Stability and inter-family associations of hair endocannabinoid and N-acyl-ethanolamines across the perinatal period in mothers, fathers, and children

Stability and inter-family associations of hair endocannabinoid and N-acyl-ethanolamines across the perinatal period in mothers, fathers, and children | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Stability and inter-family associations of hair endocannabinoid and N-acyl-ethanolamines across the perinatal period in mothers, fathers, and children Luisa Bergunde, Susann Steudte-Schmiedgen, Marlene Karl, Isabel Jaramillo, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3787391/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Analysis of endocannabinoids (ECs) and endocannabinoid-related compounds (ERCs) in hair is assumed to retrospectively assess long-term EC/ERC concentrations. To inform their use, this study investigated stability of EC/ERC hair concentrations in mothers, fathers, and their children across the perinatal period as well as associations between family members. In a prospective cohort study, EC (AEA, 1-AG/2-AG) and ERC (SEA, PEA, OEA) levels were quantified in hair samples taken four times in mothers ( n = 336 ) and their partners ( n = 225) from pregnancy to two years postpartum and in offspring ( n = 319) from shortly after birth to two years postpartum. Across the perinatal period, maternal and paternal hair ECs/ERCs showed fair-to-good multiple-test consistency and variable relative stability, and inconsistent absolute stability for mothers. Regarding children, hair ECs/ERCs evidenced poor multiple-test consistency, no absolute stability, and either no or variable relative stability. Hair ECs/ERCs were significantly related across the perinatal period within couples and parent-child dyads. Findings suggest hair ECs/ERCs during the perinatal period possess some trait-like stability in adults, highlighting the utility of hair analysis. The first two years of life may be a dynamic phase for the endocannabinoid system in children, potentially characterized by endocannabinoid system synchrony within the family. Biological sciences/Developmental biology Biological sciences/Psychology Health sciences/Biomarkers Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1 Introduction The analysis and quantification of hormones and ligands in hair has emerged as an important methodological addition to the psychoneuroendocrine research toolbox 1 , 2 . In particular, hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) represent the most established hair-based marker to date, showing utility for clinical diagnostics, therapy monitoring, and mental health and stress research 1 . It is assumed that hormones and ligands are incorporated in growing hair and consequently hair concentrations retrospectively reflect cumulated secretion of the respective hormone or ligand over several months 3 . An implicit assumption underlying hair analysis is that in the absence of major life events, hair concentrations remain largely stable within an individual 2 . HCC have been intensively investigated and validated, with studies documenting a considerable degree of intraindividual stability of HCC in community samples 4 – 6 and postpartum in mothers and infants 7 , but not in expectant mothers across pregnancy 8 . Taken together, findings underscore HCC as a useful trait estimate of long-term cortisol secretion and a key variable in chronic stress studies. However, evidence for other hair-based biomarkers remains limited in this respect. This is particularly relevant for the ligands of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), the endocannabinoids (ECs), which have recently been quantified in human hair 9 . The ECS is a neuromodulatory system which regulates multiple physiological functions in the body ranging from the central nervous system to the reproductive system 10 , 11 . Amongst these, the ECS has been shown to interact with the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, assuming an important regulatory function under basal and stressful conditions 12 . ECs are lipid signalling molecules synthesized mainly on demand that act primarily as retrograde messengers via presynaptic cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) 13 . The main ECs and best studied in terms of their biologic functions are anandamide (AEA 14 ) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG 15 ), while additional endocannabinoid-related compounds (ERCs) exist, among others stearoylethanolamide (SEA), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and oleoylethanolamide (OEA), that exert their respective biological activities through different receptors 16 , 17 . Measurement of ECs/ERCs to assess EC signalling in humans represents an important step to better understand and examine ECs/ERCs in health and disease 18 . Most frequently, ECs/ERCs have been measured in the circulation via blood plasma and serum 19 – 21 and less frequently in other specimens such as saliva 22 , urine 23 , or breast milk 24 . These measurements represent EC/ERC levels acutely (e.g., blood, saliva) or cumulated over a short time period (e.g., urine) and may be influenced by situational factors, such as food intake, time of day, sleep, and activity level, thereby hampering their usefulness to assess overall state of EC/ERC signalling 18 . In this regard, the recent development of quantifying ECs/ERCs in human hair may hold important advantages as it has been suggested to provide a retrospective picture of long-term peripheral EC/ERC levels over several months in addition to its non-invasive and stress-free sampling process 9 , 25 . Similar to HCC, the most common hypothesis for incorporation of ECs/ERCs in hair is based on the multi-compartment model 26 . Incorporation is suggested to occur mainly 1) during hair shaft formation via diffusion from blood circulation, 2) after formation via sweat and sebum glands or from surrounding tissues, and also 3) after hair has emerged from the skin via the external environment 27 . Basic lipophilic compounds, such as AEA and ERCs, are assumed to mainly be incorporated into hair via the bloodstream, whereas 2-AG, with its neutral chemical structure, is likely incorporated via sweat and sebum 28 . Several studies have employed hair analyses of ECs/ERCs to examine their role in the pathophysiology of (stress-related) mental disorders, such as depression 29 , (childbirth-related) posttraumatic stress disorder 30 , 31 , anorexia nervosa 32 , anxiety, and burnout 9 . In these studies, hair ECs/ERCs were employed to assess ECS activity over an extended time up to 3 months, implicitly assuming that in the absence of major life events hair EC/ERC concentrations are somewhat stable within an individual, i.e., partly reflect a trait factor. However, this assumption has been insufficiently validated to date. Only one study systematically examined this for hair ECs/ERCs, finding high intra-individual stability of hair ECs/ERCs in a community sample of 100 female adults assessed across 2.5 years 33 . These initial results suggest ECs/ERCs measured in hair may represent trait-like biomarkers that remain largely stable across time. However, this study is not generalizable to males or children and did not actively control for major life events during the 2.5-year study period. Hence it remains to be tested whether hair ECs/ERCs show intraindividual stability and represent trait-like biomarkers also in the presence of a major life event. One possibility to examine this is to look at how the experience of a particular major life event, such as pregnancy and childbirth, affects intraindividual stability of hair ECs/ERCs in mothers and fathers. It should be considered that for (expectant) mothers, pregnancy and childbirth represent not only significant (potentially stressful) life experiences 34 , but also go hand in hand with major physiological changes 35 , including changes to endocannabinoid and cortisol signalling 36 and HPA axis functioning 37 . Some physiological changes have also been observed in (expectant) fathers (e.g., decline in testosterone 38 – 40 ). Furthermore, while evidence regarding a role for the ECS in child development is accumulating 41 , 42 , only one study has investigated hair ECs/ERCs in children aged up to one year 43 . They found no association between child hair ECs/ERCs in utero (i.e., assessed via hair taken shortly after birth) and at one year after birth, indicating low stability and further reported an increase in 1-AG/2-AG and a decrease in ERCs in this time. Regarding child HCC, the effect of age has been mixed 44 , but studies did find that HCC correlated positively across time up to the age of 8 years 45 , 46 . These HCC findings indicate a stable component, consistent with findings of intraindividual stability of salivary cortisol in the first year of life 47 . Hence, investigating whether hair EC/ERCs also show stability, particularly from birth onwards, is warranted to stimulate developmental research and inform interpretation of findings. This study therefore primarily aimed to investigate multiple-test consistency, relative stability, and absolute stability for maternal, paternal, and child hair ECs/ERCs across the perinatal period. Regarding parents, we examined these measures of stability when a major life event (i.e., pregnancy and childbirth) was included and when it was not (i.e., examining only the later postpartum period from 14 to 24 months postpartum) and expected for mothers that multiple test consistency and relative and absolute stability in hair ECs/ERCs would differ between these two conditions, as previous evidence suggests alterations in hair ECs/ERCs during pregnancy in (expectant) mothers 36 . Due to scarce research on paternal hair ECs/ERCs during the perinatal period, no specific predictions were formulated for fathers. We further expected parental hair EC/ERCs to show at least moderate multiple-test consistency and test-retest stability, but as findings regarding absolute stability have been inconsistent 33 , no specific hypotheses were formulated. Furthermore, due to insufficient evidence amongst children’s hair ECs/ERCs, no specific hypotheses regarding their stability were posed. Finally, only two studies have to date examined the relation between hair ECs/ERCs in children and maternal hair ECs/ERCs sampled shortly after birth 48 and at one year postpartum 43 , finding no consistent relationships between maternal and child hair ECs/ERCs. Findings regarding a more established biomarker in hair (i.e., HCC) indicate a positive relationship that attenuates with increasing age 49 – 51 , but see 7 , 52 for no significant relationship. Consequently, we aimed at replicating previous findings and investigate how maternal and child hair EC/ERC concentrations relate to one another up to two years after birth. Furthermore, to expand on prior research we also examined relationships between children’s and fathers’ and fathers’ and mothers’ hair EC/ERC concentrations as a positive relationship has been reported regarding HCC 53 . 2 Methods 2.1 Study design and participants Participants of this study took part in the Dresden Study on Parenting, Work, and Mental Health (DREAM) and its endocrine sub-study DREAM HAIR 54 , a large prospective cohort study approved by the ethics committee of the Technische Universität Dresden (EK 278062015). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. DREAM HAIR is a multi-method study investigating long-term biological determinants of perinatal stress and mental health-related outcomes in mothers, their partners, and their offspring across five measurement points from birth to 4.5 years postpartum (T1 DREAM HAIR – T6 DREAM HAIR , see Fig. 1 ). Recruitment of expectant parents in the Dresden area began in June 2017 and ended in December 2020. T1 DREAM was completed during pregnancy and participants were recruited for DREAM HAIR via a telephone screening if they completed the T1 DREAM questionnaires at least four weeks prior to their anticipated birth date. Informed consent was obtained from all participants and for the children from their legal guardians. DREAM HAIR specific questionnaires and hair samples were taken 4±2 weeks before the anticipated birth date for T1, for T2 approximately eight weeks after the anticipated birth date, for T3 at 14 months after birth, and for T4 at 24 months after birth (see Fig. 1 ). Hair samples of children were collected at the same time as parental samples, except for T1, which took place approximately 10 days after birth. The current investigation used data from T1 DREAM for sociodemographic information (i.e., age, academic degree, and parity) as well as T1 DREAM HAIR through T4 DREAM HAIR for hair samples of mothers ( N = 336), fathers ( N = 225), and children ( N = 319) (see Fig. 2 for inclusion criteria). 2.2 Hair endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamines analyses Hair strands (length ≥ 2 cm; collective diameter 3 mm with exception of child hair samples at T1 and T2) were taken scalp-near from a posterior vertex position either by study employees at T1 or by participants themselves after having been provided with instructive materials (i.e., checklist, video link). Samples were stored at room temperature in aluminum foil in dry and dark surroundings until sent to the Kirschbaum laboratory at the Technische Universität Dresden in five batches. AEA, 1-AG/2-AG, SEA, PEA, and OEA were quantified in the scalp-near 2 cm segment following a validated protocol 9 , assumed to reflect EC/ERC secretion of two months before hair sampling. As 2-AG isomerizes rapidly to 1-AG in biological matrices, a sum of the two was used, which is consistent with the fact that both isomers activate CB1 receptors 55 . Also, as analysis in different batches as well as storage time and stressful life circumstances have been shown to influence hair biomarkers 8 , 56 , their effects were controlled for in absolute stability analyses (see 2.3). 2.3 Statistical analyses Analyses were conducted using IBM® SPSS® version 29 and R version 4.2.2 57 . This study was preregistered ( https://osf.io/tc276/?view_only=4e326d2c62144d1d8ef1873f9c50d548 ). Statistical significance was determined using a critical p -value of .05. Correlational analysis p -values were FDR-corrected for multiple testing 58 . Due to their significantly positively skewed distribution, hair ECs/ERCs were log-transformed to reduce skewness. Apart from visualisations and descriptive statistics, all further analyses were conducted with log-transformed data. Extreme outliers in ECs and ECRs were defined as ± 3 SD s from the mean using log-transformed data. Extreme outliers were replaced with the highest and lowest measured value within ± 3 SDs at each time point for each sample respectively 59 and non-detectable values, extremely low values below the detection limit 60 , were replaced with the lowest measurable value for each EC/ERC at each measurement point divided by two 61 (AEA = 0.5% – 15.2%; PEA = 0.5%; OEA = 0.9%). This study examined stability, i.e., the extent to which measurements are similar within an individual and across time, via three indicators. First, multiple-test consistency was examined via the intraclass correlation coefficient ( ICC ) as an index reflecting how much of the variance in a variable (i.e., hair EC/ERC concentrations) is attributable to constant mean differences between individuals, such that a high ICC indicated high similarity between measurements of the same person, thereby reflecting consistency across multiple tests ( ICC : 0.75 excellent consistency 62 ). The ICC was calculated in SPSS RELIABILITY using a two-way mixed-effects model assessing consistency both for a single measurement (ICC SINGLE ) , i.e., reliability if a single hair sample was used, and for the mean value (ICC MEAN ) , i.e., reliability when the average of all four hair samples is used 63 . We also report ICC SINGLE from a fixed linear time random intercept model from SPSS MIXED as this analysis can handle missing data using restricted maximum likelihood (REML 64 ), to examine whether the ICC remained similar despite the increase in sample size. Secondly, test-retest stability was calculated as the Pearson correlation between hair EC/ERC measurements at two time points, reflecting relative stability across measurements ( r .59 (high) relative stability 6 ). Finally, we assessed absolute stability, providing information as to whether the average hair endocannabinoid concentration across all participants changes significantly across time. A linear mixed model (LMM) with a fixed effect of time controlling for fixed effects of batch, storage time, and extraordinary burden for each of the five hair ECs and ERCs for mothers, fathers, and the children separately was conducted ( p > .05 for time as a predictor indicating absolute stability 6 ). See supplementary materials for descriptive statistics for batch and storage time. Post-hoc tests with Sidak correction were conducted. As assumptions (i.e., normality and homoscedasticity of residuals) of LMM for AEA were only met when excluding non-detectable values from the analyses, results for hair AEA are reported without imputed non-detectable values and if results differed this is mentioned (see supplementary materials for results with non-detectable values). For mothers and fathers, multiple-test consistency analyses were conducted using measurement for all four time points (T1–T4) and were repeated to include only T3–T4 to contrast stability levels with/without the major life event of pregnancy and childbirth. To explore the relationship between family members’ hair ECs/ERCs across the perinatal period, Pearson correlations were estimated between child and parental hair concentrations at each measurement occasion. 