N-intake (mg/g), and P-intake (mg/g) of different aquatic animal culture in IMTA systems Nile tilapia Mullet Crayfish Freshwater mussels Silver carp IBW (g/fish) 136.43 ± 1.43 102.50 ± 1.05 25.17 ± 0.89 305.11 ± 4.66 144.09 ± 1.45 FBW (g/fish) 532.50 ± 3.16 145.76 ± 1.45 31.11 ± 1.21 360.93 ± 4.89 500.15 ± 3.65 WG (g/fish) 396.07 ± 3.11 43.26 ± 1.48 5.94 ± 1.23 55.82 ± 4.10 356.06 ± 3.43 Cumulative WG (g) - 439.33* 445.27* 501.09* 857.15* SGR (%/days) 2.18 ± 0.53 1.12 ± 0.08 0.75 ± 0.11 1.12 ± 0.28 2.07 ± 0.34 FI (g/fish) 625.45 - - - - FCR 1.58 ± 0.38 - - - - Cumulative FCR - 1.42* 1.40* 1.25* 0.73* N intake (mg/fish) 1,250.90 - - - - P intake (mg/fish) 1,980.80 - - - - Survival (%) 98.0 98.0 90.90 85.23 92.31 Total biomss (kg)** 260.93 71.42 4.67 54.14 150.04 * Estsmested ** The total biomss (kg/ 40m 3 ) was calculated over 90 days. Cumulative FCR Given that tilapia were the only species fed in the IMTA system (625.45 g fish − 1 ), and that the remaining aquatic species used the waste of previous aquatic species as a food source, there is a cumulative improvement over FCR values observed each time a new aquatic species is introduced into the IMTA-system compared to tilapia if considered as a monoculture system (Table 4 ). The apparent cumulative FCR values for the IMTA system were 0.73, compared to 1.58 for the tilapia culture only (Fig. 8 ). Comparison Between Nutrient Management in Experimented Systems Table 5 and Fig. 9 compare N and P intake and utilization efficiency of different for each aquatic animal and rice in both IMTA and tilapia monoculture systems using FRS and NFT approaches. Referring to IMTA systems, N- and P-intake were 1,250.90 and 1,980.80 mg fish − 1 , respectively (Table 5 ). The total N-retention and P-retention in IMTA systems recorded 86.06% and 55.10%, respectively. However, for IMTA treatments, the highest N-retention gained was observed by tilapia (68.07%), followed by silver carp (14.30%), mullet (2.58%), freshwater mussels 0.92%), and crayfish (0.2%). On the other hand, rice cultivated in R-FRS and R-NFT gained N-retention values of 9.57 and 1.25%. The total N-retention in IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT systems recorded 95.63 and 87.31%, respectively as presented in Fig. 7 . The highest gain of P-retention was observed by silver (29%), tilapia (18.61%), mullet (5.92%), freshwater mussels (1.46%), and crayfish (0.13%). For rice cultivated in R-FRS and R-NFT, the highest P-retention was gained by FRS (5.35%) followed by treatment NFT (0.71%). The total P-retention in IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT systems recorded 60.5 and 55.8%, respectively (Fig. 4 ). For tilapia monoculture systems, the total N-retention and P-retention tilapia body gains recorded were 68.07% and 18.61%, respectively. The rice cultivated using FRS and NFT gained 2.25% and 0.21% of N-retention, respectively, and 1.25% and 0.13% of P-retention, respectively. Geranally, the total N-retention and P-retention in T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT systems were recorded (69.76% and 68.12%), and (19.9% and 18.7%), respectively (Table 4 and Fig. 7 ). Table 5 Nitrogen and phosphorus retention of both aquatic animals and rice cultivated under different IMTA and mono-culture systems Nutrients Management N-intake (mg animal − 1 ) N-retention (%) P-intake (mg animal − 1 ) P-retention (%) Intake (mg Tilapia fish − 1 ) 1250.89 - 1,980.80 - IMTA aquatic animals Tilapia 851.44 68.07 368.54 18.61 Mullets 32.24 2.58 117.21 5.92 Crayfish 2.45 0.2 2.52 0.13 Clams 11.54 0.92 29.01 1.46 Silver carp 178.89 14.3 574.46 29 Total 1076.56 86.07 1091.74 55.12 Rice culture R-FRS (mg m 2 ) 119.69 9.57 105.99 5.35 R-NFT (mg m 2 ) 15.61 1.25 13.99 0.71 Total IMTA-R-FRS 1196.25 95.64 1197.73 60.47 Total IMTA-R-NFT 1092.17 87.32 1105.73 55.83 Tilapia Monoculture Systems Tilapia 851.44 ± 4.56 68.07 368.54 ± 3.34 18.61 Rice Gain FRS (mg m 2 ) 28.14 ± 2.79 2.25 24.84 ± 1.68 1.25 NFT (mg m 2 ) 2.65 ± 0.09 0.21 2.64 ± 0.07 0.13 Total T-R-FRS 879.58 70.32 393.38 19.86 Total T-R-NFT 854.09 68.28 371.18 18.74 * IMTA: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture, FRS: Floating Raft System, NFT: Nutrient Film Technique, IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT: IMTA/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively, T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT: Tilapia/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively. The presented data are Mean ± SD ( n = 3 ). The values followed by different lowercase letters are significantly ( p ˂ 0.05) different between groups. The absence of lowercase letters means no are significantly ( p ˂ 0.05) different between groups Discussion To feed the entire planet, rice, fish, and other crops must be multiplied. To meet the predicted demand for fish, aquaculture production will need to reach 140 million tonnes by 2050 59 . Furthermore, rice paddy production must increase to around 1035 million tonnes by 2050 60 . Further increases in fish and rice production, however, will encounter major environmental constraints due to competition for land, water, and other restricted resources caused by the combinations of direct and indirect climate change impacts 61 . Aquaculture and agriculture must grow sustainably while considerably decreasing their environmental consequences in increasing food production 62 . The current study's goal is to create integrated horticulture-aquaculture production systems in greenhouse environments by combining hydroponic techniques (FRS and NFT) with IMTA and rice (IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT) compared to monoculture tilapia-rice systems (T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT). In terms of climate adaptation, the current experimental method attempts to improve the nutrient cycle generated by rearing aquatic animals (Nile tilapia, mullets, crayfish, freshwater mussels, and silver carp) while also optimizing WUE, NUE, and PUE efficiency. However, little is known about cultivating rice hydroponically using IMTA systems (IMTA-R-FRS, IMTA-R-NFT, T-R-FRS, and T-R-NFT). In such developed systems, information on the growth, yield, and productivity of rice and aquatic animals (vertebrates and invertebrates) is scarce. In the current investigation, the average water values of TP, TN, and TAN in IMTA treatments (IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT) were lower than those in monoculture tilapia treatments (T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT) may due the highest NUE and PUE in IMTA treatments (Nile tilapia, mullets, crayfish, freshwater mussels, and silver carp) compared to tilapia monoculture treatments. Globally, three primary common hydroponics techniques were used, namely the nutrient film technique (NFT), floating raft system (FRS), and a gravel bed System (GBS) 63 . In the current study, we used only two techniques, NFT and FRS (or deep water technique). Several studies have indicated that NFT is a well-liked and user-friendly hydroponic technique, however, its employment in commercial aquaponic systems is limited due to its lower efficacy in removing nutrients overall 63–65 . A review conducted by Maucieri, et al. 66 reported that from 1997 to 2017, only 17% of research studies focused on the use of NFT in integrated aquaculture-hydroponics systems. The current study indicated that the IMTA-R-FRS treatment produced significantly higher values for rice plant length, panicle length, effective panicles, and grain number per panicle than the other treatments (IMTA-R-NFT, T-R-FRS, and T-R-NFT). Furthermore, FRS treatments (IMTA-R-FRS and T-R-FRS) had the most significant thousand-grain weight, spikelet fertility, seed setting rate, and rice biomass (stem and leaf, root, kernel, and total rice biomass), FRS treatments had significantly higher ( p ˂ 0.05) values than developed NFT treatments. These data indicate that the FRS treatments' (IMTA-R-FRS and T-R-FRS) production circumstances and parameters affect the characteristics of rice. Our findings contradict the findings of Frei and Becker 16 , who found no significant ( p ˂ 0.05) differences in rice characteristics (yield of grain, straw, stem, leaf, number of panicles, and seeds per panicle) grown in integration with tilapia and carp, or with carp only, compared to rice grown alone, due to differences in experimental designs, experimental conditions, and different aquatic abiotic factors. However, the current study's findings, which were consistent with previous studies that evaluated various types of hydroponic components together, indicated that NFT systems were less effective in terms of overall production, growth, and yields when compared to other aquaponic systems 40,63–65 . Concerning climate adaptation approaches, IMTA-rice aquaponic systems and tilapia-rice monoculture systems have both been demonstrated to reduce nutrient and water losses while increasing crop yields. They can also provide an extra source of income for farmers by selling both rice and aquatic animals to end customers. These methods, on the other hand, enable the optimal use of water and nutrients and are particularly promising approaches for optimizing WUE, NUE, and PUE efficiency 35 . Total N- and P-content reported in FRS treatments (IMTA-R-FRS and T-R-FRS) were considerably ( p ˂ 0.05) higher than that reported in NFT treatments (IMTA-R-NFT and T-R-NFT), as shown in Table 3 . N- and P-retention in rice kernel and total rice parts is also higher in FRS treatments than in NFT treatments (IMTA-R-NFT and T-R-NFT), as shown in Table 5 . Several prior research studies have found that the NFT hydroponic approach is less effective in terms of nutrient removal and nitrogen removal efficiency when compared to other aquaponic systems. 40,63–65 . The current results are in the same line with previous results reported by Li, et al. 20 , who reported that the co-cultivating between rice-yellow catfish ( Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ), and rice-freshwater shrimp ( Macrobrachium nipponense ) in the same pond reduced the nutrients (TP, TN, TAN, and total potassium), reduced the proportions of respiration in water and sediment (by 64.4% and 38.7% in the rice-shrimp pond, respectively, and 66.1% and 31.7% in the rice-catfish pond, respectively). Additionally, it reduced the proportion of respiration between P. fulvidraco and M. nipponense and was considered an effective technique for reducing hypoxia in intensive culture ponds. The current findings are consistent with previous findings reported by Li, et al. 20 , who found that co-cultivating rice-yellow catfish ( Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ) and rice-freshwater shrimp ( Macrobrachium nipponense ) in the same pond reduced nutrients (TP, TN, TAN, and total potassium), and reduced the proportions of respiration in water and sediment (by 64.4% and 38.7% in the rice-shrimp pond, respectively, and 66.1% and 31.7% in the rice-catfish pond, respectively). Additionally, it reduced the proportion of respiration between P. fulvidraco and M. nipponense and was considered an efficient approach for minimizing hypoxia in intensive culture ponds. Frei and Becker 16 observed similar trend results in an integrated greenhouse study (group 1 - rice-tilapia/carp cultivation, group 2 - rice-carp culture, group 3 - rice only). The rice and fish groups (Groups 1 and 2) received supplemental feeds, whereas the rice group received only mineral fertilizer. The rice-carp culture increased rice yields, however, the carp/tilapia culture decreased rice yields when compared to rice alone. Li, et al. 23 compared the efficiency of nutrient removal and water stability of integrated co-culture between rice and two shrimp species, whiteleg shrimp L. vannamei and freshwater shrimp M. rosenbergii , using paddy fields and two freshwater water ponds and two brackish water ponds. The results showed that the TN, TAN, TP, and chemical oxygen demand in shrimp-rice integrated ponds were substantially lower than in shrimp monoculture ponds, indicating that shrimp-rice integrated pond cultivation is a successful way to improve nutrient utilization efficiency. The results of the present study concluded that the highest significant rice yield was reported by IMTA-R-FRS (8801.8 kg ha − 1 ) compared to other experimental treatments T-R-FRS (5837.5 kg ha − 1 ), IMTA-R-NFT (4870.3 kg ha − 1 ), and T-R-NFT (2527.5 kg ha − 1 ). The final yield of rice and fish mainly depends on the co-culture system, co-culture conditions, and