Development and Validation of a Caffeine-Related Questionnaire to Assess University Athletes’ Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP)

Development and Validation of a Caffeine-Related Questionnaire to Assess University Athletes’ Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Development and Validation of a Caffeine-Related Questionnaire to Assess University Athletes’ Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Nerosha Nair Gunasegaran, Sitti Junaina Musa, Nor Farah Mohamad Fauzi, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7513339/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Sport Sciences for Health → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Caffeine is one of the widely consumed psychoactive substances worldwide, yet limited data are available on knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) related to caffeinated products consumption among university athletes. Assessing these factors helps in promoting safer and more informed caffeine consumption. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a questionnaire to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding caffeine consumption among university athletes. Methods: Questionnaire was developed through literature review, expert validation, translation and focus group input. The instrument was piloted among 50 university athletes. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, test-retest reliability and construct validity was assessed through expert review. Results: The questionnaire has good internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha values above 0.80 for all domains. The final version of the questionnaire consists of 46 items with 20 questions on knowledge, 10 attitude and 16 practices-related items. Conclusion: KAP-Caffeine questionnaire shows good validity and reliability. It can be used or adapted to assess knowledge, attitude and practices regarding caffeinated product consumption. Knowledge attitude practice caffeine questionnaire validity reliability 1. Introduction Caffeine is a commonly used psychoactive and cognitive enhancer substance worldwide [ 1 ]. It is commonly available to adults, adolescents and even young children [ 2 ]. Caffeine is naturally present in coffee, tea and cocoa while it may also be added in many other products such as dietary supplements, soft drinks and energy drinks [ 3 ]. Approximately 90% of individuals around the world includes caffeine in their daily diet [ 4 ]. Caffeine has been used for centuries and its safety was approved by many regulatory agencies around the world such as FDA and EFSA [ 5 ]. Caffeine consumption may benefit athletes’ performance by improving physical endurance, fatigue reduction and enhance mental alertness as well as concentration. Caffeine also enhances mood and alertness during fatigue, improve ability to remain awake, accelerate information processing speed and reaction time [ 6 ]. Regardless, consuming too much of caffeinated products can negatively impact the health where excessive intake can induce a condition known as “caffeinism”. The symptoms include anxiety, nervousness, restlessness, insomnia, excitement, psychomotor agitation, dysphoria and a rambling flow of thoughts and speech [ 7 , 8 ]. Caffeine consumed at a very high levels can also put an individual at risk for being overstimulated, accelerated aggression, reduced sleeping hours and increased daytime sleepiness and therefore negatively impacting training and performance [ 9 ]. Additionally, caffeine may also raise blood pressure and heart rate [ 10 ]. In severe case, abruptly reducing caffeine intake may result in dependency or withdrawal symptoms such as headaches and irritability [ 11 , 12 ]. To date, research on knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) related to caffeine consumption are limited. In Malaysia studies focusing on the KAP of caffeine is insufficient with most study focusing only on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages (SSB) consumption. A comprehensive understanding of how attitudes and knowledge influence behaviors is crucial in identifying any gaps or misconceptions that leads to overconsumption of caffeine. This insight may help researchers and medical professionals to develop focused educational initiatives, regulations and interventions. Effective strategies should concentrate on changing attitudes and encouraging behavior change to optimize caffeinated products consumption. 2. Materials and Methods The questionnaire was developed and validated using a mixed method study design [ 13 ]. Two-phased standardized approached was applied where Phase 1 (qualitative) focused on the development of the questionnaire and Phase 2 (quantitative) was the validation of the questionnaire. Ethical approval was provided by the UKM Research Ethics Secretariat (JEP-2024-704). 2.1. Phase 1: Questionnaire development The questionnaire was developed using a systematic methodology comprising literature review, focus group discussion (FGD), expert evaluation and pilot testing. 2.1.1. Literature review A literature review was done to determine the concept required to be included in the KAP-Caffeine Questionnaire. The term “MeSH” such as “caffeine”, “knowledge”, “attitude”, “practices”, “surveys” and “questionnaires” was used in PubMed and medical search engines in finding previous studies and appropriate questionnaires and conducted over the past five years. 2.1.2. Focus group discussion (FGD) The FGD were carried out among senior lecturers from Malaysian universities including International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI) and Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) along with a qualified nutritionist with experience in public health and nutrition. These experts were chosen based on their academic backgrounds, research expertise and their familiarity with questionnaire development and validation processes. The discussion followed a semi-structured format which allow the experts to openly review, critique and suggest improvements to the preliminary set of questionnaire items. Key areas of feedback include item clarity, relevance, comprehensiveness of content and on the overall structure of the questionnaire. The final construct after the extensive literature review and FGDs comprised 46 questions 2.2. Translation The initial English questionnaire (version 1) was translated by a senior lecturer from Programme of Malay Studies at University Malaya (UM) (version 2). The translated Malay language questionnaire (version 2) was retranslated to English language by a Senior Lecturer from the Language Department at Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) (version 3). Then, comparison was made between the original draft (version 1) with (version 3) by a senior lecture with over five years of experience at Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM) to reconcile any meaningful differences between the two drafts. 2.3. Statistical linguistic equivalence Haccoun’s technique was used to validate the equivalence of the questionnaire. A group of 50 bilingual students administered both the English and the final Malay version questionnaire for comprehensibility and inter-version correlations. They were given both versions, each at two different times at an interval of 7 days, in random order. The overall inter-version correlations (n = 50) were assessed. 