3 Results 3.1 Descriptive statistics Table 1 shows descriptive statistics for the three samples. Most mothers were primiparous and about 66% of mothers and fathers had an academic degree. Amongst the children, 53% were female and 47% male. Overall, the range of raw EC/ERC values was rather large, indicating a wide physiological range of EC/ERC concentrations in hair. Table 1 Demographic, hair-related, and raw hair EC/ERC concentrations of the study participants Variables Sample of Mothers ( N = 336) Sample of Fathers ( N = 225) Sample of Children ( N = 319) Time points T 1 ( N = 299) T 2 ( N = 288) T 3 ( N = 261) T 4 ( N = 175) T 1 ( N = 189) T 2 ( N = 188) T 3 ( N = 188) T 4 ( N = 165) T 1 ( N = 207) T 2 ( N = 252) T 3 ( N = 257) T 4 ( N = 241) Demographic characteristics Academic degree ( n, %) 222 (66.7) 146 (66.1) Primiparous (n, %) 285 (84.8) Age in a years, b weeks, c months, M (SD) 30.30 a (3.93) 32.64 a (5.10) 0.98 b (0.81) 8.48 b (1.40) 13.86 c (0.57) 23.90 c (0.62) Medication intake ( n , %) Antibiotics 5 (1.7) 14 (4.9) 9 (3.4) 4 (2.3) 6 (3.2) 2 (1.1) 7 (3.7) 2 (1.2) 5 (2.4) 6 (2.4) 13 (5.1) 6 (2.5) Glucocorticoid-containing medication 5 (1.7) 1 (0.3) 3 (1.1) 0 (0.0) 5 (2.6) 2 (1.1) 1 (0.5) 1 (0.6) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 3 (1.2) 3 (1.2) Antidepressant medication 2 (0.7) 2 (0.7) 2 (0.8) 1 (0.6) 1 (0.5) 2 (1.1) 2 (1.1) 2 (1.2) N/A N/A N/A N/A Oral contraceptives 0 (0.0) 28 (9.8) 43 (16.7) 37 (21.6) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Hair endocannabinoids and N-acyl-ethanolamines AEA, M (SD) 1.24 (1.80) 1.51 (2.52) 2.09 (2.10) 3.05 (2.64) 1.05 (0.96) 1.08 (1.21) 1.56 (1.17) 1.89 (1.41) 2.50 (1.86) 2.07 (2.09) 0.85 (0.71) 0.92 (0.66) 2-AG/1-AG, M (SD) 42.02 (31.47) 44.14 (32.84) 66.85 (46.56) 82.06 (46.36) 62.56 (48.75) 62.02 (44.71) 74.64 (46.17) 78.08 (36.04) 131.93 (126.54) 294.82 (362.45) 93.01 (62.85) 103.03 (52.1) SEA, M (SD) 1052.93 (1036.48) 1079.55 (1370.02) 981.45 (1067.06) 792.53 (797.16) 880.51 (693.93) 843.11 (664.92) 760.59 (532.49) 601.00 (340.57) 305.40 (272.61) 872.85 (775.69) 1054.87 (650.10) 761.45 505.93) PEA, M (SD) 3811.10 (4892.80) 3912.25 (5348.57) 2567.28 (3034.85) 2279.98 (2701.83) 2695.28 (2533.96) 2322.33 (1943.53) 1912.17 (1787.80) 1465.37 (905.57) 507.01 (529.43) 1666.02 (1819.07) 1537.88 (1049.43) 1124.45 (700.52) OEA, M (SD) 3233.87 (4866.80) 3543.21 (6200.86) 2242.16 (1145.52) 2278.43 (3975.58) 2147.11 (2560.64) 1738.90 (1844.36) 1560.20 (1776.55) 1291.93 (1030.98) 399.42 (593.53) 1384.87 (2055.98) 1674.42 (1326.20) 1347.11 (942.53) Note . a in years. b in weeks, c in months. 3.2 Stability of hair ECs/ERCs 3.2.1 Multiple-test consistency Regarding mothers, multiple-test consistency (Table 2 ) was good for ECRs and 1-AG/2-AG ( ICC MEAN = .62 – .73) and fair for AEA ( ICC MEAN = .51) regarding the mean measure and poor to fair for all ECs/ERCs regarding the single measure ( ICC SINGLE = .21 – .40) from T1 to T4 for mothers. When examining only the later postpartum period (T3–T4), consistency of the mean measure was slightly lower compared to T1–T4, but single measure consistency increased for all ECs/ERCs except AEA ( ICC SINGLE = .38 – .43). Regarding fathers, multiple-test consistency was good for PEA and OEA ( ICC = .68 – .69) and fair for AEA, 1-AG/2-AG, and SEA ( ICC MEAN = .41 – .59) in the mean measure and poor for all ECs/ERCs in the single measure ( ICC SINGLE = .15 – .36) from T1 to T4. In the later postpartum period (T3–T4), multiple-test consistency in the mean measure decreased for ECs and ERCs, but single measure consistency increased compared to T1–T4 for all ECs/ERCs except AEA ( ICC SINGLE = .38 – .46). Children showed poor multiple-test consistency from T1 to T4 for all ECs/ERCs in the mean ( ICC MEAN = .09 – .36) and single ( ICC SINGLE = .02 – .12) measure. Overall, results remained largely consistent in linear mixed models (LMM), except for ICC of ERCs of children increasing noticeably in LMM. Table 2 Multiple test consistency of hair ECs/ERCs Single measure Mean measure From LMM Mothers ICC SINGLE 95% CI ICC MEAN 95% CI ICC SINGLE From T1 to T4 ( n = 129) ( n = 129) ( n = 336) AEA .21 [.12, .30] .51 [.36, .64] .20 2-AG/1-AG .29 [.20, .39] .62 [.50, .72] .30 SEA .35 [.26, .45] .69 [.59, .77] .32 PEA .38 [.29, .47] .71 [.62, .78] .35 OEA .40 [.31, .50] .73 [.64, .80] .35 From T3 to T4 ( n = 158) ( n = 158) ( n = 278) AEA − .01 [-.17, .14] − .03 [-.41, .25] .00 2-AG/1-AG .41 [.27. .53] .58 [.42, .69] .39 SEA .43 [.29, .53] .60 [.45, .71] .42 PEA .42 [.28, .54] .59 [.44, .70] .43 OEA .38 [.23, .50] .55 [.38, .67] .37 Fathers ICC SINGLE 95% CI ICC MEAN 95% CI ICC SINGLE From T1 to T4 ( n = 112) ( n = 112) ( n = 225) AEA .15 [.06, .25] .41 [.21, .57] .16 2-AG/1-AG .27 [.17, .37] .59 [.45, .70] .27 SEA .26 [.17, .37] .58 [.44, .70] .30 PEA .35 [.25, .45] .68 [.57, .77] .36 OEA .36 [.26, .47] .69 [.59, .78] .36 From T3 to T4 (n = 151) (n = 151) (n = 202) AEA .10 [-.06, .25] .18 [-.13, .40] .11 2-AG/1-AG .38 [.24, .51] .55 [.38, .68] .38 SEA .43 [.29, .55] .60 [.44, .71] .42 PEA .46 [.32, .57] .63 [.49, .73] .45 OEA .46 [.32, .57] .63 [.49, .73] .45 Children ICC SINGLE 95% CI ICC MEAN 95% CI ICC SINGLE From T1 to T4 (n = 123) (n = 123) (n = 319) AEA .07 [-.001, .16] .24 [-.01, .44] .08 2-AG/1-AG .04 [-.03, .13] .15 [-.12, .38] .04 SEA .02 [-.04, .11] .09 [-.20, .33] .08 PEA .07 [-.01, .15] .22 [-.03, .42] .13 OEA .12 [.04, .22] .36 [.15, .53] .19 Note. ICC = Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. ICC SINGLE = Single Measures Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. ICC MEAN = Mean Measures Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. 95% CI = 95% Confidence Interval. LMM = Linear mixed model. 3.2.2 Relative stability For mothers, associations between hair EC/ERC levels across time points were strongest T1–T2. Weak to moderate relative stability was found regarding maternal hair ERC assessments across all measurement occasions. Regarding AEA and 1-AG/2-AG, significant weak to moderate associations were present across most time points, except for associations at T1–T4 and T2–T4 and only regarding AEA for T3–T4 (Table 3 for full results). Fathers showed moderate to high relative stability for T1–T2 for hair ECs/ERCs. Regarding the ERCs PEA and OEA, weak to moderate relative stability was present across time points except for T2–T4 for PEA. AEA showed no relative stability apart from T1–T2 and 1-AG/2-AG and SEA lacked relative stability at T1–T3, T1–T4, T2–T3, and T2–T4 (only SEA). Regarding children, weak to moderate relative stability of hair ECs/ERCs was present for all at T1–T2 and for all except AEA and OEA at T3–T4. Otherwise, children’s hair ECs/ERCs were inconsistently and sometimes negatively associated with one another across time (Table 3 ). Table 3 Test-retest relative stability of hair endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related compounds for mothers, fathers, and children T1–T2 T1–T3 T1–T4 T2–T3 T2–T4 T3–T4 r r r r r r Mothers AEA .44 *** .21 * − .03 .24 ** .11 − .02 2-AG/1-AG .50 *** .16 * .07 .31 *** .17 .41 *** SEA .53 *** .20 ** .37 *** .23 ** .19 * .43 *** PEA .56 *** .24 *** .32 *** .30 *** .22 * .42 *** OEA .54 *** .25 *** .37 *** .36 *** .23 ** .38 *** ( n = 258) ( n = 234) ( n = 158) ( n = 233) ( n = 155) ( n = 158) Fathers AEA .48 *** .10 − .02 .15 .06 .10 2-AG/1-AG .59 *** .11 .18 .08 .23 * .39 *** SEA .63 *** .16 .17 .16 .14 .43 *** PEA .61 *** .24 ** .32 *** .26 *** .18 .47 *** OEA .62 *** .18 * .27 ** .31 *** .25 ** .46 *** ( n = 155) ( n = 160) ( n = 137) ( n = 164) ( n = 143) ( n = 151) Children AEA .23 ** .14 − .06 .22 ** − .11 .07 2-AG/1-AG .41 *** − .23 ** − .12 − .05 − .14 .20 * SEA .44 *** .07 − .16 − .11 − .27 *** .26 *** PEA .46 *** -01 − .03 − .08 .01 .23 *** OEA .52 *** .11 .03 .00 .13 .14 ( n = 182) ( n = 169) ( n = 158) ( n = 203) ( n = 185) ( n = 210) Note. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001, FDR-corrected p -values. r = Pearson correlation coefficient. 3.2.3 Absolute stability Random intercept LMM adjusting for batch, storage time, and extraordinary burden were conducted to test the effect of time on hair EC/ERCs (see Fig. 3 ). In mothers, time (T1–T4) was a significant predictor of maternal AEA ( F (3, 422.29) = 4.91, p = .002), 1-AG/2-AG ( F (3, 477.72) = 4.33, p = .005), and PEA ( F (3, 447.24) = 3.08, p = .027), but not SEA and OEA (all p > .121). Post-hoc tests showed significant differences between T1–T2 (AEA), T1–T3 (1-AG/2-AG, PEA), T1–T4 (AEA), T2–T3 (1-AG/2-AG, PEA) and T2–T4 (1-AG/2-AG), with earlier assessments showing lower levels of the ECs and higher levels of PEA (Table 4 ). Regarding fathers, time (T1–T4) did not significantly predict hair EC/ERC levels ( p’s > .093; Table 4 for pairwise comparisons). Regarding children, time (T1–T4) was a significant predictor of all hair ECs/ERCs (AEA: F (3, 417.79) = 89.77, p < .001; 1-AG/2-AG: F (3, 479.05) = 97.53, p < .001; SEA: F (3, 509.27) = 185.90, p < .001; PEA: F (3, 529.53) = 129.71, p < .001; OEA: F (3, 495.29) = 127.25, p < .001). Post-hoc tests showed that hair EC/ERC levels differed significantly between all time points ( p .086), between T2 and T3 (PEA: p = .071), and between T2 and T4 (PEA: p = .680; Table 4 ). Results were the same when calculated separately for child sex, apart from no significant AEA level difference T1–T2 for female children ( p = .065; supplementary materials). Table 4 Pairwise comparisons of hair EC/ERC levels with Sidak correction for mothers, fathers, and children AEA a b 1-AG/2-AG c SEA c PEA c OEA c M DIFF p M DIFF p M DIFF p M DIFF p M DIFF p Mothers T1–T2 − .09 .003 d .00 1.00 .04 .474 .01 1.00 .03 .958 T1–T3 − .08 .115 − .08 .017 .02 .986 .10 .032 .11 .104 T1–T4 − .12 .022 − .09 .098 .02 .996 .10 .282 .09 .618 T2–T3 .01 .999 − .08 .005 − .02 .983 .09 .038 .08 .382 T2–T4 − .03 .956 e − .09 .043 − .02 .997 .09 .295 .06 .886 T3–T4 − .04 .601 e .01 1.00 − .00 1.00 − .00 1.00 − .02 1.00 Fathers T1–T2 − .02 .995 .01 .989 .03 .875 .03 .777 .05 .440 T1–T3 .00 1.00 .03 .937 .04 .717 .08 .085 .06 .559 T1–T4 − .01 1.00 .05 .728 .04 .886 .09 .114 .06 .845 T2–T3 .02 .997 .01 .999 .01 .996 .05 .467 .01 1.00 T2–T4 .01 1.00 .03 .905 .01 .999 .06 .420 .00 1.00 T3–T4 − .01 1.00 .02 .934 .00 1.00 .01 .993 − .00 1.00 Children T1–T2 .11 < .001 − .29 < .001 − .47 < .001 − .57 < .001 − .60 < .001 T1–T3 .51 < .001 .21 < .001 − .63 < .001 − .63 < .001 − .81 < .001 T1–T4 .43 < .001 .18 < .001 − .64 < .001 − .61 < .001 − .82 < .001 T2–T3 .40 < .001 .50 < .001 − .16 < .001 − .06 .071 − .21 < .001 T2–T4 .32 < .001 .48 < .001 − .17 < .001 − .04 .680 − .22 < .001 T3–T4 − .07 .082 − .03 .747 − .01 .977 .02 .641 − .00 1.000 Note . M DIFF = Mean difference. Numbers in bold = p < .05. a mothers n = 331, fathers n = 225, children n = 315. b calculated when excluding non-detectable values. c mothers: n = 336, fathers n = 225, children n = 318. d This comparison was not significant when including non-detectable values. e This comparison was significant when including non-detectable values. 3.3 Parent-child associations in hair ECs/ERCs across the perinatal period Within mother-child and father-child dyads, all ECs and ERCs showed statistically significant small-to-medium positive correlations at almost all measurement points, apart from 1-AG/2-AG at T4 in mother-child dyads and AEA and OEA at T1 in father-child dyads (Table 5 ). The strength of correlations was highest at T4 for mother-child dyads (except for 1-AG/2-AG), whereas for father-child dyads this was the case at T3. Within couples, ECs/ERCs again were statistically significantly positively correlated at all measurement occasions (with the exception of AEA and OEA at T1 and T4) in the small to medium range. Strength of inter-parental associations seemed to increase from T1, reaching a peak at T3 and lower values at T4. Table 5 Parent-child associations of hair endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines. T1 T2 T3 T4 r r r r Mother-Child a AEA .21 * .34 *** .21 ** .39 *** 2-AG/1-AG .40 *** .40 *** .23 ** .04 SEA .27 *** .22 ** .25 ** .27 ** PEA .18 * .17 * .21 ** .33 ** OEA .19 * .18 * .18 * .38 *** Father-Child b AEA .02 .20 * .33 *** .20 * 2-AG/1-AG .40 *** .39 *** .50 *** .24 * SEA .33 ** .33 *** .44 *** .35 *** PEA .26 * .40 *** .42 *** .44 *** OEA .21 .39 *** .41 *** .35 *** Mother-Father c AEA .13 .24 * .39 *** .19 2-AG/1-AG .52 *** .44 *** .53 *** .32 ** SEA .28 ** .29 ** .36 *** .27 * PEA .24 ** .28 ** .38 *** .25 * OEA .17 .27 ** .38 *** .23 Notes . * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001, FDR-corrected p -values. r = Pearson correlation coefficient. a T1 n = 183; T2 n = 214–215; T3 n = 212; T4 n = 153. b T1 n = 117; T2 n = 141–142; T3 n = 154; T4 n = 146. c T1 n = 167; T2 n = 160; T3 n = 153; T4 n = 98. 4 Discussion This prospective investigation examined whether a core assumption of hair EC/ERC analysis, namely that hair EC/ERC concentrations are largely stable within an individual, also holds true in the perinatal period in mothers, fathers, and their children and also when experiencing the major life event of pregnancy and childbirth in mothers and fathers. As a secondary aim, we investigated how hair ECs/ERCs are associated within the family unit across the first two years after birth. Descriptive classification of hair EC/ERC levels across the perinatal period In general, the physiological range of hair ECs/ERCs varied widely in both adults and children, consistent with prior research on ECs/ERCs in serum 65 and hair 33 , 43 . Regarding mothers, hair AEA concentrations were higher than in women within 43 and outside the perinatal period 29 , 33 . In contrast, 1-AG/2-AG levels were lower at T1, and increased at T4 to a level comparable to women outside the perinatal period 33 . ERC levels at T1 and T3 were comparable to previous research with postpartum mothers 43 , 48 and were higher than in women outside the perinatal period 33 , but decreased to comparable levels by T4. Fathers’ hair AEA and 1-AG/2-AG across all time points were higher than reported outside the perinatal period 9 , whereas hair ERC concentrations were elevated at T1, but decreased to levels similar to outside the perinatal period by T4 9 . Regarding children, concentrations can be compared with Hitzler et al. 43 , who assessed hair ECs/ERCs in mothers and children shortly after birth and at one year postpartum. Shortly after birth, hair 1-AG/2-AG and SEA levels were lower and hair PEA and OEA higher compared to Hitzler et al. 43 , whereas all hair ECs/ERCs were higher in this study at 14 months after birth compared to their levels at twelve months. Overall, comparison of hair EC/ERC levels between studies is hampered by differences in hair segment length being analyzed, variations due to continuously evolving laboratory techniques, and different hair sample storage times. Stability of parental hair ECs/ERCs across the perinatal period Regarding the stability of hair ECs/ERCs of mothers and fathers across the perinatal period (T1 – T4), consistent with our hypothesis, this study found fair-to-good multiple-test consistency regarding all ECs/ERCs on the mean measure, but poor multiple-test consistency on the single measure. Our finding suggests that between 41% and 73% (when taking the average of several hair samples) and between 15% and 40% (when using a single hair sample) of the variance in hair ECs/ERCs across the perinatal period in mothers and fathers may be attributed to between-person differences, i.e., individual traits. It should be noted that multiple-test consistency was lowest for AEA in the present study and that consistency of hair ECs/ERCs was overall lower compared to Gao et al.’s 33 investigation of 100 women, which may be attributable to unique stressors and changes during the perinatal period. Regarding the effect of the major life event of pregnancy and childbirth on stability of parental hair ECs/ERCs, findings showed that while mean multiple-test consistency was higher, the single measure was slightly lower when including pregnancy and childbirth for both mothers and fathers. This finding indicates that hair ECs/ERCs continue to show stability also in the presence of a major life event and can represent trait-like biomarkers for parents in this time. It should be noted that higher estimates of multiple test-consistency when using measures from all four time points may be due to the higher numbers of included measurements, compared to estimates based on T3 and T4 only. Thus, comparisons of the single measure are more meaningful, suggesting that consistency of a single hair sample taken in the later postpartum period may reflect slightly more trait components than when taken at any time in the perinatal period. Future studies would benefit from investigating other major life events (e.g., graduation, relocation) to corroborate our finding. Furthermore, results indicated consistently weak to moderate test-retest relative stability for SEA, PEA, and OEA for mothers and PEA and OEA for fathers. Regarding AEA and 1-AG/2-AG, test-retest stability was present for T1 to T2 for both parents, but less consistently at later time-points. As the time between T1 and T2 (about 3 months) was shorter than between assessments from T2 onwards (10 to 24 months), this could explain why associations were particularly strong from T1 to T2 for all hair ECs/ERCs and may indicate that for mothers and fathers AEA and 1-AG/2-AG show short-term stability but may vary more across time compared to ERCs. Our findings align with Hitzler et al. 43 , who also reported significant associations between maternal hair ERCs assessed shortly after birth and 12 months after birth, but found no significant relations regarding AEA and 1-AG/2-AG. However, Gao et al. 33 demonstrated moderate-to-high associations across six six-month intervals for all hair ECs/ERCs, suggesting that time period between assessments and the unique circumstances of the perinatal period may influence the strength of associations. Finally, results showed that across the perinatal period SEA and OEA in mothers and all hair ECs/ERCs in fathers demonstrated absolute stability. This suggests that hair EC/ERC concentrations averaged across all fathers in this study did not change significantly across the perinatal period, while this was not the case for mothers. Given that pregnancy, childbirth, and the early postpartum period entail major physiological changes in mothers 35 , including changes to the ECS and HPA axis 36 , 66 , it fits that mean levels AEA, 1-AG/2-AG, and PEA were less stable for mothers than fathers. Specifically, maternal hair AEA during the third pregnancy trimester was significantly lower than at 8 weeks and at two years after birth, partly aligning with findings by Kumbholz et al. 36 who also found an increase from third trimester to nine weeks after birth. 