aquatic animal species compositions. This finding was previously supported by several studies 17–19,21,26,67 . In India, Mohanty, et al. 19 reported that when co-cultured with different aquatic animals of major South Asian carp, C. catla , common carp, C. carpio , rohu, L. rohita , mrigal carp, C. mrigala , and freshwater shrimp M. rosenbergii , the total yield of rice ranged from 3 to 3.6 tonne ha − 1 with a total final yield of aquatic animals ranged from 906 to 1282 kg ha − 1 . In another socio-economic study conducted in Bangladesh, Gupta, et al. 18 demonstrated that when rice was co-cultured with fish ( O. niloticus, C. carpio, Java barb , and B. gonionotus ), the overall production of rice ranged from 3.8 to 5 tonnes ha − 1 and 118 to 616 kg ha − 1 aquatic animals production. Purba 67 reported in another study in Indonesia that the overall yield of rice and fish ( O. niloticus and C. carpio ) in the integrated co-culture system was 7.8 tonnes ha − 1 for rice and ranged from 0.8 to 625 kg ha − 1 for fish. Another benefit of employing IMTA-developed treatments (IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT) over tilapia-developed treatments (T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT) is enhanced aquatic animal biomass gain and profitability, which is one of the targets to attain for climate adaptation and mitigation. The total weight gain of aquatic animals increased in the current study compared to the monoculture system. Besides the rise in aquatic animals gains, the rice final yields of the developed systems IMTA-R-FRS, T-R-FRS, IMTA-R-NFT, and T-R-NFT were 8.8, 5.8, 4.9, and 2.5 tonne ha − 1 , respectively, as compared to the traditional rice cultivation in Egypt, ranged from 6 to 8 tonne ha − 1 68 . Another promising finding of this study is that the apparent FCR values in the IMTA system (0.73) are much better than those in the monoculture system (1.58). This means that current IMTA-developed methods allow farmers to profitably produce a variety of aquatic creatures such as mullets, crayfish, freshwater mussels, and silver carp without the usage of costly extra feed. As presented in Table 6, using IMTA treatments, the gain of N-retention in aquatic animals (86.05%) and rice (10.82%) was a total of 96.88%, compared to a total of 69.81% in tilapia treatments (68.07% by tilapia and 1.74% by rice). One of the study's interesting results is that using IMTA-developed treatments (IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT) has an N- and P-retention advantage to tilapia-rice monoculture (T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT). As demonstrated in Table 5 , N-retention in IMTA-Rice increased from (86.07%) to 95.64% and 87.32%, respectively, using IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT treatments, compared to 70.32% and 68.28% in tilapia-rice monoculture (T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT, respectively). P-retention in aquatic animals increased from 55.12–60.47% and 55.83% using IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT treatments, respectively, compared to 19.86% and 18.74% in tilapia-rice monoculture (T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT, respectively). These data revealed that the developed IMTA treatments (IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT) are more efficient in nutrient removal efficiency than tilapia monoculture treatments (T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT). This outcome can be attributed to the synergistic power of different feeding habits of aquatic animals in the IMTA system (mullet, crayfish, mussels, and silver carp), which significantly boosted the nutrient removal utilization efficiency. Tarigan, et al. 21 investigated various rice-fish integrated aquaponics systems in freshwater and brackish water. The results of this study revealed increases in water use efficiency (31%), P (18%), and N (10%) in a freshwater treatment. Conclusions Developed Integrated horticulture aquaculture systems represent a possible strategy for climate adaptation in agriculture and aquaculture. The proposed integrated systems in this study can boost productivity, improve resource utilization efficiency (water, nitrogen, and phosphorus), and reduce the impact on the environment. Integrated rice-IMTA-aquaponic and rice-tilapia-aquaponic employing the FRS technique are more promising than NFT strategies for optimizing water, nitrogen, and phosphorus consumption efficiency. These systems may provide a viable solution to climate change concerns, which necessitate a more sustainable and resilient food production system. IMTA-R-FRS, on the other hand, is more promising than T-R-FRS for optimizing water, nitrogen, and phosphorus use efficiency, as well as the variety of aquatic animal production yield (such as mullets, crayfish, freshwater mussels, and silver carp). Declarations Acknowledgment The current experiment was conducted at the El-Kanater El-khayria fish station, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Kalubiya, Governorate, Egypt as part of the research project work plan "HortiMED Project funded by the PRIMA program supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, grant number 1915 (HortiMED Project). The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and the PRIMA Foundation is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. Funding Open access funding provided by The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB). Contributions All authors are equal contributors. Competing Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest Ethical approval The experiments presented in this manuscript were subjected to the general protocol standards for the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries. Data Availability Statement The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author. References Owusu, P. A. & Asumadu-Sarkodie, S. A review of renewable energy sources, sustainability issues and climate change mitigation. Cogent Engineering 3 , 1167990 (2016). Ahmed, N., Thompson, S. & Glaser, M. Global aquaculture productivity, environmental sustainability, and climate change adaptability. Environmental management 63 , 159-172 (2019). Allison, E. H., Beveridge, M. C. & Van Brakel, M. Climate change, small-scale fisheries and smallholder aquaculture. 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(WorldFish, 2014). Shafi, S. et al. The resilience of rice under water stress will be driven by better roots: evidence from root phenotyping, physiological, and yield experiments. Plant Stress , 100211 (2023). Lynch, A. J. et al. Inland fisheries–Invisible but integral to the UN Sustainable Development Agenda for ending poverty by 2030. Global Environmental Change 47 , 167-173 (2017). Ahmed, N. & Turchini, G. M. The evolution of the blue-green revolution of rice-fish cultivation for sustainable food production. Sustainability Science 16 , 1375-1390 (2021). Wallace-Springer, N., Wells, D. E., Pickens, J. M., Ayipio, E. & Kemble, J. Effects of Hydraulic Retention Time of Aquaculture Effluent on Nutrient Film Technique Lettuce Productivity. Agronomy 12 , 2570 (2022). Turnsek, M., Joly, A., Thorarinsdottir, R. & Junge, R. Challenges of commercial aquaponics in Europe: beyond the hype. Water 12 , 306 (2020). Goddek, S. et al. Challenges of sustainable and commercial aquaponics. Sustainability 7 , 4199-4224 (2015). Maucieri, C. et al. Hydroponic systems and water management in aquaponics: A review. Italian Journal of Agronomy 13 , 1-11 (2018). Purba, S. The economics of rice-fish production systems in North Sumatra, Indonesia: an empirical and model analysis . (1998). Hussein, N., Mostafa, H., Awad, M. & El Ansary, M. Crop water productivity optimization for rice cultivation under drip irrigation system. Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering (2023). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3467355","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":243335623,"identity":"6caa00ba-44f1-4dfd-9667-7c8cf0d44c18","order_by":0,"name":"Ashraf Goda","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF)","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ashraf","middleName":"","lastName":"Goda","suffix":""},{"id":243335624,"identity":"0f478dd6-da7e-4dfc-a9fc-b2ded39493ed","order_by":1,"name":"Ahmed M. 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IMTA: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture, FRS: Floating Raft System, NFT: Nutrient Film Technique, IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT: IMTA/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively, T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT: Tilapia/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3467355/v1/c687857058768dfcd6f804a5.png"},{"id":45600949,"identity":"0806eb02-3ba4-48a4-934d-fa2ac154f319","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-11-01 00:02:31","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":140960,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of different experimental treatments on rice production characteristics of (A) rice plant length, (B), grain number per panicle, (C) spikelet fertility rate, and (D) and seed setting rate. IMTA: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture, FRS: Floating Raft System, NFT: Nutrient Film Technique, IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT: IMTA/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively, T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT: Tilapia/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3467355/v1/9bb2cd6501ef5d44578d758a.png"},{"id":45600677,"identity":"ac8876ba-947c-4bea-8fff-5afc4e0560c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-31 23:54:31","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":221564,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of different rice production systems of (A) IMTA-R-FRS, (B) IMTA-R-NFT, (C) T-R-FRS, and (4) T-R-NFT systems on rice parts biomass (kg m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e). IMTA: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture, FRS: Floating Raft System, NFT: Nutrient Film Technique, IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT: IMTA/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively, T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT: Tilapia/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3467355/v1/f35c137763e99a34d50226d6.png"},{"id":45600950,"identity":"5e194a97-86b5-4bbb-a467-11420c38b14d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-11-01 00:02:31","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":102095,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of Experimental treatments on nitrogen (A) and phosphorus (B) Retention (%) of rice parts. IMTA: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture, FRS: Floating Raft System, NFT: Nutrient Film Technique, IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT: IMTA/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively, T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT: Tilapia/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3467355/v1/7adc4d509d9851da5c0f1f55.png"},{"id":45600682,"identity":"21435bad-e59d-4f86-9e49-676dc373d245","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-31 23:54:31","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":156089,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCumulative FCR obtained by adding different aquatic animal species to the IMTA system.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3467355/v1/f67345793d84860e95089b9c.png"},{"id":45600951,"identity":"78fcab79-274c-4e63-b1cd-3141a4d63233","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-11-01 00:02:31","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":109533,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiency of different experimental treatments. IMTA: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture, FRS: Floating Raft System, NFT: Nutrient Film Technique, IMTA-R-FRS, and IMTA-R-NFT: IMTA/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3467355/v1/64f0e0e01039d538e694fd19.png"},{"id":49317903,"identity":"b2edaf66-1375-42b5-9c9d-7068b4365a5a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 15:37:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":8409369,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3467355/v1/0aaf29cf-6448-4b41-b092-c4b286798884.