2.4. Content validity The evaluation of the content validity was performed by three university lectures which are from IIUM, UPSI, UiTM and one nutritionist. The experts were asked to evaluate the relevance and clarity of each item using four Likert scales (4 = very relevant, 3 = relevant, 2 = irrelevant, 1 = very irrelevant), (4 = very unclear, 3 = unclear, 2 = clear, 1 = very clear) [ 14 ]. The formula below was used to calculate the content validity index of each item (I_CVI) [ 14 ]: $$\:{I}_{CVI}=\:\frac{Number\:of\:experts\:who\:rated\:item\:3\:or\:4}{Total\:number\:of\:experts}$$ The value of (I_CVI) will be consider acceptable when it is = 1 [ 15 ]. The average of the item-level CVI (S-CVI/Ave) was calculated to determine the content validity indexes for scale (S_CVI) [ 15 ]. (S-CVI/Ave) = \(\:\frac{the\:sum\:of\:I-CVI}{The\:total\:number\:of\:items}\) The acceptable range for S_CVI of each subscale are ≥0.80 and ≥0.90 [18]. 3. Results 3.1. Socio-demographic Table 1 shows the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. Pilot testing was conducted among university athletes in Malaysia. Majority of the aged 21 years old (22%) with Malay (52%), Chinese (26%), Indian (22%). From the total participants, most of them are in their year 3 of studies (38%) and has participated in university level of sports (50%), has 1–3 years of experience as an athlete (26%) and trained on an average of 5–10 hours per week (56%). Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents Variables N % Gender Male Female 27 23 54 46 Age 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 6 8 4 11 4 4 4 9 12 16 8 22 8 8 8 18 Race Malay Chinese Indian 26 13 11 52 26 22 Year of study Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 12 12 19 7 24 24 38 14 Level of sports participation University level State level International level 20 6 14 50 15 35 Years of experience in sports Less than 1 year 1-3 years 4-6 years 12 26 12 24 26 24 Average training hours per week Less than 5 hours 5-10 hours 11-15 hours 12 28 10 24 56 20 3.2. Content validity The initial draft of the questionnaire consisted of 45 items and was circulated among the expert to evaluate its clarity and relevance. The overall content validity (S_CVI) was 1.00 with a minimum I_CVI of 0.98 and the maximum of 1.00. According to the result, there was no need to delete any questions since it has high value of I_CVI. The questions were modified as suggested by the experts to improve the clarity of the sentence. Additionally, there were a few questions added to the domain to ensure the items of each domain is adequately covered. 3.3. Back-to-back translation and face validity Experts suggested many comments on language and clarity of the translated questionnaire. The feedback was taken into consideration and necessary changes were made. 3.4. Construct validity The KMO test and Barlett’s test of sphericity was only conducted for the practice and attitude section of the KAP-Caffeine Questionnaire. These tests could not be applied to the knowledge section as the items in this section were structured as True/False questions rather than Likert Scale questions. The KMO test and Barlett’s test of sphericity for attitude section (KMO test = 0.838, chi-square = 166.846, p < .001) and for practice section (KMO test = 0.933, chi-square = 405.103, p < .001). The factor loading of attitude section ranged between 0.60 to 0.80 with a total variance explained of 60.0%. Table 2 Cronbach alpha and ICC value of knowledge section ICC Cronbach alpha 1. Caffeine is only found in beverages. 1.0 2. Caffeine helps to reduce the feeling of mental fatigue during long tournaments. 1.0 3. Coffee contains the highest amount of caffeine among beverages. 1.0 4. Caffeine is known to improve concentration. 1.0 5. Excessive caffeine consumption can cause an increase in heart rate 1.0 6. Caffeine causes the body to become dehydrated. 1.0 7. The safest amount of caffeine consumption is 600mg per day. 1.0 8. Decaffeinated coffee contains some amount of caffeine. 0.894 9. Caffeine tolerance varies among individuals. 1.0 10. Headaches are one of the common symptoms of caffeine withdrawal. 1.0 11. A person will build tolerance to caffeine over time. 0.643 12. Caffeine is classified as an ergogenic aid that can enhance physical activity 1.0 13. Consuming caffeinated products 1 hour prior to exercise helps to delay fatigue. 1.0 14. Sports organization such as National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) set limits on caffeine level for athletes. 1.0 15. Consuming caffeine 3 hours prior to sleep impacts the sleep quality. 1.0 16. Caffeine has been proven to enhance endurance sport performance rather than high-intensity performance. 0.875 17. Caffeine does not affect the body’s natural sleep-wake cycle. 1.0 18. Caffeine effects can stay in the body for 6 to 8 hours. 1.0 19. Poor sleep due to excessive caffeine intake can negatively impact athletic performances. 1.0 20. Consuming caffeinated products in high dose (9mg/kg body mass) will lead to better athletic performance. 1.0 0.985 Table 3 Factor loading and Cronbach alpha value of attitude section Factor loading KMO Total variance Cronbach alpha ICC 1. I believe that consuming caffeinated products helps me to perform better in training sessions. 0.798 1.0 2. I feel that consuming caffeinated products improve my alertness during competition/training. 0.765 1.0 3. I am concerned that caffeine may negatively affect my sleep quality. 0.715 0.990 4. I believe that poor sleep due to caffeinated products consumption does not significantly affect my sports performances. 0.689 0.945 5. I think it is necessary for me to consume caffeinated products before every training session. 0.686 1.0 6. I am aware of the potential negative effects of caffeine on my recovery and performance due to disrupted sleep. 0.727 1.0 7. I feel that limiting my caffeine intake in the evening helps me to recover better after training. 0.640 1.0 8. I believe that I can perform well in sports without taking caffeinated products. 0.677 1.0 9. I think student like me should be educated on how caffeine affects sleep and performance. 0.607 0.952 10. I believe that consuming caffeine is necessary to help me overcome fatigue during busy training and academic periods. 0.731 0.993 0.838 60.0% 0.886 Table 4 Factor loading and Cronbach alpha value of practice section Factor loading KMO Total variance Cronbach alpha ICC 1. How often do you consume caffeinated products (e.g., coffee, tea, energy drinks, pre-workouts) before training or competitions? 0.901 1.0 2. How often do you consume caffeinated products in the evening (after 6 PM) on training or competition days? 0.992 3. How frequently do you rely on caffeinated products to make up for a lack of sleep before physical activity? 0.927 1.0 4. How frequently do you rely on caffeinated products to make up for a lack of sleep before physical activity? 0.940 1.0 5. How often do you avoid caffeinated products before bedtime to improve your sleep quality? 0.925 0.995 6. How often do you consume caffeinated beverages to stay alert during classes after having training early in the morning? 