1-AG/2-AG during pregnancy and 8 weeks after birth was significantly lower than at 14 months, consistent with prior research finding maternal 1-AG/2-AG increases from pregnancy to 12 months after birth 43 . Finally, PEA levels were higher during pregnancy and eight weeks after birth than at 14 months, which was descriptively also the case in Hitzler et al. 43 , albeit not significant. Results indicate that regulation of the maternal ECS may change during pregnancy and postpartum, with potential implications for glucocorticoid regulation and immune system functioning in this time. Both AEA and 1-AG/2-AG have been characterized as HPA axis regulators 67 , with AEA correlating negatively with cortisol 29 , 30 , 36 , and PEA has been attributed anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and neuroprotective properties 68 . Thus, changes in these ECs/ERCs may reflect adaptive responses to regain homeostasis in the context of cortisol increases over pregnancy 69 and an inflammation-immunosuppression-inflammation phenotype during pregnancy 70 . It remains for future research to disentangle the exact timeline of EC/ERC secretion patterns across the perinatal period to understand their contribution and interplay. Stability of child hair ECs/ERCs across the perinatal period Results further demonstrated poor multiple-test consistency for child hair ECs/ERCs taken shortly after birth up to two years of age, indicating a low trait component in this time, and no absolute stability. Furthermore, findings indicated that while all hair ECs/ERCs of children were significantly positively correlated in the early postpartum period (T1–T2), relative stability was subsequently only consistently present from 14 to 24 months after birth for 1-AG/2-AG, SEA, and PEA. This pattern could indicate that the first two years of life represent a particularly sensitive and dynamic developmental period for the ECS 71 during which marked ECS changes occur. This is further underscored by negative associations of child hair ECs/ERCs at T1 or T2 with those at T3 or T4, suggesting that higher levels in infancy may be associated with reduced levels in toddlerhood and vice versa. Our findings of low stability for children align with the only other study assessing EC/ERC levels in child hair in the perinatal period up to one year after birth 43 and low intra-individual stability in salivary cortisol measured in 5 to 8 month old infants 72 . Similar to Hitzler et al. 43 , children’s hair 1-AG/2-AG and AEA levels decreased from shortly after birth to 14 months. However, in our study 1-AG/2-AG concentrations increased markedly in hair samples taken 8 weeks after birth, reflecting the early postnatal period. This aligns with animal research showing a peak in 2-AG levels in the rat brain during early postnatal development and subsequent decreases 73 , 74 . It has been suggested that elevated 2-AG during early development may function to induce suckling behavior and support (neuro)development and growth 75 . Decreases in hair AEA contrasts rat studies showing that AEA levels in the brain increase from birth into adulthood 73 , 76 . Furthermore, research suggests that in neonates and infants there is a greater relative expression of AEA degrading (i.e., FAAH) compared to synthesizing (i.e., NAPE-PLD) enzymes in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which reduces with increasing age and switches around toddlerhood in favor of AEA synthesizing enzymes 71 . These findings are consistent with observed increases in AEA and 1-AG/2-AG from T3 to T4. Our findings should be interpreted considering we measured peripheral EC/ERC levels and the ECS is widespread throughout the body, thereby hampering comparability to region-specific findings 9 . Regarding child ERCs, findings align with Hitzler et al. 43 showing increased hair ERC levels at 14 months after birth compared to T1 shortly after birth, where ERC levels were markedly below parental levels. These ERC patterns align with findings regarding AEA outlined above, which is biologically similar to ERCs, showing that in rats, AEA increases across infancy 73 and adolescence 77 . Importantly, sensitivity analyses by child sex indicated no major differences between male and female children regarding hair EC/ERC trajectories up to 24 months after birth, contrasting research indicating sex-divergent ECS functioning due to crosstalk with sex steroid hormones 41 , 78 . Finally, results showed no significant differences between 14 and 24 months of age in any hair EC/ERC levels in children, possibly indicating that the ECS may be more stable in this developmental period. However, further research investigating children’s hair EC/ERC levels across childhood and adolescence is needed to better understand developmental trajectories. This is particularly relevant when considering research showing that the ECS becomes functionally active already during early developmental stages in humans and rodents and its expression patterns in the brain implicates a role also in neurodevelopment 41 . Inter-family associations of hair ECs/ERCs Findings indicated that maternal, paternal, and child hair ECs/ERCs were significantly positively cross-sectionally associated with one another across the perinatal period. While these findings contradict previous research in a comparably small sample on ECs/ERCs 43,48 , they are in line with HCC research, where positive associations between all family members at child age 6 years were found 53 as well as positive maternal-child associations reported at various child ages (9–12 months 50 ; 2 years 79 ; 4–5 years 80 ; 5–14 years 51 ; 7–14 years 49 ; 14 years 81 ; but see 45 , 52 for no associations at 9–12 months and shortly after birth, respectively). The observed synchrony may be explained by an interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Associations in the mother-child dyad at T1 may partly reflect intrauterine interactions of maternal and child ECS via the fetoplacental unit 82 . Research indicates that endocannabinoid receptors (CB1, CB2) and synthesizing and degrading enzymes (DAGL, FAAH) are expressed in the placenta and that the placenta regulates local endocannabinoid tonus, with implications for correct placental functioning and labor 41 , 66 , 82 . Yet, our finding that positive associations persist beyond the intrauterine period and are present also in father-child dyads, even at T1, suggest additional mechanisms. The finding of hair EC/ERC mother-child and father-child synchrony implicates the ECS as a heritable familial trait. This is supported by recent twin-study research suggesting heritability in endocannabinoid signaling 83 and showing that in 138 twins (45 monozygotic; 24 dizygotic) serum endocannabinoid ligands had a certain degree of heritability (AEA 46%; OEA 35%; PEA 39%; SEA 34%), but were also markedly influenced by the environment 84 . A role for environmental factors also seems particularly plausible considering we found significant maternal-paternal associations. While positive assortative mating, a preference for individuals similar to oneself, could partly explain these findings 85 , environmental factors including various psychological and lifestyle factors shared or similar within the family context also seem plausible. For instance, nutrition and food intake, stress exposure, sleeping pattern, or physical activity level have all been linked to the ECS 41 , 86 – 88 and could contribute to ECS synchrony. Furthermore, considering transfer of maternal EC lipids, particularly 2-AG, to the child via breast milk has been suggested 24 , 89 , maternal-child synchrony in the postpartum period could partly be attributable to breastfeeding practices. However, the fact that we found paternal-child associations of similar or greater strength in the postpartum period suggests that genetics and other shared environmental influences are equally important. Considering this study covered the first 24 months after birth, contact intensity and frequency likely declines with time hereafter and future research should examine trajectories of inter-family synchrony in hair ECs/ERCs as the child ages to see whether a decline in synchrony can be detected similar to findings with HCC 51 . Taken together, our results suggest inter-family synchrony in hair ECs/ERCs across the perinatal period, however more research is needed to tease apart genetic and environmental contributions. Strengths and Limitations Key strengths include the prospective design, our large sample size, our focus specifically on the perinatal period, and including all family members. However, limitations exist. Firstly, the operationalization of pregnancy and childbirth as a major life event was done post-hoc and not during the design stage of the study. Moreover, as the present investigation is longitudinal, batch effects present a complication 91 that may also affect biomarker concentrations in hair samples 8 , which we statistically controlled for in this study. Furthermore, it remains to be determined what peripheral EC/ERC levels measured in hair samples exactly reflect in terms of ECS functioning, as a first investigation found no significant link with blood and urine EC/ERC levels 92 . Finally, it should be noted that the present sample involved a community with above-average health and education status 54 . Hence, investigations in more heterogeneous samples are needed to evaluate generalizability of findings. Conclusions Overall, the present investigation revealed that parental hair ECs/ERCs represent some trait-like stability across the perinatal period, even in the presence of a major life event (i.e., pregnancy and childbirth), but that absolute stability is consistently present only in fathers in this time. Our findings also suggest hair ECs/ERCs are not stable across time within children in the first two years of life, indicating a developmental window. These discoveries provide important insights into the analysis of hair ECs/ERCs, indicating that this method could be well-suited for research applications seeking to obtain stable estimates of EC/ERC secretion in adults. Finally, this study highlights for the first time the family as a unit that may exert significant effects on ECS functioning in the period from late pregnancy to two years after birth, thus highlighting the need for future research to further examine how this relates to parental psychological and child developmental outcomes. Declarations Data availability statement The datasets analysed during the current study are not publicly available due legal and ethical constraints (i.e., public sharing of participant data was not included in the informed consent of the study) but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Funding details This work was supported by the German Research Foundation (“Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft”) under grant numbers GA 2287/4-1 and GA 2287/4-2. Disclosure statement The authors report there are no competing interests to declare. Acknowledgements We want to thank all (expectant) parents and their children for supporting our project. Furthermore, we want to thank all cooperating clinics and midwives for providing access to potential participants as well as all students who performed the recruitment. We also want to especially thank Professor Clemens Kirschbaum and his laboratory for their support. Data were collected and managed using Research Electronic Data Capture (Harris et al., 2009, 2019). REDCap is a secure, web-based application designed to support data capture for research studies, hosted at the “Koordinierungszentrum für Klinische Studien” at the Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität Dresden, Germany. Author Contributions LB: Conceptualisation, Investigation, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft, Writing – Review & Editing, Visualisation. SS-S: Conceptualisation, Resources, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing, Project administration. MK: Investigation, Data Curation, Writing – Review & Editing. IJ: Investigation, Data Curation, Writing – Review & Editing. 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The association between maternal symptoms of depression and hair glucocorticoids in infants across the perinatal period. Psychoneuroendocrinology 147 , 105952 (2023). Dauegaard, S., Olsen, N. J., Heitmann, B. L. & Larsen, S. C. Familial associations in hair cortisol concentration: A cross-sectional analysis based on the Healthy Start study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 121 , 104836 (2020). Kress, V. et al. The Impact of Parental Role Distributions, Work Participation, and Stress Factors on Family Health-Related Outcomes: Study Protocol of the Prospective Multi-Method Cohort “Dresden Study on Parenting, Work, and Mental Health” (DREAM). Front. Psychol. 10 , 1273 (2019). Vogeser, M. & Schelling, G. Pitfalls in measuring the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in biological samples. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 45 , (2007). Steudte-Schmiedgen, S. et al. Hair cortisol concentrations and cortisol stress reactivity in generalized anxiety disorder, major depression and their comorbidity. J. 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A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. J. Chiropr. Med. 15 , 155–163 (2016). Bartlett, M. S. Properties of sufficiency and statistical tests. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. - Math. Phys. Sci. 160 , 268–282 (1937). Felton, S. J. et al. Serum endocannabinoids and N-acyl ethanolamines and the influence of simulated solar UVR exposure in humans in vivo. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 16 , 564–574 (2017). Kozakiewicz, M. L., Grotegut, C. A. & Howlett, A. C. Endocannabinoid System in Pregnancy Maintenance and Labor: A Mini-Review. Front. Endocrinol. 12 , 699951 (2021). deRoon-Cassini, T. A., Stollenwerk, T. M., Beatka, M. & Hillard, C. J. Meet Your Stress Management Professionals: The Endocannabinoids. Trends Mol. Med. 26 , 953–968 (2020). Mock, E. D., Gagestein, B. & van der Stelt, M. Anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines: A class of signaling lipids with therapeutic opportunities. Prog. Lipid Res. 89 , 101194 (2023). Howland, M. A., Sandman, C. A. & Glynn, L. M. Developmental origins of the human hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Expert Rev. Endocrinol. Metab. 12 , 321–339 (2017). True, H., Blanton, M., Sureshchandra, S. & Messaoudi, I. Monocytes and macrophages in pregnancy: The good, the bad, and the ugly*. Immunol. Rev. 308 , 77–92 (2022). Long, L. E., Lind, J., Webster, M. & Weickert, C. S. Developmental trajectory of the endocannabinoid system in human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. BMC Neurosci. 13 , 87 (2012). De Weerth, C. & Van Geert, P. A longitudinal study of basal cortisol in infants: Intra-individual variability, circadian rhythm and developmental trends. Infant Behav. Dev. 25 , 375–398 (2002). Berrendero, F., Sepe, N., Ramos, J. A., Di Marzo, V. & Fern�ndez-Ruiz, J. J. Analysis of cannabinoid receptor binding and mRNA expression and endogenous cannabinoid contents in the developing rat brain during late gestation and early postnatal period. Synapse 33 , 181–191 (1999). Fride, E. et al. The endocannabinoid system during development: emphasis on perinatal events and delayed effects. Vitam. Horm. 81 , 139–158 (2009). Fride, E. et al. Critical role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in mouse pup suckling and growth. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 419 , 207–214 (2001). Bukiya, A. N. Physiology of the Endocannabinoid System During Development. in Recent Advances in Cannabinoid Physiology and Pathology (ed. Bukiya, A. N.) vol. 1162 13–37 (Springer International Publishing, 2019). Ellgren, M. et al. Dynamic changes of the endogenous cannabinoid and opioid mesocorticolimbic systems during adolescence: THC effects. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 18 , 826–834 (2008). Viveros, M. et al. The endocannabinoid system in critical neurodevelopmental periods: sex differences and neuropsychiatric implications. J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxf.) 26 , 164–176 (2012). Bryson, H. E., Mensah, F., Goldfeld, S., Price, A. M. H. & Giallo, R. Hair cortisol in mother-child dyads: examining the roles of maternal parenting and stress in the context of early childhood adversity. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 30 , 563–577 (2021). Schloß, S. et al. Hair cortisol concentration in mothers and their children: roles of maternal sensitivity and child symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Neural Transm. 126 , 1135–1144 (2019). Olstad, D. L. et al. Hair cortisol levels, perceived stress and body mass index in women and children living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods: the READI study. Stress 19 , 158–167 (2016). Keimpema, E., Calvigioni, D. & Harkany, T. Endocannabinoid signals in the developmental programming of delayed-onset neuropsychiatric and metabolic illnesses. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 41 , 1569–1576 (2013). Koethe, D. et al. Familial abnormalities of endocannabinoid signaling in schizophrenia. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 20 , 117–125 (2019). Bermingham, K. M. et al. Genetic and environmental influences on serum oxylipins, endocannabinoids, bile acids and steroids. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 173 , 102338 (2021). Robinson, M. R. et al. Genetic evidence of assortative mating in humans. Nat. Hum. Behav. 1 , 0016 (2017). Jurado-Fasoli, L. et al. Acute and long-term exercise differently modulate plasma levels of oxylipins, endocannabinoids, and their analogues in young sedentary adults: A sub-study and secondary analyses from the ACTIBATE randomized controlled-trial. eBioMedicine 85 , 104313 (2022). Kesner, A. J. & Lovinger, D. M. Cannabinoids, Endocannabinoids and Sleep. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 13 , 125 (2020). Morena, M., Patel, S., Bains, J. S. & Hill, M. N. Neurobiological Interactions Between Stress and the Endocannabinoid System. Neuropsychopharmacology 41 , 80–102 (2016). Fride, E. et al. Chapter 6 The Endocannabinoid System During Development: Emphasis on Perinatal Events and Delayed Effects. in Vitamins & Hormones vol. 81 139–158 (Elsevier, 2009). Severo, M., Ventriglio, A., Bellomo, A., Iuso, S. & Petito, A. Maternal perinatal depression and child neurocognitive development: A relationship still to be clarified. Front. Psychiatry 14 , 1151897 (2023). Leek, J. T. et al. Tackling the widespread and critical impact of batch effects in high-throughput data. Nat. Rev. Genet. 11 , 733–739 (2010). Barba, S. V., Kirschbaum, C. & Gao, W. Endocannabinoid and Perceived Stress: Association Analysis of Endocannabinoid Levels in Hair Versus Levels in Plasma and Urine. Biol. Psychol. 108541 (2023) doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108541. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3787391","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":264296856,"identity":"e47b610d-d479-4a6a-ac6f-25e7e8756ac9","order_by":0,"name":"Luisa Bergunde","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Technische Universität Dresden","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Luisa","middleName":"","lastName":"Bergunde","suffix":""},{"id":264296858,"identity":"6501814a-9def-4786-9c71-79498659b37c","order_by":1,"name":"Susann Steudte-Schmiedgen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Technische Universität Dresden","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Susann","middleName":"","lastName":"Steudte-Schmiedgen","suffix":""},{"id":264296859,"identity":"2a5c3c09-ef1a-4d79-82c8-f53b9cd8ddb0","order_by":2,"name":"Marlene Karl","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Technische Universität Dresden","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marlene","middleName":"","lastName":"Karl","suffix":""},{"id":264296860,"identity":"51b5b8a8-ba13-4288-bf17-6c024a5b19dc","order_by":3,"name":"Isabel Jaramillo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Technische Universität Dresden","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Isabel","middleName":"","lastName":"Jaramillo","suffix":""},{"id":264296861,"identity":"34981a6d-ebba-4014-ad5b-5167f08ffe18","order_by":4,"name":"Wei Gao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nanjing Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wei","middleName":"","lastName":"Gao","suffix":""},{"id":264296862,"identity":"b3d0da37-2a52-4c4d-be15-5b51a1da6605","order_by":5,"name":"Tilmann von Soest","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Oslo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tilmann","middleName":"","lastName":"von Soest","suffix":""},{"id":264296863,"identity":"cd6ac6eb-583f-452b-8560-9fc1f1d8fc94","order_by":6,"name":"Susan Garthus-Niegel","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Technische Universität Dresden","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Susan","middleName":"","lastName":"Garthus-Niegel","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-12-21 14:14:23","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3787391/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3787391/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49383599,"identity":"72da78ca-2f87-46ff-857d-e4ee50b46733","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-09 19:44:06","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":103016,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAssessment waves of the DREAM Study (prolongation into middle childhood planned) and its endocrine sub-study DREAM\u003csub\u003eHAIR\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote. \u003c/em\u003eBoxed assessments are relevant to this investigation. This study used hair samples and DREAM\u003csub\u003eHAIR\u003c/sub\u003e questionnaires for the measurement points T1 (during pregnancy or shortly after birth; mothers: \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = 21.47 days before birth, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = 10.80; fathers: \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = 18.64 days before birth, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = 11.15; children: \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = 9.82 days after birth, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = 5.63), T2 (eight weeks after the anticipated birth date; mothers: \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = 8.43 weeks after birth, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = 1.38; fathers: \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = 8.37 weeks after birth, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = 1.34; children: \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = 8.48 weeks after birth, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = 0.81), T3 (14 months postpartum; mothers:\u003cem\u003e M\u003c/em\u003e = 13.89 months after birth, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = 0.64; fathers: \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = 13.88 months after birth, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = 0.64; children:\u003cem\u003e M\u003c/em\u003e = 13.88 months after birth, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = 0.57), and T4 (24 months postpartum; mothers: \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = 23.94 months after birth, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = 0.64; fathers: \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = 23.96 months after birth, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = 0.62; children: \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = 23.90 months after birth, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = 0.62).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3787391/v1/55833de3ed397ecb19f26688.jpg"},{"id":49383600,"identity":"575fba53-fcf7-408b-be6f-c5b9f9013c52","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-09 19:44:06","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":152907,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlowchart of Retention Rate and Exclusion Criteria Resulting in Final Sample.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u003c/em\u003e Data until end of February 2023 (version 10 of the quality-assured data files, prospective data collection ongoing). Basic inclusion criteria for the DREAM study were currently expecting a child, residing in Dresden (Germany), and adequate German language skills. DREAM\u003csub\u003eHAIR\u003c/sub\u003e-specific inclusion criteria were no hair loss or baldness, a minimal hair length of 2 cm, no use of glucocorticoid containing medication in the last three months, and no serious disease in the last five years (e.g., cancer). For individual timepoints, mothers’, fathers’, and children’s hair samples were excluded if: they did not provide hair samples, analysis of sample was not possible, T4 was not due yet, hair mass \u0026lt; 5 mg (relevant for children only at T3 and T4), hair length \u0026lt; 2 cm (not applicable to children at T1 and T2 due to infant hair length frequently being lower at this time) or \u0026gt; 2 cm (relevant for mothers, fathers, and children only at T1 and T2 due to these time points being known for time-sensitive physiological changes), hair samples were provided too late, or they were pregnant or recently pregnant (relevant only for mothers at T3 and T4).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3787391/v1/eb3599ba660a0cb8a005c6d7.jpg"},{"id":49383598,"identity":"27faa19c-45c1-4bc9-8318-441fa84f1b86","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-09 19:44:06","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":92187,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCourse of adjusted average raw hair endocannabinoid (AEA, 1-AG/2-AG) and endocannabinoid-related compound (SEA, PEA, OEA) levels from T1 to T4 for mothers, fathers, and children with standard error bars\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote. \u003c/em\u003eEstimated marginal means holding all other covariates (batch, storage time, extraordinary burden) at their mean, and standard error bars. AEA results are based on analyses excluding non-detectable values. (a) AEA; (b) 1-AG/2-AG; (c) SEA; (d) PEA; (e) OEA.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3787391/v1/2dda60a51d7571eb5e4e5a27.jpg"},{"id":49385954,"identity":"4b9bf78c-c97d-4ad5-9105-d74d1664c10f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-09 19:52:07","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":783316,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3787391/v1/97319fd6-8689-4841-acc7-5ed8ae6a5a24.pdf"},{"id":49383597,"identity":"a9bb6463-dd2b-46af-aa1f-f3677f457ef1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-09 19:44:06","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":26741,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementsfinal.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3787391/v1/97c7293a5728a72fac3f05a3.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Stability and inter-family associations of hair endocannabinoid and N-acyl-ethanolamines across the perinatal period in mothers, fathers, and children","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe analysis and quantification of hormones and ligands in hair has emerged as an important methodological addition to the psychoneuroendocrine research toolbox\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In particular, hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) represent the most established hair-based marker to date, showing utility for clinical diagnostics, therapy monitoring, and mental health and stress research\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. It is assumed that hormones and ligands are incorporated in growing hair and consequently hair concentrations retrospectively reflect cumulated secretion of the respective hormone or ligand over several months\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. An implicit assumption underlying hair analysis is that in the absence of major life events, hair concentrations remain largely stable within an individual\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. HCC have been intensively investigated and validated, with studies documenting a considerable degree of intraindividual stability of HCC in community samples\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and postpartum in mothers and infants\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, but not in expectant mothers across pregnancy\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Taken together, findings underscore HCC as a useful trait estimate of long-term cortisol secretion and a key variable in chronic stress studies. However, evidence for other hair-based biomarkers remains limited in this respect.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis is particularly relevant for the ligands of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), the endocannabinoids (ECs), which have recently been quantified in human hair\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The ECS is a neuromodulatory system which regulates multiple physiological functions in the body ranging from the central nervous system to the reproductive system\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Amongst these, the ECS has been shown to interact with the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, assuming an important regulatory function under basal and stressful conditions\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. ECs are lipid signalling molecules synthesized mainly on demand that act primarily as retrograde messengers via presynaptic cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The main ECs and best studied in terms of their biologic functions are anandamide (AEA\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e), while additional endocannabinoid-related compounds (ERCs) exist, among others stearoylethanolamide (SEA), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and oleoylethanolamide (OEA), that exert their respective biological activities through different receptors\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement of ECs/ERCs to assess EC signalling in humans represents an important step to better understand and examine ECs/ERCs in health and disease\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Most frequently, ECs/ERCs have been measured in the circulation via blood plasma and serum\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR20\" citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and less frequently in other specimens such as saliva\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, urine\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, or breast milk\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These measurements represent EC/ERC levels acutely (e.g., blood, saliva) or cumulated over a short time period (e.g., urine) and may be influenced by situational factors, such as food intake, time of day, sleep, and activity level, thereby hampering their usefulness to assess overall state of EC/ERC signalling\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this regard, the recent development of quantifying ECs/ERCs in human hair may hold important advantages as it has been suggested to provide a retrospective picture of long-term peripheral EC/ERC levels over several months in addition to its non-invasive and stress-free sampling process\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Similar to HCC, the most common hypothesis for incorporation of ECs/ERCs in hair is based on the multi-compartment model\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Incorporation is suggested to occur mainly 1) during hair shaft formation via diffusion from blood circulation, 2) after formation via sweat and sebum glands or from surrounding tissues, and also 3) after hair has emerged from the skin via the external environment\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Basic lipophilic compounds, such as AEA and ERCs, are assumed to mainly be incorporated into hair via the bloodstream, whereas 2-AG, with its neutral chemical structure, is likely incorporated via sweat and sebum\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral studies have employed hair analyses of ECs/ERCs to examine their role in the pathophysiology of (stress-related) mental disorders, such as depression\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, (childbirth-related) posttraumatic stress disorder\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, anorexia nervosa\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, anxiety, and burnout\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In these studies, hair ECs/ERCs were employed to assess ECS activity over an extended time up to 3 months, implicitly assuming that in the absence of major life events hair EC/ERC concentrations are somewhat stable within an individual, i.e., partly reflect a trait factor. However, this assumption has been insufficiently validated to date. Only one study systematically examined this for hair ECs/ERCs, finding high intra-individual stability of hair ECs/ERCs in a community sample of 100 female adults assessed across 2.5 years\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These initial results suggest ECs/ERCs measured in hair may represent trait-like biomarkers that remain largely stable across time. However, this study is not generalizable to males or children and did not actively control for major life events during the 2.5-year study period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHence it remains to be tested whether hair ECs/ERCs show intraindividual stability and represent trait-like biomarkers also in the presence of a major life event. One possibility to examine this is to look at how the experience of a particular major life event, such as pregnancy and childbirth, affects intraindividual stability of hair ECs/ERCs in mothers and fathers. It should be considered that for (expectant) mothers, pregnancy and childbirth represent not only significant (potentially stressful) life experiences\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, but also go hand in hand with major physiological changes\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, including changes to endocannabinoid and cortisol signalling\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and HPA axis functioning\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Some physiological changes have also been observed in (expectant) fathers (e.g., decline in testosterone\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR39\" citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e). Furthermore, while evidence regarding a role for the ECS in child development is accumulating\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, only one study has investigated hair ECs/ERCs in children aged up to one year\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. They found no association between child hair ECs/ERCs in utero (i.e., assessed via hair taken shortly after birth) and at one year after birth, indicating low stability and further reported an increase in 1-AG/2-AG and a decrease in ERCs in this time. Regarding child HCC, the effect of age has been mixed\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, but studies did find that HCC correlated positively across time up to the age of 8 years\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These HCC findings indicate a stable component, consistent with findings of intraindividual stability of salivary cortisol in the first year of life\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Hence, investigating whether hair EC/ERCs also show stability, particularly from birth onwards, is warranted to stimulate developmental research and inform interpretation of findings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study therefore primarily aimed to investigate multiple-test consistency, relative stability, and absolute stability for maternal, paternal, and child hair ECs/ERCs across the perinatal period. Regarding parents, we examined these measures of stability when a major life event (i.e., pregnancy and childbirth) was included and when it was not (i.e., examining only the later postpartum period from 14 to 24 months postpartum) and expected for mothers that multiple test consistency and relative and absolute stability in hair ECs/ERCs would differ between these two conditions, as previous evidence suggests alterations in hair ECs/ERCs during pregnancy in (expectant) mothers\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Due to scarce research on paternal hair ECs/ERCs during the perinatal period, no specific predictions were formulated for fathers. We further expected parental hair EC/ERCs to show at least moderate multiple-test consistency and test-retest stability, but as findings regarding absolute stability have been inconsistent\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, no specific hypotheses were formulated. Furthermore, due to insufficient evidence amongst children\u0026rsquo;s hair ECs/ERCs, no specific hypotheses regarding their stability were posed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, only two studies have to date examined the relation between hair ECs/ERCs in children and maternal hair ECs/ERCs sampled shortly after birth\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and at one year postpartum\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, finding no consistent relationships between maternal and child hair ECs/ERCs. Findings regarding a more established biomarker in hair (i.e., HCC) indicate a positive relationship that attenuates with increasing age\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR50\" citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, but see\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e for no significant relationship. Consequently, we aimed at replicating previous findings and investigate how maternal and child hair EC/ERC concentrations relate to one another up to two years after birth. Furthermore, to expand on prior research we also examined relationships between children\u0026rsquo;s and fathers\u0026rsquo; and fathers\u0026rsquo; and mothers\u0026rsquo; hair EC/ERC concentrations as a positive relationship has been reported regarding HCC\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Study design and participants\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParticipants of this study took part in the Dresden Study on Parenting, Work, and Mental Health (DREAM) and its endocrine sub-study DREAM\u003csub\u003eHAIR\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, a large prospective cohort study approved by the ethics committee of the \u003cem\u003eTechnische Universit\u0026auml;t Dresden\u003c/em\u003e (EK 278062015). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. DREAM\u003csub\u003eHAIR\u003c/sub\u003e is a multi-method study investigating long-term biological determinants of perinatal stress and mental health-related outcomes in mothers, their partners, and their offspring across five measurement points from birth to 4.5 years postpartum (T1 DREAM\u003csub\u003eHAIR\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; T6 DREAM\u003csub\u003eHAIR\u003c/sub\u003e, see Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecruitment of expectant parents in the Dresden area began in June 2017 and ended in December 2020. T1 DREAM was completed during pregnancy and participants were recruited for DREAM\u003csub\u003eHAIR\u003c/sub\u003e via a telephone screening if they completed the T1 DREAM questionnaires at least four weeks prior to their anticipated birth date. Informed consent was obtained from all participants and for the children from their legal guardians. DREAM\u003csub\u003eHAIR\u003c/sub\u003e specific questionnaires and hair samples were taken 4\u0026plusmn;2 weeks before the anticipated birth date for T1, for T2 approximately eight weeks after the anticipated birth date, for T3 at 14 months after birth, and for T4 at 24 months after birth (see Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Hair samples of children were collected at the same time as parental samples, except for T1, which took place approximately 10 days after birth. The current investigation used data from T1 DREAM for sociodemographic information (i.e., age, academic degree, and parity) as well as T1 DREAM\u003csub\u003eHAIR\u003c/sub\u003e through T4 DREAM\u003csub\u003eHAIR\u003c/sub\u003e for hair samples of mothers (\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;336), fathers (\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;225), and children (\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;319) (see Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e for inclusion criteria).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Hair endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamines analyses\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHair strands (length \u0026ge; 2 cm; collective diameter 3 mm with exception of child hair samples at T1 and T2) were taken scalp-near from a posterior vertex position either by study employees at T1 or by participants themselves after having been provided with instructive materials (i.e., checklist, video link). Samples were stored at room temperature in aluminum foil in dry and dark surroundings until sent to the Kirschbaum laboratory at the Technische Universit\u0026auml;t Dresden in five batches. AEA, 1-AG/2-AG, SEA, PEA, and OEA were quantified in the scalp-near 2 cm segment following a validated protocol\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, assumed to reflect EC/ERC secretion of two months before hair sampling. As 2-AG isomerizes rapidly to 1-AG in biological matrices, a sum of the two was used, which is consistent with the fact that both isomers activate CB1 receptors\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Also, as analysis in different batches as well as storage time and stressful life circumstances have been shown to influence hair biomarkers\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, their effects were controlled for in absolute stability analyses (see 2.3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Statistical analyses\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnalyses were conducted using IBM\u0026reg; SPSS\u0026reg; version 29 and R version 4.2.2\u003csup\u003e57\u003c/sup\u003e. This study was preregistered (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://osf.io/tc276/?view_only=4e326d2c62144d1d8ef1873f9c50d548\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). Statistical significance was determined using a critical \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value of .05. Correlational analysis \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-values were FDR-corrected for multiple testing\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Due to their significantly positively skewed distribution, hair ECs/ERCs were log-transformed to reduce skewness. Apart from visualisations and descriptive statistics, all further analyses were conducted with log-transformed data. Extreme outliers in ECs and ECRs were defined as \u0026plusmn; 3 \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003es from the mean using log-transformed data. Extreme outliers were replaced with the highest and lowest measured value within \u0026plusmn; 3 \u003cem\u003eSDs\u003c/em\u003e at each time point for each sample respectively\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and non-detectable values, extremely low values below the detection limit\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, were replaced with the lowest measurable value for each EC/ERC at each measurement point divided by two\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (AEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5% \u0026ndash; 15.2%; PEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5%; OEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.9%).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis study examined stability, i.e., the extent to which measurements are similar within an individual and across time, via three indicators. First, multiple-test consistency was examined via the intraclass correlation coefficient (\u003cem\u003eICC\u003c/em\u003e) as an index reflecting how much of the variance in a variable (i.e., hair EC/ERC concentrations) is attributable to constant mean differences between individuals, such that a high \u003cem\u003eICC\u003c/em\u003e indicated high similarity between measurements of the same person, thereby reflecting consistency across multiple tests (\u003cem\u003eICC\u003c/em\u003e: \u0026lt; 0.4 poor, 0.4\u0026ndash;0.59 fair, 0.6\u0026ndash;0.74 good, \u0026gt; 0.75 excellent consistency\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e). The \u003cem\u003eICC\u003c/em\u003e was calculated in SPSS RELIABILITY using a two-way mixed-effects model assessing consistency both for a single measurement \u003cem\u003e(ICC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eSINGLE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e, i.e., reliability if a single hair sample was used, and for the mean value \u003cem\u003e(ICC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eMEAN\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e, i.e., reliability when the average of all four hair samples is used\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. We also report \u003cem\u003eICC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eSINGLE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e from a fixed linear time random intercept model from SPSS MIXED as this analysis can handle missing data using restricted maximum likelihood (REML\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e), to examine whether the ICC remained similar despite the increase in sample size. Secondly, test-retest stability was calculated as the Pearson correlation between hair EC/ERC measurements at two time points, reflecting relative stability across measurements (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.30 (weak), \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.3\u0026ndash;0.59 (moderate), \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;.59 (high) relative stability\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e). Finally, we assessed absolute stability, providing information as to whether the average hair endocannabinoid concentration across all participants changes significantly across time. A linear mixed model (LMM) with a fixed effect of time controlling for fixed effects of batch, storage time, and extraordinary burden for each of the five hair ECs and ERCs for mothers, fathers, and the children separately was conducted (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;.05 for time as a predictor indicating absolute stability\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e). See supplementary materials for descriptive statistics for batch and storage time. Post-hoc tests with Sidak correction were conducted. As assumptions (i.e., normality and homoscedasticity of residuals) of LMM for AEA were only met when excluding non-detectable values from the analyses, results for hair AEA are reported without imputed non-detectable values and if results differed this is mentioned (see supplementary materials for results with non-detectable values). For mothers and fathers, multiple-test consistency analyses were conducted using measurement for all four time points (T1\u0026ndash;T4) and were repeated to include only T3\u0026ndash;T4 to contrast stability levels with/without the major life event of pregnancy and childbirth. To explore the relationship between family members\u0026rsquo; hair ECs/ERCs across the perinatal period, Pearson correlations were estimated between child and parental hair concentrations at each measurement occasion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Descriptive statistics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows descriptive statistics for the three samples. Most mothers were primiparous and about 66% of mothers and fathers had an academic degree. Amongst the children, 53% were female and 47% male. Overall, the range of raw EC/ERC values was rather large, indicating a wide physiological range of EC/ERC concentrations in hair.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDemographic, hair-related, and raw hair EC/ERC concentrations of the study participants\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample of Mothers (\u003cem\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;336)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample of Fathers (\u003cem\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;225)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample of Children (\u003cem\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;319)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime points\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;299)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;288)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;261)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;175)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;189)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;188)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;188)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;165)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;207)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;252)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;257)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;241)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDemographic characteristics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcademic degree (\u003cem\u003en, %)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e222 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146 (66.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimiparous \u003cem\u003e(n, %)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e285 (84.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge in \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eyears, \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003eweeks, \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003emonths, \u003cem\u003eM (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.30\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e (3.93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.64\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e (5.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e (0.81)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.48\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e (1.40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.86\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e (0.57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.90\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e (0.62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedication intake (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e, %)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibiotics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (4.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (3.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (2.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (2.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (5.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlucocorticoid-containing medication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (2.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntidepressant medication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOral contraceptives\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (9.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (21.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHair endocannabinoids and N-acyl-ethanolamines\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAEA, \u003cem\u003eM (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.80)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.51 (2.52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.09 (2.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2.64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05 (0.96)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08 (1.21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56 (1.17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50 (1.86)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07 (2.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.71)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92 (0.66)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-AG/1-AG, \u003cem\u003eM (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(31.47)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.14 (32.84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.85 (46.56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.06 (46.36)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.56 (48.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.02 (44.71)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.64 (46.17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.08 (36.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131.93 (126.54)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e294.82 (362.45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.01 (62.85)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.03 (52.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEA, \u003cem\u003eM (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1052.93 (1036.48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1079.55 (1370.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e981.45 (1067.06)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e792.53 (797.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e880.51 (693.93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e843.11 (664.92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e760.59 (532.49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e601.00 (340.57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e305.40 (272.61)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e872.85 (775.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1054.87 (650.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e761.45 505.93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEA, \u003cem\u003eM (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3811.10 (4892.80)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3912.25 (5348.57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2567.28 (3034.85)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2279.98 (2701.83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2695.28 (2533.96)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2322.33 (1943.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1912.17 (1787.80)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1465.37 (905.57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e507.01 (529.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1666.02 (1819.07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1537.88 (1049.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1124.45 (700.52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOEA, \u003cem\u003eM (SD)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3233.87 (4866.80)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3543.21 (6200.86)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2242.16 (1145.52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2278.43 (3975.58)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2147.11 (2560.64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1738.90 (1844.36)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1560.20 (1776.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1291.93 (1030.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e399.42 (593.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1384.87 (2055.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1674.42 (1326.20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1347.11 (942.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e. \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e in years. \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e in weeks, \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e in months.