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Integrated Rice-Multi-Trophic-Aquaponics and Rice-Tilapia- Monoculture Systems as Environmental Techniques for Optimizing Water, Feed Conversion Ratio, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Use Efficiency","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eClimate change is a high-priority issue that poses significant challenges to food production across the world \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e. The changes in temperature and rainfall patterns are affecting crop yields, water availability, soil fertility, and world aquaculture production \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. With climate change, there is a growing need to develop sustainable horticulture and aquaculture systems that can adapt to these changing conditions. The horticulture and aquaculture sectors are particularly vulnerable to these changes, as they rely heavily on water resources and nutrient inputs for their production \u003csup\u003e3\u0026ndash;6\u003c/sup\u003e. One such approach is the integration of horticulture and aquaculture systems for optimizing water, nitrogen, and phosphorus use efficiency (WUE, NUE, and PUE, respectively) and climate adaptation \u003csup\u003e7,8\u003c/sup\u003e. As such, there is a growing need to develop integrated approaches that can help these sectors adapt to the changing climate while also improving their resource use efficiency \u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e. Horticulture and aquaculture are two important sectors of agriculture that have been traditionally practiced separately. However, the integration of these systems can offer several benefits, including increased productivity, improved resource use efficiency, and reduced environmental impact. In addition, integrated systems can provide a more secure and resilient food production system that is better able to adapt to changing climate conditions \u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice is the main food component for about 50% of the world\u0026rsquo;s population \u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e. Providing a reliable supply of rice is crucial for the future food security of the world's poor, many of whom reside in developing regions and rely on rice as a staple in their daily diets \u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e. However, meeting the growing demand for rice without increasing environmental costs presents a significant challenge for global rice farming \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e. Rice can be used as a co-cultivation integration technique to create successful habitats for various aquatic animals \u003csup\u003e14,15\u003c/sup\u003e, even aquatic vertebrates such as Nile tilapia, \u003cem\u003eOreochromis niloticus\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e16\u0026ndash;18\u003c/sup\u003e, common carp, \u003cem\u003eCyprinus carpio\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e16\u0026ndash;19\u003c/sup\u003e, mrigal carp, \u003cem\u003eCirrhinus mrigala\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003e, yellow catfish, \u003cem\u003ePelteobagrus fulvidraco\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e, Java barb, \u003cem\u003eBarbonymus gonionotus\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e17,18\u003c/sup\u003e, the Asian sea bass, barramundi, \u003cem\u003eLates calcarifer\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e, major South Asian carp, \u003cem\u003eCatla catla\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003e, and rohu, \u003cem\u003eLabeo rohita\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003e, and the Dojo loach, pond loach, \u003cem\u003eMisgurnus anguillicaudatus\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e) or aquatic invertebrates (such as freshwater shrimp, \u003cem\u003eMacrobrachium nipponense\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e20,23\u003c/sup\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMacrobrachium rosenbergii\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003e, Pacific whiteleg shrimp, \u003cem\u003eLitopenaeus vannamei\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e, Chinese mitten crab, \u003cem\u003eEriocheir sinensis\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e, The Chinese softshell turtle, \u003cem\u003ePelodiscus sinensis\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e, and the Red Swamp Crayfish, \u003cem\u003eProcambarus clarkii\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cultivation production systems of aquatic animals and plants can generally be divided into three categories: traditional, integrated, and advanced. Traditional production systems tend to include relatively simple techniques and technologies, often relying heavily on manual labor \u003csup\u003e24\u003c/sup\u003e. The integrated production system includes fish-livestock cultivation \u003csup\u003e25\u003c/sup\u003e, fish-rice cultivation \u003csup\u003e26\u003c/sup\u003e, aquaponics \u003csup\u003e27\u003c/sup\u003e, and Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) \u003csup\u003e28\u003c/sup\u003e. This type of culture involves a more complex approach that combines different types of plants and/or aquatic animals within a single system \u003csup\u003e29\u003c/sup\u003e. Finally, advanced production systems, such as hydroponics \u003csup\u003e30\u003c/sup\u003e and recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) \u003csup\u003e31,32\u003c/sup\u003e, typically involve the use of more advanced technologies and techniques, such as artificial lighting, diets, nutrients, and advanced monitoring systems, to optimize production. Each of these systems has its advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of which one to use will depend on several factors such as available resources, desired level of production, and the type of aquatic animals or plants being produced \u003csup\u003e33,34\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, the concept of the current study, as presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, is to develop integrated horticulture aquaculture production systems by merging the commercial aquaponic production techniques (Floating Raft System, FRS, and Nutrient Film Technique, NFT) with the IMTA-Rice system (IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT, respectively), Tilapia-Rice-systems (T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT, respectively), under a greenhouse condition (Greenhouse 1 and 2, respectively). In all cases, rice is the only main plant cultured in the current concept.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegrated Tilapia-Rice-Monoculture systems (T-R) are particularly promising approaches for optimizing WUE, NUE, and PUE \u003csup\u003e35\u003c/sup\u003e. These systems have been shown to reduce nutrient and water losses, increase crop yields, and improve soil health. Additionally, they can provide an additional source of income for farmers, as they can sell both rice and fish. On the other hand, this system allows for the efficient use of water and nutrients, as the tilapia feed on the rice straw and their waste fertilizes the rice \u003csup\u003e35\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIMTA is a farming technique that involves the cultivation of multiple species in the same system, with the waste from one species being used as a nutrient source for another \u003csup\u003e36\u003c/sup\u003e. This integrated approach involves utilizing various levels of food production to simultaneously cultivate certain aquaculture species, aiming to promote environmental sustainability through bio-control, achieving economic stability through product diversification and risk reduction, and enhancing social acceptance by improving management operations \u003csup\u003e37\u003c/sup\u003e. To achieve optimal outcomes in the IMTA system, careful selection of appropriate species and population sizes is essential to facilitate optimal biological and chemical processes, thereby enhancing ecosystem health and promoting sustainability within the industry \u003csup\u003e38\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAquaponic systems are an integration of hydroponic plant cultivation with fish. The hydroponics system manages the buildup of waste nutrients from fish culture's water use while growing extra crops that can be sold \u003csup\u003e39\u003c/sup\u003e. Gravel Bed System (GBS), Floating Raft System (FRS), and Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) are the three hydroponic growing systems. FRS and NFT are more valuable commercially than GBS \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003e. The selection of a hydroponic growth system within an aquaponics framework may be based on the distinct benefits that a certain hydroponic component confers \u003csup\u003e41\u003c/sup\u003e. The integration of aquaculture and horticulture production through aquaponics has recently been adopted as a truly sustainable solution \u003csup\u003e42\u003c/sup\u003e. Water is essential to the life of fish, so, the physical and chemical properties of water that are important for fish production in earthen ponds must be controlled and improved through good pond management practices \u003csup\u003e43\u003c/sup\u003e. It is a successful solution to improve the management and efficiency of nutrients, especially nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and water resources in food production, moreover, and it is a sustainable solution that mitigates and adapts to the climate impact scenario until 2100 \u003csup\u003e44\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll crops can be grown by hydroponics, but due to the high cost of hydroponics, it is usually used only for high-value crops, such as fresh lettuce leaves, basil, and spinach. Therefore, with rice being of great importance for feeding the world's population, and with it being a water-requiring crop in particular, it is much less expensive to grow rice in the field. Therefore, it is not grown in hydroponics \u003csup\u003e30\u003c/sup\u003e. There are no biological reasons why rice cannot be grown using hydroponics, and growing grains using this method has \"potential benefits\" \u003csup\u003e45\u003c/sup\u003e. It could save water if it could restore water, which would potentially be of immense value in parts of the world where water is unsustainably used to grow rice. Rice cultivation uses a lot of water, for reasons unrelated to plant physiology but the consumption of a large amount of water is a result of the methods used to grow the crop. If rice is grown in a flooded field, much of the water seeps through the bottom of the ground making it a very water-thirsty crop \u003csup\u003e46\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydroponics is modern in many countries like Egypt, where it is used to produce lettuce and other plants to a limited extent \u003csup\u003e47\u003c/sup\u003e. When it comes to rice, we are unaware of any commercial large-scale hydroponics production anywhere in the world. Anything that could reduce water use in growing rice would be of great importance to global agriculture, given that rice, along with wheat, corn, and soybeans, accounts for nearly two-thirds of the calories produced by agriculture. The global production of rice is growing about 1% annually and could increase even faster, with some analysts suggesting that total production must double by 2050 to keep pace with population growth \u003csup\u003e48,49\u003c/sup\u003e. One of the most important challenges facing agriculture is to optimize the WUE, NUE, and PUE, under climate adaptation requirements. The goal of the aquaculture sustainable economy is to effectively utilize fish waste, which offers new and sustainable alternatives for reducing pollution caused by aquaculture management \u003csup\u003e50\u003c/sup\u003e. Due to the significant increase in demand for fish products in recent years, the aquaculture sector has experienced continuous growth in natural resource usage for its development \u003csup\u003e51\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study aims to evaluate the feasibility of combining different aquaculture-aquaponic systems (monoculture and IMTA) with rice using FRS and NFT hydroponic techniques, as the potential application of a new concept of IAAS to optimize the WUE, NUE, PUE, and increase the cycle of nutrients generated by raising aquatic animals, under climate adaptation conditions. The ability to increase rice yield