0.924 1.0 7. How often do you have trouble falling asleep after consuming caffeine? 0.918 1.0 8. How often do you adjust your caffeine intake based on how well you slept the night before? 0.814 0.990 9. How often do you use caffeinated products on non-training or rest days? 0.886 1.0 10. How often do you notice that consuming caffeine improves your sports performance or endurance? 0.832 1.0 11. On average, how many servings/cups of caffeinated products (e.g., coffee, tea, energy drink, pre-workouts) do you consume during the day (before 6pm) 0.983 12. On average, how many servings/cups of caffeinated products do you consume in the evening (after 6pm) 0.986 13. What time do you usually consume your first caffeinated products of the day? 1.0 14. What time do you usually consume your last caffeinated products of the day? 0.961 15. What type of caffeinated products do you consume most often? 1.0 16. Do you change your caffeine intake routine before competitions or intense training sessions? 0.991 0.933 80.5% 0.969 3.5. Reliability The internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha value. The Cronbach’s alpha value for the knowledge section is 0.985 and for attitude section is 0.886. For practice section is 0.969. Finally, the total value of Cronbach’s alpha is 0.868. 3.6. Final questionnaire After content validity analysis, the knowledge section had 20 items, attitude had 10 items and practice section has 16 items. Each expert evaluation and statistical test has progressively improved the questionnaire which resulted in a total of 46 items. 4. Discussion This study aimed to develop, validate and translate a questionnaire to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) related to caffeinated products consumption among university athletes. The questionnaire was designed to evaluate not only caffeine intake pattern but also the underlying knowledge which influence athletes’ consumption, attitudes towards potential benefits and risks as well as practices associated with variety caffeinated products. Content validity in this study was conducted through expert feedback and pilot testing which ensure that the questionnaire covered relevant aspects related to caffeine consumption knowledge, attitudes and practices. Reliability test on the KAP-Caffeine Questionnaire indicated a good internal consistency and with Cronbach’s alpha value above the recommended level for all the domains. This reflects the stability of the instrument in capturing consistent responses. A major strength of this study is the comprehensive and systematic approach to questionnaire development. Item generation of the questionnaire was based on literature review and qualitative insights which results in a tool that is both evidence-based and relevant to the targeted subjects. Apart from that, this study has an adequate pilot testing subject. The questionnaire was piloted among 50 university athletes which is consisted with the recommendation by [ 16 , 17 ] that suggested a minimum of 30 participants is sufficient for pilot testing of a questionnaire. The sample size in this present study therefore meets and even exceeds this recommendation, providing confidence that the pilot testing phase was robust and that the instrument was appropriately refined prior to full administration. The questionnaire offers valuable insights into existing levels of knowledge and prevailing practices on caffeine consumption which can guide the development of targeted awareness programs. In addition, the questionnaire has a flexible structure where it can be adjusted to suit different cultural settings and population. 5. Conclusion This study has developed a KAP-Caffeine questionnaire and assessed its content, face and construct validity. Based on statistical analysis, the questionnaire is both reliable and valid. It serves a crucial tool to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) related to caffeine consumption among Malaysian university students. Future research is encouraged to utilize this questionnaire to assess KAP related to caffeinated products consumption and to explore the impact of caffeine education programs on university students’ behavior and health outcomes. Declarations Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical approval Ethical approval was provided by the UKM Research Ethics Secretariat (JEP-2024-704) Informed Consent Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Funding information This research was funded by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia. Author Contribution Conceptualization: N.N.G., S.J.M., N.F.M.F., S.H.H., N.J., R.A.T., A.R.G., N.S.S ; Methodology: N.N.G., S.J.M., N.F.M.F., S.H.H., N.J., R.A.T., A.R.G., N.S.S ; Data collection: N.N.G ;Software: N.N.G., S.J.M ;Formal analysis: N.N.G., S.J.M ;Writing-original draft preparation: N.N.G., S.J.M ;Writing-review and editing: N.N.G., S.J.M., N.F.M.F., S.H.H., N.J., R.A.T., A.R.G., N.S.S. Acknowledgement The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to all the students who participated in the pilot testing of the questionnaire. Their valuable feedback greatly contributed to refining the instrument. The authors also acknowledge the financial support by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia [FRGS/1/2023/SKK06/UKM/02/3]. References Chin, J. M., Merves, M. L., Goldberger, B. 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Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Sport Sciences for Health → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 27 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 01 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 04 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 04 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 03 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 03 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 02 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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16:05:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":377194,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7513339/v1/36f74fc5-3f59-4f32-8565-467448f5ab99.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Development and Validation of a Caffeine-Related Questionnaire to Assess University Athletes’ Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP)","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCaffeine is a commonly used psychoactive and cognitive enhancer substance worldwide [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. It is commonly available to adults, adolescents and even young children [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Caffeine is naturally present in coffee, tea and cocoa while it may also be added in many other products such as dietary supplements, soft drinks and energy drinks [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eApproximately 90% of individuals around the world includes caffeine in their daily diet [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Caffeine has been used for centuries and its safety was approved by many regulatory agencies around the world such as FDA and EFSA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Caffeine consumption may benefit athletes\u0026rsquo; performance by improving physical endurance, fatigue