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.2 Stability of hair ECs/ERCs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.1 Multiple-test consistency\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding mothers, multiple-test consistency (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) was good for ECRs and 1-AG/2-AG (\u003cem\u003eICC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eMEAN\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = .62 \u0026ndash; .73) and fair for AEA (\u003cem\u003eICC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eMEAN\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = .51) regarding the mean measure and poor to fair for all ECs/ERCs regarding the single measure (\u003cem\u003eICC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eSINGLE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = .21 \u0026ndash; .40) from T1 to T4 for mothers. When examining only the later postpartum period (T3\u0026ndash;T4), consistency of the mean measure was slightly lower compared to T1\u0026ndash;T4, but single measure consistency increased for all ECs/ERCs except AEA (\u003cem\u003eICC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eSINGLE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = .38 \u0026ndash; .43).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding fathers, multiple-test consistency was good for PEA and OEA (\u003cem\u003eICC\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.68 \u0026ndash; .69) and fair for AEA, 1-AG/2-AG, and SEA (\u003cem\u003eICC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eMEAN\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = .41 \u0026ndash; .59) in the mean measure and poor for all ECs/ERCs in the single measure (\u003cem\u003eICC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eSINGLE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = .15 \u0026ndash; .36) from T1 to T4. In the later postpartum period (T3\u0026ndash;T4), multiple-test consistency in the mean measure decreased for ECs and ERCs, but single measure consistency increased compared to T1\u0026ndash;T4 for all ECs/ERCs except AEA (\u003cem\u003eICC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eSINGLE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = .38 \u0026ndash; .46).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren showed poor multiple-test consistency from T1 to T4 for all ECs/ERCs in the mean (\u003cem\u003eICC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eMEAN\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = .09 \u0026ndash; .36) and single (\u003cem\u003eICC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eSINGLE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = .02 \u0026ndash; .12) measure. Overall, results remained largely consistent in linear mixed models (LMM), except for ICC of ERCs of children increasing noticeably in LMM.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMultiple test consistency of hair ECs/ERCs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle measure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean measure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom LMM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eICC\u003csub\u003eSINGLE\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eICC\u003csub\u003eMEAN\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eICC\u003csub\u003eSINGLE\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrom T1 to T4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;129)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;129)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;336)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.12, .30]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.36, .64]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-AG/1-AG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.20, .39]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.50, .72]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.26, .45]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.59, .77]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.29, .47]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.62, .78]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.31, .50]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.64, .80]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrom T3 to T4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;158)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;158)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;278)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.17, .14]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.41, .25]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-AG/1-AG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.27. .53]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.42, .69]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.29, .53]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.45, .71]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.28, .54]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.44, .70]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.23, .50]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.38, .67]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFathers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eICC\u003csub\u003eSINGLE\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eICC\u003csub\u003eMEAN\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eICC\u003csub\u003eSINGLE\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrom T1 to T4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;112)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;112)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;225)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.06, .25]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.21, .57]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-AG/1-AG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.17, .37]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.45, .70]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.17, .37]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.44, .70]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.25, .45]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.57, .77]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.26, .47]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.59, .78]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrom T3 to T4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(n\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;151)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(n\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;151)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(n\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;202)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.06, .25]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.13, .40]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-AG/1-AG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.24, .51]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.38, .68]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.29, .55]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.44, .71]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.32, .57]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.49, .73]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.32, .57]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.49, .73]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eICC\u003csub\u003eSINGLE\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eICC\u003csub\u003eMEAN\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eICC\u003csub\u003eSINGLE\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrom T1 to T4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(n\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;123)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(n\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;123)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(n\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;319)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.001, .16]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.01, .44]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-AG/1-AG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.03, .13]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.12, .38]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.04, .11]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.20, .33]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.01, .15]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.03, .42]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.04, .22]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[.15, .53]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u003c/em\u003e ICC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. ICC\u003csub\u003eSINGLE\u003c/sub\u003e = Single Measures Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. ICC\u003csub\u003eMEAN\u003c/sub\u003e = Mean Measures Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;95% Confidence Interval. LMM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Linear mixed model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2 Relative stability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor mothers, associations between hair EC/ERC levels across time points were strongest T1\u0026ndash;T2. Weak to moderate relative stability was found regarding maternal hair ERC assessments across all measurement occasions. Regarding AEA and 1-AG/2-AG, significant weak to moderate associations were present across most time points, except for associations at T1\u0026ndash;T4 and T2\u0026ndash;T4 and only regarding AEA for T3\u0026ndash;T4 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e for full results).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFathers showed moderate to high relative stability for T1\u0026ndash;T2 for hair ECs/ERCs. Regarding the ERCs PEA and OEA, weak to moderate relative stability was present across time points except for T2\u0026ndash;T4 for PEA. AEA showed no relative stability apart from T1\u0026ndash;T2 and 1-AG/2-AG and SEA lacked relative stability at T1\u0026ndash;T3, T1\u0026ndash;T4, T2\u0026ndash;T3, and T2\u0026ndash;T4 (only SEA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding children, weak to moderate relative stability of hair ECs/ERCs was present for all at T1\u0026ndash;T2 and for all except AEA and OEA at T3\u0026ndash;T4. Otherwise, children\u0026rsquo;s hair ECs/ERCs were inconsistently and sometimes negatively associated with one another across time (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTest-retest relative stability of hair endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related compounds for mothers, fathers, and children\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u0026ndash;T2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u0026ndash;T3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u0026ndash;T4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u0026ndash;T3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u0026ndash;T4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u0026ndash;T4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMothers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.44\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.21\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.24\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-AG/1-AG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.50\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.16\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.31\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.41\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.53\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.20\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.37\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.23\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.19\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.43\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.56\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.24\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.32\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.30\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.22\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.42\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.54\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.25\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.37\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.36\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.23\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.38\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;258)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;234)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;158)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;233)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;155)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;158)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFathers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.48\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-AG/1-AG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.59\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.23\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.39\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.63\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.43\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.61\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.24\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.32\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.26\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.47\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.62\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.18\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.27\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.31\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.25\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.46\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;155)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;160)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;137)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;164)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;143)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;151)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChildren\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.23\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.22\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-AG/1-AG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.41\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e 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colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.44\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.27\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.26\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.46\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.23\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.52\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;182)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;169)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;158)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;203)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;185)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;210)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05, \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01, \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, FDR-corrected \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-values. \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Pearson correlation coefficient.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.3 Absolute stability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRandom intercept LMM adjusting for batch, storage time, and extraordinary burden were conducted to test the effect of time on hair EC/ERCs (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn mothers, time (T1\u0026ndash;T4) was a significant predictor of maternal AEA (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e (3, 422.29)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.91, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.002), 1-AG/2-AG (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e (3, 477.72)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.33, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.005), and PEA (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e (3, 447.24)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.08, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.027), but not SEA and OEA (all \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;.121). Post-hoc tests showed significant differences between T1\u0026ndash;T2 (AEA), T1\u0026ndash;T3 (1-AG/2-AG, PEA), T1\u0026ndash;T4 (AEA), T2\u0026ndash;T3 (1-AG/2-AG, PEA) and T2\u0026ndash;T4 (1-AG/2-AG), with earlier assessments showing lower levels of the ECs and higher levels of PEA (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding fathers, time (T1\u0026ndash;T4) did not significantly predict hair EC/ERC levels (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026rsquo;s\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;.093; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e for pairwise comparisons).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding children, time (T1\u0026ndash;T4) was a significant predictor of all hair ECs/ERCs (AEA: \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e (3, 417.79)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;89.77, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001; 1-AG/2-AG: \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e (3, 479.05)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;97.53, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001; SEA: \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e (3, 509.27)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;185.90, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001; PEA: \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e (3, 529.53)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;129.71, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001; OEA: \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e (3, 495.29)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;127.25, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Post-hoc tests showed that hair EC/ERC levels differed significantly between all time points (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), except between T3 and T4 (all ECs/ERCs: \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;.086), between T2 and T3 (PEA: \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.071), and between T2 and T4 (PEA: \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.680; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Results were the same when calculated separately for child sex, apart from no significant AEA level difference T1\u0026ndash;T2 for female children (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.065; supplementary materials).