and the nitrogen and phosphorus removal capacity were compared by using rice cultivation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eInstitutional Care of Aquatic Organisms and Experimental Animals\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll experiments in this work were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations of the National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF) Committee for Institutional Care of Aquatic Organisms and Experimental Animals. All experiments in our study were approved by the NIOF\u0026apos;s Committee (with approval code: NIOF- IACUC, Code: NIOF-AQ4-F-23-R-041). All experiments in this work were carried out in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines. The use of plant material complies with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eExperimental Techniques\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the current study, for a period of 90 days, in two closed greenhouse systems, two types of integrated aquaculture-rice systems: Tilapia (T) -Rice (R) monoculture system (T-R), and Integrated Multi-Trophic-Aquaculture \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eIMTA) -Rice (R) polyculture system (IMTA-R) were evaluated within two rice- culture techniques: Floating Raft System (FRS) and Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). Four treatments were conducted in this study. Treatments 1 and 2 were IMTA-R polyculture systems using FRS (IMTA-R-FRS) and NFT (IMTA-R-NFT) techniques, respectively. Treatments 3 and 4 were T-R mono-cultivation systems using FRS (T-R-FRS) and NFT (T-R-NFT) techniques, respectively. All treatments (IMTA-R-FRS, IMTA-R-NFT, T-R-FRS, and T-R-NFT) were conducted in 2 separate greenhouses using indoor-recycling closed systems (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea and b). The indoor-recycling closed system is powered by combining grid power and solar energy. The solar panels with a total capacity of 7 KW provide enough energy to operate the water pumps and the air blowers from 8:00 to 15:00 h. A closed aeration network distributes air through air nozzles and nano-hose discs to the different units of the system. The aeration network relies on 2 air blowers (Siemens \u0026amp; SCHMALZ) that operate one by one alternatively with an interval of 30 minutes employing automatic timers 24 h day\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eExperimental Systems\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigures \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea and b show schematic diagrams of the current experimental designs from treatments in Greenhouse 1 (IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT) and 2 (T-R-FRS, and T-R-NFT). As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, for the IMTA system, four cement ponds (40 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e each) were used. Nile tilapia fingerlings were placed in the first cement pond, a polyculture of benthic aquatic detritus species (mullet and crayfish) was placed in the second cement pond; filter feeder species of freshwater mussels were introduced in the third cement pond, and phytoplankton feeder species of silver carps was placed in the fourth cement pond, as a sedimentation pond, which is considered as a sedimentation pond to avoid the proliferation of phytoplankton. The water from the sedimentation pond is pumped to a large biological filter (6 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) where ammonia is oxidized to nitrite and finally to nitrate. After the nitrification process is completed, the water passes through a sand filter and then is pumped either to greenhouse 1 including the IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea), or to greenhouse 2 including the T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT systems (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eb). Through the FRS and NFT units at a mass flow of around 2.7 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1.3 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for each FRS and NFT unit, respectively. The water ends in a sump pond of 3 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e used for sedimentation (1.5 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e acting as a biological filter) whose goal is to reduce any amount of organic matter through sedimentation and to reduce, if any, the remaining ammonia group.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegarding the NFT, the pipes were drilled to make holes of 4 to 5 cm in diameter, to match the size of the net pots. Plastic drinking pots were used as planting containers after perforating the bottom (30 mm) to allow water to come into direct contact with the root of the plant (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). At the same time, in the FRS-TP system, a cement pond (a total of 22.5 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e water culture) was used. Each seedling was placed in plastic drinking pots and then placed inside the holes in NFT and the floating styrofoam plate in FRS. To protect each seedling, 3 cm square pieces of synthetic sponge as a means of fixation and protection inside the pots.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eWater Quality Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFor all the greenhouse treatments (IMTA-R-FRS, IMTA-R-NFT, T-R-FRS, and T-R-NFT), the water source was supplied from well water at El-Kanater El-Khayria fish station, Kalubiya, Governorate, Egypt. The values of well water quality indices of total ammonia nitrogen (0.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), total nitrate (0.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), total nitrite (0.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), and total phosphorus (0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) were determined weakly, according to standard methods described by APHA \u003csup\u003e52\u003c/sup\u003e. During the experiment, for all treatments, water quality parameters of temperature (\u0026deg;C), dissolved oxygen (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), and pH were determined daily using an IoT system (WiFish from ReNile, Cairo, Egypt), consisting of 11 sensing nodes. All the parameters are recorded every 30 seconds and periodically sent to the data capture system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eAquatic Animals Data and Calculations\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIMTA aquatic animals (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), including Nile tilapia, \u003cem\u003eOreochromis niloticus\u003c/em\u003e, mullet, \u003cem\u003eLiza ramada\u003c/em\u003e, crayfish, \u003cem\u003eProcambarus clarkia\u003c/em\u003e, two types of freshwater mussels belonging to the family \u003cem\u003eIridinidae\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eAspatharia chaiziana\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAspatharia\u003c/em\u003e spp.), and silver carp, \u003cem\u003eHypophthalmichthys molitrix\u003c/em\u003e, are based on the framework of an ecosystem approach, in which the culture of aquatic species from IMTA allows complementary ecosystem functions by feeding one species only. In the current IMTA, once the tilapia are fed, much of the feed is either used for fish\u0026apos;s growth and metabolism or excreted as soluble and solid feces. Within the IMTA system (Figs. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea and b) uneaten feed, feces, and soluble excretions are recaptured by the subsequent extractive aquatic species (i.e., mullet, crayfish, freshwater mussels, and silver carp), which use them as nourishment, taking advantage of synergistic interaction between the species that act as acting as living filters. Either in the IMTA or the monoculture system, the commercial diet (25% protein) was introduced to the Nile tilapia only, twice a day, at 3% of fish biomass, and adjusted biweekly according to the increasing fish biomass. Each aquatic animal\u0026apos;s initial body weight (IBW, g/animal) was determined before the start of the experiment. In the first IMTA pond, 450 Nile tilapia fingerlings weighing 136.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.43 g were stocked. The polyculture of crayfish (165 crayfish with an initial body weight of 25.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89 g) and mullet (500 fingerlings with an initial body weight of 102.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05 g) stocked in the second aquatic pond. The third pond received 176 freshwater mussels weighing 305.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.66 g. To avoid algal growth, 325 silver carps weighing 144.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45g were stocked into the fourth aquatic IMTA pond (sedimentation pond). After 90 days, final body weight (FBW, g/animal), weight gain (WG, g/animal), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and specific growth rate (SGR, % days\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e─\u003c/strong\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e) were calculated for all aquatic animals. Feed intake (FI, g tilapia\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e─\u003c/strong\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e), nitrogen intake (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e─\u003c/strong\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e), and phosphorus intake (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e─\u003c/strong\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e) were calculated for Nile tilapia only (the only species that feeds in the system), according to the following equations:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeight Gain (WG, g fish\u003csup\u003e─1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;FBW \u0026ndash; IBW (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeed conversion ratio (FCR, feed: gain )\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Feed intake (g) / weight gain (g) (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA cumulative Feed conversion ratio value for each time a new aquatic species is introduced into the IMTA-system was calculated according to the following equations:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA cumulative FCR for mullets (feed: gain)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Feed intake (g) / (weight gain of tilapia (g)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;weight gain of mullets (g)).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA cumulative FCR for other aquatic animals (feed: gain)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Feed intake (g) / (weight gain of tilapia (g)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;weight gain of polyculture of mullets (g)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;crayfish (g) +, weight gain of mussels, and weight gain of silver carp, respectively). (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecific growth rate (SGR, % days\u003csup\u003e─1\u003c/sup\u003e) =\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\left(\\frac{\\text{l}\\text{n} \\text{F}\\text{B}\\text{W} - \\text{I}\\text{n} \\text{I}\\text{B}\\text{W} }{\\text{t}}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewhere, FBW is final body weight (g); IBW is initial body weight (g); ln\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;natural logarithmic; t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;time in days (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eNitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) Calculation Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe mass balance was used to determine the N and P balances for fish-culture ponds and other experimental NFT and FRS systems using the following basic equations as described by \u003csup\u003e53\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNutrients (N or P, g) discharge\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;dietary nutrients (N or P) content (g) - fish body deposition nutrients (N or P) (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal nutrient gain (g)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;tissue nutrient gain (g) \u0026times; total biomass production (g wet weight)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNutrient intake (g)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;total