reduction and enhance mental alertness as well as concentration. Caffeine also enhances mood and alertness during fatigue, improve ability to remain awake, accelerate information processing speed and reaction time [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegardless, consuming too much of caffeinated products can negatively impact the health where excessive intake can induce a condition known as \u0026ldquo;caffeinism\u0026rdquo;. The symptoms include anxiety, nervousness, restlessness, insomnia, excitement, psychomotor agitation, dysphoria and a rambling flow of thoughts and speech [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Caffeine consumed at a very high levels can also put an individual at risk for being overstimulated, accelerated aggression, reduced sleeping hours and increased daytime sleepiness and therefore negatively impacting training and performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, caffeine may also raise blood pressure and heart rate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. In severe case, abruptly reducing caffeine intake may result in dependency or withdrawal symptoms such as headaches and irritability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo date, research on knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) related to caffeine consumption are limited. In Malaysia studies focusing on the KAP of caffeine is insufficient with most study focusing only on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages (SSB) consumption. A comprehensive understanding of how attitudes and knowledge influence behaviors is crucial in identifying any gaps or misconceptions that leads to overconsumption of caffeine. This insight may help researchers and medical professionals to develop focused educational initiatives, regulations and interventions. Effective strategies should concentrate on changing attitudes and encouraging behavior change to optimize caffeinated products consumption.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire was developed and validated using a mixed method study design [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Two-phased standardized approached was applied where Phase 1 (qualitative) focused on the development of the questionnaire and Phase 2 (quantitative) was the validation of the questionnaire. Ethical approval was provided by the UKM Research Ethics Secretariat (JEP-2024-704).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1. Phase 1: Questionnaire development\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire was developed using a systematic methodology comprising literature review, focus group discussion (FGD), expert evaluation and pilot testing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1.1. Literature review\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA literature review was done to determine the concept required to be included in the KAP-Caffeine Questionnaire. The term \u0026ldquo;MeSH\u0026rdquo; such as \u0026ldquo;caffeine\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;knowledge\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;attitude\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;practices\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;surveys\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;questionnaires\u0026rdquo; was used in PubMed and medical search engines in finding previous studies and appropriate questionnaires and conducted over the past five years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1.2. Focus group discussion (FGD)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe FGD were carried out among senior lecturers from Malaysian universities including International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI) and Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) along with a qualified nutritionist with experience in public health and nutrition.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese experts were chosen based on their academic backgrounds, research expertise and their familiarity with questionnaire development and validation processes. The discussion followed a semi-structured format which allow the experts to openly review, critique and suggest improvements to the preliminary set of questionnaire items. Key areas of feedback include item clarity, relevance, comprehensiveness of content and on the overall structure of the questionnaire. The final construct after the extensive literature review and FGDs comprised 46 questions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2. Translation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe initial English questionnaire (version 1) was translated by a senior lecturer from Programme of Malay Studies at University Malaya (UM) (version 2). The translated Malay language questionnaire (version 2) was retranslated to English language by a Senior Lecturer from the Language Department at Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) (version 3). Then, comparison was made between the original draft (version 1) with (version 3) by a senior lecture with over five years of experience at Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM) to reconcile any meaningful differences between the two drafts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3. Statistical linguistic equivalence\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHaccoun\u0026rsquo;s technique was used to validate the equivalence of the questionnaire. A group of 50 bilingual students administered both the English and the final Malay version questionnaire for comprehensibility and inter-version correlations. They were given both versions, each at two different times at an interval of 7 days, in random order. The overall inter-version correlations (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;50) were assessed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4. Content validity\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe evaluation of the content validity was performed by three university lectures which are from IIUM, UPSI, UiTM and one nutritionist. The experts were asked to evaluate the relevance and clarity of each item using four Likert scales (4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;very relevant, 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;relevant, 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;irrelevant, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;very irrelevant), (4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;very unclear, 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;unclear, 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;clear, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;very clear) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. The formula below was used to calculate the content validity index of each item (I_CVI) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{I}_{CVI}=\\:\\frac{Number\\:of\\:experts\\:who\\:rated\\:item\\:3\\:or\\:4}{Total\\:number\\:of\\:experts}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe value of (I_CVI) will be consider acceptable when it is =\u0026thinsp;1 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The average of the item-level CVI (S-CVI/Ave) was calculated to determine the content validity indexes for scale (S_CVI) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(S-CVI/Ave) = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\frac{the\\:sum\\:of\\:I-CVI}{The\\:total\\:number\\:of\\:items}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe acceptable range for S_CVI of each subscale are \u0026ge;0.80 and \u0026ge;0.90 [18].