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePairwise comparisons of hair EC/ERC levels with Sidak correction for mothers, fathers, and children\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAEA\u003csup\u003ea b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-AG/2-AG\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEA\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEA\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOEA\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eDIFF\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eDIFF\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eDIFF\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eDIFF\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eDIFF\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMothers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u0026ndash;T2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.09\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.474\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.958\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u0026ndash;T3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.08\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.017\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.986\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.032\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u0026ndash;T4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.022\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.996\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u0026ndash;T3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e 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colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u0026ndash;T2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.29\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.47\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.57\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u0026ndash;T3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.51\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.21\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.63\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.63\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.81\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u0026ndash;T4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.43\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.18\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.64\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.61\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.82\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u0026ndash;T3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.21\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u0026ndash;T4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.32\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.48\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.680\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u0026ndash;T4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.747\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.977\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.641\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eDIFF\u003c/sub\u003e = Mean difference. Numbers in bold\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05. \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e mothers \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;331, fathers \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;225, children \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;315. \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e calculated when excluding non-detectable values. \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e mothers: \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;336, fathers \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;225, children \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;318. \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e This comparison was not significant when including non-detectable values. \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e This comparison was significant when including non-detectable values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Parent-child associations in hair ECs/ERCs across the perinatal period\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin mother-child and father-child dyads, all ECs and ERCs showed statistically significant small-to-medium positive correlations at almost all measurement points, apart from 1-AG/2-AG at T4 in mother-child dyads and AEA and OEA at T1 in father-child dyads (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The strength of correlations was highest at T4 for mother-child dyads (except for 1-AG/2-AG), whereas for father-child dyads this was the case at T3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin couples, ECs/ERCs again were statistically significantly positively correlated at all measurement occasions (with the exception of AEA and OEA at T1 and T4) in the small to medium range. Strength of inter-parental associations seemed to increase from T1, reaching a peak at T3 and lower values at T4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParent-child associations of hair endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMother-Child\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.21\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.34\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.21\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.39\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-AG/1-AG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.40\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.40\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.23\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.27\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.22\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.25\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.27\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e 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\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.19\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.18\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.18\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.38\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFather-Child\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e 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\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.39\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.50\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.24\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.33\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.33\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.44\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.35\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.26\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e 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colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.41\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.35\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMother-Father\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.24\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.39\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-AG/1-AG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.52\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.44\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.27\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.24\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.28\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.38\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.25\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.27\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.38\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes\u003c/em\u003e. \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05, \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01, \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, FDR-corrected \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-values. \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Pearson correlation coefficient.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e T1 \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;183; T2 \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;214\u0026ndash;215; T3 \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;212; T4 \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;153.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e T1 \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;117; T2 \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;141\u0026ndash;142; T3 \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;154; T4 \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;146.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e T1 \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;167; T2 \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;160; T3 \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;153; T4 \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;98.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4 Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis prospective investigation examined whether a core assumption of hair EC/ERC analysis, namely that hair EC/ERC concentrations are largely stable within an individual, also holds true in the perinatal period in mothers, fathers, and their children and also when experiencing the major life event of pregnancy and childbirth in mothers and fathers. As a secondary aim, we investigated how hair ECs/ERCs are associated within the family unit across the first two years after birth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eDescriptive classification of hair EC/ERC levels across the perinatal period\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn general, the physiological range of hair ECs/ERCs varied widely in both adults and children, consistent with prior research on ECs/ERCs in serum\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and hair\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Regarding mothers, hair AEA concentrations were higher than in women within\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and outside the perinatal period\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In contrast, 1-AG/2-AG levels were lower at T1, and increased at T4 to a level comparable to women outside the perinatal period\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. ERC levels at T1 and T3 were comparable to previous research with postpartum mothers\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and were higher than in women outside the perinatal period\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, but decreased to comparable levels by T4. Fathers\u0026rsquo; hair AEA and 1-AG/2-AG across all time points were higher than reported outside the perinatal period\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, whereas hair ERC concentrations were elevated at T1, but decreased to levels similar to outside the perinatal period by T4\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e. Regarding children, concentrations can be compared with Hitzler et al.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, who assessed hair ECs/ERCs in mothers and children shortly after birth and at one year postpartum. Shortly after birth, hair 1-AG/2-AG and SEA levels were lower and hair PEA and OEA higher compared to Hitzler et al.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, whereas all hair ECs/ERCs were higher in this study at 14 months after birth compared to their levels at twelve months. Overall, comparison of hair EC/ERC levels between studies is hampered by differences in hair segment length being analyzed, variations due to continuously evolving laboratory techniques, and different hair sample storage times.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eStability of parental hair ECs/ERCs across the perinatal period\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the stability of hair ECs/ERCs of mothers and fathers across the perinatal period (T1 \u0026ndash; T4), consistent with our hypothesis, this study found fair-to-good multiple-test consistency regarding all ECs/ERCs on the mean measure, but poor multiple-test consistency on the single measure. Our finding suggests that between 41% and 73% (when taking the average of several hair samples) and between 15% and 40% (when using a single hair sample) of the variance in hair ECs/ERCs across the perinatal period in mothers and fathers may be attributed to between-person differences, i.e., individual traits. It should be noted that multiple-test consistency was lowest for AEA in the present study and that consistency of hair ECs/ERCs was overall lower compared to Gao et al.\u0026rsquo;s\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e investigation of 100 women, which may be attributable to unique stressors and changes during the perinatal period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the effect of the major life event of pregnancy and childbirth on stability of parental hair ECs/ERCs, findings showed that while mean multiple-test consistency was higher, the single measure was slightly lower when including pregnancy and childbirth for both mothers and fathers. This finding indicates that hair ECs/ERCs continue to show stability also in the presence of a major life event and can represent trait-like biomarkers for parents in this time. It should be noted that higher estimates of multiple test-consistency when using measures from all four time points may be due to the higher numbers of included measurements, compared to estimates based on T3 and T4 only. Thus, comparisons of the single measure are more meaningful, suggesting that consistency of a single hair sample taken in the later postpartum period may reflect slightly more trait components than when taken at any time in the perinatal period. Future studies would benefit from investigating other major life events (e.g., graduation, relocation) to corroborate our finding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, results indicated consistently weak to moderate test-retest relative stability for SEA, PEA, and OEA for mothers and PEA and OEA for fathers. Regarding AEA and 1-AG/2-AG, test-retest stability was present for T1 to T2 for both parents, but less consistently at later time-points. As the time between T1 and T2 (about 3 months) was shorter than between assessments from T2 onwards (10 to 24 months), this could explain why associations were particularly strong from T1 to T2 for all hair ECs/ERCs and may indicate that for mothers and fathers AEA and 1-AG/2-AG show short-term stability but may vary more across time compared to ERCs. Our findings align with Hitzler et al.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, who also reported significant associations between maternal hair ERCs assessed shortly after birth and 12 months after birth, but found no significant relations regarding AEA and 1-AG/2-AG. However, Gao et al.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e demonstrated moderate-to-high associations across six six-month intervals for all hair ECs/ERCs, suggesting that time period between assessments and the unique circumstances of the perinatal period may influence the strength of associations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, results showed that across the perinatal period SEA and OEA in mothers and all hair ECs/ERCs in fathers demonstrated absolute stability. This suggests that hair EC/ERC concentrations averaged across all fathers in this study did not change significantly across the perinatal period, while this was not the case for mothers. Given that pregnancy, childbirth, and the early postpartum period entail major physiological changes in mothers\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, including changes to the ECS and HPA axis\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, it fits that mean levels AEA, 1-AG/2-AG, and PEA were less stable for mothers than fathers. Specifically, maternal hair AEA during the third pregnancy trimester was significantly lower than at 8 weeks and at two years after birth, partly aligning with findings by Kumbholz et al.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e who also found an increase from third trimester to nine weeks after birth. 1-AG/2-AG during pregnancy and 8 weeks after birth was significantly lower than at 14 months, consistent with prior research finding maternal 1-AG/2-AG increases from pregnancy to 12 months after birth\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Finally, PEA levels were higher during pregnancy and eight weeks after birth than at 14 months, which was descriptively also the case in Hitzler et al.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, albeit not significant. Results indicate that regulation of the maternal ECS may change during pregnancy and postpartum, with potential implications for glucocorticoid regulation and immune system functioning in this time. Both AEA and 1-AG/2-AG have been characterized as HPA axis regulators\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, with AEA correlating negatively with cortisol\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, and PEA has been attributed anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and neuroprotective properties\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Thus, changes in these ECs/ERCs may reflect adaptive responses to regain homeostasis in the context of cortisol increases over pregnancy\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and an inflammation-immunosuppression-inflammation phenotype during pregnancy\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. It remains for future research to disentangle the exact timeline of EC/ERC secretion patterns across the perinatal period to understand their contribution and interplay.