feed intake (g dry weight) \u0026times; nutrient feed content (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal nutrient gain fish (g) = (final body weight (g) \u0026times; final tissue nutrient content (%)) \u0026ndash; (Initial body weight (g) \u0026times; initial tissue nutrient content (%))\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNutrient discharge (g)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;nutrient intake (g) \u0026ndash; nutrient fish gain (g wet weight)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(9)\u003c/p\u003eFor mullets, crayfish, mussels, and silver carp the following equations were used to predict (estimated) N and P balance values:\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNutrient (N or P) gain biomass (g) (mullets, crayfish, mussels, and silver carp) = (Final body weight (g) \u0026times; final tissue Nutrient content (%)) \u0026ndash; (Initial body weight (g) \u0026times; initial tissue Nutrient content (%))\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNutrient discharge (g) (mullets, crayfish) = (Nutrient discharge form Nile tilapia pond (g)) - Nutrient (N or P) gain biomass for mullets and prawn pond (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNutrient discharge from mussels (g)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Nutrient discharge from mullets, crayfish pond (g) - Nutrient (N or P) gain biomass for mussels (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNutrient discharge from silver carp (g)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Nutrient discharge from mussels pond (g) - Nutrient (N or P) gain biomass for silver carp (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNutrient retention of nitrogen (N-retention) and phosphorus (P-retention) of all cultured aquatic animals was calculated according to Storebakken, et al. \u003csup\u003e54\u003c/sup\u003e, based on the following formula:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNutrient Retention\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100 \u0026times; [(FBW \u0026times; C\u003csub\u003ef\u003c/sub\u003e) - (IBW \u0026times; C\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e)] / (Feed Intake \u0026times; C\u003csub\u003ediet\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere: C is the concentration of the nutrient (N or P), while i and f are the initial and final sampling days.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eRice Culture, Measurement, and Calculations\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo pesticides or antibiotics were applied at any stage in the rice hydroponic biofilter. Styrofoam tray methods were used for seedlings rice germination outdoors for 40 days and then seedlings in plastic pots when they reached 4\u0026ndash;7 leaves on the main stem, the plant height is 15\u0026ndash;20 cm and the number of tillers is 1\u0026ndash;3 plants according to Dongmei, et al. \u003csup\u003e55\u003c/sup\u003e. For all experimental treatments (IMTA-R-FRS, IMTA-R-NFT, T-R-FRS, and T-R-NFT), one of the high-yielding rice seed varieties, Sakha 101, was obtained from the Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt. Rice was harvested and measured for grain characteristics and yield after 90 days from transplanting. The mean value of the measurement results of randomly selected 15 healthy planting pots (in triplicate), were measured separately by leaves, stalks, and ears. The number of branches in a panicle, panicle length (cm), number of effective panicles, grain number per panicle, thousand-grain weight (g), and yield (kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was measured according to Rasheed, et al. \u003csup\u003e56\u003c/sup\u003e. Rice parts including stem, leaf, root biomass (kg m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e), and rice kernel biomass (kg m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) were measured.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpikelet fertility (%) and seed setting rate (%) were calculated according to Prasad, et al. \u003csup\u003e57\u003c/sup\u003e using the following equation:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\text{S}\\text{p}\\text{i}\\text{k}\\text{e}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\text{t} \\text{f}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{l}\\text{i}\\text{t}\\text{y} \\left(\\text{%}\\right) =100 \\times \\frac{(\\text{F}\\text{i}\\text{l}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\text{d} \\text{S}\\text{e}\\text{e}\\text{d} + \\text{H}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\text{f}-\\text{F}\\text{i}\\text{l}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\text{d} \\text{S}\\text{e}\\text{e}\\text{d})}{(\\text{F}\\text{i}\\text{l}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\text{d} \\text{S}\\text{e}\\text{e}\\text{d} + \\text{H}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\text{f}-\\text{F}\\text{i}\\text{l}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\text{d} \\text{S}\\text{e}\\text{e}\\text{d} + \\text{U}\\text{n}\\text{f}\\text{i}\\text{l}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\text{d} \\text{S}\\text{e}\\text{e}\\text{d}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\text{S}\\text{e}\\text{e}\\text{d} \\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{t}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{g} \\text{R}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{e} \\left(\\text{%}\\right) =100 \\times \\frac{\\text{F}\\text{i}\\text{l}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\text{d} \\text{S}\\text{e}\\text{e}\\text{d}}{\\text{F}\\text{i}\\text{l}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\text{d} \\text{S}\\text{e}\\text{e}\\text{d} + \\text{H}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\text{f}-\\text{F}\\text{i}\\text{l}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\text{d} \\text{S}\\text{e}\\text{e}\\text{d} + \\text{U}\\text{n}\\text{f}\\text{i}\\text{l}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\text{d} \\text{S}\\text{e}\\text{e}\\text{d}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe total nitrogen and phosphorus contents (g m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) of rice parts (stem, leaf, root, and kernel) were determined according to standard methods described by APHA \u003csup\u003e52\u003c/sup\u003e. Moreover, the nitrogen and phosphorus retention (g m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) of rice parts (stem, leaf, root, and kernel) were determined according to Dong, et al. \u003csup\u003e58\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe hypotheses of homoscedasticity and normality were checked before the statistical analysis of data. All data were in mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard division (SD), (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3). All data were analyzed by the SPSS computer software package program. To compare the significant differences among means, at the level of \u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.05, a one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) test, followed by Duncan\u0026rsquo;s multiple range tests was carried out. Finally, the GraphPad Prism program (version 9) was used to perform the graphical Figures of the aquatic animal data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePhysicochemical Parameters of Water\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the water physicochemical parameters during the experiment. No significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) differences in temperature (\u0026deg;C) levels between all treatments. No significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) differences in DO levels between treatments of IMTA-R-NFT (5.78 mg L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), T-R-FRS (6.18 mg L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), and T-R-NFT (6.11 mg L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), while treatment IMTA-R-FRS, exhibited the lowest significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) value of DO (4.51 mg L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e). The highest significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) pH value was reported in IMTA-R-NFT (8.12), followed by IMTA-R-FRS (7.13), and then T-R-FRS (6.78), and T-R-NFT (6.75). The IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT had the lowest significant (p ˂ 0.05) values in TP (0.21 and 0.39 mg L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively) and TN (14.28 and 38.74 mg L-1, respectively). The same pattern was observed for Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN), with either IMTA-R-FRS or IMTA-R-NFT, while both T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT had the highest values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverages of water physicochemical parameters of the experimental systems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Physicochemical Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultivation Systems\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIMTA-R-FRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT-R-FRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIMTA-R-NFT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT-R-NFT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDO (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTP (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTN (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.12\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.65\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.78\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.65\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTAN (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003eIMTA: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture, FRS: Floating Raft System, NFT: Nutrient Film Technique, IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT: IMTA/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively, T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT: Tilapia/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively. DO: dissolved oxygen (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), TN: total phosphorus (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), TN: total nitrogen (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), and TAN: total ammonia nitrogen (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). The presented data are Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD (\u003cem\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/em\u003e). The lowercase letters in the same row are significantly (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) different (\u003cem\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;b\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;c\u003c/em\u003e). The absence of lowercase letters means no are significantly (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRice\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRice Growth and Production Indicators\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe general characterization of rice production (plant length, number of branches in panicle, panicle length, number of effective panicles, grain number per panicle, thousand-grain weight, spikelet fertility, and seed setting rate), biomass production per rice parts (stem, leaf, root, kernel, and total biomass), and total rice yield (g m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and kg fadden\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was presented in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. Overall, IMTA-R-FRS has achieved the highest significant values of panicle length (cm), the number of branches in a panicle, effective panicles (no.), and thousand-grain weight (g) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The highest significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) plant length (91.67 cm) was observed at IMTA-R-FRS treatment. Seed setting rate (%) and Spikelet fertility rate (%) recorded the highest significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) values for T-R- FRS and IMTA-R-FRS, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). While IMTA-R-NFT and IMTA-R-FRS recorded the highest values of grain number/panicle (95.67 and 95.44, respectively). No significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) differences between all treatments in rice parts biomass (stem, and kernel, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e), while the IMTA-R-FRS treatments showed significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) higher values of root biomass (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Regarding total yield, between all treatments, the IMTA-R-FRS treatment achieved the highest significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) yield values (880.18 g m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, 8801.8 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and 3696.75 kg Fadden\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), as presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. While T-R-NFT recorded the lowest significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of different rice cultivation methods on Rice Total yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice Production Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultivation Systems\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIMTA-R-FRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT-R-FRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIMTA-R-NFT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT-R-NFT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield (g m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e880.