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1. Socio-demographic\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. Pilot testing was conducted among university athletes in Malaysia. Majority of the aged 21 years old (22%) with Malay (52%), Chinese (26%), Indian (22%). From the total participants, most of them are in their year 3 of studies (38%) and has participated in university level of sports (50%), has 1\u0026ndash;3 years of experience as an athlete (26%) and trained on an average of 5\u0026ndash;10 hours per week (56%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 330px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 330px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 330px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 330px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRace\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChinese\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 330px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYear of study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 330px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevel of sports participation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eState level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternational level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 330px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYears of experience in sports\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 1 year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-3 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-6 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 330px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage training hours per week\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 5 hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-10 hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11-15 hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2. Content validity\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe initial draft of the questionnaire consisted of 45 items and was circulated among the expert to evaluate its clarity and relevance. The overall content validity (S_CVI) was 1.00 with a minimum I_CVI of 0.98 and the maximum of 1.00. According to the result, there was no need to delete any questions since it has high value of I_CVI. The questions were modified as suggested by the experts to improve the clarity of the sentence. Additionally, there were a few questions added to the domain to ensure the items of each domain is adequately covered.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3. Back-to-back translation and face validity\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eExperts suggested many comments on language and clarity of the translated questionnaire. The feedback was taken into consideration and necessary changes were made.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.4. Construct validity\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe KMO test and Barlett\u0026rsquo;s test of sphericity was only conducted for the practice and attitude section of the KAP-Caffeine Questionnaire. These tests could not be applied to the knowledge section as the items in this section were structured as True/False questions rather than Likert Scale questions. The KMO test and Barlett\u0026rsquo;s test of sphericity for attitude section (KMO test\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.838, chi-square\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;166.846, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) and for practice section (KMO test\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.933, chi-square\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;405.103, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). The factor loading of attitude section ranged between 0.60 to 0.80 with a total variance explained of 60.0%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCronbach alpha and ICC value of knowledge section\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eICC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCronbach alpha\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Caffeine is only found in beverages.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Caffeine helps to reduce the feeling of mental fatigue during long tournaments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. Coffee contains the highest amount of caffeine among beverages.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. Caffeine is known to improve concentration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5. Excessive caffeine consumption can cause an increase in heart rate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6. Caffeine causes the body to become dehydrated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7. The safest amount of caffeine consumption is 600mg per day.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8. Decaffeinated coffee contains some amount of caffeine.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.894\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9. Caffeine tolerance varies among individuals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10. Headaches are one of the common symptoms of caffeine withdrawal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11. A person will build tolerance to caffeine over time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.643\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12. Caffeine is classified as an ergogenic aid that can enhance physical activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13. Consuming caffeinated products 1 hour prior to exercise helps to delay fatigue.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14. Sports organization such as National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) set limits on caffeine level for athletes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15. Consuming caffeine 3 hours prior to sleep impacts the sleep quality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16. Caffeine has been proven to enhance endurance sport performance rather than high-intensity performance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.875\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17. Caffeine does not affect the body\u0026rsquo;s natural sleep-wake cycle.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18. Caffeine effects can stay in the body for 6 to 8 hours.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19. Poor sleep due to excessive caffeine intake can negatively impact athletic performances.