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eStability of child hair ECs/ERCs across the perinatal period\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults further demonstrated poor multiple-test consistency for child hair ECs/ERCs taken shortly after birth up to two years of age, indicating a low trait component in this time, and no absolute stability. Furthermore, findings indicated that while all hair ECs/ERCs of children were significantly positively correlated in the early postpartum period (T1\u0026ndash;T2), relative stability was subsequently only consistently present from 14 to 24 months after birth for 1-AG/2-AG, SEA, and PEA. This pattern could indicate that the first two years of life represent a particularly sensitive and dynamic developmental period for the ECS\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e71\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e during which marked ECS changes occur. This is further underscored by negative associations of child hair ECs/ERCs at T1 or T2 with those at T3 or T4, suggesting that higher levels in infancy may be associated with reduced levels in toddlerhood and vice versa. Our findings of low stability for children align with the only other study assessing EC/ERC levels in child hair in the perinatal period up to one year after birth\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and low intra-individual stability in salivary cortisol measured in 5 to 8 month old infants\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e72\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilar to Hitzler et al.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, children\u0026rsquo;s hair 1-AG/2-AG and AEA levels decreased from shortly after birth to 14 months. However, in our study 1-AG/2-AG concentrations increased markedly in hair samples taken 8 weeks after birth, reflecting the early postnatal period. This aligns with animal research showing a peak in 2-AG levels in the rat brain during early postnatal development and subsequent decreases\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e74\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. It has been suggested that elevated 2-AG during early development may function to induce suckling behavior and support (neuro)development and growth\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Decreases in hair AEA contrasts rat studies showing that AEA levels in the brain increase from birth into adulthood\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e76\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, research suggests that in neonates and infants there is a greater relative expression of AEA degrading (i.e., FAAH) compared to synthesizing (i.e., NAPE-PLD) enzymes in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which reduces with increasing age and switches around toddlerhood in favor of AEA synthesizing enzymes\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e71\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These findings are consistent with observed increases in AEA and 1-AG/2-AG from T3 to T4. Our findings should be interpreted considering we measured peripheral EC/ERC levels and the ECS is widespread throughout the body, thereby hampering comparability to region-specific findings\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding child ERCs, findings align with Hitzler et al.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e showing increased hair ERC levels at 14 months after birth compared to T1 shortly after birth, where ERC levels were markedly below parental levels. These ERC patterns align with findings regarding AEA outlined above, which is biologically similar to ERCs, showing that in rats, AEA increases across infancy\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and adolescence\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e77\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Importantly, sensitivity analyses by child sex indicated no major differences between male and female children regarding hair EC/ERC trajectories up to 24 months after birth, contrasting research indicating sex-divergent ECS functioning due to crosstalk with sex steroid hormones\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e78\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Finally, results showed no significant differences between 14 and 24 months of age in any hair EC/ERC levels in children, possibly indicating that the ECS may be more stable in this developmental period. However, further research investigating children\u0026rsquo;s hair EC/ERC levels across childhood and adolescence is needed to better understand developmental trajectories. This is particularly relevant when considering research showing that the ECS becomes functionally active already during early developmental stages in humans and rodents and its expression patterns in the brain implicates a role also in neurodevelopment\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eInter-family associations of hair ECs/ERCs\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFindings indicated that maternal, paternal, and child hair ECs/ERCs were significantly positively cross-sectionally associated with one another across the perinatal period. While these findings contradict previous research in a comparably small sample on ECs/ERCs\u003csup\u003e43,48\u003c/sup\u003e, they are in line with HCC research, where positive associations between all family members at child age 6 years were found\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e as well as positive maternal-child associations reported at various child ages (9\u0026ndash;12 months\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e; 2 years\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e79\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e; 4\u0026ndash;5 years\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e80\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e; 5\u0026ndash;14 years\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e; 7\u0026ndash;14 years\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e; 14 years\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e81\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e; but see\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e for no associations at 9\u0026ndash;12 months and shortly after birth, respectively). The observed synchrony may be explained by an interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Associations in the mother-child dyad at T1 may partly reflect intrauterine interactions of maternal and child ECS via the fetoplacental unit\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e82\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Research indicates that endocannabinoid receptors (CB1, CB2) and synthesizing and degrading enzymes (DAGL, FAAH) are expressed in the placenta and that the placenta regulates local endocannabinoid tonus, with implications for correct placental functioning and labor\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e82\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Yet, our finding that positive associations persist beyond the intrauterine period and are present also in father-child dyads, even at T1, suggest additional mechanisms. The finding of hair EC/ERC mother-child and father-child synchrony implicates the ECS as a heritable familial trait. This is supported by recent twin-study research suggesting heritability in endocannabinoid signaling\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e83\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and showing that in 138 twins (45 monozygotic; 24 dizygotic) serum endocannabinoid ligands had a certain degree of heritability (AEA 46%; OEA 35%; PEA 39%; SEA 34%), but were also markedly influenced by the environment\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e84\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. A role for environmental factors also seems particularly plausible considering we found significant maternal-paternal associations. While positive assortative mating, a preference for individuals similar to oneself, could partly explain these findings\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e85\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, environmental factors including various psychological and lifestyle factors shared or similar within the family context also seem plausible. For instance, nutrition and food intake, stress exposure, sleeping pattern, or physical activity level have all been linked to the ECS\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR87\" citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e86\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e88\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and could contribute to ECS synchrony. Furthermore, considering transfer of maternal EC lipids, particularly 2-AG, to the child via breast milk has been suggested\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e89\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, maternal-child synchrony in the postpartum period could partly be attributable to breastfeeding practices. However, the fact that we found paternal-child associations of similar or greater strength in the postpartum period suggests that genetics and other shared environmental influences are equally important. Considering this study covered the first 24 months after birth, contact intensity and frequency likely declines with time hereafter and future research should examine trajectories of inter-family synchrony in hair ECs/ERCs as the child ages to see whether a decline in synchrony can be detected similar to findings with HCC\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Taken together, our results suggest inter-family synchrony in hair ECs/ERCs across the perinatal period, however more research is needed to tease apart genetic and environmental contributions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eStrengths and Limitations\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey strengths include the prospective design, our large sample size, our focus specifically on the perinatal period, and including all family members. However, limitations exist. Firstly, the operationalization of pregnancy and childbirth as a major life event was done post-hoc and not during the design stage of the study. Moreover, as the present investigation is longitudinal, batch effects present a complication\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e91\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e that may also affect biomarker concentrations in hair samples\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, which we statistically controlled for in this study. Furthermore, it remains to be determined what peripheral EC/ERC levels measured in hair samples exactly reflect in terms of ECS functioning, as a first investigation found no significant link with blood and urine EC/ERC levels\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e92\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Finally, it should be noted that the present sample involved a community with above-average health and education status\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Hence, investigations in more heterogeneous samples are needed to evaluate generalizability of findings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eOverall, the present investigation revealed that parental hair ECs/ERCs represent some trait-like stability across the perinatal period, even in the presence of a major life event (i.e., pregnancy and childbirth), but that absolute stability is consistently present only in fathers in this time. Our findings also suggest hair ECs/ERCs are not stable across time within children in the first two years of life, indicating a developmental window. These discoveries provide important insights into the analysis of hair ECs/ERCs, indicating that this method could be well-suited for research applications seeking to obtain stable estimates of EC/ERC secretion in adults. Finally, this study highlights for the first time the family as a unit that may exert significant effects on ECS functioning in the period from late pregnancy to two years after birth, thus highlighting the need for future research to further examine how this relates to parental psychological and child developmental outcomes. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets analysed during the current study are not publicly available due\u0026nbsp;legal and ethical constraints (i.e., public sharing of participant data was not included in the informed consent of the study)\u0026nbsp;but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding details\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the German Research Foundation (\u0026ldquo;Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft\u0026rdquo;) under grant numbers GA 2287/4-1 and GA 2287/4-2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclosure statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors report there are no competing interests to declare.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe want to thank all (expectant) parents and their children for supporting our project. Furthermore, we want to thank all cooperating clinics and midwives for providing access to potential participants as well as all students who performed the recruitment. We also want to especially thank Professor Clemens Kirschbaum and his laboratory for their support. Data were collected and managed using Research Electronic Data Capture (Harris et al., 2009, 2019). REDCap is a secure, web-based application designed to support data capture for research studies, hosted at the \u0026ldquo;Koordinierungszentrum f\u0026uuml;r Klinische Studien\u0026rdquo; at the Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universit\u0026auml;t Dresden, Germany.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLB: Conceptualisation, Investigation, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Writing \u0026ndash; Original Draft, Writing \u0026ndash; Review \u0026amp; Editing, Visualisation.\u0026nbsp;SS-S: Conceptualisation, Resources, Supervision, Writing \u0026ndash; Review \u0026amp; Editing, Project administration.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMK: Investigation, Data Curation, Writing \u0026ndash; Review \u0026amp; Editing. IJ: Investigation, Data Curation, Writing \u0026ndash; Review \u0026amp; Editing.\u0026nbsp;TvS: Formal Analysis, Writing \u0026ndash; Review \u0026amp; Editing. WG: Resources, Writing \u0026ndash; Review \u0026amp; Editing. SG-N: Conceptualisation, Resources, Supervision, Writing \u0026ndash; Review \u0026amp; Editing, Project administration, Funding acquisition.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGreff, M. J. E. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Hair cortisol analysis: An update on methodological considerations and clinical applications. \u003cem\u003eClin. Biochem.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e63\u003c/strong\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;9 (2019).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStalder, T. \u0026amp; Kirschbaum, C. Analysis of cortisol in hair \u0026ndash; State of the art and future directions. \u003cem\u003eBrain. Behav. Immun.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e, 1019\u0026ndash;1029 (2012).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRussell, E., Koren, G., Rieder, M. \u0026amp; Van Uum, S. 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Psychol.\u003c/em\u003e 108541 (2023) doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108541.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3787391/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3787391/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of endocannabinoids (ECs) and endocannabinoid-related compounds (ERCs) in hair is assumed to retrospectively assess long-term EC/ERC concentrations. To inform their use, this study investigated stability of EC/ERC hair concentrations in mothers, fathers, and their children across the perinatal period as well as associations between family members. In a prospective cohort study, EC (AEA, 1-AG/2-AG) and ERC (SEA, PEA, OEA) levels were quantified in hair samples taken four times in mothers (\u003cem\u003en =\u003c/em\u003e336\u003cem\u003e) \u003c/em\u003eand their partners (\u003cem\u003en = \u003c/em\u003e225) from pregnancy to two years postpartum and in offspring (\u003cem\u003en = \u003c/em\u003e319) from shortly after birth to two years postpartum. Across the perinatal period, maternal and paternal hair ECs/ERCs showed fair-to-good multiple-test consistency and variable relative stability, and inconsistent absolute stability for mothers. Regarding children, hair ECs/ERCs evidenced poor multiple-test consistency, no absolute stability, and either no or variable relative stability. Hair ECs/ERCs were significantly related across the perinatal period within couples and parent-child dyads. Findings suggest hair ECs/ERCs during the perinatal period possess some trait-like stability in adults, highlighting the utility of hair analysis. The first two years of life may be a dynamic phase for the endocannabinoid system in children, potentially characterized by endocannabinoid system synchrony within the family.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Stability and inter-family associations of hair endocannabinoid and N-acyl-ethanolamines across the perinatal period in mothers, fathers, and children","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-09 19:44:01","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3787391/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2023-12-26T15:35:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2023-12-25T21:58:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2023-12-23T14:32:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2023-12-23T14:26:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2023-12-21T14:07:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9329b45d-bd93-4c57-9eb1-4bf46e0d3aa6","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 9th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":27863027,"name":"Biological sciences/Developmental biology"},{"id":27863028,"name":"Biological sciences/Psychology"},{"id":27863029,"name":"Health sciences/Biomarkers"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-15T19:59:29+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-09 19:44:01","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3787391","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3787391","identity":"rs-3787391","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}