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;89.25\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e583.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.69\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e487.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.25\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e252.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield (kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8801.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;79.31\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5837.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26.96\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4870.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.58\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2527.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.5\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield (kg Fadden\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3696.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;57.9\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2451.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24.9\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2045.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28.0\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1061.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e IMTA: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture, FRS: Floating Raft System, NFT: Nutrient Film Technique, IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT: IMTA/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively, T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT: Tilapia/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively. The presented data are Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD (\u003cem\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/em\u003e). The lowercase letters in the same row are significantly (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) different (\u003cem\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;b\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;c\u003c/em\u003e). The absence of lowercase letters means no are significantly (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRice Nutrient (N and P) Contents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrogen and phosphorus contents, based on rice parts, are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. No significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) differences were obtained in N- and P-content in the rice stem and leaf. Treatment IMTA-R-FRS achieved the highest significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) value in N-content in both rice root and kernel. Compared to NFT treatments, a significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) value in P-content in rice root, kernel, and total rice was reported in FRS treatments, as presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of rice cultivation methods on nitrogen and phosphorus contents of rice parts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrogen and Phosphorus Contents Based on Rice Parts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice Cultivation Systems\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIMTA-R-FRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT-R-FRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIMTA-R-NFT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT-R-NFT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN-content (g m\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice Stem and Leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice Root\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice Kernel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-content (g m\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice Stem and Leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice Root\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice Kernel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003eIMTA: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture, FRS: Floating Raft System, NFT: Nutrient Film Technique, IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT: IMTA/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively, T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT: Tilapia/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively. N- and P- contents: Nitrogen and phosphorus contents (g m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e). The presented data are Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD (\u003cem\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/em\u003e). The lowercase letters in the same row are significantly (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) different (\u003cem\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;b\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;c\u003c/em\u003e). The absence of lowercase letters means no are significantly (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRice Nutrient (N and P) Retentions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrogen and phosphorus retentions, based on rice parts, are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. For all experimental treatments, no significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) differences in N- and P-retention in rice stem, leaf, and root were obtained, except the T-R-FRS treatment, which achieved the lowest significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) values in P-retention of rice stem, leaf, and root. In all treatments, FRS (IMTA-R-FRS and T-R-FRS) treatments achieved the highest significant (p ˂ 0.05) values of N- and P-retention in rice kernel, compared to NFT treatments (IMTA-R-NFT and T-R-NFT).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAquatic Animals Growth Indicators\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the aquatic animal growth indices. The Nile tilapia (considered a monoculture system) is the only aquatic animal that has received a commercial feed diet. Tilapia had a feed intake of 625.45 g fish\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, with N and P intakes of 1,250.90 and 1,980.80 mg fish\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. The FBW of tilapia (532.50 g fish\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), mullet (145.76 g fish\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), crayfish (31.11 g animal\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), freshwater mussels (360.93 g mussel\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and silver carp (500.15 g fish\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was observed. Tilapia had the highest WG and SGR (396.07 g fish\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 2.18% days\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively), followed by silver carp (356.06 g animal\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 2.07% days\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively), freshwater mussels (55.82 g animal\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 2.07% days\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively), mullet (43.26 g fish\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1.11% days\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively), and crayfish (5.94 g fish\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 0.75% days\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth performance, N-intake (mg/g), and P-intake (mg/g) of different aquatic animal culture in IMTA systems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNile tilapia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMullet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrayfish\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreshwater mussels\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSilver carp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIBW (g/fish)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e305.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFBW (g/fish)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e532.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e360.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWG (g/fish)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e396.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e356.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCumulative WG (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e439.33*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e445.27*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e501.09*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e857.15*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGR (%/days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFI (g/fish)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e625.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFCR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCumulative FCR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN intake (mg/fish)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,250.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP intake (mg/fish)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,980.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurvival (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal biomss (kg)**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e* Estsmested\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e The total biomss (kg/ 40m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) was calculated over 90 days.