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20. Consuming caffeinated products in high dose (9mg/kg body mass) will lead to better athletic performance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.985\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactor loading and Cronbach alpha value of attitude section\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactor loading\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKMO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal variance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCronbach alpha\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eICC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. I believe that consuming caffeinated products helps me to perform better in training sessions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.798\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. I feel that consuming caffeinated products improve my alertness during competition/training.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.765\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. I am concerned that caffeine may negatively affect my sleep quality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.715\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.990\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. I believe that poor sleep due to caffeinated products consumption does not significantly affect my sports performances.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.689\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.945\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5. I think it is necessary for me to consume caffeinated products before every training session.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.686\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6. I am aware of the potential negative effects of caffeine on my recovery and performance due to disrupted sleep.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.727\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7. I feel that limiting my caffeine intake in the evening helps me to recover better after training.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.640\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8. I believe that I can perform well in sports without taking caffeinated products.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.677\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9. I think student like me should be educated on how caffeine affects sleep and performance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.607\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.952\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10. I believe that consuming caffeine is necessary to help me overcome fatigue during busy training and academic periods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.731\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.993\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.838\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.886\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactor loading and Cronbach alpha value of practice section\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactor loading\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKMO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal variance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCronbach alpha\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eICC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. How often do you consume caffeinated products (e.g., coffee, tea, energy drinks, pre-workouts) before training or competitions?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.901\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. How often do you consume caffeinated products in the evening (after 6 PM) on training or competition days?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.992\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. How frequently do you rely on caffeinated products to make up for a lack of sleep before physical activity?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.927\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. How frequently do you rely on caffeinated products to make up for a lack of sleep before physical activity?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.940\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5. How often do you avoid caffeinated products before bedtime to improve your sleep quality?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.925\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.995\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6. How often do you consume caffeinated beverages to stay alert during classes after having training early in the morning?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.924\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7. How often do you have trouble falling asleep after consuming caffeine?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.918\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8. How often do you adjust your caffeine intake based on how well you slept the night before?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.814\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.990\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9. How often do you use caffeinated products on non-training or rest days?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.886\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10. How often do you notice that consuming caffeine improves your sports performance or endurance?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.832\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11. On average, how many servings/cups of caffeinated products (e.g., coffee, tea, energy drink, pre-workouts) do you consume during the day (before 6pm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.983\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12. On average, how many servings/cups of caffeinated products do you consume in the evening (after 6pm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.986\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13. What time do you usually consume your first caffeinated products of the day?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14. What time do you usually consume your last caffeinated products of the day?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.961\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15. What type of caffeinated products do you consume most often?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16. Do you change your caffeine intake routine before competitions or intense training sessions?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.991\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.933\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.969\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.5. Reliability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha value. The Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha value for the knowledge section is 0.985 and for attitude section is 0.886. For practice section is 0.969. Finally, the total value of Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha is 0.868.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.6. Final questionnaire\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter content validity analysis, the knowledge section had 20 items, attitude had 10 items and practice section has 16 items. Each expert evaluation and statistical test has progressively improved the questionnaire which resulted in a total of 46 items.