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCumulative FCR\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven that tilapia were the only species fed in the IMTA system (625.45 g fish\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), and that the remaining aquatic species used the waste of previous aquatic species as a food source, there is a cumulative improvement over FCR values observed each time a new aquatic species is introduced into the IMTA-system compared to tilapia if considered as a monoculture system (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The apparent cumulative FCR values for the IMTA system were 0.73, compared to 1.58 for the tilapia culture only (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eComparison Between Nutrient Management in Experimented Systems\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e compare N and P intake and utilization efficiency of different for each aquatic animal and rice in both IMTA and tilapia monoculture systems using FRS and NFT approaches. Referring to IMTA systems, N- and P-intake were 1,250.90 and 1,980.80 mg fish\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The total N-retention and P-retention in IMTA systems recorded 86.06% and 55.10%, respectively. However, for IMTA treatments, the highest N-retention gained was observed by tilapia (68.07%), followed by silver carp (14.30%), mullet (2.58%), freshwater mussels 0.92%), and crayfish (0.2%). On the other hand, rice cultivated in R-FRS and R-NFT gained N-retention values of 9.57 and 1.25%. The total N-retention in IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT systems recorded 95.63 and 87.31%, respectively as presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. The highest gain of P-retention was observed by silver (29%), tilapia (18.61%), mullet (5.92%), freshwater mussels (1.46%), and crayfish (0.13%). For rice cultivated in R-FRS and R-NFT, the highest P-retention was gained by FRS (5.35%) followed by treatment NFT (0.71%). The total P-retention in IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT systems recorded 60.5 and 55.8%, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). For tilapia monoculture systems, the total N-retention and P-retention tilapia body gains recorded were 68.07% and 18.61%, respectively. The rice cultivated using FRS and NFT gained 2.25% and 0.21% of N-retention, respectively, and 1.25% and 0.13% of P-retention, respectively. Geranally, the total N-retention and P-retention in T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT systems were recorded (69.76% and 68.12%), and (19.9% and 18.7%), respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrogen and phosphorus retention of both aquatic animals and rice cultivated under different IMTA and mono-culture systems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutrients Management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN-intake\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg animal\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN-retention (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-intake\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg animal\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-retention (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntake (mg Tilapia fish\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1250.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,980.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIMTA aquatic animals\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTilapia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e851.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e368.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMullets\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrayfish\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClams\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSilver carp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e574.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1076.56\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e86.07\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1091.74\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e55.12\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRice culture\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR-FRS (mg m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR-NFT (mg m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal IMTA-R-FRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1196.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1197.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal IMTA-R-NFT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1092.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1105.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTilapia Monoculture Systems\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTilapia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e851.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e368.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice Gain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFRS (mg m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNFT (mg m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal T-R-FRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e879.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e393.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal T-R-NFT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e854.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e371.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e IMTA: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture, FRS: Floating Raft System, NFT: Nutrient Film Technique, IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT: IMTA/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively, T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT: Tilapia/Rice cultivation system using FRS and NFT techniques, respectively. The presented data are Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD (\u003cem\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/em\u003e). The values followed by different lowercase letters are significantly (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) different between groups. The absence of lowercase letters means no are significantly (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) different between groups\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo feed the entire planet, rice, fish, and other crops must be multiplied. To meet the predicted demand for fish, aquaculture production will need to reach 140\u0026nbsp;million tonnes by 2050 \u003csup\u003e59\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, rice paddy production must increase to around 1035\u0026nbsp;million tonnes by 2050 \u003csup\u003e60\u003c/sup\u003e. Further increases in fish and rice production, however, will encounter major environmental constraints due to competition for land, water, and other restricted resources caused by the combinations of direct and indirect climate change impacts \u003csup\u003e61\u003c/sup\u003e. Aquaculture and agriculture must grow sustainably while considerably decreasing their environmental consequences in increasing food production \u003csup\u003e62\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current study's goal is to create integrated horticulture-aquaculture production systems in greenhouse environments by combining hydroponic techniques (FRS and NFT) with IMTA and rice (IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT) compared to monoculture tilapia-rice systems (T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT). In terms of climate adaptation, the current experimental method attempts to improve the nutrient cycle generated by rearing aquatic animals (Nile tilapia, mullets, crayfish, freshwater mussels, and silver carp) while also optimizing WUE, NUE, and PUE efficiency. However, little is known about cultivating rice hydroponically using IMTA systems (IMTA-R-FRS, IMTA-R-NFT, T-R-FRS, and T-R-NFT). In such developed systems, information on the growth, yield, and productivity of rice and aquatic animals (vertebrates and invertebrates) is scarce. In the current investigation, the average water values of TP, TN, and TAN in IMTA treatments (IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT) were lower than those in monoculture tilapia treatments (T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT) may due the highest NUE and PUE in IMTA treatments (Nile tilapia, mullets, crayfish, freshwater mussels, and silver carp) compared to tilapia monoculture treatments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobally, three primary common hydroponics techniques were used, namely the nutrient film technique (NFT), floating raft system (FRS), and a gravel bed System (GBS) \u003csup\u003e63\u003c/sup\u003e. In the current study, we used only two techniques, NFT and FRS (or deep water technique). Several studies have indicated that NFT is a well-liked and user-friendly hydroponic technique, however, its employment in commercial aquaponic systems is limited due to its lower efficacy in removing nutrients overall \u003csup\u003e63\u0026ndash;65\u003c/sup\u003e. A review conducted by Maucieri, et al. \u003csup\u003e66\u003c/sup\u003e reported that from 1997 to 2017, only 17% of research studies focused on the use of NFT in integrated aquaculture-hydroponics systems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current study indicated that the IMTA-R-FRS treatment produced significantly higher values for rice plant length, panicle length, effective panicles, and grain number per panicle than the other treatments (IMTA-R-NFT, T-R-FRS, and T-R-NFT). Furthermore, FRS treatments (IMTA-R-FRS and T-R-FRS) had the most significant thousand-grain weight, spikelet fertility, seed setting rate, and rice biomass (stem and leaf, root, kernel, and total rice biomass), FRS treatments had significantly higher (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) values than developed NFT treatments. These data indicate that the FRS treatments' (IMTA-R-FRS and T-R-FRS) production circumstances and parameters affect the characteristics of rice. Our findings contradict the findings of Frei and Becker \u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e, who found no significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) differences in rice characteristics (yield of grain, straw, stem, leaf, number of panicles, and seeds per panicle) grown in integration with tilapia and carp, or with carp only, compared to rice grown alone, due to differences in experimental designs, experimental conditions, and different aquatic abiotic factors. However, the current study's findings, which were consistent with previous studies that evaluated various types of hydroponic components together, indicated that NFT systems were less effective in terms of overall production, growth, and yields when compared to other aquaponic systems \u003csup\u003e40,63\u0026ndash;65\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcerning climate adaptation approaches, IMTA-rice aquaponic systems and tilapia-rice monoculture systems have both been demonstrated to reduce nutrient and water losses while increasing crop yields. They can also provide an extra source of income for farmers by selling both rice and aquatic animals to end customers. These methods, on the other hand, enable the optimal use of water and nutrients and are particularly promising approaches for optimizing WUE, NUE, and PUE efficiency \u003csup\u003e35\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal N- and P-content reported in FRS treatments (IMTA-R-FRS and T-R-FRS) were considerably (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05) higher than that reported in NFT treatments (IMTA-R-NFT and T-R-NFT), as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. N- and P-retention in rice kernel and total rice parts is also higher in FRS treatments than in NFT treatments (IMTA-R-NFT and T-R-NFT), as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. Several prior research studies have found that the NFT hydroponic approach is less effective in terms of nutrient removal and nitrogen removal efficiency when compared to other aquaponic systems. \u003csup\u003e40,63\u0026ndash;65\u003c/sup\u003e. The current results are in the same line with previous results reported by Li, et al. \u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e, who reported that the co-cultivating between rice-yellow catfish (\u003cem\u003ePelteobagrus fulvidraco\u003c/em\u003e), and rice-freshwater shrimp (\u003cem\u003eMacrobrachium nipponense\u003c/em\u003e) in the same pond reduced the nutrients (TP, TN, TAN, and total potassium), reduced the proportions of respiration in water and sediment (by 64.4% and 38.7% in the rice-shrimp pond, respectively, and 66.1% and 31.7% in the rice-catfish pond, respectively). Additionally, it reduced the proportion of respiration between \u003cem\u003eP. fulvidraco\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eM. nipponense\u003c/em\u003e and was considered an effective technique for reducing hypoxia in intensive culture ponds.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current findings are consistent with previous findings reported by Li, et al. \u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e, who found that co-cultivating rice-yellow catfish (\u003cem\u003ePelteobagrus fulvidraco\u003c/em\u003e) and rice-freshwater shrimp (\u003cem\u003eMacrobrachium nipponense\u003c/em\u003e) in the same pond reduced nutrients (TP, TN, TAN, and total potassium), and reduced the proportions of respiration in water and sediment (by 64.4% and 38.7% in the rice-shrimp pond, respectively, and 66.1% and 31.7% in the rice-catfish pond, respectively). Additionally, it reduced the proportion of respiration between \u003cem\u003eP. fulvidraco\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eM. nipponense\u003c/em\u003e and was considered an efficient approach for minimizing hypoxia in intensive culture ponds. Frei and Becker \u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e observed similar trend results in an integrated greenhouse study (group\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e- rice-tilapia/carp cultivation, group\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e- rice-carp culture, group\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e- rice only). The rice and fish groups (Groups 1 and 2) received supplemental feeds, whereas the rice group received only mineral fertilizer. The rice-carp culture increased rice yields, however, the carp/tilapia culture decreased rice yields when compared to rice alone. Li, et al. \u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e compared the efficiency of nutrient removal and water stability of integrated co-culture between rice and two shrimp species, whiteleg shrimp \u003cem\u003eL. vannamei\u003c/em\u003e and freshwater shrimp \u003cem\u003eM. rosenbergii\u003c/em\u003e, using paddy fields and two freshwater water ponds and two brackish water ponds. The results showed that the TN, TAN, TP, and chemical oxygen demand in shrimp-rice integrated ponds were substantially lower than in shrimp monoculture ponds, indicating that shrimp-rice integrated pond cultivation is a successful way to improve nutrient utilization efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the present study concluded that the highest significant rice yield was reported by IMTA-R-FRS (8801.8 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) compared to other experimental treatments T-R-FRS (5837.5 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), IMTA-R-NFT (4870.3 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), and T-R-NFT (2527.5 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). The final yield of rice and fish mainly depends on the co-culture system, co-culture conditions, and aquatic animal species compositions. This finding was previously supported by several studies \u003csup\u003e17\u0026ndash;19,21,26,67\u003c/sup\u003e. In India, Mohanty, et al. \u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003e reported that when co-cultured with different aquatic animals of major South Asian carp, \u003cem\u003eC. catla\u003c/em\u003e, common carp, \u003cem\u003eC. carpio\u003c/em\u003e, rohu, \u003cem\u003eL. rohita\u003c/em\u003e, mrigal carp, \u003cem\u003eC. mrigala\u003c/em\u003e, and freshwater shrimp \u003cem\u003eM. rosenbergii\u003c/em\u003e, the total yield of rice ranged from 3 to 3.6 tonne ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e with a total final yield of aquatic animals ranged from 906 to 1282 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. In another socio-economic study conducted in Bangladesh, Gupta, et al. \u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003e demonstrated that when rice was co-cultured with fish (\u003cem\u003eO. niloticus, C. carpio, Java barb\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eB. gonionotus\u003c/em\u003e), the overall production of rice ranged from 3.8 to 5 tonnes ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 118 to 616 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e aquatic animals production. Purba \u003csup\u003e67\u003c/sup\u003e reported in another study in Indonesia that the overall yield of rice and fish (\u003cem\u003eO. niloticus and C. carpio\u003c/em\u003e) in the integrated co-culture system was 7.8 tonnes ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for rice and ranged from 0.8 to 625 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for fish. Another benefit of employing IMTA-developed treatments (IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT) over tilapia-developed treatments (T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT) is enhanced aquatic animal biomass gain and profitability, which is one of the targets to attain for climate adaptation and mitigation. The total weight gain of aquatic animals increased in the current study compared to the monoculture system. Besides the rise in aquatic animals gains, the rice final yields of the developed systems IMTA-R-FRS, T-R-FRS, IMTA-R-NFT, and T-R-NFT were 8.8, 5.8, 4.9, and 2.5 tonne ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively, as compared to the traditional rice cultivation in Egypt, ranged from 6 to 8 tonne ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1 68\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother promising finding of this study is that the apparent FCR values in the IMTA system (0.73) are much better than those in the monoculture system (1.58). This means that current IMTA-developed methods allow farmers to profitably produce a variety of aquatic creatures such as mullets, crayfish, freshwater mussels, and silver carp without the usage of costly extra feed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs presented in Table\u0026nbsp;6, using IMTA treatments, the gain of N-retention in aquatic animals (86.05%) and rice (10.82%) was a total of 96.88%, compared to a total of 69.81% in tilapia treatments (68.07% by tilapia and 1.74% by rice). One of the study's interesting results is that using IMTA-developed treatments (IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT) has an N- and P-retention advantage to tilapia-rice monoculture (T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT). As demonstrated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, N-retention in IMTA-Rice increased from (86.07%) to 95.64% and 87.32%, respectively, using IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT treatments, compared to 70.32% and 68.28% in tilapia-rice monoculture (T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT, respectively). P-retention in aquatic animals increased from 55.12\u0026ndash;60.47% and 55.83% using IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT treatments, respectively, compared to 19.86% and 18.74% in tilapia-rice monoculture (T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT, respectively). These data revealed that the developed IMTA treatments (IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT) are more efficient in nutrient removal efficiency than tilapia monoculture treatments (T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT). This outcome can be attributed to the synergistic power of different feeding habits of aquatic animals in the IMTA system (mullet, crayfish, mussels, and silver carp), which significantly boosted the nutrient removal utilization efficiency. Tarigan, et al. \u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e investigated various rice-fish integrated aquaponics systems in freshwater and brackish water. The results of this study revealed increases in water use efficiency (31%), P (18%), and N (10%) in a freshwater treatment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eDeveloped Integrated horticulture aquaculture systems represent a possible strategy for climate adaptation in agriculture and aquaculture. The proposed integrated systems in this study can boost productivity, improve resource utilization efficiency (water, nitrogen, and phosphorus), and reduce the impact on the environment. Integrated rice-IMTA-aquaponic and rice-tilapia-aquaponic employing the FRS technique are more promising than NFT strategies for optimizing water, nitrogen, and phosphorus consumption efficiency. These systems may provide a viable solution to climate change concerns, which necessitate a more sustainable and resilient food production system. IMTA-R-FRS, on the other hand, is more promising than T-R-FRS for optimizing water, nitrogen, and phosphorus use efficiency, as well as the variety of aquatic animal production yield (such as mullets, crayfish, freshwater mussels, and silver carp).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe current experiment was\u0026nbsp;conducted\u0026nbsp;at\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;El-Kanater El-khayria fish station, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Kalubiya, Governorate, Egypt as\u0026nbsp;part of the research project work plan \"HortiMED Project funded by the PRIMA program supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, grant number 1915 (HortiMED Project). The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and the PRIMA Foundation is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen access funding provided by The Science, Technology \u0026amp; Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors are equal contributors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experiments presented in this manuscript were subjected to the general protocol standards for the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOwusu, P. 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Crop water productivity optimization for rice cultivation under drip irrigation system. \u003cem\u003eMisr Journal of Agricultural Engineering\u003c/em\u003e (2023).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"IMTA, Greenhouses, Nile Tilapia, Floating Raft System, Nutrient Film Technique, nutrient and water use efficiency, FRS, Mullet, Crayfish, Freshwater mussels, Carp","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3467355/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3467355/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eCurrently, there is an increasing demand for the development of sustainable horticulture aquaculture systems that can effectively adapt to climate change conditions. In this study, we explore the potential of novel Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Systems (IAAS) to enhance water, nitrogen, and phosphorus-use efficiency (WUE, NUE, and PUE, respectively), while extending the nutrient cycle generated by rice and raising aquatic animals, under the conditions of climate adaptation. For 90 days, in a 2 greenhouse closed system, two types of aquatic animals-rice integrated culture systems (Tilapia (T) -Rice (R) monoculture and Integrated Multi-Trophic-Aquaculture \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eIMTA)-R culture system) were evaluated within two rice hydroponic culture techniques of Floating Raft System (FRS) and Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). Four treatments were conducted in this study. Treatments 1 and 2 were IMTA-R cultivation systems using FRS and NFT techniques (IMTA-R-FRS and IMTA-R-NFT, respectively). Treatments 3 and 4 were T-R cultivation systems using FRS and NFT techniques (T-R-FRS and T-R-NFT, respectively). All treatments (IMTA-R-FRS, IMTA-R-NFT, T-R-FRS, and T-R-NFT) were conducted in 2 separate greenhouses using indoor-recycling closed systems. The results found that integrated IMTA-R and T-R using the FRS technique are particularly promising for optimizing WUE, NUE, and PUE than the NFT technique. These systems offer a potential solution to the challenges of climate change, which requires a more sustainable and resilient food production system. On the other hand, IMTA-R-FRS is particularly promising for optimizing WUE, NUE, and PUE, and the variety of aquatic animal production yield (such as mullets, crayfish, freshwater mussels, and silver carp) than the T-R-FRS technique.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Integrated Rice-Multi-Trophic-Aquaponics and Rice-Tilapia- Monoculture Systems as Environmental Techniques for Optimizing Water, Feed Conversion Ratio, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Use Efficiency","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-10-31 23:54:26","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3467355/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6039a9be-d8d9-438a-8bf4-298239f3a389","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 31st, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":25701055,"name":"Biological sciences/Biotechnology"},{"id":25701056,"name":"Biological sciences/Zoology"},{"id":25701057,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-01-08T15:29:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-10-31 23:54:26","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3467355","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3467355","identity":"rs-3467355","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"rHA-KDH7Qsr4HCuvH75dn","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}