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to develop, validate and translate a questionnaire to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) related to caffeinated products consumption among university athletes. The questionnaire was designed to evaluate not only caffeine intake pattern but also the underlying knowledge which influence athletes\u0026rsquo; consumption, attitudes towards potential benefits and risks as well as practices associated with variety caffeinated products.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eContent validity in this study was conducted through expert feedback and pilot testing which ensure that the questionnaire covered relevant aspects related to caffeine consumption knowledge, attitudes and practices. Reliability test on the KAP-Caffeine Questionnaire indicated a good internal consistency and with Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha value above the recommended level for all the domains. This reflects the stability of the instrument in capturing consistent responses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA major strength of this study is the comprehensive and systematic approach to questionnaire development. Item generation of the questionnaire was based on literature review and qualitative insights which results in a tool that is both evidence-based and relevant to the targeted subjects. Apart from that, this study has an adequate pilot testing subject. The questionnaire was piloted among 50 university athletes which is consisted with the recommendation by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] that suggested a minimum of 30 participants is sufficient for pilot testing of a questionnaire. The sample size in this present study therefore meets and even exceeds this recommendation, providing confidence that the pilot testing phase was robust and that the instrument was appropriately refined prior to full administration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire offers valuable insights into existing levels of knowledge and prevailing practices on caffeine consumption which can guide the development of targeted awareness programs. In addition, the questionnaire has a flexible structure where it can be adjusted to suit different cultural settings and population.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study has developed a KAP-Caffeine questionnaire and assessed its content, face and construct validity. Based on statistical analysis, the questionnaire is both reliable and valid. It serves a crucial tool to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) related to caffeine consumption among Malaysian university students. Future research is encouraged to utilize this questionnaire to assess KAP related to caffeinated products consumption and to explore the impact of caffeine education programs on university students\u0026rsquo; behavior and health outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthical approval was provided by the UKM Research Ethics Secretariat (JEP-2024-704)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed Consent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003e Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding information\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research was funded by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eConceptualization: N.N.G., S.J.M., N.F.M.F., S.H.H., N.J., R.A.T., A.R.G., N.S.S ; Methodology: N.N.G., S.J.M., N.F.M.F., S.H.H., N.J., R.A.T., A.R.G., N.S.S ; Data collection: N.N.G ;Software: N.N.G., S.J.M ;Formal analysis: N.N.G., S.J.M ;Writing-original draft preparation: N.N.G., S.J.M ;Writing-review and editing: N.N.G., S.J.M., N.F.M.F., S.H.H., N.J., R.A.T., A.R.G., N.S.S.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to all the students who participated in the pilot testing of the questionnaire. Their valuable feedback greatly contributed to refining the instrument. The authors also acknowledge the financial support by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia [FRGS/1/2023/SKK06/UKM/02/3].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChin, J. M., Merves, M. L., Goldberger, B. A., Sampson-Cone, A., \u0026amp; Cone, E. J. (2008). Caffeine content of brewed teas. \u003cem\u003eJournal of analytical toxicology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e32\u003c/em\u003e(8), 702\u0026ndash;704.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBłaszczyk-Bębenek, E., Jagielski, P., \u0026amp; Schlegel-Zawadzka, M. (2021). Caffeine consumption in a group of adolescents from south east poland\u0026mdash;a cross sectional study. \u003cem\u003eNutrients\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e(6), 2084.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBojarowicz, H., \u0026amp; Przygoda, M. (2012). Caffeine. Part I. Common use of caffeine and its effect on human organism. \u003cem\u003eProbl. Hig. Epidemiol\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e93\u003c/em\u003e, 8\u0026ndash;13.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNawrot, P., Jordan, S., Eastwood, J., Rotstein, J., Hugenholtz, A., \u0026amp; Feeley, M. (2003). Effects of caffeine on human health. \u003cem\u003eFood Additives \u0026amp; Contaminants\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e20\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1\u0026ndash;30.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVerster, Joris C., and Juergen Koenig. \"Caffeine intake and its sources: A review of national representative studies.\" \u003cem\u003eCritical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition\u003c/em\u003e 58, no. 8 (2018): 1250\u0026ndash;1259.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGuest, N. S., VanDusseldorp, T. A., Nelson, M. T., Grgic, J., Schoenfeld, B. J., Jenkins, N. D., Arent, S. M., Antonio, J., Stout, J. R., Trexler, E. T., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Goldstein, E. R., Kalman, D. S \u0026amp; Campbell, B. I. (2021). International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e18\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAljarboa, A. M., Al Ghassab, M. A., Almuzaini, N. K., Alshammari, A. N., Dhanarasu, S., \u0026amp; Qiblawi, S. (2018). Association between caffeinated beverages, body mass index, and academic stress in medical students of hail university-A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study. \u003cem\u003eEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. C, Physiology and Molecular Biology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e(1), 127\u0026ndash;138.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaz-Graniel, I., Kose, J., Babio, N., Hercberg, S., Galan, P., Touvier, M., Salas-Salvado, J \u0026amp; Andreeva, V. A. (2022). Caffeine intake and its sex-specific association with general anxiety: a cross-sectional analysis among general population adults. \u003cem\u003eNutrients\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e(6), 1242.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBranum, A. M., Rossen, L. M., \u0026amp; Schoendorf, K. C. (2014). Trends in caffeine intake among US children and adolescents. \u003cem\u003ePediatrics\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e133\u003c/em\u003e(3), 386\u0026ndash;393.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNoordzij, M., Uiterwaal, C. S., Arends, L. R., Kok, F. J., Grobbee, D. E., \u0026amp; Geleijnse, J. M. (2005). Blood pressure response to chronic intake of coffee and caffeine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. \u003cem\u003eJournal of hypertension\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e23\u003c/em\u003e(5), 921\u0026ndash;928.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOgawa, N., \u0026amp; Ueki, H. (2007). Clinical importance of caffeine dependence and abuse. \u003cem\u003ePsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e61\u003c/em\u003e(3), 263\u0026ndash;268.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJuliano, L. M., \u0026amp; Griffiths, R. R. (2004). A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features. \u003cem\u003ePsychopharmacology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e176\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1\u0026ndash;29.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eReethesh, S. R., Ranjan, P., Arora, C., Kaloiya, G. S., Vikram, N. K., Dwivedi, S. N., Jyotsna, V. P \u0026amp; Soneja, M. (2019). Development and validation of a questionnaire assessing knowledge, attitude, and practices about obesity among obese individuals. \u003cem\u003eIndian journal of endocrinology and metabolism\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e23\u003c/em\u003e(1), 102\u0026ndash;110.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSousa, V. D \u0026amp; Rojjanasrirat, W. (2011). Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: a clear and user-friendly guideline. \u003cem\u003eJournal of evaluation in clinical practice\u003c/em\u003e, 17(2), 268\u0026ndash;74\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOrts-Cort\u0026eacute;s, M. I., Moreno-Casbas, T., Squires, A., Fuentelsaz-Gallego, C., Maci\u0026aacute;-Soler, L \u0026amp; Gonz\u0026aacute;lez-Mar\u0026iacute;a, E. (2013). Content validity of the Spanish version of the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index. Applied Nursing Research. 26(4):e5-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eProus M, Salvanes F, Ortells L. Validation of Questionnaires. Reumatol Clin. 2009; 5:171\u0026ndash;177.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHemming, K., Thompson, J. Y., Taljaard, M., Watson, S. I., Kasza, J., Thompson, J. A., Kahan, B. C \u0026amp; Copas, A. J. (2024). Re-analysis of data from cluster randomised trials to explore the impact of model choice on estimates of odds ratios: study protocol. \u003cem\u003eTrials\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e25\u003c/em\u003e(1), 818.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"sport-sciences-for-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssfh","sideBox":"Learn more about [Sport Sciences for Health](http://link.springer.com/journal/11332)","snPcode":"11332","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11332/3","title":"Sport Sciences for Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Knowledge, attitude, practice, caffeine, questionnaire, validity, reliability","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7513339/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7513339/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eCaffeine is one of the widely consumed psychoactive substances worldwide, yet limited data are available on knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) related to caffeinated products consumption among university athletes. Assessing these factors helps in promoting safer and more informed caffeine consumption. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a questionnaire to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding caffeine consumption among university athletes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eQuestionnaire was developed through literature review, expert validation, translation and focus group input. The instrument was piloted among 50 university athletes. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, test-retest reliability and construct validity was assessed through expert review.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e The questionnaire has good internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha values above 0.80 for all domains. The final version of the questionnaire consists of 46 items with 20 questions on knowledge, 10 attitude and 16 practices-related items.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e KAP-Caffeine questionnaire shows good validity and reliability. It can be used or adapted to assess knowledge, attitude and practices regarding caffeinated product consumption.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Development and Validation of a Caffeine-Related Questionnaire to Assess University Athletes’ Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-13 16:26:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7513339/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-03-27T09:57:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-01T13:34:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"203792812701011206617169162847260614858","date":"2025-11-23T02:59:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"292829412453265878077626326586783580602","date":"2025-11-22T12:42:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-04T22:21:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"125458341338586595362882100891237730657","date":"2025-11-04T16:27:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-04T06:59:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-03T09:10:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-03T09:09:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Sport Sciences for Health","date":"2025-09-02T04:46:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"sport-sciences-for-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssfh","sideBox":"Learn more about [Sport Sciences for Health](http://link.springer.com/journal/11332)","snPcode":"11332","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11332/3","title":"Sport Sciences for Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f080cd08-8904-48d6-b3a6-205ca0e2a7dd","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-04T16:05:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7513339","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-026-01742-5","journal":{"identity":"sport-sciences-for-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Sport Sciences for Health"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-30 15:58:05","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 30th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-13 16:26:59","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11332-026-01742-5","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-026-01742-5","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7513339","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7513339","identity":"rs-7513339","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}